f. sauli-short courses-ieee-nss 2002-part 2 1 title large area devices: spark counters parallel...

F. Sauli-Short Courses-IEEE-NSS 2002-PART 2

1

TITLE

LARGE AREA DEVICES: SPARK COUNTERS PARALLEL PLATE COUNTERS RESISTIVE PLATE CHAMBERS

HIGH ACCURACY TRACKERS: GAS MICROSTRIP CHAMBERS MICROPATTERN DETECTORS GAS ELECTRON MULTIPLIER


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PESTOV COUNTERS

SPARK (PESTOV) COUNTERS

GOOD TIME RESOLUTION ---> THN GAPGOOD EFFICIENCY---> THICK GAS LAYER

THIN GAP (100 µm) AND HIGH PRESSURES (~10 bar)HIGH RESISTIVITY ELECTRODE(PESTOV GLASS, 109 Ω cm

Yu. Pestov Nucl. Instr. and Meth. 196(1982)45

DESIGNER’S GAS MIXTURE FOR WIDE SPECTRUM PHOTON ABSORPTION:

Yu. Pestov et al, Nucl. Instr. and Meth. A456(2000)11

H. R. Schmidt, Nucl. Phys. B (Proc. Suppl.) 78 (1999) 372

C3H

6

SIGNAL PICK-UP STRIPS

SEMI-CONDUCTING GLASS ANODE

METAL CATHODE

HIGH-PRESSURE GAS VESSEL


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PESTOV COUNTERS

E. Badura et al, Nucl. Instr. and Meth. A379(1996)468

100 µm GAP 12 BAR PRESSURE

HV (kV)

EFFICIENCY TIME RESOLUTION

PHYSICAL ORIGIN OF TAILS IN THE TIME RESPONSE OF SPARK COUNTERS:

A. Mangiarotti and A. Gobbi, Nucl. Instr. and Meth. A482(2002)192

SPARK COUNTER PERFORMANCES


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ALICE TIME-OF-FLIGHT PROTOTYPE SINGLE LONG COUNTER IN CYLINDRICAL VESSEL

PESTOV COUNTERS


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PESTOV COUNTERS

PHOTON-MEDIATED AVALANCHE SPREAD (DE-LOCALIZATION)

COUNTER FORMATION:LONG-TERM EXPOSURE TO STRONG RADIATION

POLYMER COATING ON ELECTRODES INCREASES THE WORK FUNCTION

CAN THIS BE UNDERSTOOD AND EXPLOITED FOR OTHER DETECTORS?

CHARGE SPECTRA BEFORE AND AFTER IRRADIATION:

CHARGE


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RESISTIVE PLATE CHAMBERS

RESISTIVE PLATE COUNTERS (RPC)

R. Santonico and R. Cardarelli, Nucl. Instr. and Meth. A263(1988)20

HIGH RESISTIVITY ELECTRODE (BAKELITE)

GAS GAP

GRAPHITE COATING

INSULATOR

READOUT STRIPS X

READOUT STRIPS Y

HV

GND

I. Crotty et al, Nucl. Instr. and Meth. A337(1994)370

Initial condition after applying high voltage

Surface charging of electrodes by current flow through resistive plates

After a discharge elctrons are deposited on anode and positive ions on cathode

R. Santonico and R. Cardarelli, Nucl. Instr. and Meth. 187(1981)377


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BABAR IFR (SLAC)

C. Lu, RPC Workshop, Coimbra 2001

RESISTIVE PLATE CHAMBERS SYSTEMS


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RPC MUON DETECTOR FOR CMS (CERN LHC):

200 400 600 800 1000 1200

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

Z (cm)

R (cm)

BARREL RPCs~ 400 m2

FORWARD RPCs


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R. Cardarelli, V. Makeev, R. Santonico, Nucl. Instr. and Meth. A382(1996)470

TRANSITION AVALANCHE TO STREAMER

NORMAL AVALANCHE

PHOTON MEDIATED BACKWARD PROPAGATION: STREAMER

10 mV

80 mV

200 mV


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RPC RATE CAPABILITY: AVALANCHE VS STREAMER OPERATION

R. Arnaldi et al, Nucl. Physics B (Suppl) 78 (1999) 84

= 3 1011 Ω cm

AVALANCHE MODE:STREAMER MODE:

3.5 109 Ω cm


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RPC RATE CAPABILITY: DEPENDS ON GAIN AND ELECTRODES RESISTIVITY

PROPORTIONAL (AVALANCHE) OPERATION:

P. Fonte, Scientifica Acta XIII N2(1997)11

MATERIAL VOLUME RESISTIVITY (Ω.cm)

Pestov glass 109-1010

Phenolic (Bakelite) 1010-1011

Cellulose 5.1012

Borosilicate glass 1013

Melamine 2.1013


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THE SEPARATION AVALANCHE-STREAMER DEPENDS ON THE GAP:

SMALL ADDITIONS OF ELECTRO-NEGATIVE GASES EXTEND THE SEPARATION:

R. Santonico, Scient. Acta XII N2(1997)1

P. Camarri et al, Nucl. Instr. and Meth. A414(1998)317

GAP DEPENDENCE

2 mm

3 mm


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V. Barret (ALICE di-muon trigger RPC) RPC Workshop, Coimbra 2001

RPC: INDUCED CHARGE DISTRIBUTION

2 mm gapSTREAMER MODE


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Y. Hoshi et al, RPC Workshop, Coimbra 2001

EFFECT OF ELECTRODE SURFACE RESISTIVITY

SIGNAL PROPAGATION IN RESISTIVE PLATE CHAMBERS:W. Riegler and D. Burgarth, Nucl. Instr. and Meth. A481(2002)130

RPC: INDUCED SIGNAL CLUSTER SIZE


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IMPROVING THE ELECTRODE SURFACE: LINSEED OIL TREAT THREAT

COATING THE BAKELITE PLATES WITH A THIN LAYER OF LINSEED OILCONSIDERABLY IMPROVES PERFORMANCES (SMOOTHING OF LOCAL DEFECTS?)

AVERAGE CURRENT vs HV:

SINGLE RATES vs HV:

M. Abbrescia et al, Nucl. Instr. and Meth. A394(1997)13

NON-OILED

AFTER OIL TREATMENT

NON-OILED

AFTER OIL TREATMENT

R. Santonico and R. Cardarelli, Nucl. Instr. and Meth. 187(1981)377


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BABAR RPCS: FAST EFFICIENCY DROP

C. Lu, RPC Workshop, Coimbra 2001

PROBLEM OF QUALITY CONTRON IN LINSEED OIL COATING AND POLYMERIZATIONDROPLETS, STALAGMITES, PILLARS, FRAMES


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OPTIMIZATION OF RPC PARAMETERS


INCREASING THE GAP PROVIDES BETTER EFFICIENCY PLATEAUX (BUT WORSE TIME RESOLUTION)

RPC SIMULATION STUDIES:


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HV GND

BETTER EFFICIENCY AND TIME RESOLUTION


SINGLE GAPFWHM 2.3 ns

DOUBLE GAPFWHM=1.7 ns

MULTIPLE GAP RPC:


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RESISTIVE PLATE CHAMBERSIONIZATION

MULTI-GAP RESISTIVE PLATE CHAMBERS

P. Fonte et al, Nucl. Instr. and Meth. A449 (2000) 295

WIRED “OR” BETWEEN SEVERAL GAPS

~ 68 ps


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MULTIGAP RPC

E. Cerron Zeballos et al, Nucl. Instr. and Meth. A 374(1996)132

SEVERAL RESISTIVE ELECTRODE PLATES WITH NARROW GAPSALL INTERNAL PLATES ARE FLOATING (SET AT PROPER VOLTAGE BY ELECTROSTATICS)

HV

GND

A. Akindinov et al, Nucl. Instr. and Meth. A456(2000)16

FLOATING


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RPCs: OPEN PROBLEMS

QUALITY CONTROL (LINSEED COATING)

CHANGE OF RESISTIVITY WITH TIME (WATER DRYING?)TEMPERATURE DEPENDENCE OF RESISTIVITYRADIATION DAMAGE OF BAKELITERADIATION-INDUCED GAS POLYMERIZATION

GENERAL QUESTION: HOW TO MONITOR RESISTIVITY AND PERFORMANCE CHANGES?


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MSGC

A. OedNucl. Instr. and Meth. A263 (1988) 351.

MICRO-STRIP GAS CHAMBER (MSGC)

200 µm

Anode strip

Cathode strips

Glass support

THIN ANODE AND CATHODE STRIPS ON AN INSULATING SUPPORT

Back plane

Drift electrode


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MSGC

MSGC: SIGNAL FORMATION

LIGHT CONSTRUCTION:

3-D READOUT (ANODE3, CATHODES, BACKPLANE)


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MSGC

-30

-25

-20

-15

-10

-5

0

5

10

0 10 20 30 40 50 60Strip number (200 µm pitch)

MSGC Beam Event BW

fwhm~350µm

EXCELLENT RATE CAPABILITY AND MULTI-TRACK RESOLUTION

RATE CAPABILITY > 106/mm2 sSPACE ACCURACY ~ 40 µm rms2-TRACK RESOLUTION ~ 400 µm

MSGC PERFORMANCES


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MSGC SYSTEMS

NEUTRON SPECTROMETER AT ILL-GRENOBLE

Ring of 50 MSGCs operated in 3He-CF4 (3.1 bar-0.8 bar)

MSGC SYSTEMS:


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MSGC SYSTEMS

CMS MSGC TRACKER (CERN LHC)

~5500 modules

~ 5000 modules

FORWARD

BARREL

CANCELLED (IN FAVOUR OF SILICON)


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MSGC DISCHARGES

MSGC: DISCHARGE PROBLEMS

For detection of minimum ionizing tracks a gain ~ 3000 is neededIn presence of heavily ionizing particles background, the discharge probability is large

ON EXPOSURE TO PARTICLES


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MSGC DISCHARGES

MICRODISCHARGES

FULL BREAKDOWN

MSGC DISCHARGE PROBLEMS:


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MSGC DISCHARGES

MSGC: DISCHARGE MECHANISMS

FIELD EMISSION FROM CATHODE EDGE

VERY HIGH IONIZATION RELEASE:AVALANCHE SIZE EXCEEDS RAETHER’S LIMIT

Q ~ 107

CHARGE PRE-AMPLIFICATION FOR IONIZATION RELEASED IN HIGH FIELD CLOSE TO CATHODE


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NEW MICROPATTERN

NEW MICRO-PATTERN DETECTORS

MICRO-GAP CHAMBER

MICRO-GROOVE CHAMBER

R. Bellazzini et alNucl. Instr. and Meth. A424(1999)444

R. Bellazzini et alNucl. Instr. and Meth. A335(1993)69


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NEW MICROPATTERN

NEW MICRO-PATTERN DETECTORS

MICROMEGAS:

Thin-gap parallel plate chamber

Y. Giomataris et alNucl. Instr. and Meth. A376(1996)29

COMPTEUR A TROUS (CAT)

F. Bartol et al, J. Phys.III France 6 (1996)337

Single hole proportional counter


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MICRO-PIN ARRAY (MIPA):

Matrix of individual needle proportional counters

MICRO-PATTERN PIXEL DETECTORS

MICRODOT:

Metal electrodes on silicon

S. Biagi et alNucl. Instr. and Meth. A361(1995)72

P. Rehak et al, IEEE Trans. Nucl. Sci. NS-47(2000)1426

F. Sauli and A. Sharma: Micropattern Gaseous Detectors, Ann. Rev. Nucl. Part. Sci. 49(1999)341

REVIEW:

NEW MICROPATTERN


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NEW MICROPATTERN

DISCHARGE POINT IN MICROPATTERN DETECTORS

A. Bressan et alNucl. Instr. and Meth. A424(1999)321

ALMOST THE SAME IN ALL TESTED DEVICES: LAW OF NATURE!


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GEM

Typical geometry:5 µm Cu on 50 µm Kapton70 µm holes at 140 mm pitch

GAS ELECTRON MULTIPLIER (GEM)

F. Sauli, Nucl. Instrum. Methods A386(1997)531

Thin, metal-coated polymer foil with high density of holes:

100÷200 µm


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GEM

- multiplication and readout on separate electrodes- electron charge collected on strips or pads: 2-D readout- fast signal (no ion tail) - global signal detected on the lower GEM electrode (trigger)

Cartesian

Small angle

Pads

GEM DETECTOR:

A. Bressan et al, Nucl. Instr. and Meth. A425(1999)254


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GEM

Cascaded GEMs permit to attain much larger gains before discharge

Double GEM

Triple GEM

MULTIPLE GEM STRUCTURES

C. Buttner et al, Nucl. Instr. and Meth. A 409(1998)79S. Bachmann et al, Nucl. Instr. and Meth. A 443(1999)464


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Multiple structures provide equal gain at lower voltageThe discharge probability on exposure to a particles is strongly reduced

For a gain of 8000 (required for full efficiency on minimum ionizing tracks) in the TGEM the discharge probability is not measurable.

SINGLE-DOUBLE-TRIPLE GEM

S. Bachmann et al, Nucl. Instr. and Meth. A479 (2002) 294

GEM

GAIN

DISCHARGE PROBABILITY WITH

:


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GEM

The total length of the detected signal corresponds to the electron drift time in the induction gap:

Full Width 20 ns(for 2 mm gap)

Induced charge profile on stripsFWHM 600 µm

Good multi-track resolution

FAST ELECTRON SIGNAL (NO ION TAIL)


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GEM

• Active Area 30.7 x 30.7 cm2

• 2-Dimensional Read-out with 2 x 768 Strips @ 400 µm pitch• 12+1 sectors GEM foils (to reduce discharge energy)• Central Beam Killer 5 cm Ø (remotely controlled)• Total Thickness: 15 mm• Low mass honeycomb support plates

COMPASS TRIPLE GEM CHAMBERS

B. Ketzer et al, IEEE Trans. Nucl. Sci. NS-48(2001)1065C. Altumbas et al, Nucl. Instrum. Methods A490(2002)177


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GEM

Two orthogonal sets of parallel strips at 400 µm pitchengraved on 50 µm Kapton80 µm wide on upper side,350 µm wide on lower side(for equal charge sharing)

350 µm

80 µm

400 µm

400 µm

2-DIMENSIONAL READOUT STRIPS


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GEM

20 TRIPLE GEM DETECTORS BUILT FOR COMPASS AT CERN (2001-2002)

BEAM: 107 Particles/second ~ 10 Tracks/event50 µm accuracy 10 ns Time resolution


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GEM

Gain ~ 8000

X-coordinate

Y-coordinate

DETECTED CHARGE FOR MINIMUM IONIZING TRACKS


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GEM

CLUSTER CHARGE CORRELATION

Very good correlation, used for multi-track ambiguity resolution

X-Y Cluster charge correlation:

~ 10%


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GEM

SPACE AND TIME RESOLUTION

Traks fit with two TGEM and one silicon micro-stripAfter deconvolution = 46±3 µm

Time resolution: computed from charge signals in three consecutive samples (at 25 ns intervals) = 12.4 ns

= 57 µm

Space resolution:

Time resolution:

= 12.4 ns


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GEM

GEM TIME RESOLUTION Triple GEM with pad readout for LHCb muon detector

G. Bencivenni et al, Nucl. Instr. and Meth. A478(2002)245


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GEM APPLICATIONS

FAST X-RAY IMAGINGUsing the lower GEM signal, the readout can be self-triggered with energy discrimination:

A. Bressan et al, Nucl. Instr. and Meth. A 425(1999)254F. Sauli, Nucl. Instr. and Meth.A 461(2001)47

9 keV absorption radiography of a small mammal (image size ~ 60 x 30 mm2)

GEM APPLICATIONS


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GEM APPLICATIONS

GEM: HIGH PRESSURE OPERATION

A. Bondar, A. Buzulutskov, L. Shekhtman, V. Snopkov and A. Vasiljev, Subm. Nucl. Instr. and Meth. (2002)

Neutron detection in He3?


48

GEM APPLICATIONS

X-RAY POLARIMETER

5.9 KeV unpolarized source 5.4 KeV polarized source

GEM chamber with pad readout to detect the direction of the photoelectron produced by X-rays

Charge asymmetry:

E. Costa et al, Nature 411(2001)662R. Bellazzini et alNucl. Instr. and Meth. A478(2002)13


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GEM APPLICATIONS

PHOTON DETECTION WITH MULTI-GEM

A. Buzulutskov et al, Nucl. Instrum. Methods A443(2000)164

Multiple GEM detectors permit to achieve very large gains (106) in photocathode-friendly pure noble gases or poorly quenched mixtures.Reduced transparency strongly suppresses photon and ion feedback

Large area position-sensitive photomultipliers

R. Chechik et al, Nucl. Instr. and Meth. A 419(1998)423


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GEM APPLICATIONS

GEM OPERATION IN CF4

A. Breskin, A. Buzulutskov, R. ChechikNucl. Instr. and Meth. A 483(2002)658

Photoelectron extraction from CsI:


51

GEM APPLICATIONS

SEALED GEM PHOTOMULTIPLIER

A. Breskin et al, Nucl. Instr. and Meth. A478(2002)225

Single photo-electron signals:

Semi-transparent CsI photocathode


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GEM APPLICATIONS

GEM OPTICAL IMAGER

Scintillation light in a multiple GEM detector recorded by a CCD camera

Proton and Triton tracks by neutrons in 3He

F.A.F. Fraga et al, Nucl. Instr. and Meth. A478 (2002) 357

QuickTime™ and aVideo decompressor

are needed to see this picture.

- particle tracks


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GEM APPLICATIONS

TIME-RESOLVED PLASMA DIAGNOSTIC

Courtesy D. Pacella, Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory

Plasma emission (~ 1.5 keV) sampled at 10 kHz

QuickTime™ and aVideo decompressor

are needed to see this picture.

FIRST OBSERVATION OF PLASMA ROTATION BEFORE DUMP!

D. Pacella et al, Rev. Scient. Instrum. 72 (2001) 1372R. Bellazzini et al, Nucl. Instr. and Meth. A478(2002)13

PINHOLE GEM CAMERA WITH PIXEL READOUT:


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BIBLIOGRAPHY

BASIC BIBLIOGRAPHY

IONIZATION CHAMBERS AND COUNTERS, D.H. Wilkinson (Cambridge Univ, Press, 1950)ELECTRON AND NUCLEAR COUNTERS, S.A. Korff (Van Nostrand, New York 1955)BASIC DATA ON PLASMA PHYSICS, S.C. Brown (Wiley, New York 1959)ELECTRON AVALANCHES AND BREAKDOWN IN GASES, H. Raether (Butterworth, London 1964)COLLISION PHENOMENA IN IONIZED GASES, E.W. McDaniel (Wiley, New York 1964)ATOMIC AND MOLECULAR RADIATION PHYSICS, L.G. Christophorou (Wiley, New York 1971)SPARK, STREAMER, PROPORTIONAL AND DRIFT CHAMBERS, P. Rice-Evans (Richelieu, London 1974)PRINCIPLES OF OPERATION OF MULTIWIRE PROPORTIONAL AND DRIFT CHAMBERS, F. Sauli (CERN 77-09, 1977)TECHNIQUES AND CONCEPTS OF HIGH-ENERGY PHYSICS, ed. by Th. Ferbel (Plenum, New York 1983)TECHNIQUES FOR NUCLEAR AND PARTICLE PHYSICS EXPERIMENTS, W.R. Leo (Springer-Verlag, Berlin 1987)RADIATION DETECTION AND MEASUREMENTS, G.F. Knoll (Wiley, New York 1999)RADIATION DETECTORS, C.F.G. Delaney and E.C. Finch (Clarendon Press, Oxford 1992) SINGLE PARTICLE DETECTION AND MEASUREMENT, R. Gilmore (Taylor and Francis, London 1992)INSTRUMENTATION IN HIGH ENERGY PHYSICS, ed. by F. Sauli (World Scientific, Singapore 1992)PARTICLE DETECTION WITH DRIFT CHAMBERS, W. Blum and l. Rolandi (Springer-Verlag, Berlin 1993)PARTICLE DETECTORS, K. Grupen (Cambridge Monographs on Part. Phys. 1996)

REVIEW ARTICLES

G. Charpak and F. Sauli: High-resolution electronic particle detectors, Ann. Rev. Nucl. Part. Sci. 34(1984)28J. Va’vra: Wire chambers aging, Nucl. Instr. and Meth. A323(1992)34F. Sauli and A. Sharma: Micropattern Gaseous Detectors, Ann. Rev. Nucl. Part. Sci. 49(1999)341

GAS DETECTORS DEVELOPMENT WEB PAGES:

http://www.cern.ch/GDD

MSGC, GEMBibliographyPapers

f. sauli-short courses-ieee-nss 2002-part 2 1 title large area devices: spark counters parallel...

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