Friends with Food (FWF)  Pilot project in Rawamangun, Jakarta: changing consumer             perspectives through community-driven initiatives  

Group Study Proposal  Prepared by:  Maryati  Indonesia  Tun Aung Kyaw Myanmar  Sophy Ly  Cambodia  Nguyen Thi Hoang Anh Vietnam  Mohd Hazwan Hamidi Malaysia   Phouthong Sorinxay Laos   Loh Pei Ying Singapore  IATSS Forum 62nd Batch, 9 November 2019   

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Table of Contents  

Table of Contents 2 

1. Executive Summary 4  

2. Introduction 6  

3. Background 9 3.1 T he problem: Waste Crisis 9 3.2 Understanding the problem 12 3.3 Problem identification and analysis 14 3.4 Problem Statement 18 

4. Designing the solution 19 4.1 S ustainable Community Design 19 4.2 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) 20 4.3 Case Studies and Literature Review 20 

5. Proposed solution 24 5.1 O ur objectives 24 5.2 Pilot project: Rawamangun 24 5.3 Our solution: Friends with Food (FWF) 26 5.4 Our action plan 27 5.5 Stakeholders 30 

5.5.1 Identifying key stakeholders 30 5.5.2 Identifying key stakeholders 31 

5.5.3 Power-Interest Matrix of Stakeholders 32 5.6 Objectives & Targets 33 5.7 Risks and Mitigations 35 

6. Implementation Plan 36 6.1 A wareness Phase: Campaign on waste sorting and composting 36 6.2 Development Phase: “Mottainai” learning module and training for capacity building 38 6.3 Operation Phase: Community Gardening, Community Composting and Community Cooking 39 

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7. Budget 42  

8. Conclusion 43  

9. Annex 44 Annex 1 - Project Design Matrix 44 Annex 2 - Plan of Operation 45 

10. Bibliography 46    

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1. Executive Summary  Jakarta today is facing a major waste crisis, but this is not a problem unique to the                                 Indonesian capital. Many other megacities of developing nations face a similar problem,                       and it is a problem endemic to Southeast Asia. But due to Indonesia’s large population                             and rapid urbanisation, it generates the most amount of Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) in                           the region, of which the majority is organic waste. Like many other Southeast Asian                           1

nations, Indonesia’s only large-scale solution to waste management is to dump it at a                           landfill. For Jakarta, most of this waste goes to a single final solution, which is the Bantar                                 Gebang landfill located in the neighbouring Bekasi city. It is predicted to run out of                             capacity by 2021.   This problem is an urgent one for Jakarta and presents many challenges. At the heart of                               the problem is the ever-increasing consumption growth, coupled with a waste                     management system that simply cannot keep up. Hence, our project will focus on solving                           the issue at the consumer side of the issue. We seek to create a Non-Governmental                             Organisation (NGO) named Friends with Food (FWF) that seeks to act as a facilitator                           within communities to change consumer behavior to sort their waste, and reduce food                         loss.  Our main objective in this proposal is this: we want to create a system in which                               households can gain a deeper appreciation for food, and develop an awareness of how                           much waste their lifestyles generate. To achieve this, we hope to create a self-sustaining                           circle of activity that will inculcate waste-sorting, communal composting, growing a                     communal garden, and cooking workshops that help households gain a deeper                     appreciation for food.   The budget for the 3 year-implementation plan is projected to be $157,320, which mainly                           covers the labor cost ($54,000). There will be 3 core activities consisting of building                           awareness, development of resources and space, and the operational stage. Building                     awareness takes the form of organising a socialisation campaign that seeks to                       encourage waste sorting and composting in households. The developmental stage takes                     the form of preparing the legal entity, the proposed system, and the curriculum                         

1 Amrit Jain, ‘Waste Management in ASEAN Countries. Summary Report’ (Thailand: United Nations Environment Programme, 2017), https://wedocs.unep.org/bitstream/handle/20.500.11822/21134/waste_mgt_asean_summary.pdf  

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development for training and capacity building with the community on waste sorting,                       composting, and gardening. The operational stage takes form of community composting,                     gardening and cooking. The total budget for the core activities will be $43,200 for 3                             years.   This project will be launched in June 2020 starting with the social campaign. In the first 3                                 years, the project is expected to be deployed in 10 communities in Jakarta. The training                             and capacity building through workshops will be held monthly and is expected to reach                           90% of households in those communities. Operating and executing the community                     composting is projected to cost $14,400 for 3 years, and reach 80% of the households in                               those communities. For community gardening and cooking, it is expected to cost $14,400                         for 3 years and reach 70% of the households in those communities. 

   

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2. Introduction  Jakarta is located on Java Island, and is the country’s capital. Once known as ‘Batavia’,                             the city has a long and illustrious history, and was the headquarters of the commercially                             powerful Dutch East India Company. Today, Jakarta is the most populous city and the                           largest metropolitan area in Southeast Asia. Between 1970 to the present, the city’s                         population has more than doubled, growing from 4.5 million to 10.6 million. It is projected                             to reach 13.6 million by 2035.  2

 In the last two decades, Indonesia’s GDP growth rate has averaged around 5% each                           year. This has also caused rapid urbanisation within the country, with more than 55% of                             3

the country’s population living in urban areas today. A large part of the urbanisation                           4

happens within Jakarta, and this has clearly posed huge challenges to the municipal                         government who struggles to build sufficient capacity and infrastructure for this rapid                       urbanisation.   5

 

2 ‘Jakarta Population 2019 (Demographics, Maps, Graphs)’, World Population Review, accessed 4 November 2019, http://worldpopulationreview.com/world-cities/jakarta-population/  3 ‘GDP Growth (Annual %) - Indonesia | Data’, accessed 4 November 2019, https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NY.GDP.MKTP.KD.ZG?locations=ID  4 ‘World Urbanization Prospects - Population Division - United Nations’, UNITED NATIONS DESA / POPULATION DIVISION , accessed 4 November 2019, https://population.un.org/wup/Country-Profiles/  5 Andrew Jeffreys, Paulius Kuncinas, and Oxford Business Group, The Report: Indonesia, 2015 : Economy, Banking, Real Estate, Insurance, Energy, Tourism, Construction, ICT, Industry, Capital Markets, Transport, Interviews , 2015, 81–82.  

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 Fig.1 Percentage of Population in Urban and Rural Areas, 2018.  

Source: UN DESA, Population Division, 2018.  6

 Increasing consumption and lifestyle changes  Rapid urbanisation and economic growth has not only changed the infrastructural                     landscape of Indonesia, but also lifestyles and consumption habits. Indonesia’s                   middle-class population is said to have grown from 1.6 million in 2004 to its current 52                               7

million, which is about 20% of the country’s population. It was reported in early 2019 that                               8

Indonesia’s consumption confidence ranks third in the world. There is a strong                       9

concentration of middle-class in Jakarta, and this has driven consumption growth in the                         

6 World Urbanization Prospects - Population Division - United Nations’, UNITED NATIONS DESA / POPULATION DIVISION , accessed 4 November 2019, https://population.un.org/wup/Country-Profiles/  7 Fahwani Y Rangkuti and Thom Wright, ‘Indonesia Retail Report Update 2013’ (Jakarta, Indonesia: USDA Global Agricultural Information Network, 13 December 2013), 2, https://apps.fas.usda.gov/newgainapi/api/report/downloadreportbyfilename?filename=Retail%20Foods_Jakarta_Indonesia_12-13-2013.pdf  8 ‘Indonesia’s Growing Middle Class Boosts Consumer Spending’, Oxford Business Group, 16 April 2019, https://oxfordbusinessgroup.com/analysis/loosening-belt-growing-middle-class-boosts-consumer-spending  9 Norman Harsono, ‘Indonesia’s Consumer Confidence up, Ranks Third in the World’, The Jakarta Post , 25 February 2019, https://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2019/02/25/indonesias-consumer-confidence-up-ranks-third-in-the-world.html  

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city tremendously. In addition, due to the density of the city, and that two-thirds of the                               10

population commute from the city’s periphery to the city centre, severe traffic jams are a                             daily occurence. The city is estimated to US$3 billion annually due to traffic.    11

10 Angus Grigg, ‘Consumption King for Indonesia’s New Middle Class’, Australian Financial Review , 11 April 2019, https://www.afr.com/world/asia/consumption-king-for-indonesia-s-new-middle-class-20190411-p51d3b; ‘Indonesia’s Growing Middle Class Boosts Consumer Spending’, Oxford Business Group , 16 April 2019, https://oxfordbusinessgroup.com/analysis/loosening-belt-growing-middle-class-boosts-consumer-spending  11 ‘From Traffic Jams to Floods, Can Indonesia’s “Big Durian” Be Fixed?’, TODAYonline, 24 November 2017, https://www.todayonline.com/world/traffic-jams-floods-can-indonesias-big-durian-be-fixed  

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3. Background 3.1. The problem: Waste Crisis 

Jakarta faces many challenges today, but one of the most pressing issues is its inability                             to deal with the city’s waste. According to the Head of the Jakarta Environment Agency,                             Isnawa Adji, the city purportedly produces 7,000 tonnes of municipal solid waste per day,                         

of which nearly all of it goes into landfills. To compound the issue, this waste is                                 12

unsorted and untreated, which poses huge challenges for waste management at the                       landfill sites. This situation has been described by many newspapers as a ‘waste crisis’.   13

 The bulk of Jakarta’s waste goes to one final disposal site, Bantar Gebang, which is                             southeast of the city in the Bekasi district. The Bantar Gebang landfill site was                           established in 1989, and is about 200 hectares in size. Today, it holds an estimated 39                               million tonnes of garbage, and it is predicted to reach its maximum capacity of 49 million                               tonnes by 2021. Locals refer to the site as ‘The Mountain’ and measures close to 40                               14

metres in height.   15

 Government officials estimate that about 3000 families live on the landfill site, and the                           majority of them work as trash-pickers. Their jobs are to sort the trash at the landfill, and                                 16

sell the inorganic waste for recycling. Needless to say, this work is extremely dangerous                           and hazardous to health. Medical waste is also dumped on the site, and trash-pickers are                             always at risk of exposing themselves to needles. On occasion, parts of the ‘mountain’                           will fall onto the trash-pickers and bury them alive.   17

 

12 ‘Jakarta Generates up to 2,400 Tons of Plastic Waste Daily’, The Jakarta Post, 10 August 2018, https://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2018/08/10/jakarta-generates-up-to-2400-tons-of-plastic-waste-daily.html  13 Basten Gokkon , ‘Indonesia, Facing a Waste Crisis, Plans to Burn It for Electricity’, Mongabay Environmental News, 22 July 2019, https://news.mongabay.com/2019/07/indonesia-facing-a-waste-crisis-plans-to-burn-it-for-electricity/  14 Karim Raslan, ‘Southeast Asia’s Landfills Expose the Big Western Lie about Recycling’, South China Morning Post, 15 July 2019, https://www.scmp.com/week-asia/society/article/3018609/waste-piles-higher-jakartas-vast-landfill-western-lie-about  15 Jacopo Pasotti and Elisabetta Zavoli, ‘People Are Living Inside Landfills As The World Drowns In Its Own Trash’, HuffPost, 23 October 2018, https://www.huffpost.com/entry/plastic-trash-pollution-landfill_n_5b9fcc13e4b013b0977d47ce  16 ‘Increasing the Concern for Bantar Gebang Through the Book “Di Balik Tirai Aroma Karsa” (2018)’, Waste4Change, 30 August 2018, https://waste4change.com/increasing-the-concern-for-bantar-gebang-through-the-book-di-balik-tirai-aroma-karsa-2018/  17 Arpita De Joshi Shamani, ‘A Look at the Lives of People Separating Waste at One of Asia’s Biggest Garbage Dumps’, Vice , 18 September 2019, https://www.vice.com/en_in/article/59nd7n/a-look-at-the-lives-of-people-separating-waste-at-one-of-asia-india-biggest-garbage-dumps-deonar-ragpickers-segregation  

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Beyond that, the estimated 18,000 people living in villages around Bantar Gebang also                         suffer from various pollutions. The first of this is obviously air pollution, and the foul                             18

odour emitted from the rubbish is said to linger 24 hours a day. The situation is so severe                                   that the city of Jakarta to compensates residents of Bekasi with ubang bau (smelly                           money) at RP200,000 per household per month, which the villages around Bantar                       Gebang still find insufficient. The methane gas produced by the landfill site is also                           19

dangerous for human health. It is susceptible to combustion, which happened in 2015                         and claimed 3 lives. Moreover, methane is a huge contributor to global warming and                           20

can absorb 34 times more heat than carbon dioxide within a 100-years period.  21

 The unsanitary landfill site also causes water and soil pollution that poses health risks.                           Leaching from the landfill site has polluted the groundwater. Families on the landfill site                           22

use this polluted water everyday to wash their rice and vegetables. They also often eat                             vegetables grown at the dumpsite. Children around the dumpsite also commonly suffer                       23

from skin rashes, respiratory diseases and diarrhea. Evidently, the living conditions in                       24

and around the site are unsanitary, and residents have to live with pests such as                             mosquitoes, flies, and roaches.   The severity of the situation has led to conflict between Bekasi and Jakarta city. In                             October 2018, the residents of Bekasi halted 51 garbage trucks and prevented them from                           dumping trash into Bantar Gebang. They argued that Jakarta city has not taken sufficient                           action to resolve the issue, and threatened to close the facility. This is not the first                               25

occasion this has happened. Clearly, the situation is unsustainable.    

18 ‘Residents Threaten to Close down Landfill in Bekasi’, The Jakarta Post, 18 May 2018, https://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2018/05/17/residents-threaten-to-close-down-landfill-in-bekasi.html  19 ‘Bantar Gebang Residents Ask for Increase in “Smelly Money”’, The Jakarta Post, 25 October 2018, https://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2018/10/24/bantar-gebang-residents-ask-for-increase-in-smelly-money.html  20 ‘Increasing the Concern for Bantar Gebang Through the Book “Di Balik Tirai Aroma Karsa” (2018)’, Waste4Change, 30 August 2018 21 Arpita De Joshi Shamani, ‘A Look at the Lives of People Separating Waste at One of Asia’s Biggest Garbage Dumps’, Vice , 18 September 2019 22 E.R. Pujiindiyati and P. Sidauruk, ‘Study of Leachate Contamination in Bantar Gebang Landfill to Its Shallow Groundwater Using Natural Isotope Tracers of 18O, 2H and 3H’, Atom Indonesia 41, no. 1 (6 June 2015): 31, doi:10.17146/aij.2015.353. 23 Shunsuke Sasaki et al., ‘Household Income, Living and Working Conditions of Dumpsite Waste Pickers in Bantar Gebang: Toward Integrated Waste Management in Indonesia’, Resources, Conservation and Recycling 89 (August 2014): 17–18, doi:10.1016/j.resconrec.2014.05.006  24 Jacopo Pasotti and Elisabetta Zavoli, ‘People Are Living Inside Landfills As The World Drowns In Its Own Trash’, HuffPost , 23 October 2018 25 ‘Bekasi Halts 51 Jakarta Garbage Trucks En Route to Bantar Gebang’, The Jakarta Post , 18 October 2018, https://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2018/10/18/bekasi-halts-51-jakarta-garbage-trucks-en-route-to-bantar-gebang.html. 

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 Unsustainability   Indonesia as a whole is incredibly reliant on landfills as a final disposal method for its                               waste. For this, national legislation was put in place to prevent unsanitary conditions of                           landfills. In 2008, the Waste Law No. 18/2008 was passed to cover concerns related to                             public and waste management services. Article 22 and 44 required local governments to                         run landfills that were environmentally sound.   Likewise, conditions at Bantar Gebang were meant to be decent, and the site’s design                           required trash to be layered with dirt. However, it is clear that authorities are unable to                               increase capacity sufficiently to match the ever increasing consumption habits. While the                       issue at Bantar Gebang sounds severe, it represents only a fraction of the issue that                             Indonesia faces. Across the entire country, an increasing number of sanitary landfills are                         being transformed into open dumpsites.  26

 

 Fig.2 Percentage of open-dumping vs controlled & sanitary landfills from 2016 to 2018. 

Source: The Jakarta Post, 2019.  27

  

26 ‘Inadequate Landfills Worsen Indonesia’s Waste Problems’, The Jakarta Post , 3 March 2019, https://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2019/03/03/inadequate-landfills-worsen-indonesias-waste-problems.html  27 ‘Inadequate Landfills Worsen Indonesia’s Waste Problems’, The Jakarta Post , 3 March 2019, https://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2019/03/03/inadequate-landfills-worsen-indonesias-waste-problems.html  

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3.2. Understanding the problem  In a further analysis of Indonesia’s waste, it turns out that the main component of                             Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) in the country is food and organic waste, forming 64% of                             the total waste produced. MSW essentially refers to the general trash or garbage                         produced by the public’s everyday activities.  

 Fig.3 Municipal Solid Waste Composition in Indonesia (2009).  

Source: United Nations Environment Programme  28

 Studies have proven that there is a strong correlation between the increase in food                           waste and urbanisation. In order to keep up with the demand of growing urban                           populations, elaborate global supply chains have replaced the traditional and usually                     short-distance supply chains. This often requires long-haul transport, storage facilities,                   and refrigeration. Food is lost at every intersection.  29

 

28 Amrit Jain, ‘Waste Management in ASEAN Countries. Summary Report’ (Thailand: United Nations Environment Programme, 2017), 12–13, https://wedocs.unep.org/bitstream/handle/20.500.11822/21134/waste_mgt_asean_summary.pdf  29 Tammara Soma, ‘(Re)Framing the Food Waste Narrative: Infrastructures of Urban Food Consumption and Waste in Indonesia’, Indonesia 105, no. 1 (2018): 176, doi:10.1353/ind.2018.0007. 

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Rapid urbanisation and economic growth has also affected traditional buying networks                     and habits. In the past, residents were able to commute conveniently within their                         communities and purchase food from local vendors. These local vendors also generally                       sell domestically grown and seasonal foods. But now, traditional shops, such as the                         tukang sayur (mobile vegetable vendor) and wet markets are simply unable to compete                         with multinational supermarkets in terms of variety, supply, quality, and price. Modern                       shopping experiences encouraging bulk buying or overbuying is also prevalent (for                     example, buy one get one free). The inconvenience of traffic and commute also                         promotes bulk and overbuying on a regular basis.  30

 

  

Fig. 4 Our model of the current waste management system  To better understand how waste is generated and thrown, we created a model to                           understand the problem more fully. Through this, we can section the chain in three parts.                             First, as described previously, food is wasted when it is transported between the food                           industry, supermarkets, and the households. Modern supermarkets in Indonesia and                   around the world apply strict aesthetic standards for fruits and vegetables. Produce that                         do not meet these cosmetic standards are rejected and often also thrown away. Within                           supermarkets as well, when they are unable to sell excess food, this is usually thrown                             out.   31

30 Tammara Soma, ‘(Re)Framing the Food Waste Narrative: Infrastructures of Urban Food Consumption and Waste in Indonesia’, Indonesia 105, no. 1 (2018): 181-184, doi:10.1353/ind.2018.0007. 31 Tammara Soma, ‘(Re)Framing the Food Waste Narrative: Infrastructures of Urban Food Consumption and Waste in Indonesia’, Indonesia 105, no. 1 (2018): 184, doi:10.1353/ind.2018.0007. 

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 Secondly, due to rapid urbanisation and changes in lifestyle, households now buy more                         than they can actually consume. This means there is excess food lost at the households                             level. In Jakarta’s current waste management system, there is no practice for waste                         sorting at the source. This means organic waste, together with plastics, metals, and so                           on, are thrown together collectively. Hence, even if organic waste is biodegradable, it is                           unable to do so properly because it is not separated from inorganic waste. At present,                             the city government services are in-charge of collecting MSW from households in                       Jakarta.   In the third part, the MSW may sometimes be deposited in a repository centre, but it                               eventually ends up in the open and unsanitary final disposal landfill. As already                         described, the pollution caused by the landfill poses severe health threats and                       environmental degradation to the community around Bantar Gebang.   With our understanding of the problem in these three parts, we came up with three core                               questions to analyze the problem. They are:  

1. What are the contributing factors to organic waste creation in Jakarta? 2. What are the challenges of the existing waste management system? 3. How severe is the pollution and how does it affect people’s lives? 

 

3.3. Problem identification and analysis 

In our research, we identified seven factors in answer to our three questions.   What are the contributing factors to organic waste creation in Jakarta?  

1. Increasing Population Indonesia is the most populous country in Southeast Asia. Currently the country’s                       population is at 267 million, and is predicted to reach almost 300 million in 2035. This                               32

growth will be concentrated primarily on the island of Java. As mentioned previously,                         33

Jakarta is experiencing rapid urbanisation and its projected population in 2035 will be                         

32 ‘Population, Total - Indonesia | Data’, accessed 5 November 2019, https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SP.POP.TOTL?locations=ID  33 Gavin W Jones, ‘The 2010 – 2035 Indonesian Population Projection’ (Jakarta, Indonesia: UNFPA, 2015), 2–3, https://indonesia.unfpa.org/sites/default/files/pub-pdf/Policy_brief_on_The_2010_%E2%80%93_2035_Indonesian_Population_Projection.pdf  

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close to 14 million. Naturally, an increasing population in the city translates to increases                           34

in waste produced.   

2. Consumption Growth Another contributor to the problem is increasing consumption growth. The GDP per                       capita in Jakarta rose from $8,395 to $11,250 between 2011 and 2016, growing at an                             average annual rate of 5%. In Indonesia as a whole, shopping is a popular activity and                               35

41.7% of spending is on food and beverages. In grocery retail industry, hypermarket                         accounts for 46%, supermarket is 7%, and 17% is convenience stores.   36

 What are the challenges of the existing waste management system?  

3. Lack of Infrastructure: Jakarta’s solution to managing their waste is solely to transport their trash to landfills.                           There are few alternative methods available. Landfills are not a sustainable solution                       because space is finite.  

There are plans to build incinerators in Jakarta to deal with the city’s waste. At present,                               there are plans to build five incinerators, but only one is currently being constructed. It is                               usually referred to as the Intermediate Treatment Facility that will burn and convert waste                           into energy.   37

The Indonesian government has planned to build incinerators in many of Indonesia’s                       major cities, but strong civil society lobbying has pushed the Supreme Court to annul                           some of these plans due to environmental concerns. Many criticise using incinerators, or                         waste-to-energy (WTE) plants as an ‘end-of-the-pipe’ solution. The waste generated                   38

during the incineration process is sometimes deemed even more hazardous than the                       actual solid waste.  

To compound the issue, the current collection system is inefficient and outdated. Some                         studies stated the city’s equipment to deal with waste is outdated and unable to respond                             

34 ‘Jakarta Population 2019 (Demographics, Maps, Graphs)’, World Population Review, accessed 4 November 2019, http://worldpopulationreview.com/world-cities/jakarta-population/  35 ‘Jakarta (Special City District) GDP per Capita, 2010-2018 - Knoema.Com’, Knoema , accessed 6 November 2019, https://knoema.com//atlas/Indonesia/Jakarta-Special-City-District/GDP-per-capita  36 Enterprise Singapore, ‘Indonesia Consumer Insights: Tapping the Consumer Dollar in Food and Retail’ (Singapore: Enterprise Singapore, 2013), https://ie.enterprisesg.gov.sg/-/media/ie-singapore/files/events/iadvisory-series/indonesia-2013/2indonesia20consumer20insights20by20ie20singaporeie20singapore.pdf?la=en  37 ‘Groundbreaking of Jakarta’s First Incinerator Slated for next Week’, The Jakarta Post, 16 December 2018, https://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2018/12/16/groundbreaking-of-jakartas-first-incinerator-slated-for-next-week.html  38 Tanya Lee Robert-Davis and Lea. B Guerrero, ‘ADB & Waste Incineration: Bank Rolling, Pollution, Blocking Solutions’ (Quezon City, Philippines: Global Alliance for Incinerator Alternatives, November 2018), https://www.no-burn.org/wp-content/uploads/ADB-and-Waste-Incineration-GAIA-Nov2018.pdf  

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efficiently to the growth in the volume of garbage generated. Garbage collection vehicles                         are not sufficiently automated, and transportation often takes a long time due to traffic                           congestion. In addition, garbage reloading facilities are underdeveloped, hindering                 efficient garbage collection.  39

 4. Limited Landfill:  

As mentioned, Bantar Gebang is predicted to reach its capacity of 49 million tonnes by                             2021. There is also an increasing trend of sanitary landfills being converted into open                           dump sites. This issue arises primarily because landfill is finite, and therefore is an                           unsustainable solution to waste management. In addition, there are delays in the                       development of final landfill sites. Hence, it becomes an urgent problem when landfills                         40

reach their maximum capacity, as it may mean that the waste will spill into urban areas.   

5. Inadequate policy-making and implementation Generally, there is insufficient government support or focus on waste management.                     Policies are focused only on economic growth, which by extension, focuses on                       increasing consumption capacity. With increased purchasing power, there will also be                     41

more waste generated. This is as opposed to focusing policy on dealing with                         consumption or waste management and reduction.   Indonesia has also been late to legislate on waste management. Prior to 2008, there                           simply was no existing regulation on waste management. In 2008, the Waste Law No.                           18/2008 was enacted by the national government that covers waste management,                     incentives and disincentives mechanism, funding, shared responsibilities among               authorities, and penalties for disobeying the law. Another law was passed again in 2012                           to ensure that the legal obligations required by Waste Law No. 18/2008 are fulfilled, and                             also to cover issues concerning household and industrial waste.   Even with these laws in place, implementation is still inadequate. There is a need for                             these laws to be accompanied with sound policy, good law enforcement, infrastructural                       development, financial support, community awareness.   42

39 JICA, ‘Jakarta Solid Waste Management System Improvement Project ’, January 2003, https://www.jica.go.jp/english/our_work/evaluation/oda_loan/post/2003/pdf/2-14_full.pdf  40 JICA, ‘Jakarta Solid Waste Management System Improvement Project ’, January 2003, https://www.jica.go.jp/english/our_work/evaluation/oda_loan/post/2003/pdf/2-14_full.pdf  41 Ucu Martanto , ‘An Urban Environmental Security Perspective on Jakarta’s Waste Management System’, Advances in Social Science, Education and Humanities Research (ASSEHR) 138, no. International Conference on Contemporary Social and Political Affair (2017): 20–23. https://download.atlantis-press.com/article/55909020.pdf  42 Shunsuke Sasaki et al., ‘Household Income, Living and Working Conditions of Dumpsite Waste Pickers in Bantar Gebang: Toward Integrated Waste Management in Indonesia’, Resources, Conservation and Recycling 89 (August 2014): 11–21, doi:10.1016/j.resconrec.2014.05.006. 

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6. No Waste Sorting At present, there is no system for waste-sorting at the source. This simply means                           households do not sort their waste, and are not incentivised to do so. Any form of waste                                 sorting is mostly performed by unorganized scavengers who pick up recyclable waste                       from household waste bins, at a temporary-storage facility, or at the landfill.   Research has shown that the public’s resistance to at-source waste sorting is due to the                             perceived low contribution of recycling to waste reduction, problems associated with                     collection, and relatively inexpensive landfills. In a survey done with households in                         43

Jakarta, it was found that 83% of the respondents agreed that they have little incentive to                               sort their waste because there is no established community-based waste management                     system. In the same survey, respondents also affirmed that they were not willing to sort                             their waste because of lack of economic incentives, an unestablished mechanisms for                       treatment, and little knowledge and confidence in the current system.  44

 The absence of the practice of waste-sorting at the source is a major challenge to                             Jakarta’s waste crisis. Without waste separation, organic waste simply will not be able to                           biodegrade effectively.   How severe is the pollution and how does it affect people’s lives?  

7. Health Hazard 

As mentioned earlier, there are about 3000 families living at Bantar Gebang landfill, and                           around 13,000 people living in the villages around the site. Besides the constant foul                           odour, presence of pests and so on, the community also has to tackle air, water, and soil                                 pollution. Trash-pickers and scavengers that live off the landfill frequently suffer from                       various health problems that include skin and respiratory problems. There are also other                         very real dangers, as it is easy to slip and fall on the site, and even be buried by the                                       occasional trash avalanche. Since medical waste is not sorted, it is also disposed at the                             site, and scavengers are always at risk of infection or contracting diseases. Residents of                           the area also have limited access to healthcare.   45

43 Aretha Aprilia, ‘Household Solid Waste Management in Jakarta, Indonesia: Evaluation on Human Behaviour, Economy and GHG Emissions’ (Kyoto University, 2016), https://doi.org/10.14989/doctor.k19904  44 Aretha Aprilia, ‘Household Solid Waste Management in Jakarta, Indonesia: Evaluation on Human Behaviour, Economy and GHG Emissions’ (Kyoto University, 2016), 105–7, https://doi.org/10.14989/doctor.k19904  45 Alesasha Bliss, ‘Bantar Gebang: Trials and Tribulations of Indonesia’s “Trash Heroes”’, Jakarta Globe , 8 February 2019, https://jakartaglobe.id/context/bantar-gebang-trials-and-tribulations-of-indonesias-trash-heroes/ 

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3.4. Problem Statement 

Based on our understanding of the factors, we proceeded to narrow our focus in finding                             a solution to the problem. Firstly, we eliminated four factors based on our capacity, the                             resources available to us, and the feasibility of tackling the issue. They are i) the lack of                                 infrastructure, ii) limited landfill, iii) inadequate policy, and iv) population growth. Upon                       further inspection of the remaining challenges which are i) consumption growth, ii) no                         waste-sorting, and iiii) health hazards at the landfill.  We decided to focus on consumption growth as we believe it to be the root cause of the                                   problem. The issue fundamentally lies with changing lifestyles and habits, which has led                         to increased consumption. Nevertheless, we recognise the importance of tackling the                     remaining two challenges, and hence identified the problem statement as:  There is a need to change consumer behavior to reduce organic waste in Jakarta for                             better landfill conditions, creating a sustainable environment and community. We define                     consumer behaviour to be, “how people make decisions about what they buy, want,                         need or act in regards to a product, service or company”. In our solution, we hope to                                 address consumer behaviour in two aspects: i) how people consume food, and ii) the way                             people treat their food waste.    

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4. Designing the solution 

4.1. Sustainable Community Design 

The general understanding of sustainable development today is largely derived from the                       Brundtland Report of 1987 created by the World Commission on Environment and                       Development (WCED). It defines sustainable development as, “[development that] meets                   the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet                           their own needs.”  46

 However, the concept of sustainable development has been refined further since then. In                         2015, all member states of the United Nations adopted the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable                           Development. It stipulated 17 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) to, “[provide] a                     shared blueprint for peace and prosperity for people and the planet, now and into the                             future.” The pursuit of these goals have to be in tandem and complementary, and it is                               47

crucial to understand how the achievement of one may affect the other. In essence,                           sustainable development has to balanced social, economic, and environmental factors in                     equal harmony.   

 Fig. 6. Venn Diagram illustrating the 3 important pillars of sustainability.  

46 World Commission on Environment and Development, ‘Our Common Future’ (United Nations, 1987), https://sustainabledevelopment.un.org/content/documents/5987our-common-future.pdf  47 ‘SDGs .:. Sustainable Development Knowledge Platform’ (United Nations), accessed 5 November 2019, https://sustainabledevelopment.un.org/sdgs  

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 These are important concepts in formulating a sustainable community design. In addition,                       as the term ‘community’ also suggests, a sustainable community design has to take into                           consideration the roles that all stakeholders of society, including government, private                     corporations and businesses, non-profit and non-governmental organisations, grassroots,               and individual citizens, and seek their active participation.  

4.2. Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs)  Increasing consumption is not a problem unique to Indonesia. According to the UN,                         worldwide material consumption increased from 27 million tons in 1970 to a staggering                         92.1 billion tons in 2017. The United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs)                       48

Number 12 dictates that there is a need to ensure sustainable consumption and                         production patterns, in order to achieve sustainable development for future generations.   Within SDG 12, we identified four clear targets that we have to keep in consideration in                               designing our solution. They are:  49

12.3   By 2030, halve per capita global food waste at the retail and consumer levels                           and reduce food losses along production and supply chains, including                   post-harvest losses 

12.4  By 2020, achieve the environmentally sound management of chemicals and all                     wastes throughout their life cycle, in accordance with agreed international                   frameworks, and significantly reduce their release to air, water and soil in order                         to minimize their adverse impacts on human health and the environment 

12.5  By 2030, substantially reduce waste generation through prevention, reduction,                 recycling and reuse 

12.8  By 2030, ensure that people everywhere have the relevant information and                     awareness for sustainable development and lifestyles in harmony with nature  

4.3. Case Studies and Literature Review  

48 ‘Sustainable Development Goal 12: Ensure Sustainable Consumption and Production Patterns’, Sustainable Development Goals Knowledge Platform (United Nations), accessed 5 November 2019, https://sustainabledevelopment.un.org/sdg12  49 ‘Sustainable Development Goal 12: Ensure Sustainable Consumption and Production Patterns’, Sustainable Development Goals Knowledge Platform (United Nations). 

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In designing the solution, we referred to a few case studies and some key research                             papers on the topic of waste management.   Our research showed that developed countries often employ several solutions within                     their waste management system. In the case of Sweden, the final solutions to waste                           includes recycling, landfill, incineration, and land or water treatment. In Italy, different                       50

solutions are used to deal with organic waste, mainly at-source segregated collection to                         produce high quality compost, and unsorted collection with disposal at the landfill after                         mechanical and biological stabilization. More interestingly in the city of Vaud,                   51

Switzerland, a waste tax was imposed and was seen to be incredibly effective, reducing                           waste produced by 40%. However, it will be extremely challenging to push for the                           52

implementation of these solutions in Jakarta. These solutions although effective require                     strong government intervention and effective implementation of the law.   In contrast, our survey showed that effective waste management is universally a                       challenge for most developing nations. However, it was also emphasised in many                       research papers that in order to achieve a sustainable and successful waste                       management system, all stakeholders must be involved, and the solution has to                       53

consider Integrated Solid Waste Management (ISWM) which covers all aspects of the                       issue, from waste generation to disposal.    54

 There is research to prove that various forms of Community-Based Waste Management                       (CBWM) systems work in Indonesia. For example, Waste Banks have been successfully                       implemented in various parts of Indonesia, including Surabaya, Cilacap, and Sukunan                     55 56

50 Caroline Eliasson, ‘Waste Management in Sweden - Case Study at the IKEA Warehouses in Almhult’ (Lund University, 2015), http://lup.lub.lu.se/luur/download?func=downloadFile&recordOId=5468156&fileOId=5468765  51 C. Buratti et al., ‘Life Cycle Assessment of Organic Waste Management Strategies: An Italian Case Study’, Journal of Cleaner Production 89 (15 February 2015): 125–36, doi:10.1016/j.jclepro.2014.11.012. 52 Stefano Carattini, Andrea Baranzini, and Rafael Lalive, ‘Is Taxing Waste a Waste of Time? Evidence from a Supreme Court Decision’, Ecological Economics 148 (1 June 2018): 131–51, doi:10.1016/j.ecolecon.2018.02.001. 53 Rotich K. Henry, Zhao Yongsheng, and Dong Jun, ‘Municipal Solid Waste Management Challenges in Developing Countries – Kenyan Case Study’, Waste Management 26, no. 1 (1 January 2006): 92–100, doi:10.1016/j.wasman.2005.03.007.; Brenda Bushell and Gopal Datt Bhatta, ‘Community Practices Towards Sustainable Waste Management : A Case Study in Nepal’, 武蔵工業大学環境情報学部開設10周年特集号 3, no. 10 (n.d.), http://www.comm.tcu.ac.jp/kiyou/no8/3-10.pdf  54 Patrick A. Bowan, ‘Municipal Solid Waste Disposal in Developing Countries: A Case Study of Wa Municipality, Ghana’ (thesis, Loughborough University, 2018), https://repository.lboro.ac.uk/articles/Municipal_solid_waste_disposal_in_developing_countries_a_case_study_of_Wa_Municipality_Ghana/9455138  55 Dyah Retno Wijayanti and Sri Suryani, ‘Waste Bank as Community-Based Environmental Governance: A Lesson Learned from Surabaya’, Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences 184 (May 2015): 171–79, doi:10.1016/j.sbspro.2015.05.077  56 Adhianty Nurjanah et al., ‘Dialogic Communication Patterns between Company-Community in Achieving Community Empowerment In Indonesia : A Case Study of Waste Problem’, Global Media Journal 15, no. 28 (n.d.): 1–8. 

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village in Yogyakarta. At waste banks, also known as bank sampah in Indonesia, waste                           57

created by households are divided into organic and inorganic. Organic waste is turned                         into compost, while inorganic waste is further sorted for recycling. Residents may open                         an account with the waste bank where their waste is weighed, and they are paid for it.                                 Some of these research papers have shown that waste banks have enhanced citizens’                         awareness of their environment. Waste banks have gained popularity as a solution and                         have grown from 1000 in 2014 to nearly 8000 in 2018.  

 Fig. 7. Number of waste banks in Indonesia from 2014 to 2018. Source: The Jakarta Post.

 58

 There is existing research done to further understand the waste problem at the                         household level. We namely referred to Aretha Aprilia, et al., “Household Solid Waste                         Management in Jakarta, Indonesia: A Socio-Economic Evaluation”, Annisa Anjian,                 59

“Household Waste Management in Indonesia: What is an Effective Means to Household                       Waste Reduction?”, and most importantly, Aretha Aprilia, “Household Solid Waste                   60

57 Shigeki Uemura et al., ‘No Longer Rubbish : Introduction of a Community-Based Waste Management System in Indonesiaʼs Sukunan Village’, 廃棄物資源循環学会誌 28, no. 4 (2017): 303–12. https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/mcwmr/28/4/28_303/_pdf  58 ‘Inadequate Landfills Worsen Indonesia’s Waste Problems’, The Jakarta Post, 3 March 2019, https://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2019/03/03/inadequate-landfills-worsen-indonesias-waste-problems.html  59 Aretha Aprilia, Tetsuo Tezuka, and Gert Spaargaren, ‘Household Solid Waste Management in Jakarta, Indonesia: A Socio-Economic Evaluation’, Waste Management - An Integrated Vision , 26 October 2012, doi:10.5772/51464. 60 Anjani Annisa, ‘Household Waste Management in Indonesia: What Is an Effective Means to Household Waste Reduction in Indonesia?’ (Tohuku University, 2011), https://tohoku.repo.nii.ac.jp/?action=repository_uri&item_id=4299  

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Management in Jakarta, Indonesia: Evaluation on Human Behaviour, Economy, and GHG                     Emissions”.   Aprilia’s dissertation was key in understanding the factors for a successful CBWM, and                         she identified key characteristics. Firstly, key attributes were that these communities                     involved at-source sorting, were of a homogenous middle-income group, were racially                     heterogeneous, and the initiative was started autonomously from the grassroots level.                     They were also independent of external assistance and had full support and recognition                         of all stakeholders within the community. For a successful CBWM, strong leadership was                         also vital in activating the community through influence and seniority. There was also                         clear ownership and distribution of work among all actors, and a very established system                           of waste collection, treatment, transaction and flows.  She also found in this study that beyond the existence of an established waste treatment                             system, residents were motivated to sort in successful CBWM because they i) wanted to                           contribute to a better environment, ii) were recommended to do so by community                         groups, iii) received additional income from selling recyclables and that they found iv)                         sorting to be a pleasant activity that brings satisfaction. In this study and her earlier study                               from 2012, she also emphasised that communal composting CBWM was found to be the                           most profitable model.     61

61 Anjani Annisa, ‘Household Waste Management in Indonesia: What Is an Effective Means to Household Waste Reduction in Indonesia?’ (Tohuku University, 2011), https://tohoku.repo.nii.ac.jp/?action=repository_uri&item_id=42994  

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5. Proposed solution 

5.1. Our objectives 

Given our research findings and discussion, our proposed solution will strive to achieve                         the following objectives:  

1. To change consumer perspective on waste creation and disposal, so that they: a. Have greater concern for the environment b. See value in waste c. Have a sense of pride with the community d. Have a heightened awareness on consumption habits 

2. To reduce the amount of organic waste in the landfill by composting   Hence, through our objectives, our solution has to focus on two aspects:                       pre-consumption, and post-consumption.  

5.2. Pilot project: Rawamangun 

We have decided to apply our solution first to the area of Rawamangun, located in East                               Jakarta. Rawamangun has a population close to 40,000 people as of 2010, and has an                             area of approximately of 2.63 km². The Rawamangun community consist of multiple                       62

income groups. There are several common public facilities around Rawamangun such as                       ward office, secondary schools, hospitals, a state university, traditional markets, sport                     facilities and supermarkets. The comprehensive public facilities enable the community to                     get together for communal activities. We have analyzed the community structure of                       Rawamangun. It is as follows:  

62 ‘Rawamangun (Quarter, Indonesia) - Population Statistics, Charts, Map and Location’, accessed 7 November 2019, https://www.citypopulation.de/php/indonesia-kota-jakarta-admin.php?adm2id=3172090005  

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 Fig. 7. Community structure of Rawamangun, East Jakarta, Indonesia. 

 Through our research, we understand that households are the largest contributor to                       waste in Indonesia at 43%. Within Jakarta households, 52% of the waste produced is                           63

organic waste. Hence, we need to find a way to tackle the issue at the household level.                                 64

To reach to the households, we decided to utilise existing community networks to carry                           our our activities. We plan to utilise arisan, an Indonesian form of rotating savings and                             microfinance. It revolves around social gatherings and informal social networks, with the                       meetings moving between each member’s home.   In Aprilla’s findings, she argued that residents in Jakarta are largely incentivised for four                           reasons. They are i) to contribute towards a better environment, ii) sorting is                         recommended by the community, iii) additional income is gained from sorting, and iv)                         sorting is a pleasant activity that brings satisfaction. This was crucial to our                         65

understanding and designing our solution, as we realised the issue does not lie with a                             lack of concern for the environment, but other factors.   

63 Anjani Annisa, ‘Household Waste Management in Indonesia: What Is an Effective Means to Household Waste Reduction in Indonesia?’ (Tohuku University, 2011), https://tohoku.repo.nii.ac.jp/?action=repository_uri&item_id=42994  64 Aretha Aprilia, ‘Household Solid Waste Management in Jakarta, Indonesia: Evaluation on Human Behaviour, Economy and GHG Emissions’ (Kyoto University, 2016), https://doi.org/10.14989/doctor.k19904  65 Aretha Aprilia, ‘Household Solid Waste Management in Jakarta, Indonesia: Evaluation on Human Behaviour, Economy and GHG Emissions’ (Kyoto University, 2016), 122, https://doi.org/10.14989/doctor.k19904  

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5.3. Our solution: Friends with Food (FWF)  We seek to create a non-governmental organisation (NGO) called Friends with Food                       (FWF) to achieve our objectives. FWF will act as a facilitator within the community to                             change consumer behavior towards waste sorting, and to reduce food loss.   

  

Fig. 8. Our solution framework   The above framework is our proposed solution. We hope to create this system within                           Rawamangun, where residents will sort their waste and participate in activities centered                       around a community compost and garden. Firstly, households will bring their organic                       waste to the community compost, where this waste will be converted to fertiliser. This                           fertiliser will be used in a community garden to grow vegetables. If there is extra compost                               produced, this can be sold for additional income. Next, the community will harvest the                           vegetables from the community garden, and take part in cooking classes that will                         enhance their appreciation for the food grown. After, they will create food waste again,                           and this will be once again composted, repeating the cycle.   At every step of the system, the activities that households take part in will i) allow them to                                   see the value in waste, ii) heightened their appreciation for food, and iv) gain awareness                             of their food habits and consumption. Through these activities, households will ultimately                       

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gain a greater awareness of their lifestyles and how it impacts the environment, and                           reduce food loss at the home. In addition, food waste going to the landfill will also be                                 reduced as it is turned into compost.   In designing this system, we borrowed heavily from the concept of Mottainai , meaning                         ‘what a waste’ in Japanese. Mottainai reflects how Japanese culture inherently respects                       66

and appreciates the things around them, and therefore have a greater consciousness                       towards food waste. Hence, we wanted to create a system that will encourage                         households to make good habits that will enhance their understanding of a sustainable                         lifestyle.  

5.4. Our action plan 

To implement the project, we describe our action plan in the following table:  

Stage 1  Stage 2  Stage 3 

 Create and 

sustain  Community 

Compost & 

Community Garden 

Friends  with Food (FWF)  

● Establish the system for the initiatives   

● Reach out to community leader 

● Provide resources (training and seeds for gardening) 

 

Community Leader   

● Invite households to sort their waste, attend composting and cooking, visit garden 

Households 

● Participate in workshop 

● Contribute organic waste 

 ● Work with 

ward office to allocate land for community compost and garden 

Ward Office 

● Allocate land for community activities 

Stage 1 

Establishment of the organization 

66 プラネット・リンク, もったいない = Mottainai (東京: マガジンハウス, 2005). 

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We start our organization as an NGO, Friends with Food (FWF). 

The name suggests that when the food is given by our friends, we will value it more. We                                   also aim to create a platform where friends and neighbors can gather together, and                           share the vegetables grown from the community garden and their homes. 

 

 

Fig. 9. Friends with Food’s logo. 

The logo comprises of 4 elements: the grain, the hand, and the earth in the black and                                 green. These colours represent the movement of turning the organic waste into valuable                         commodities. More specifically, in our project, we will turn the food waste into fertilizer                           through composting. We also included the rice grain to show that rice is a staple among                               all ASEAN countries. We envision that the solution that we have created can also apply to                               other countries and we want to include elements that familiar to other ASEAN countries,                           of which, the grain is the best choice. The earth represents our world, and how we want                                 to preserve it. Whether the world becomes better or worse, it is in our hands. 

Reach out to the community leader 

As mentioned earlier in this report, our research showed that community leaders play an                           essential role in the promotion of waste-sorting for a successful CBWM. Hence, the                         community leader plays an important role in our overall plan. He or she will serve as an                                 effective channel to reach to households in the community. As we have studied about                           the nature of the community, this is a community that complies with the rules and has a                                 close relationship with the community leader. 

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More importantly, in this specific project, we allocate funds to pay a small salary to the                               community leader to involve the community leader as part of the project movement. 

Provide resources 

In the first stage, we need to organize meetings with the community leaders as well as                               household leaders. The purpose of the meeting is i) to have consensus among the                           community and raise awareness of the urgency of the overall situation of trash and food                             waste in Jakarta; ii) to introduce the plan of having a community garden, and community                             composting, and waste sorting at the households. 

Stage 2 

Work with community leader 

One of our key steps will be to sign an MOU with the community leader, to secure their                                   participation and support. We will subsequently work with the community leader to invite                         households to participate in workshops to teach them more about waste sorting, attend                         composting activities and cooking classes, and look after the community garden as a                         community. 

Work with local ward office 

At the same time, together with the community leader, we also reach out to the local                               ward office. We hope to work with them so they may allocate land for the community                               compost and garden. 

This plan is possible in Rawamangun as they already have a community park. We hope to                               utilise this to start the organic waste composting and vegetables garden. 

Stage 3 

Reach out to households  

Through the efforts and outreach of the community leaders, we will engage households                         to participate in our workshops and activities. 

Our main target at the first stage is to involve households to participate in workshop and                               to contribute organic waste. 

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We will organise a campaign that encourages households to sort their waste and                         contribute their organic waste. To do so, we will host workshops that will show them the                               specific steps to do so. 

 

5.5. Stakeholders

5.5.1. Identifying key stakeholders 

 Neighborhood community (Rukun Tetangga/ RT) RT is the smallest neighborhood community that consists of 30 to 50 households. The                           leader will take a role in supervising and encouraging active participation among                       households. The households will be our biggest supplier for organic waste.   Unilever Indonesia (https://www.unilever.co.id/) Unilever is an FMCG company that has established the system of waste bank in                           Indonesia. There are more than 6000 waste banks that are sustainable managed by                         Unilever Indonesia. Unilever will act as our strategic partner to help us develop the                           community based waste collection system.    Kitabisa.com (https://kitabisa.com/)  Kitabisa is the biggest crowdfunding platform in Indonesia that successfully developed                     many emotional campaign to raise funds for social projects. We will collaborate with                         Kitabisa for the initial funding stage (1 year).    IATSS Forum and Alumni Association  IATSS Forum and Alumni Association is expected to provide network to stakeholders and                         access to funding.      Alumni Grant Scheme (AGS)   AGS is the grant eligible for Australia Awards Alumni to conduct initiatives that create                           impact in professional field, organisation and community. We expect to get a grant for                           seed funding amounted to $15,000.    USAID  USAID offers many opportunities for funding social projects. We expect to get a grant for                             seed funding from USAID.  

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5.5.2. Identifying key stakeholders 

 

Stakeholders   How they   measure success? 

How FWF will     benefit them? 

What behaviour   FWF want to     see on them? 

Success Indicator 

Neighborhood community (RT) 1. Community 

leader  2. Households   

The community actively participates in   the project   and changes   behaviour to   reduce food   loss and sort     waste   

For community   leader:  Providing financial   incentives  For Households:   Providing places,   training and   system to sustain     the project 

Sorting waste   into organic and     inorganic   Buying only   what needed 

The number   of households participating in the   project     

IATSS forum   and IATSS   Indonesia Alumni association  

This project is     sustainable and scalable 

Provide publicity,   accountable report and   sustainable framework of this     project  

Providing network to   other stakeholders and access to     fund  

The increasing number of   participants each year  

Kitabisa   Kitabisa successfully raises funds   

Pay fee  Creating campaign to   raise funds for     this project 

The amount   of funding   

Australia alumni grant   scheme (AGS) 

AGS funds   impactful projects 

Provide publicity,   accountable report and   sustainable framework of the     project  

Providing grant   for this project 

The amount   of grant  

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USAID   USAID funds   impactful projects 

Provide publicity,   accountable report and   sustainable framework of the     project  

Providing grant   for this project 

The amount   of grant 

Unilever Indonesia  

Unilever Indonesia creates an   effective system for   waste sorting   

Provide publicity   and accountable   report  

Providing training on   waste sorting   

The effectiveness of the     system   The cost to     run the   system  

 

5.5.3. Power-Interest Matrix of Stakeholders  We conducted further stakeholder analysis utilizing the power-interest matrix. This matrix                     categorizes key stakeholders based on the power and interest. The power is determined                         by their influence in the projects, while interest is determined by their levels of                           participation in the project.   After identifying the level of power and interest, the stakeholders can be grouped into 4                             categories as follows:   

● High power, high interest: These are the most important stakeholders that should                       be prioritized and kept satisfied with the project’s progress.   

● High power, low interest: Because of these stakeholders’ influence in the project,                       they need to be kept satisfied but there is no need to maintain frequent                           communication because they don’t show a deep interest in the project.  

● Low power, high interest: These stakeholders need to be informed frequently to                       make sure they don’t experience problems on the project.  

● Low power, low interest: These stakeholders only need to be informed                     periodically. 

 

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Based on those 4 categories, below is the mapping of stakeholder power-interest matrix:  

Fig. 10. Power-Interest Matrix of Stakeholders

5.6. Objectives & Targets   The logical framework shows step-by-step changes resulted by each activity to finally                       reach the objectives and targets.    Logical framework for the pilot project (< 3 years):  

Activities   Output  Outcome  Objective  Target 

Waste sorting campaign and training  

Households understand and   see the value in       food waste 

Households sort waste and     bring organic   waste to be     composted   

Reduced organic waste in   community 

90% of the     households in 10     communities in   Jakarta participate 

Community composting  

Households participate in   composting training and   

Households utilize organic   waste to do     the 

Reduced organic waste in   community 

80% of the     households in 10     communities in   Jakarta 

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understand how   food waste   becomes fertilizer 

composting   participate 

Community gardening  

Households participate in   gardening training  

Households do the   gardening  

Reduced food loss 

70% of the     households in 10     communities in   Jakarta participate 

Community cooking  

Households participate in   cooking activities   using ingredients   from community   gardening  

Households appreciate the   value of food  

Reduced food loss 

70% of the     households in 10     communities in   Jakarta participate 

 To provide a clear overview of how this project could be scaled up throughout Indonesia,                             the overall roadmap is created as follows.  Roadmap of the project:  

SHORT TERM  (<3 Years) 

MID-TERM   (3-5 Years) 

LONG-TERM  (> 5 Years) 

● Engage the   stakeholders 

● Seek for grants  

● Set up the system,       resources and NGO     license  

● Implement the   project in 10     communities in   Jakarta. 

● Collaborate with   NGOs and   companies 

● Collaborate with   media for greater     publicity  

● Implement the   project in 100     communities  

● Collaborate with   government to   integrate this into     their roadmap  

● Scale up   throughout Indonesia (10   provinces, 1000   communities) 

 

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5.7. Risks and Mitigations   

Each activity has its own risks which may inhibit the desirable objectives. Following is the                             mapping of risks and mitigation plan for each activity.  

 

Risk  Mitigation 

Low participation and motivation: 1. Community may not see the         

value of waste, and how they           may benefit in the project. 

2. Community may think that       waste management should     be more of government’s       responsibilities  

1. Involving community leader to enforce         participation. 

2. Involving experts to design the campaign           that is appealing to the community   

3. Conducting in-depth interview with the         community to design effective       approaches   

 

Decreasing motivation and     disengagement of community in the         long term   

Creating seasonal competitions such as the           most beautiful community garden and the           cleanest community. 

Lack of cooperation from       stakeholders and community leader  

1. Starting the project in areas where the             community leaders have close       relationships with FWF members 

2. Conducting in-depth interviews with       community leaders to identify their         willingness and interests 

   

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6. Implementation Plan 

The project will be executed in several phases. FWF will conduct a site visit for further                               understanding of the fabric of the Rawamangun community. The project will be funded                         through several sources. This chapter will further explain about the detailed plan and the                           breakdown for each project proposal. The projects will be divided into three major                         phases, which are the awareness phase, development phase, and operation phase. Each                       phase of the project will start with planning, execution monitoring, and improvement. 

6.1. Awareness Phase: Campaign on waste sorting and             composting 

Implementation methods 

The awareness campaign will start with simple waste sorting and composting activities                       with participation by the households. The sorting process focuses on segregating the                       waste into organic and inorganic waste. The campaign will be conducted through the                         arisan social gathering platform. The campaign aims to instill the habit of waste sorting to                             the housewives and eventually spreads the habit to the households in Rawamangun.                       Among the contents of the campaign is to teach the housewives on the techniques of                             composting. The composting process can only be done after they manage to sort their                           waste into organic and inorganic waste. The learning process is expected to be                         conducted in community based learning through hands on activities.   

The details of the campaign are detailed below: 

Activity  Purpose  Content  Desired Outcome 

Campaign on waste   sorting 

● To guide community     people on   waste-sorting at   home so that they       can sort their waste       into organic and     in-organic waste. 

● Develop manual   of waste sorting     for community; 

● Provide trash bin     for households to     separate their   waste; 

● Increase capacity   of the community.     After participating   in the workshop,     they will be able       to successfully   sort their waste at       home. 

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● When sorting the     trash, people will     start to be more       aware of how much       trash they produce     and how much food       is loss. 

● Follow up with     workshop for   community to   share the joy of       sorting and 

● Share reflection   of awareness of     trash and food     waste. 

● 90% of heads of       households in the     community will   participate in the     workshop, and   80% of   participants will   actually do   sorting at home. 

Campaign on organic   waste composting 

● To guide community     people on waste     composting at home     so that they can sort         their waste into     organic and   in-organic waste. 

 

● Develop manual   of waste   composting for   community; 

● Provide trash bin     for households to     do their home     composting 

● Share reflection   of awareness of     organic waste   composting. 

● Increase capacity   of the community.     After participating   in the workshop,     they will be able       to successfully do     home composting. 

● 90% of heads of       households in the     community will   participate in the     workshop, and   70% of   participants will   actually do   composting at   home. 

 

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6.2. Development Phase: “Mottainai” learning module and           training for capacity building  

Implementation methods 

The development phase consists of two major activities. First, a learning module will be                           developed based on the concept of “Mottainai”. The module will be designed to                         assimilate to the Indonesian context. The objective of this module is to instill good moral                             values in consumption behaviour. The module will later be used to train the community                           leader to understand the values behind the “Mottainai”.   

Secondly, FWF will train the community leaders for better understanding about waste                       management through waste sorting and organic waste composting. The training will be                       conducted to prepare the community before the actual project begins.   

The details of “Mottainai” learning module: 

  Concept  Target  Activities   Impact 

Module 1  Reduce, Reuse, Recycle and Respect. 

Community Leader 

● Site visit to land fill of Bantar Gebang 

● Cultural exchange through community visit to Japan 

● Raising the awareness through life action activities 

● Hands on experience on Japanese culture of Motttainai. 

Module 2 

Home Recycling 

Households   ● Training on how to do Recycle at home with old clothes and used paper 

● Training on how to do Recycle at home with 

● Households members understand about the idea of recycling and seeing value in things that otherwise they will 

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Food: turning food into fertilizer 

throw away 

Module 3 

Waste sorting manual 

Reduce consumption 

Domestic Helper 

● Develop manual for waste sorting, customize in the Indonesia context 

● Invite experts to “train the trainer” training. Trainee will be community leaders so that they can later train household members and domestic helpers to sort home waste  

● Local people will start sorting their waste at home. 

● Local people will be more aware of how much waste they produce everyday when they do sorting 

● In the long term, local people will be more aware of how much food waste they produce and then hopefully they will reduce consumption in food. 

 

Implementation methods 

The training will be done through hands on community activities and lectures. 

 

6.3. Operation Phase: Community Gardening, Community         Composting and Community Cooking  

The operation phase consists of three community projects which are the community                       composting, gardening, and cooking. The community driven project aims to create                     community interest as the first platform to connect the society. Through community                       

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projects, we expect to see more participation and interest among the community                       members. It is also to create a sense of belonging within the community. 

The details of the project are as below. 

Activity  Purpose  Content  Desired Outcome 

Community garden  

The community garden serves as a platform for local people to gather, and to foster community interest and bonding. 

 

● Provide seeds to start community garden 

● Mobilize volunteers to plant and look after the community garden 

 

● Having a beautiful garden that people can be proud of.  

● Mobilize 70% residents in the community to join the community gardening activities. 

Community cooking  

● To bring back the culture of visiting neighbor’s house. 

● To see the value in food so that there is less food loss. 

● Raise awareness on waste production. 

● During the arisan meeting, people gather to cook the vegetables grown from the community garden. 

● Become a monthly event that the community enjoys together 

● Raise their awareness of the value of food and food waste 

● Attract around 100 participants 

● Attract many other communities to join the movement 

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Community composting 

The community composting center serves as a platform for local people to gather, to do the composting process. The organic composed will be turned into fertilizer for community garden.  

● Inspire and encourage people to do communal composting so that there will be fertilizer for the community garden. 

 

● Raise community awareness on the value of food waste that can be turned into valuable organic fertilizer.  

● Attract around 100 participants 

● Attract many other communities to join the movement 

 

 

 

   

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7. Budget The following table explains our projected expense for the first three years.   

Expense  Year 1  Year 2  Year 3  Total Cost 

Operation Cost 

Labor Cost  $ 18,000  $ 18,000  $ 18,000  $ 54,000 

Electricity Cost  $ 1,200  $ 1,200  $ 1,200  $ 3,600 

Water Cost  $ 240  $ 240  $ 240  $ 720 

Transportation Cost  $ 9,600  $ 9,600  $ 9,600  $ 28,800 

Office supply  $ 3,000  $ 3,000  $ 3,000  $ 9,000 

Marketing/ PR Cost  $ 2,400  $ 2,400  $ 2,400  $ 7,200 

Communication Cost  $ 1,200  $ 1,200  $ 1,200  $ 3,600 

Campaign Cost  (training, office rental,     and other activities) 

$ 14,400  $ 14,400  $ 14,400  $ 43,200 

Miscellaneous  $ 1,200  $ 1,200  $ 1,200  $ 3,600 

Equipment  $ 1,200  $ 1,200  $ 1,200  $ 3,600 

Total Expense  $ 52,440  $ 52,440  $ 52,440  $ 157,320 

 Our projected expenses above will cover operating and other costs. We do not                         

have fixed assets as the community facilitator. For the first year, we are expected to                             spend $52,440, and the total spending for three years will be $157,320 in total. Labor,                             transport, and campaign costs account for $42,000, about 80% of total operation costs.                         The campaign costs includes expenses to hire a trainer to host workshops and design a                             curriculum that will teach composting, mottainai, cooking, and facilitate garden activities                     as well. We will be able to rent an office for free as the co-founder of FWF will provide her                                       garage for the beginning of the project. We do not have revenue. We hope to support                               our operation costs with grants and financial support form our identified stakeholders                       such as IATSS Forum, Australia Awards, Kitabisa, and USAID.      

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8. Conclusion Waste management system is a critical issue affecting millions of lives, not only in Jakarta                             but also those around Bantar Gerbang. The current mitigation is unable to cope with the                             rapid increase in waste. Bantar Gerbang is predicted to exceed its capacity in 2021.                           Looking for another landfill will just be another temporary solution because it is not                           solving the root problem, which is overconsumption behavior.    Friends with Food (FWF) is a project that attempts to tackle the problems addressed by                             Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) pillar number 12, ensuring sustainable                 consumption and production patterns. Inspired by ‘Mottainai”, a Japanese philosophy                   that conveys a sense of regret over waste, FWF attempts to heighten the level of                             appreciation towards things and food by changing consumer behaviour to sort their                       waste and reduce food loss. The project comprises of 4 core activities namely sorting the                             waste, community gardening, community composting and community cooking. To ensure                   sustainability, this project incorporates social, environmental and economic aspects                 equally and relies its operation heavily on the community with a tight supervision from                           the community leader.  The scalability of this project would be materialized through meticulous planning on the                         roadmap and financial aspects. In the long term, a strong support from the government                           and media is critical to escalate the impact of this project throughout the nation. 

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9. Annex 9.1. Annex 1 - Project Design Matrix 

 

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9.2. Annex 2 - Plan of Operation

SHORT TERM  (<3 Years) 

MID-TERM   (3-5 Years) 

LONG-TERM  (> 5 Years) 

● Engage with   stakeholders 

● Seek for grants  

● Set up the system,       resources and NGO     license  

● Implement the   project in 10     communities in   Jakarta. 

● Collaborate with   NGOs and   companies 

● Collaborate with   media for greater     publicity  

● Implement the   project in 100     communities  

● Collaborate with   government to   integrate this into     their roadmap  

● Scale up   throughout Indonesia (10   provinces, 1000   communities) 

   

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