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Lesson Three

Grammar Review

Choose the right options to complete the sentences

1. The Amazon in Brazil is ------ longest river in ------ South America.

a. the / - b. - / the c. a / the d. the / a

2. Last summer we went on ------ cruise in the Caribbean. Among ------ Islands

we visited were Bermuda and the Bahamas.

a. the / the b. a / the c. - / - d. the / an

3. We could barely get any information at the airport. ------ one seemed to have

------ idea about the flights.

a. any / many b. only a few / some c. no/ any d. a lot of / any

4. ------ teachers prefer a class that is fairly consistent in having students of the

same level.

a. most b. each c. whole d. every

5. ------ of what he said was very sensible.

a. many b. few c. much d. every

6. ------ drawings is different.

a. Each one of the b. Every c. All of d. None

7. I don't have ------ much time for reading ------ I would like to.

a. so / that b. too / that c. as / as d. more / than

8. My students' sleepless nights became ------ as the finals approached.

a. so frequently b. as frequent c. rarely d. more frequent

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9. Due to ------ a lack of production ------ increasing housing prices, Liverpool

is now ranked as one of the least affordable cities countrywide.

a. both / and b. no sooner / than c. neither / nor d. either / or

10. Mike has been told he will have to pay the fine ------ his high rank in the

military.

a. even if b. despite c. on grounds that d. furthermore

11. Continued high-blood pressure is dangerous ------ it can increase the risk of

heart disease

and stroke. a. however b. so that c. for instance d. as

12. ----- vaccination has eliminated naturally occurring polio in North and

South America, rare cases continue to occur in developing countries of Africa.

a. Although b. However c. As a result of d. Moreover

13. The economy in China is booming; ------- many foreign investors are

planning to enter China's market.

a. even if b. so as to c. that's why d. nonetheless

14. As I have just had a tooth ------, I am not allowed to eat or drink anything

for three hours.

a. run out b. taken out c. crossed out d. tried on

15. Jane found it hard to get up from the bed after the alarm clock ------ at

seven.

a. went out b. went on c. went off d. went over

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16. I thought the party was going to be boring, but it ------ to be the most

unforgettable evening of my life.

a. turned out b. turned in c. turned off d. turned at

17. Do you think they are coming tomorrow? …………………

a. I think it. B. Are you? c. I don't think so! d. I don't think.

18. She has dancing lessons ……………….. .

a. in Tuesday b. on Tuesdays c. The Tuesday d. The Tuesdays

19. She came to visit us………….. .

a. The last month b. last month c. on last month d. at last month

20. …………... do you play tennis? Once a week.

a. When b. How long c. How often d. How much

21. You are a very lazy girl! …………….

a. So I am b. I'm also c. And so am I d. So are you!

22. I would be very …………….. if you gave me the job.

a. pleasing b. thanking c. pleasant d. grateful

23. As soon as I sat at the table, I started to ……….... to the woman sitting

opposite.

a. talk b. tell c. say d. converse

24. The weather was so good that we had our classes in the ………… .

a. full b. outside c. open d. out

25. Why don't you ……………... the table for dinner?

a. put b. place c. lie d. lay

26. He met me ………..…. chance in the restaurant.

a. in b. for c. at d. by

27. How do you get to school? ………….. car.

a. in b. by c. for d. into

28. ………….. told you this? My father did.

a. Who b. which c. where d. whose

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29. ………….. are you talking about? The weather.

a. Which b. what c. who d. where

30. In many ways, he takes ………….. his father.

a. for b. from c. of d. after

31. ………….. a nice pair of shoes!

a. What b. how c. what's d. how's

32. ………….. tomorrow morning.

a. I call you b. I'd call you c. I'll call you d. I called you

33. What ………….. to the theatre tonight?

a. about go b. about going c. about to go d. about

34. He's very good ………….. playing cards.

a. in b. about c. at d. for

35. She went shopping and she ………….. went to the hairdresser's.

a. too b. next c. nearly last d. also

Choose the right option from abcd.

1. At the weekend I ………. with some friends

a. went out

b. enjoyed

c. went for fun

d. played

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2. Argh! This noise is giving me a ………. .

a. headache

b. headouch

c. headhurt

d. headpain

3. Happy is the ………. of sad.

a. opposed

b. oppose

c. opposing

d. opposite

4. Excuse me, I think you've ………. a mistake in our bill.

a. made

b. had

c. done

d. given

5. It's a good idea, but it's ………. that he will agree with you.

a. unlikely

b. improbably

c. likely

d. unprobably

6. He studies physics at university. He's a ………. .

a. pupil

b. professor

c. studier

d. student

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7. Breakfast, lunch and dinner are ………. .

a. eatings

b. foodtimes

c. meals

d. food

8. Do you want a ………. or a return ticket?

a. lonely

b. single

c. one-journey

d. outbound

9. I am a bit lost. Can you tell me how to ………. to the university?

a. reach

b. go

c. find

d. get

10. Let's go to a restaurant for dinner tonight = Let's ………. Tonight!

a. eat out

b. eat outwardly

c. eat away

d. eat outside

11. He's a waiter, she's a ………. .

a. waitree

b. waitress

c. waitres

d. waiter

12. We nearly missed the plane; we were only just ………. .

a. in time for

b. timely

c. on time

d. in time

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13. I don't like my job very much. I'm going to ………. and look for another

one.

a. finish

b. retire

c. fire

d. resign

14. Her hair isn't completely straight; it's slightly ………. .

a. bent

b. waved

c. wavy

d. curl

15. I've got all the data. Now I just need to ………. the answer.

a. make out

b. count out

c. work out

d. think out

16. I love all fruit, but ………. Strawberries.

a. mostly

b. specially

c. specifically

d. especially

17. I've been so busy all week. I don't want to do anything at the weekend;

I'll just stay at home and ………. .

a. take it easy

b. make a rest

c. have a relax

d. make it easy

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18. She's a police officer, so she has to wear a ………. at work.

a. uniform

b. clothes

c. police suit

d. dress

19. He's so ………. I'm not ………. in anything he says.

a. bored, interesting

b. boring, interested

c. bored, interested

d. boring, interesting

20. They never argue and they enjoy spending time together = They ………. .

a. get on very well

b. relate very well

c. relationship very good

d. like themselves very much

21. If I were you, I'd leave earlier, so you can avoid the ………. .

a. rush hour

b. traffic time

c. peak time

d. peak hour

22. Every time I wear something white, I ………. coffee or orange juice or

something on it.

a. let

b. spill

c. drop

d. pour

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23. She doesn't have brothers or sisters - she's a(n) ………. child.

a. alone

b. lonely

c. only

d. single

24. Your father's brother's daughter is your ………. .

a. sister

b. cousin

c. step-sister

d. niece

25. apartment --> flat //elevator --> lift //gasoline --> ………. .

a. oil

b. petrol

c. fuel

d. coal

26. I ………. swimming every Saturday morning.

a. play

b. do

c. make

d. go

27. Do you live in a house or a(n) ……….?

a. village

b. home

c. building

d. apartment

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28. It's the ………. building in the city.

a. tallest

b. greatest

c. highest

d. biggest

29. What size do you need: small, medium or ……….?

a. huge

b. giant

c. large

d. big

30. The weather was great - it was really ………. .

a. sunny

b. sunshine

c. sun

d. strong sun

31. What time is it? It's 6.15 - a ………. past six.

a. fifteen

b. quarter

c. half

d. fourth

32. "Fruit and vegetables are healthy" = Fruit and vegetables are ………. .

a. good for you

b. good for health

c. healhsome

d. benefit for you

33. tired --> exhausted //small --> tiny //angry --> ………. .

a. waxed

b. irritated

c. furious

d. annoyed

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34. You can't smoke here - please put ………. your cigarette.

a. down

b. out

c. up with

d. away

35. imagine --> imaginative //rely --> reliable //ambition --> ………. .

a. ambitiative

b. ambitionful

c. amitiable

d. ambitious

36. I don't ………. going out tonight.

a. like

b. want to

c. feel like

d. have mood to

37. What time do you go to ………. every day?

a. work

b. workplace

c. job

d. office

38. Our teacher doesn't ………. us use mobile phones in class.

a. allow

b. let

c. make

d. forbid

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39. Are you planning to go ………. for the weekend?

a. off

b. far

c. out

d. away

40. friendly --> unfriendly //honest --> dishonest //polite --> ………. .

a. impolite

b. unpolite

c. dispolite

d. inpolite

Gerund - Infinitive: Exercise

What is the Gerund?

-ing form used as a noun

Form: infinitive + -ing

Examples:

Gerund as Subject: Going to parties is fun.

Gerund as Object: I enjoy reading.

Gerund after the following verbs

Admit: He admitted having driven too fast.

Avoid: They avoid going on holiday on Saturdays.

carry on: If we carry on sleeping so badly, we may need help.

Consider: Ralph is considering buying a new house.

Delay: I delayed telling Max the news.

Deny: She denies reading the book.

Dislike: We dislike reading poems.

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Gerund after special phrases

to be busy: He is busy reading the paper.

don't mind: I don't mind telling them my opinion.

feel like: We feel like having a cup of tea.

how about: How about walking home instead of taking the car?

it's (no) good: It's no good talking to this girl.

it's no use: It's no use talking to the headmaster.

Gerund and the Infinitive after the verb – no difference in meaning

These verbs can be followed by a Gerund and an Infinitive without changing

their meaning:

Begin continue like hate start prefer love (permit, recommend)

Examples: He began talking He began to talk

She loves painting. She loves to paint

Special examples:

They do not permit smoking here. They do not permit us to smoke here.

They recommend walking. They recommend that we walk.

But some verbs change meaning when they are followed by a gerund or an

infinitive.

I remember switching off the lights when I went on holiday. (past)

Remember to switch off the lights when you go on holiday. (future)

I stopped smoking. (to stop with an activity)

I stopped to smoke. (to stop in order to do something)

used to

The form to be used to + Gerund means that the person is familiar with

something.

He is used to smoking. (He still smokes.)

The form used to + Infinitive means that the person did something in the past.

He used to smoke. (He does not smoke anymore.)

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The Infinitive

The basic form of a verb, without an inflection binding it to a particular subject

or tense.

e.g., see: we came to see, let him see.

Zero-infinitive: look, eat, love

To-infinitive: to look, to eat, to love

Now, fill in the blanks below with the correct form of the verb in

brackets.

1. It is obvious he is only interested in (make) ______________ money.

2. Anne couldn't find a taxi so I offered (drive) ________________ her to the

station.

3. I managed (book) ________________ two seats on the morning flight

4. I promise (send) _______________ you our new brochure as soon as it is

available.

5. Peter was delighted (meet) _______________ a former colleague at the

conference.

6. I avoid (take) _______________ the car whenever possible, especially in

big cities.

7. We finished the job by (work) _______________ 12 hours a day.

8. Bob sent a report to the Chairman instead of (attend) _______________ the

meeting.

9. A lot of people dislike (drive) _______________ at night.

10. I intend (speak) _______________ to my boss about your complaint.

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Teacher`s notes

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Lesson Four

What are Viruses Made of?

All viruses are made up of two kinds of substance. First, all viruses contain

proteins. Proteins are chemical substances that occur in all living creatures. A

particle, or molecule, of a protein consists of a long chain of substances called

amino acids. There are about 20 different kinds of amino acid in proteins.

These can be arranged in any order on the protein chain. Different kinds of

plant or animal contain proteins with different arrangements of amino acids.

The protein generally forms the outer coat of a virus. This outer layer of protein

encloses the second kind of substance found in all viruses - nucleic acid.

Mark the following True or False

1. it is impossible to find a living thing with no proteins.

a. True b. False

2. The arrangement of amino acids varies among each living thing.

a. True b. False

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3. The second substance of the viruses is usually the part covered by proteins.

a. True b. False

4. all viruses contain proteins.

a. true b. false

5. All Viruses contain Amino Acids.

a. True b. False

6. There is no specific order of Amino Acids on the protein chain.

a. True b. False

7. Viruses contain proteins; all proteins contain Amino Acids; therefore,

viruses contain amino Acids.

a. True b. False

8. The chains of Amino Acids look like spider nets.

a. True b. False

9. Amino Acids exist in all living things.

a. True b. False

10. Proteins contain several types of Amino Acids.

a. True b. False

Conversation at the Pharmacy

Pharmacist: Hi, how may I help you?

Customer: Hi there, I’d like to pick up a prescription.

Pharmacist: Alright, give me the doctor’s note.

Customer: Here it is.

Pharmacist: Alright, one moment please.

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Customer: Also, there’s something else I wanted.

Pharmacist: Alright, what do you need?

Customer: Do you have any anti-itch medication?

Pharmacist: What kind of itch is it?

Customer: It’s itches due to bug bites.

Pharmacist: Oh, okay. There’s some down the third aisle.

Customer: Alright. What does it look like?

Pharmacist: Well, there are many brands. Some can be used for more than just

bug bites.

Customer: Cool, thank you!

Pharmacist: I’ll have your prescription drugs ready shortly.

Customer: Thanks! my daughter hurt her wrist the other day.

Customer: Maybe I should get a brace for it.

Pharmacist: There are some bandages and braces over there, if you’d like to

take a look.

Customer: Okay, I think I will. The pharmacy sure has a lot of helpful things.

Pharmacist: Yes, it does. Do you own an emergency first aid kit?

Customer: No, I don’t. Should I get one?

Pharmacist: Yes, you should. They’re helpful. In fact, let me get one for you

from the back.

Customer: Perfect, thanks! I wonder if I need anything else…

Pharmacist: Well, if you need anything, you can always come in and ask.

Customer: Alright, thanks. Is my prescription ready?

Pharmacist: Yeah, here it is. You’re all set!

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Customer: Alright, thank you!

Pharmacist: Have a nice day!

wish – if:

Explanation on the meaning and use of 'wish' and 'if'.

Wish

1. wish is used to express a regret about the present. = wish + past simple :

I don't play the piano. I wish I played the piano.

Pedro doesn't speak English. Pedro wishes he spoke English.

Hugo doesn't have a car. He wishes he had a car.

2. When 'wish' is followed by the verb 'to be', 'were' is used instead of 'was':

I don't have a lot of money. I wish I were (not was) rich.

I'm not very tall. I wish I were taller.

3. To express a regret about the past. = wish + past perfect :

Julie lost her umbrella yesterday. Julie wishes she hadn't lost her

umbrella.

Alex didn't revise his grammar. Alex wishes he had revised his

grammar.

The hotel was full. Tom wished he had booked a room.

4. To express a desire to change something, we use wish + would :

The children are making a lot of noise. I wish they would stop making

noise.

The weather is awful. I wish the weather would improve.

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The cinema is old-fashioned. I wish the owners would renovate it.

NOTE : ‘I wish’ can be replaced with ‘if only’ which carries more emphasis.

“If only you had told me in time!’ = “I wish you had told me in time.”

How to use the verb wish!

When it’s your birthday, you close your eyes and make a wish before you

blow out the candles on the cake. You wish for something that you would

really like to have or to happen.

WISHES FOR THE PRESENT

WISH + PAST SIMPLE

IF ONLY + PAST SIMPLE

I wish I had more friends. (I don’t have enough friends at the moment.)

If only I had more free time. (I don’t have enough free time at the moment.)

I wish I could sing. (I can’t sing.)

I wish there were more honest people around me. (There aren’t enough honest

people around me at the moment.)

If only I lived in a castle. (I don’t live in a castle at the moment, but I would

like to.)

My mother wishes I wasn’t so lazy. (I am lazy and my mother isn’t happy

about it.)

I wish I wasn’t so busy. (I am busy and I don’t like it.)

If only I didn’t have such noisy neighbors. (I have noisy neighbors at the

moment and I don’t like it.)

I wish I didn’t live in such a noisy neighborhood. (I live in a noisy

neighborhood at the moment and I don’t like it.)

My brother wishes he had a bigger house. (His house isn’t big enough for him

and he would like a bigger one.)

IF

After if, we often use were instead of was, especially in a formal style where it is

considered more correct.

If I were rich, I would travel all over the world.

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If he were a better manager, the company would be more successful.

We use the structure "if I were you " + would to give advice

If I were you I would take English lessons.

Exercise

Rephrase the following sentences using wish or if.

ex: I don't have a dog and I regret that. → I wish I had a dog.

1. I don't speak Chinese and I regret that.

_____________________________________________________________

2. Tom didn't work hard last year and now he's sorry.

_____________________________________________________________

3. The children are shouting and I'd like them to stop.

_____________________________________________________________

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4. Caroline isn't rich enough to buy an apartment otherwise she would do

that.

_____________________________________________________________

5. My car broke down on Sunday and I regret that that happened.

_____________________________________________________________

6. In your position I think you should have a check-up once a year.

_____________________________________________________________

7. It would be better if the rain stopped.

_____________________________________________________________

8. I don't have any cake to offer you and I'm sorry about that .

Health and Fitness: Tips

1. Find the best fitness friend

A workout buddy is helpful for keeping you motivated, but it's important to

find someone who will inspire—not discourage. So make a list of all your

exercise-loving friends, then see who fits this criteria.

2. Buy comfortable sneakers

You shouldn't buy sneakers that hurt! Your shoes should always feel

comfortable.

3. Say hello to water

When you head for exercise, it's always important to hydrate, so you can stay

energized and have your best workout. Athletic drinks can be a source of

unnecessary calories. Drinking water is usually fine until you're exercising for

more than one hour.

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Teacher`s notes