eyewall evolution of typhoons crossing the islands: an observational...
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Eyewall Evolution of Typhoons Eyewall Evolution of Typhoons Crossing the Islands: Crossing the Islands:
An Observational StudyAn Observational StudyKunKun--Hsuan ChouHsuan Chou11, Chun, Chun--Chieh WuChieh Wu22
Outline:
Overview of the scenario of eyewall oscillation
Historic statistics of TC passed the Philippines and Taiwan
The oscillation eyewall depicted from the microwave and radar imager and rain gauges data
Concluding remarks
1Dept. of Atmospheric Sciences, Chinese Culture University, Taipei, Taiwan2Dept. of Atmospheric Sciences, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
Introduction – Eyewall evolution induced by landfall
The interesting eyewall evolution of Typhoon Zeb (1998) before, during, and after its landfall at Luzon was documented from both the satellite observation and numerical simulation.
It is proposed that the terrain plays a critical role in leading to such evolution: first the eyewall contraction just before landfall, a following breakdown, and then the eyewall reformation after the storm returned to the ocean.
The interesting eyewall evolution of Typhoon Zeb (1998) before, The interesting eyewall evolution of Typhoon Zeb (1998) before, during, during, and after its landfall at Luzon was documented from both the satand after its landfall at Luzon was documented from both the satellite ellite observation and numerical simulation. observation and numerical simulation.
It is proposed that the terrain plays a critical role in leadingIt is proposed that the terrain plays a critical role in leading to such to such evolution: first the eyewall contraction just before landfall, aevolution: first the eyewall contraction just before landfall, a following following breakdown, and then the eyewall reformation after the storm retubreakdown, and then the eyewall reformation after the storm returned to rned to the ocean.the ocean.
Wu et al. (2003)IR Images MM5 Simulation (5km)
Introduction – Eyewall evolution induced by landfall(a) (b) (c)
(d) (e) (f)
(a) (b) (c)
(d) (e) (f)
In Typhoon Zeb (1998), the original eyewall contracted and broke down due to enhanced surface friction after landfall. The outer eyewall was triggered near the western coastal region of Luzon and formed as a result of axisymmetrization well after the dissipation of the inner eyewall convection.
The numerical results indicate that the availability of sensible and latent heat from the underlying ocean is crucial for the eyewall and intensity evolution of a landfalling typhoon.
In Typhoon Zeb (1998), the original eyewall contracted and brokeIn Typhoon Zeb (1998), the original eyewall contracted and broke down due to down due to enhanced surface friction after landfall. The outer eyewall wasenhanced surface friction after landfall. The outer eyewall was triggered near the triggered near the western coastal region of Luzon and formed as a result of axisymwestern coastal region of Luzon and formed as a result of axisymmetrization well metrization well after the dissipation of the inner eyewall convection.after the dissipation of the inner eyewall convection.
The numerical results indicate that the availability of sensibleThe numerical results indicate that the availability of sensible and latent heat from and latent heat from the underlying ocean is crucial for the eyewall and intensity evthe underlying ocean is crucial for the eyewall and intensity evolution of a olution of a landfalling typhoon.landfalling typhoon.
Wu et al. (2009)
Microwave Images, brightness temperature
Typhoon Megi (2010)
Eyewall evolution depicted by the ASCAT wind Eyewall evolution depicted by the ASCAT wind
KNMI ASCAT wind in 12.5 km resolution
Talim (2005) Longwang (2005)
Sepat (2007) Krosa (2007)
Eyewall evolution for TC passing the TaiwanEyewall evolution for TC passing the Taiwan
Eyewall evolution for TC passing the TaiwanEyewall evolution for TC passing the Taiwan
Chi and Chou (2011): Eyewall evolution simulation of Typhoon Sinlaku (2008) crossing TaiwanChi and Chou (2011): Eyewall evolution simulation of Typhoon Sinlaku (2008) crossing Taiwan
WRF simulation in 3.3 km resolution
Hovemoller diagram of azimuthally averaged tangential wind
Motivation:• To document the statistical characteristics of the eyewall
evolution crossing Philippines islands and Taiwan.• To examine the difference between the typhoons with and
without reorganization of the outer eyewall when typhoons reentered the ocean.
• To identify the differences in eyewall evolutions between the typhoons crossing the Philippines and those crossing the Taiwan.
• JTWC best track from 1945-2010 are analyzed. • TS: 34 ≦ V ≦ 63 knots; TY: V ≧64 knots• On average each year about 2.2 tropical storms and 3.0
typhoons made landfall at and crossed the Philippines, which accounts for about 20% of the total number of TCs.
• Among all the TCs crossing Taiwan, about 0.7 tropical storms and 1.3 typhoons made landfall and crossed Taiwan respectively, which accounts for 8% of the total number of TCs in the WNP.
• JTWC best track from 1945-2010 are analyzed. • TS: 34 ≦ V ≦ 63 knots; TY: V ≧64 knots• On average each year about 2.2 tropical storms and 3.0
typhoons made landfall at and crossed the Philippines, which accounts for about 20% of the total number of TCs.
• Among all the TCs crossing Taiwan, about 0.7 tropical storms and 1.3 typhoons made landfall and crossed Taiwan respectively, which accounts for 8% of the total number of TCs in the WNP.
How frequent for TC passing the islands? How frequent for TC passing the islands? Philippines Taiwan
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
1945 1950 1955 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010
TYI TYO TSI TSO
Year
Case Num
ber
(a)
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
1945 1950 1955 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010
TYI TYO TSI TSO
Year
Case Num
ber
(b)
How frequent for the oscillation eyewall for TY passing the Philippines? How frequent for the oscillation eyewall for TY passing the Philippines?
Before landfall After landfall Return to ocean
The microwave images are analyzed for 23 typhoons that crossed Philippines from 2000-2010.
In most (87%, 20/23) of the cases, the outer eyewall reappeared when the storms were about to leave the land and reenter the ocean.
Over half (57%,13/23) of typhoons experienced reorganization of the outer eyewall.
The microwave images are analyzed for 23 typhoons that crossed Philippines from 2000-2010.
In most (87%, 20/23) of the cases, the outer eyewall reappeared when the storms were about to leave the land and reenter the ocean.
Over half (57%,13/23) of typhoons experienced reorganization of the outer eyewall.
Non-obvious reorganization eyewall case: Ex: Mitage (2007)
Obvious reorganization eyewall case: Ex: Megi (2010)
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22
00be
binc
a03
krov
anh
03m
elor
04na
nmad
ol05
roke
06ch
ebi
06du
rian
06ut
or07
mita
g08
halo
ng08
feng
shen
08nu
ri09
chan
hom
09pa
rma
00xa
ngsa
ne03
imbu
do04
mui
fa06
chan
chu
06xa
ngsa
ne06
cim
aron
07pe
ipah
10co
nson
10m
egi
Vert
ical
win
d sh
ear (
m/s
)
Case
Shear
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
00be
binc
a03
krov
anh
03m
elor
04na
nmad
ol05
roke
06ch
ebi
06du
rian
06ut
or07
mita
g08
halo
ng08
feng
shen
08nu
ri09
chan
hom
09pa
rma
00xa
ngsa
ne03
imbu
do04
mui
fa06
chan
chu
06xa
ngsa
ne06
cim
aron
07pe
ipah
10co
nson
10m
egiSe
a Su
rfac
e Te
mpe
ratu
re(℃
)Case
SST
50
55
60
65
70
75
80
85
90
95
100
00be
binc
a03
krov
anh
03m
elor
04na
nmad
ol05
roke
06ch
ebi
06du
rian
06ut
or07
mita
g08
halo
ng08
feng
shen
08nu
ri09
chan
hom
09pa
rma
00xa
ngsa
ne03
imbu
do04
mui
fa06
chan
chu
06xa
ngsa
ne06
cim
aron
07pe
ipah
10co
nson
10m
egi
Hum
idity
(%)
Case
RH
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
00be
binc
a03
krov
anh
03m
elor
04na
nmad
ol05
roke
06ch
ebi
06du
rian
06ut
or07
mita
g08
halo
ng08
feng
shen
08nu
ri09
chan
hom
09pa
rma
00xa
ngsa
ne03
imbu
do04
mui
fa06
chan
chu
06xa
ngsa
ne06
cim
aron
07pe
ipah
10co
nson
10m
egi
Dur
atio
n tim
e (h
r)
Case
Duration time
(a) (b)
(c) (d)
Mean = 15.9 Mean = 17.6
Mean = 75.0 Mean = 81.8
Mean = 10.0 Mean = 7.0
Mean = 27.5 Mean = 28.7
• The environmental conditions between the obvious and non-obvious reorganization eyewall cases are examined.
• The former appears to be embedded in an environment with smaller vertical wind shear, higher low-level relative humidity, and higher sea surface temperature than the later.
• These three environmental factors are rather consistent with the necessary conditions of tropical cyclone genesis proposed by Gray (1968).
• The environmental conditions between the obvious and non-obvious reorganization eyewall cases are examined.
• The former appears to be embedded in an environment with smaller vertical wind shear, higher low-level relative humidity, and higher sea surface temperature than the later.
• These three environmental factors are rather consistent with the necessary conditions of tropical cyclone genesis proposed by Gray (1968).
What factors control the reorganization of the outer eyewall? What factors control the reorganization of the outer eyewall?
NCEP RTG-SST
NCEP FNL analysis
NCEP FNL analysis
Obvious Non-obvious
Before landfall After landfall
The microwave images are analyzed for 19 typhoons that crossed Taiwan from 2000-2010.
In about 89% (17/19) cases, the major convective ring shifted from the central area to the outer area of the storm.
The reorganization of the outer eyewall is rarely observed because the storms generally pass through the Taiwan Strait and make landfall over Mainland China within short periods of time.
The microwave images are analyzed for 19 typhoons that crossed Taiwan from 2000-2010.
In about 89% (17/19) cases, the major convective ring shifted from the central area to the outer area of the storm.
The reorganization of the outer eyewall is rarely observed because the storms generally pass through the Taiwan Strait and make landfall over Mainland China within short periods of time.
Non-obvious reorganization eyewall cases: Ex: Sepat (2007)Morakot (2009)
Obvious reorganization eyewall case: Ex: Nondectateable
How frequent for the oscillation eyewall for TY passing the Taiwan? How frequent for the oscillation eyewall for TY passing the Taiwan?
07Sepat 07Sepat
09Morakot 09Morakot
The oscillation eyewall depicted from radar images for TY passing the Taiwan The oscillation eyewall depicted from radar images for TY passing the Taiwan
A quantitative analysis is preformed based on radar images with high spatiotemproal resolution (0.0125o in horizontal, 10 min. in temporal).
Following the subjective definition of the outer eyewall by Kossin and Sitkowski (2009), the major convective ring is identified when there is at least 75% of a complete circular band with 0.5 degree width.
These results are consistent with the eyewall evolution as depicted by the microwave images.
A quantitative analysis is preformed based on radar images with high spatiotemproal resolution (0.0125o in horizontal, 10 min. in temporal).
Following the subjective definition of the outer eyewall by Kossin and Sitkowski (2009), the major convective ring is identified when there is at least 75% of a complete circular band with 0.5 degree width.
These results are consistent with the eyewall evolution as depicted by the microwave images.
The oscillation eyewall depicted from radar images for TY passing the Taiwan The oscillation eyewall depicted from radar images for TY passing the Taiwan
Hovemoller diagram of radar reflectivity for typhoons crossed Taiwan during 2005- 2010.
Over half of typhoons (58%, 7/12) showed the contraction of inner eyewall before landfall over Taiwan.
Most typhoons (83%, 10/12) experienced the inner eyewall breakdown and reorganization of outer eyewall when passed Taiwan.
Except for Sinlaku, Jangmi, and Fanapi, the reorganized eyewall did not contract when the storms cross the Taiwan Strait.
Hovemoller diagram of radar reflectivity for typhoons crossed Taiwan during 2005- 2010.
Over half of typhoons (58%, 7/12) showed the contraction of inner eyewall before landfall over Taiwan.
Most typhoons (83%, 10/12) experienced the inner eyewall breakdown and reorganization of outer eyewall when passed Taiwan.
Except for Sinlaku, Jangmi, and Fanapi, the reorganized eyewall did not contract when the storms cross the Taiwan Strait.
The oscillation eyewall depicted from automatic rain gauges for TY passing the Taiwan The oscillation eyewall depicted from automatic rain gauges for TY passing the Taiwan
Hovemoller diagram of rainfall rate calculated from rain gagues for typhoons crossed Taiwan during 2005- 2010.
Except for Pabuk and Kalmaegi, the areas with larger rainfall rate were always located within a 0.5 degree radius from the storm center.
The locations of the maximum rainfall rate shifted outward to a 1.0- 2.0 degree radius when the storms left Taiwan.
The results are consistent with the analyses of the radar images.
Hovemoller diagram of rainfall rate calculated from rain gagues for typhoons crossed Taiwan during 2005- 2010.
Except for Pabuk and Kalmaegi, the areas with larger rainfall rate were always located within a 0.5 degree radius from the storm center.
The locations of the maximum rainfall rate shifted outward to a 1.0- 2.0 degree radius when the storms left Taiwan.
The results are consistent with the analyses of the radar images.
Typhoon Sepat (2007)Typhoon Sepat (2007)
17/03Z
17/21Z
18/03Z
19/03Z
17/03Z
17/21Z
18/03Z
19/03Z
Corr.(Ref, RR), 0-48h = 0.43Corr.(Ref, RR), 6-36h = 0.57Corr.(Ref, RR), 0-48h = 0.43Corr.(Ref, RR), 6-36h = 0.57
The rainfall pattern evolution caused by the terrain effect
The rainfall pattern evolution caused by the terrain effect
Concluding remarks• Based on the analyses of JTWC best track data from 1945-
2010, it is found that annually at least 3.0 typhoons passed through the Philippine islands and 1.3 through Taiwan.
• For 23 typhoons crossing the Philippine islands from 2000- 2010, the results indicate that the radius of the eyewall increased during landfall in 87% of the landfalling typhoons, while in 57% of the cases the radius of the eyewall contracted when the typhoon reentered the ocean.
• Analyses of large-scale environmental conditions show that small vertical wind shear, high low-level relative humidity and sea surface temperature are important for the reorganization of the outer eyewall and the subsequent eyewall contraction when the typhoons reentered the ocean.
• For 19 typhoons crossing Taiwan, it is found that 89% of cases show an expansion of the eyewall during the landfall period, while reorganization of the outer eyewall is seldom observed due to the limited time the typhoon spends over the Taiwan Strait.
• In addition, observed rainfall shows an expansion in the rainfall area induced by terrain.
Future works• Some issues remain unsolved and are yet to be addressed
in future studies. (1) How is such an eyewall evolution influenced by the size of the land, the height of the terrain, and the size and intensity of the landfalling storm? (2) What determines the timing for the inner eyewall to break down after the storm makes landfall? (3) What is the relationship between land with different surface roughness, latent heat flux supply, and topography?
• It is expected that more insight can be obtained from more well-designed sensitivity numerical experiments with high- resolution cloud-resolving models.