eye movement physiology frank m. marchak, ph.d. veridical research and design corporation
DESCRIPTION
Eye Movement Physiology Frank M. Marchak, Ph.D. Veridical Research and Design Corporation www.vradc.com. Society for Psychophysiological Research September 14 2011. Eye Anatomy. webvision.med.utah.edu/imageswv/Sagschem.jpeg. www.skybrary.aero/images/thumb/Vis_Fig2.jpg/500px-Vis_Fig2.jpg. - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
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Eye Movement Physiology
Frank M. Marchak, Ph.D.Veridical Research and Design Corporation
www.vradc.com
Society for Psychophysiological ResearchSeptember 14 2011
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Eye Anatomy
webvision.med.utah.edu/imageswv/Sagschem.jpeg
www.skybrary.aero/images/thumb/Vis_Fig2.jpg/500px-Vis_Fig2.jpg
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Why do you move your eyes?
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Yarbus (1967)
Task influences eye movement behavior
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Types of Eye Movements
• Gaze Stabilization– Vestibulo-ocular – Optokinetic
• Gaze shifting– Vergence– Smooth Pursuit– Saccade
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Gaze Stabilization
Vestibulo-Ocular Reflex
commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Vestibulo-ocular_reflex_lateroflexion_of_neck.svg www.youtube.com/user/mbolding#p/u/15/PeO6w_bCz8U
• Stabilize eyes relative to external world- Compensate for head movements
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Gaze Stabilization
Optokinetic Nystagmus
• Elicited by moving objects that produce illusion of head movement or slow head movements undetected by vestibular system
• Visual-ocular response
www.youtube.com/watch?v=KSJksSA6Q-A&feature=relatedimg.springerimages.com/Images/ImagesMD/ATOPH/01/66/WATER_ATOPH01-09-66-003B.jpg
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Gaze Shifting
Vergence
schorlab.berkeley.edu/vilis/vergence.htm www.youtube.com/user/mbolding#p/u/16/9kgi_Avr66I
• Align fovea of each eye with targets at different distances from observer- Disconjugate
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Gaze Shifting
Smooth Pursuit
Wetenbakerr,(1984). The Eye: Window on the World www.youtube.com/watch?v=kEfz1fFjU78
• Keep moving stimulus on fovea- Under voluntary control
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Gaze Shifting
Saccadic
www.youtube.com/watch?v=FEJfAxJEP6E
• Ballistic movements that abruptly change point of fixation
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How do you move your eyes?
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Extraocular Muscles
eyeaerobics.com/program/
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emedicine.medscape.com/article/1189759-overview
IO SR IO/SR SR/IO SR IO
LR MR MR LR
SO IR SO/IR IR/SO IR SO
MR MR
CONVERGENCE
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Ophthalmotrope (Ruete, 1857)
bjo.bmj.com/content/93/5.cover-expansion
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Extraocular Muscle Innervation
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Extraocular Muscle Innervation
Origins
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Purves, et al., (2004). Neuroscience
Extraocular Muscle Innervation
Ocular Motor Neuron Nuclei
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Extraocular Muscle Innervation
Ocular Motor Neuron Nuclei
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Saccadic Eye Movements
express.howstuffworks.com/gif/body-saccidic-composite.jpg
www.sharpsight.in/images/treatments/eye%20trackers.jpg
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Time Course of Saccades
Purves, et al., (2004). Neuroscience
• Two components• Amplitude
• Lower motor neurons within oculomotor nuclei• Direction
• Premotor neurons in gaze centers in brainstem
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Neural Control of Saccades
Purves, et al., (2004). NeurosciencePurves, et al., (2004). Neuroscience
• Discharge frequency directly proportional to position and velocity of eye
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brain.phgy.queensu.ca/pare/assets/Oculomotor%20lecture.pdf
Neural Control of Saccades
Pulse-Step
• Pulse- Tonic signal – eyes hold position- Height: speed of saccade- Duration: duration of saccade
• Step- Phasic signal – eyes move- Height: amplitude of saccade
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Neural Control of Saccades
Gaze Centers
cueflash.com/decks/CONTROL_OF_EYE_MOVEMENTS_-_57
• Horizontal- Paramedian pontine
reticular formation (PPRF)
• Vertical- Rostral interstitial
nucleus (rostral iMLF)
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Neural Control of Saccades
Horizontal Eye Movements
Purves, et al., (2004). Neuroscience
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• PPRF– Phasic signal of abducens
motor neurons
Horizontal Saccades
Excitatory Burst Neurons
brain.phgy.queensu.ca/pare/assets/Oculomotor%20lecture.pdf
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• Nucleus prepositus hypoglossi– Tonic signal of abducens motor
neurons
Horizontal Saccades
Tonic Neurons
brain.phgy.queensu.ca/pare/assets/Oculomotor%20lecture.pdf
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• Paramedian pontine reticular formation (PPRF)– Inhibit contralateral abducens
internuclear and motor neurons
Horizontal Saccades
Inhibitory Burst Neurons
brain.phgy.queensu.ca/pare/assets/Oculomotor%20lecture.pdf
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• Inhibit burst neurons in PPRF– Prevent saccades– Activate saccade burst generator
Horizontal Saccades
Omnipause Neurons
brain.phgy.queensu.ca/pare/assets/Oculomotor%20lecture.pdf
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• Motor command- PPRF burst neurons
• Trigger command- Omnipause neurons
Horizontal Saccades
Superior Colliculus
brain.phgy.queensu.ca/pare/assets/Oculomotor%20lecture.pdf
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Superior Colliculus
Topographic Motor Map
Purves, et al., (2004). Neuroscience
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Saccadic Eye Movements
Higher Saccadic Centers
cueflash.com/decks/CONTROL_OF_EYE_MOVEMENTS_-_57
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Higher Saccadic Centers
Frontal Eye Fields
Purves, et al., (2004). Neuroscience
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Higher Saccadic Centers
Posterior Parietal Cortex
camelot.mssm.edu/~ygyu/clip_image016_0001.jpg
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Higher Saccadic Centers
Basal Ganglia
Purves, et al., (2004). Neuroscience
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Neural Control of VOR
lsda.jsc.nasa.gov/lsda_data/dil_data/msci1083.jpg
library.med.utah.edu/kw/animations/hyperbrain/oculo_reflex/oculocephalic2.html
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Neural Control of Smooth Pursuit
cueflash.com/decks/CONTROL_OF_EYE_MOVEMENTS_-_57