extrasolar planets the next decade dante minniti, católica steve vogt, uc santa cruz chris tinney,...
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Extrasolar PlanetsExtrasolar PlanetsThe Next DecadeThe Next Decade
Dante Minniti, CatólicaSteve Vogt, UC Santa Cruz
Chris Tinney, UNSWPamela Arriagada, Católica
The discovery of extrasolar planets in the past decade was oneThe discovery of extrasolar planets in the past decade was oneof the most remarkable achievements of the century, and theof the most remarkable achievements of the century, and the
culmination of centuries of speculation.culmination of centuries of speculation.National Academy of Sciences, Decadal Review of AstrophysicsNational Academy of Sciences, Decadal Review of Astrophysics
~45,000 parsecs
50 parsecs
10,000 parsecs
1000 parsecs
16 Cygni B
Not sinusoidal
Planet Mass DistributionPlanet Mass Distribution
Fit ExcludesFit Excludes
11stst bin. bin.
Detection Detection Limit:Limit:
~ 0.2 M~ 0.2 MJUP JUP @ 1 @ 1 AUAU
Five Neptunes:Five Neptunes:Gl 436Gl 43655 Cnc d55 Cnc d AraAra• HD 190360HD 190360• Gliese 581Gliese 581
Butler et al.Butler et al.
McArthur et al.McArthur et al.
Santos et al. Santos et al.
Planet – Metallicity CorrelationPlanet – Metallicity Correlation
AbundanceAnalysis of1000 stars
onplanet search
.
22
PPplanetplanet ~ ~ ((NNFeFe
/ N/ NHH))
Previous Evidence: Previous Evidence: G.Gonzales, N.SantosG.Gonzales, N.Santos
Fischer & Valenti Fischer & Valenti 20052005
Metallicity Metallicity Models:Models:
Ida & LinIda & Lin
Kacper KornetKacper Kornet
et al. et al.
Doppler MeasurementsDoppler Measurements
Orbit:Orbit:
P = 2.876 dP = 2.876 d
K = 41.3 m/sK = 41.3 m/s
CircularCircular
M = 0.343 MM = 0.343 MJUPJUP
= 1.15 M= 1.15 MSATSAT
Photometry: Photometry:
Three TransitsThree Transits
3.0 millimag ->3.0 millimag ->
AAPLPL = 0.0028 A = 0.0028 Astarstar
RRPLPL = 0.053 R = 0.053 RStarStar
G. HenryG. Henry
Density & InteriorDensity & Interior R = 0.88 RR = 0.88 RSATSAT
M = 1.145 MM = 1.145 MSATSAT
SATSAT
R ~ MR ~ M-1/3 -1/3 (degeneracy)(degeneracy)
R ~ MR ~ M+1/3+1/3 (Coulomb, rock)(Coulomb, rock)
10% errors)10% errors)
= 1.69 = 1.69 SatSat
More RockMore Rock
Radius vs MassRadius vs MassMeasured for Transiting PlanetsMeasured for Transiting Planets
Mass (MMass (MJUPJUP))
Rad
ius
(RR
ad
ius
(RJU
PJU
P))
The Next Decade:The Next Decade:3 m/s versus 1 m/s3 m/s versus 1 m/s
1 m/s1 m/s
3 m/s3 m/s
Jupiter analog is 10-sigma detectionJupiter analog is 10-sigma detectionUncertainty of eccentricity is +/-0.02Uncertainty of eccentricity is +/-0.02Saturn-mass at 5 AU is a 4-sigma detectionSaturn-mass at 5 AU is a 4-sigma detectionSuper-Earths detectable in 4-day orbitsSuper-Earths detectable in 4-day orbitsDetection sensitivity similar/better than SIMDetection sensitivity similar/better than SIM
Minimal (3-sigma) detection of Jupiter analogMinimal (3-sigma) detection of Jupiter analogEccentricity of Jupiter analog is uncertain (+/-0.2)Eccentricity of Jupiter analog is uncertain (+/-0.2)Non-detection of Saturn-mass at 5 AUNon-detection of Saturn-mass at 5 AU
Obstacles to 1 m/sObstacles to 1 m/sStellar oscillations PhotonsStellar oscillations PhotonsStellar granulation Systematic ErrorsStellar granulation Systematic ErrorsStellar rotationStellar rotation
P-modes in Solar-type starsP-modes in Solar-type stars
Amp ~ 1.5 m/sAmp ~ 1.5 m/sPer = 5 minPer = 5 min
- Seismology- Seismology
-Noise:Noise:
Avg overAvg over P-modes !P-modes !
Alpha Cen A (G2 V)Alpha Cen A (G2 V)
K dwarfs: 1 meter/secK dwarfs: 1 meter/sec
Acoustic p-modes:Acoustic p-modes:
Amp < 1 m/sAmp < 1 m/s
Alpha Cen B (K0V)Alpha Cen B (K0V)
Doppler PrecisionDoppler Precision
10 Earth-Masses10 Earth-MassesP = 50 dayP = 50 day
Single telescopeSingle telescope
AliasingAliasing
1 day Obs1 day Obs..
5 Earth-Masses 5 Earth-Masses P = 50 dayP = 50 day
Single telescopeSingle telescope
1 Earth-Mass1 Earth-MassP = 4.2 dP = 4.2 d
MMstarstar = 0.5 M = 0.5 MOO
1 m/s: Long Data Strings1 m/s: Long Data Strings
APFAPF
AATAAT
USNO funded 2.4-m dedicated planet finderUSNO funded 2.4-m dedicated planet finder
48 continous nights Jan 10, 200748 continous nights Jan 10, 2007
KeckKeck 10 continous nights 10 continous nights
1 m/s: Long View1 m/s: Long View
TPFTPF
SIMSIM 1.2-to-2 billion $ 150 stars 2020?1.2-to-2 billion $ 150 stars 2020?
5-to-?? billion $ ? Stars 2040?5-to-?? billion $ ? Stars 2040?
8-m8-m 0.1 billion $ 1,000 stars NOW?0.1 billion $ 1,000 stars NOW?
1 m/s: Long View1 m/s: Long View
8-m8-m 0.1 billion $ 1,000 stars NOW?0.1 billion $ 1,000 stars NOW?
Every Saturn mass planet out to 9 AUEvery Saturn mass planet out to 9 AU
Every Neptune mass planet out to 1 AUEvery Neptune mass planet out to 1 AU
Super-Earths out to 0.3 AUSuper-Earths out to 0.3 AU
Earth-mass planets out to 0.1 AUEarth-mass planets out to 0.1 AU
Solar System analogsSolar System analogs
Habitable planetsHabitable planets