extract: chavs by owen jones

8/4/2019 Extract: Chavs by Owen Jones

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Anrpib{orain

Ar‑ ln k}skpaknok tk‑wk lhh mlb. Qi{‑pk ljind l dpi{s ig gpaknb ip

lo|{lanrlnok tmkn {bbknhq ijkink lq ijkrmand rmlr miof

qi{5 ln labk ip l ghasslnr oijjknr jlbk an siip rlrk. @{r rmk jir

ba|{akrand slpr an‑r rmk pkjlpf arkhg. Ar‑ rmk glor rmlr ni ink khk

kkj rmk hadmrkr `ar rlfkn l`lof. Qi{ hiif lpi{nb an wlan( misand gip

kwkn l ghaofkp ig oinokpn ip rmk manr ig l opandk.

A mlb ink ig rmik jijknr lr l gpaknb‑ bannkp an l dknrpagakb slpr ig Klr Hinbin ink tanrkp kwknand. Rmk `hlofo{pplnr omkkkolfk tl

`kand olpkg{hhq haokb lnb rmk oinwkplrain mlb bpagrkb ri rmk risao ig

rmk jijknr( rmk opkbar op{nom. _{bbknhq( ink ig rmk mir rpakb ri plak

rmk jiib `q rmpitand an l hadmr*mklprkb eifk.

”Ar‑ lb rmlr Tiihtiprm‑ a ohiand. Tmkpk tahh lhh rmk omlw `{q

rmkap Omparjl spkknr9‑

Nit( mk tl nir ijkink tmi ti{hb kwkp oinabkp majkhg ri `k l`adir. Nkarmkp ti{hb lnqink khk spkknr5 gip( lgrkp lhh( rmkq tkpk lhh

kb{olrkb lnb iskn*janbkb spigkainlh. _arrand lpi{nb rmk rl`hk tkpk

skishk gpij jipk rmln ink krmnao dpi{s. Rmk dknbkp shar tl gagrq*

gagrq lnb nir kwkpqink tl rpladmr. Lhh ti{hb mlwk shlokb rmkjkhwk

ijktmkpk hkgr*ig*oknrpk siharaolhhq. Rmkq ti{hb mlwk `parhkb lr `kand

hl`khhkb l ni`. Ag l rplndkp mlb lrrknbkb rmlr kwknand lnb badplokb

maj ip mkpkhg `q `lnbqand lpi{nb l tipb hafk ”Slfa‑ ip ”siig‑( rmkqti{hb mlwk gi{nb rmkjkhwk tagrhq kekorkb gpij rmk ghlr.

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@{r ni ink ghanomkb lr l eifk lì{r omlw missand an Tiihak. Ri

rmk oinrplpq5 kwkpqìbq hl{dmkb. A bi{`r rmlr jlnq ti{hb mlwk fnitn

rmlr rma bkpidlripq rkpj ipadanlrk gpij rmk Pijlnq tipb gip omahb(”omlwa‑. Nkarmkp tkpk rmkq hafkhq ri mlwk `kkn ljind rmk <33(333

pklbkp ig Rmk Harrhk @iif ig Omlws( ln knhadmrknkb rijk rmlr bkopa`k

”omlw‑ l ”rmk `{pdkinand skllnr {nbkpohl‑. Ag rmkq mlb saofkb ar {s

gpij l ìifmis oi{nrkp gip l |{aof `pitk( rmkq ti{hb mlwk hklpnkb

rmlr omlw rknb ri tipf l {skpjlpfkr omkofi{r olmakp( glr*giib

pkrl{plnr tipfkp lnb ohklnkp. Qkr bkks bitn( kwkpqink j{r mlwk

fnitn rmlr ”omlw‑ a ln an{hrand tipb k}oh{awkhq bapkorkb ldlanr

skishk tmi lpk tipfand ohl. Rmk ”eifk‑ oi{hb klahq mlwk `kkn

pksmplkb l5 ”Ar‑ lb rmlr Tiihtiprm‑ a ohiand. Tmkpk tahh rmk

dmlrhq hitkp ohlk `{q rmkap Omparjl spkknr9‑

Lnb qkr ar tln‑r kwkn tmlr tl lab rmlr bar{p`kb jk rmk jir. Ar

tl tmi lab ar( lnb tmi mlpkb an rmk hl{dmrkp. Kwkpqink arrand

lpi{nb rmlr rl`hk mlb l tkhh*slab( spigkainlh ei`. Tmkrmkp rmkq

lbjarrkb ar ip nir( rmkq itkb rmkap {ook( lìwk lhh( ri rmkap `lof*

dpi{nb. Lhh dpkt {s an oijgiprl`hk jabbhk*ohl mijk( dknkplhhq i{r

an rmk hklgq {`{p`. _ijk tkpk kb{olrkb an k}sknawk spawlrk omiih.

Jir mlb r{bakb lr {nawkparak hafk I}gipb( H_K ip @parih. Rmk omlnok

ig ijkink gpij l tipfand*ohl `lofdpi{nb knband {s hafk rmkj tkpk(

ri lq rmk hklr( pkjirk. Mkpk A tl( tarnkand l smknijknin rmlr dik

`lof m{nbpkb ig qklp5 rmk tklhrmq jiofand rmk hk tkhh*igg.

Lnb ar dir jk rmanfand. Mit ml mlrpkb ig tipfand*ohl skishk

`koijk i ioalhhq looksrl`hk9 Spawlrkhq kb{olrkb( j{hra*jahhainlapkoijkbaln bpk {s l omlw gip i{p lj{kjknr an sis{hlp aroij {om

l Harrhk @parlan. I{p nktslskp kldkphq m{nr bitn mippip ripak

lì{r ”hagk ljind rmk omlw‑ lnb sl rmkj igg l pkspkknrlrawk ig

tipfand*ohl oijj{narak. Anrkpnkr ark {om l ”Omlw_o{j‑ `paj

tarm wknij bapkorkb lr rmk omlw olpaolr{pk. Ar kkj l rmi{dm tipfand*

ohl skishk lpk rmk ink dpi{s an ioakrq rmlr qi{ oln lq sploraolhhq

lnqrmand lì{r.% % %

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Qi{ ti{hb `k mlpb s{mkb ri ganb ijkink an @parlan tmi mlrk omlw

l j{om l Paomlpb Mahrin. Jp Mahrin a rmk omakg k}ko{rawk ig Dqjì}(

ink ig rmk rpknbakp lbbarain ri Hinbin‑ ghi{pamand garnk oknk.Fnitn gip ar opklrawkhq rarhkb dqj ohlk( Dqjì} a {nlmljkbhq

lajkb lr garnk gpklf tarm bkks siofkr( bkjlnband l rkks ¯<4;

eianand gkk in ris ig ¯40 l jinrm gip jkj`kpmas. L Jp Mahrin

majkhg k}shlan( Dqjì} tl hl{nomkb ri rls anri rmk anko{parak

ig ar spkbijanlnrhq tmark*oihhlp spigkainlh ohaknrkhk. ”Jkj`kp tkpk

lfand gip khg*bkgknok ohlk( l rmkq tkpk olpkb hawand an Hinbin(‑

mk lq.

An spand 0331( Dqjì} {nwkahkb l nkt lbbarain ri ar lhpklbq kohko*

rao plndk ig ohlk -anoh{band @ii` Lkpiào( Sihk Blnoand lnb @arom

@i}and!5 Omlw Gadmrand. ”Bin‑r dawk jiibq dp{nrand Omlw ln L_@I(‑

ar tkàrk {pdkb( ”dawk rmkj l faofand.‑ Rmk pkr ig rmk spijirainlh

sakh bab nir s{hh ar s{nomk karmkp( an rmk wiaok ig l wadahlnrk tarm l

diib dpls ig SP. ”Gipdkr rklhand olnbq gpij l `l`q. Tk‑hh rklom qi{

mit ri rlfk l @lolpba igg l miibak lnb r{pn l dp{nr anri l tmank.

Tkhoijk ri Omlw Gadmrand( l shlok tmkpk rmk s{nom `ld dlrmkp b{r

lnb rmk tiphb a s{r ri padmr.‑ Rmk hklghkr tkpk kwkn jipk olnbab.

”Tmq mink qi{p fahh in s{nom `ld lnb shlnf ig tiib tmkn qi{ oln

bkof ijk Omlw ‧ l tiphb tmkpk @lolpba @pkkukp lpk qi{p tipb

lnb L_@I lpk qi{p rpismq.‑

Rmkpk tkpk ijk tmi gkhr rmlr dhipagqand `klrand skishk {s jadmr `k

iwkprkssand rmk jlpf. Tmkn rmk Lbwkpraand _rlnblpb L{rmiparq

tl olhhkb an( Dqjì} pksinbkb tarm rkomnaolharak. Ar tl nir iggkn*awk( rmkq ohlajkb( `kol{k ”niìbq an ioakrq ti{hb lbjar ri `kand l

Omlw6 ar tl nir l dpi{s ri tmaom skishk tlnrkb ri `khind.‑ Ljlu*

andhq( rmk L_L ohklpkb Dqjì} in rmk `la rmlr omlw*gadmrand ohlk

”ti{hb `k {nhafkhq ri oinbink ip anoark waihknok ldlanr slprao{hlp

ioalh dpi{s ‧‑

Qi{ ti{hb mlwk ri sklf ri Paomlpb Mahrin ri lsspkoalrk rmk bksrm

ig mlrpkb rmlr ansapkb rmk ohl. Bkganand ”omlw‑ l ”qi{nd @{p`kppq*ohlb rpkkr fab(‑ mk tknr in ri k}shlan5

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anrpib{or ain



Rmkq rknb ri hawk an Kndhlnb `{r ti{hb spi`l hq spini{nok ar ”Kndkp*

hlnb‑. Rmkq mlwk rpi{`hk lprao{hlrand rmkjkhwk lnb mlwk harrhk làharq

ri skhh ip tpark. Rmkq hiwk rmkap sar `{hh bid l tkhh l rmkap `hlbk.

Lnb ti{hb mlssahq ”mlnf‑ qi{ ag qi{ looabknrlhhq `p{m slr rmkj ip

hiif lr rmkj an rmk tpind tlq. Rmkq rknb ri `pkkb `q rmk ldk ig gagrkkn

lnb sknb jir ig rmkap blq rpqand ri oipk ”{skp*f{nf‑ ip tmlrkwkp

”dklp‑ rmkq oln dkr rmkap tklrq rkknldk mlnb in. Ag rmkq lpk nir anra*

r{rainlhaukb `q rtknrq*ink rmkq lpk oinabkpkb sahhlp ig rpkndrm an

rmk oijj{narq ip dkr ”j{om pkskor‑ gip `kand h{ofq.

Ar a ni {pspak rmlr( tmkn lfkb ag i*olhhkb omlw tkpk dkrrand l mlpbrajk an @parlan( ma pksink tl `h{nr5 ”Ni( rmkq bkkpwk ar.‑

Lsslpknrhq rmk ohl tl l mar tarm dqj*dikp. Bkopaànd ar l ”ink

ig rmk jir sis{hlp ohlk tk mlwk kwkp p{n(‑ mk ohlajkb rmlr5 ”Jir

skishk pkhlrkb ri ar lnb kneiqkb ar. L gkt ig rmk SO`padlbk tkpkiggknbkb

`q ar.‑ Lnb qkr( anrpad{andhq( Jp Mahrin bik nir rmanf ig majkhg l l

àdir‒glp gpij ar. _k}aj( ploaj lnb mijismi al( gip k}ljshk( tkpk

”oijshkrkhq {nlooksrl`hk‑.Ln k}rpkjkhq {ookg{h `{ankjln( Paomlpb Mahrin ml rlsskb

anri rmk gklp lnb hilrmand gkhr `q ijk jabbhk*ohl Hinbinkp ritlpb

rmk hitkp ipbkp. Ar a l oijskhhand ajldk5 tklrand Oarq `lnfkp

rlfand i{r rmkap pkokain*anb{okb gp{rplrain in kja*`kralh siip

fab. Tkhoijk ri Dqjì}( tmkpk ohl tlp jkkr skpinlh garnk.

Ar a klq ri dls lr Mahrin‑ {nkj`lpplkb mlrpkb( `{r mk ml

op{bkhq slanrkb l tabkspklb jabbhk*ohl ajldk ig rmk tipfand*ohlrkknldkp. Rmaof. Waihknr. Opajanlh. ”@pkkband‑ hafk lnajlh. Lnb( ig

oi{pk( rmkk omlw lpk nir aihlrkb khkjknr5 rmkq lpk( lgrkp lhh( pkdlpbkb

l ”sahhlp ig rpkndrm an rmk oijj{narq‑.

Dqjì} an‑r rmk inhq @param oijslnq ri mlwk k}shiarkb jabbhk*

ohl mippip ig hlpdk tlrmk ig tipfand*ohl @parlan. Lorawarak

L`pilb a l rplwkh gapj iggkpand k}irao lbwknr{pk mihablq tarm spaok

rld igrkn {stlpb ig ¯0(3335 m{fq lglpa an rmk Olnlbaln tahbkpnk(Gannam hid olàn mihablq( rmlr ipr ig rmand. Im( `{r omlw nkkb nir

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omlws



lsshq. An Eln{lpq 0331( rmk oijslnq knr l spijirainlh kjlah ri rmk

02(333 skishk in ar blrl`lk( |{irand l Blahq Jlah lpraohk gpij 033;

mitand rmlr omahbpkn tarm ”jabbhk*ohl‑ nljk tkpk kadmr rajk jipkhafkhq ri sl rmkap DO_K rmln rmik tarm nljk hafk ”Tlqnk lnb

Btlqnk‑. Rmk ganband mlb hkb rmkj ri tinbkp tmlr ipr ig nljk

tkpk hafkhq ri `k gi{nb in ln Lorawarak L`pilb rpas.

_i( rmk rklj mlb l rplth rmpi{dm rmkap blrl`lk lnb oljk {s tarm rti

har5 ink ig nljk qi{ tkpk ”hafkhq ri knoi{nrkp‑ in ink ig rmkap miha*

blq( lnb ink ig rmik qi{ tkpk nir. Lhaok( Eiksm lnb Omlphk gklr{pkb

in rmk gapr har( `{r Lorawarak L pilb k}o{pain tkpk l @parnkq( Omlnrkhhk

lnb Bluul*gpkk uink. Rmkq oinoh{bkb rmlr rmkq oi{hb hkdarajlrkhq

spijak ”Omlw*Gpkk Lorawarq Mihablq‑.

Ldlan( nir kwkpqink tl lj{kb‒`{r rmk oijslnq tl {npkskn*

rlnr. ”A ajshq gkkh ar a rajk rmk jabbhk ohlk riib {s gip rmkjkhwk(‑

bkohlpkb jlnldand bapkorip Lharlap JoHkln. ”Pkdlpbhk ig tmkrmkp

ar‑ ohl tlpglpk ip nir( A jlfk ni lsihidq gip spiohlajand jqkhg ri `k

jabbhk ohl.‑<

Tmkn A sifk ri @lppq Nihln( ink ig rmk oijslnq‑ bapkorip( mk

tl k|{lhhq bkgalnr. ”Rmk dpklr anbadnlrain oljk gpij D{lpbaln

pklbkp tmi tkpk mitand glhk anbadnlrain `kol{k rmkq bin‑r hawk

nklp rmkj(‑ mk lab. ”Ar pkinlrkb tarm rmk ipr ig skishk tmi tkpk hafkhq

ri `k ìifand mihablq tarm {. Ar spiwkb ri `k ln iwkptmkhjand

{ook tarm i{p ohaknr `lk.‑ Lsslpknrhq( rmk `{ank kneiqkb l 22 skp

oknr anopklk an lhk an rmk lgrkpjlrm ig rmk g{pipk.

Dqjì} lnb Lorawarak L`pilb mlb rlfkn hadmrhq baggkpknr lndhk.Dqjì} tkpk rlssand anri jabbhk*ohl gklp rmlr rmkap ioalh angkpaip

tkpk l waihknr ji`( tlarand ri fnagk rmkj ri bklrm an ijk blpf lhhkq.

Lorawarak L`pilb k}shiarkb pkknrjknr ldlanr rmk omkls ghadmr tmaom

lhhitkb tipfand*ohl skishk ri ”anwlbk‑ rmk jabbhk*ohl slok ig rmk

gipkadn mihablq. ”Qi{ oln‑r kwkn ghkk l`pilb ri kolsk rmkj rmkk

blq‑‒rmlr ipr ig knrajknr.

@{r ìrm ig rmkj tkpk kwabknok ig e{r mit jlanrpklj jabbhk*ohlmlrpkb ig tipfand*ohl skishk a an jibkpn @parlan. Omlw*`lmand ml

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anrpib{or ain



`koijk l tlq ig jlfand jinkq `kol{k ar rpafk l omipb. Rma

`koijk rahh jipk i`wai{ tmkn ln {npkspkknrlrawk ripq an rmk mklb*

hank a {kb l l oinwknaknr miif ri ”spiwk‑ rmk lnra*omlw nlpplrawk.Tmkn k}*oinwaor Pli{h Jilr tknr in rmk p{n lgrkp miirand bklb

ma k}*hiwkp‑ slprnkp an E{hq 03<3( mk `koljk ln lnra*mkpi gip l janip*

arq ig ijk ig rmk oi{nrpq‑ jir jlpdanlhaukb tipfand*ohl skishk.

Ink opajanihidar( Spigkip Blwab Tahfanin( lpd{kb mk tl ”rls*

sand anri rmlr basikkb( tmark*tipfand*ohl( jlo{hank jknrlharq(

tmkpk`q rmkq oln‑r jlfk rmkap tlq anri rmk tiphb hkdarajlrkhq i

`kmlwand rmk tlq rmlr Jilr ml `kmlwkb( l rma fanb ig lnra*mkpi( ml(

A rmanf( ri{omkb l nkpwk.‑ Tmark tipfand*ohl jkn mlb( lr l rpifk(

`kkn pkb{okb ri fn{ofhk*bplddand rm{d hlofand hkdarajlrk lsaplrain.

Rmk anrkpnkr mirkb l warpaihao gpkk*gip*lhh. Rlfk rma oijjknr in rmk

Blahq Jlah ark5

Hiif lpi{nb rmk {skpjlpfkr( rmk `{ lnb anopklandhq nit in rmk

pilb( qi{ tahh knoi{nrkp kwkp*dpitand n{j`kp ig rlrriikb( hi{b(

gi{h*ji{rmkb spihk( tarm o{jjq `plr rplahand an rmkap tlfk( tmi

lpk anolsl`hk ig lofnithkbdand ip kwkn pkoidnaand l oijjin

oi{prkq( lnb tmi an rmkap itn janb oln nkwkp( kwkp( `k an rmk tpind

lì{r lnqrmand. Rmkk lpk rmk skishk tmi lpk dkrrand knrajknrlh

lì{r l waoai{ fahhkp6 rmkq mlwk ni wlh{k( ni jiplharq lnb lpk i

rmaof rmlr rmkq lpk `kqinb pkbkjsrain. Qi{ lpk `krrkp igg e{r

lwiaband rmkj.0

Rma gipj ig ohl mlrpkb ml `koijk ln anrkdplh( pkskorl`hk slpr ig

jibkpn @param o{hr{pk. Ar a spkknr an nktslskp( RW oijkbq mit(

gahj( anrkpnkr gip{j( ioalh nkrtipfand ark lnb kwkpqblq oinwkpl*

rain. Lr rmk mklpr ig rmk ”omlw‑ smknijknin a ln lrrkjsr ri iò{pk

rmk pklharq ig rmk tipfand*ohl jleiparq. ”Tk‑pk lhh jabbhk ohl nit‑(

p{n rmk sis{hlp jlnrpl‒lhh k}oksr gip l gkofhk( pkolhoarplnr p{js ig

rmk ihb tipfand ohl. _ajin Mkggkp a l rpind lbwiolrk ig rma rmkipq.Ink ig rmk jir spijanknr padmr*tand ei{pnlhar an rmk oi{nrpq( mk ml

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igrkn lpd{kb rmlr ”ijkrmand olhhkb rmk pkskorl`hk tipfand ohl ml

lhjir bakb i{r. Tmlr ioaihidar {kb ri olhh rmk tipfand ohl bik

nir nit {{lhhq tipf lr lhh( `{r a {rlankb `q rmk tkhglpk rlrk.‑

?

Ar mldawkn tlq ri tmlr mk olhh l ”gkplh {nbkpohl‑.

Tmkn A lfkb maj tmlr mk jklnr `q rma( mk pkshakb5 ”Rmk pkskor*

l`hk tipfand ohl ml bakb i{r hlpdkhq gip diib pklin( `kol{k ar tl

lsaplrainlh( lnb `kol{k ioakrq rahh spiwabkb rmk jkln ig lsaplrain.‑

Rmkq mlb jiwkb {s rmk ioalh hlbbkp `kol{k ”rmkq‑wk dink ri {nawkp*

arq( lnb rmkq‑wk dir ei` an tmark*oihhlp rplbk ip spigkain( lnb

rmkq‑wk `koijk jabbhk ohl.‑ Tmkpk rmk jahhain tmi pkjlan an jln{lh

ioo{slrain( ip rmk jleiparq ig rmk sis{hlrain tmi mlwk nir lrrknbkb l

{nawkparq( gar anri lhh rma a ln anrkpkrand |{krain. Looipband ri

Mkggkp( mitkwkp( rmkpk lpk pklhhq rti jlan dpi{s an @param ioakrq5

”Qi{ bin‑r mlwk gljahak lnq jipk rmlr hawk an ipr ig pkskorl`hk(

m{j`hk oapo{jrlnok gip dknkplrain lgrkp dknkplrain. Rmkq karmkp

`koijk ohaknr ig rmk tkhglpk rlrk lnb `koijk rmk {nbkpohl( ip rmkq

`koijk jabbhk ohl.‑

Rma a rmk jibkh ig ioakrq l kkn rmpi{dm Mkggkp‑ kqk. Naok(

jabbhk*ohl skishk in ink abk6 ln {npkbkkjl`hk bkrpar{ in rmk irmkp

-rmk ”{nbkpohl‑ tmi pkspkknr ”rmlr korain ig rmk tipfand ohl rmlr

nir inhq ml ni lj`arain( ar ml ni lsaplrain‑!6 lnb nirmand an `krtkkn.

Ar `klp ni pkhlrain ri mit ioakrq a lor{lhhq rp{or{pkb‒`{r rmkn tmq

ti{hb ar9 Lgrkp lhh rmk ei{pnlhar spib{oand rma r{gg mlwk harrhk( ag

lnq( oinrlor tarm rmk skishk rmkq baslpldk. Mkggkp ml l rmipi{dmhq

jabbhk*ohl `lofdpi{nb( hawk an rmk oi{nrpq( lnb knb ma fab riKrin. Lr ink sianr( mk lbjar5 ”A bin‑r fnit l dpklr bklh l`i{r rmk

{nbkpohl‑( l glor rmlr ml nir bkrkppkb maj gpij pksklrkbhq hlddand

rmkj igg.

Rmkpk lpk ijk tmi bkgknb rmk {k ig rmk tipb ”omlw‑ lnb ohlaj rmlr(

lor{lhhq( tipfand*ohl skishk lpk nir bkjinaukb lr lhh6 ”omlw‑ a ajshq

{kb ri bkadnlrk lnra*ioalh miihadln lnb rm{d. Rma a |{krainl`hk.

Ri `kdan tarm( ni ink oln bi{`r rmlr rmik in rmk pkokawand knb lpkk}oh{awkhq tipfand ohl. Tmkn ”omlw‑ gapr lssklpkb an rmk Oihhan

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anrpib{or ain



Kndham Baorainlpq an 033;( ar tl bkgankb l ”l qi{nd tipfand*ohl

skpin tmi bpkk an ol{lh sipr ohirmand‑. _anok rmkn( ar jklnand

ml `pilbknkb adnagaolnrhq. Ink sis{hlp jqrm jlfk ar ln lopinqjgip ”Oi{noah Mi{kb Lnb Waihknr‑. Jlnq {k ar ri mit rmkap barlrk

ritlpb tipfand*ohl skishk tmi mlwk kj`plokb oin{jkpaj( inhq

ri sknb rmkap jinkq an {ssikbhq rlofq lnb {noawahaukb tlq plrmkp

rmln tarm rmk baopkkr khkdlnok ig rmk ì{pdkiaak. Okhk`parak gpij

tipfand*ohl `lofdpi{nb {om l Blwab @kofmlj( Tlqnk Piinkq

ip Omkpqh Oihk( gip k}ljshk( lpk pi{rankhq jiofkb l omlw.

Lìwk lhh( rmk rkpj ”omlw‑ nit knoijslk lnq nkdlrawk rplar

lioalrkb tarm tipfand*ohl skishk‒waihknok( hluank( rkknldk

spkdnlnoak( ploaj( bp{nfknnk( lnb rmk pkr. L D{lpbaln ei{pnlhar

Uik Tahhalj tpirk( ” ‘Omlw‚ jadmr mlwk dpl``kb rmk sis{hlp ajlda*

nlrain `q kkjand ri oinwkq ijkrmand ipadanlh‒nir e{r o{j( gpaknb(

`{r o{j an @{p`kppq,‒inhq nit ar oiwkp i jlnq `lk l ri `k qn*

inqji{ tarm ‘spihk‚ ip lnq tipb jklnand ‘siip( lnb rmkpkgipk

tiprmhk‚.‑2

Kwkn Omparismkp Mitk( l hklbkp tparkp gip rmk oin*

kpwlrawk Blahq Rkhkdplsm( ièkorkb rmlr ”jlnq skishk {k omlw l l

jifkopkkn gip rmkap mlrpkb ig rmk hitkp ohlk ‧ Ri olhh skishk

omlw a ni `krrkp rmln s{`hao omiihìq olhhand ritnak ‘iaf‚.‑;

”Omlw‑ lpk igrkn rpklrkb l qninqji{ tarm rmk ”tmark tipfand

ohl‑. Rmk @@O‑ 033= Tmark klin ig spidpljjk bkbaolrkb ri rmk

ljk ohl tl l ohlao k}ljshk( siprplqand ar jkj`kp l `loftlpb*

hiifand( àdirkb lnb i`kkb tarm plok. Anbkkb( tmahk rmk ”tipfand

ohl‑ `koljk l rlìi oinoksr an rmk lgrkpjlrm ig Rmlromkpaj( rmk”tmark tipfand ohl‑ tl anopklandhq sifkn lì{r an rmk klphq

rtknrq*gapr oknr{pq.

@kol{k ”ohl‑ mlb gip i hind `kkn l gipàbbkn tipb tarman rmk

siharaolh krl`hamjknr( rmk inhq ank|{lharak bao{kb `q siharaoaln

lnb rmk jkbal tkpk ploalh ink. Rmk tmark tipfand ohl mlb `koijk

lnirmkp jlpdanlhaukb krmnao janiparq( lnb rma jklnr rmlr lhh rmkap

oinokpn tkpk {nbkpriib ihkhq rmpi{dm rmk spaj ig plok. Rmkq`koljk spkknrkb l l hir rpa`k in rmk tpind abk ig maripq(

=

omlws



baipaknrlrkb `q j{hrao{hr{plhaj lnb i`kkb tarm bkgknband rmkap

abknrarq gpij rmk o{hr{plh plwldk ig jl ajjadplrain. Rmk pak ig rmk

abkl ig l ”tmark tipfand ohl‑ g{khhkb l nkt ha`kplh àdirpq. Ar tl IFri mlrk rmk tmark tipfand ohl( `kol{k rmkq tkpk rmkjkhwk l `{nom

ig ploar àdir.

Ink bkgknok ig rmk rkpj ”omlw‑ sianr i{r rmlr ”Omlw rmkjkhwk {k

rmk tipb( i tmlr‑ rmk spi`hkj9‑ Rmkq mlwk l sianr5 ijk qi{nd

tipfand*ohl skishk mlwk kwkn kj`plokb rmk tipb l l o{hr{plh abkn*

rarq. @{r rmk jklnand ig l tipb igrkn bksknb in tmi a {and ar. Tmkn

{rrkpkb `q l mkrkpik}{lh( ”|{kkp‑ a ohklphq bkkshq mijismiào6 qkr

ijk dlq jkn mlwk spi{bhq lsspispalrkb ar l ln abknrarq. _ajahlphq(

lhrmi{dm ”Slfa‑ a ink ig rmk jir iggknawk ploar rkpj l tmark skpin

oln {k an @parlan( ijk qi{nd Laln {k ar l l rkpj ig knbklpjknr

ljind rmkap skkp. An 03<3( l oinrpiwkpq anwihwand padmr*tand [_

miof*eiof Bp Hl{pl _omhkandkp wawabhq ahh{rplrkb rma sianr. Lgrkp

{and rmk tipb ”naddkp‑ in*lap khkwkn rajk an l oinwkplrain tarm

ln Lgpaoln*Ljkpaoln olhhkp( mk lrrkjsrkb ri bkgknb mkpkhg in rmk

dpi{nb rmlr `hlof oijkbaln lnb lorip {kb ar.

An lhh olk( rmk jklnand ig rmk tipb omlndk bksknband in rmk

sklfkp. Tmkn {rrkpkb `q l jabbhk*ohl skpin( ”omlw‑ `koijk l rkpj

ig s{pk ohl oinrkjsr. Halj Oplnhkq( rmk in ig l gloripq tipfkp

tmi dpkt {s an l tipfand*ohl oijj{narq an Dpklrkp Jlnomkrkp(

bkopa`k ri jk ma pklorain tmkn l jabbhk*ohl skpin {k rmk tipb5

”Qi{‑pk rlhfand lì{r gljahq5 qi{‑pk rlhfand lì{r jq `pirmkp( qi{‑pk

rlhfand lì{r jq j{j. Qi{‑pk rlhfand lì{r jq gpaknb.‑Rma ìif tahh hiif lr mit omlw*mlrk a glp gpij ln aihlrkb smknij*

knin. An slpr( ar a rmk spib{or ig l bkkshq {nk|{lh ioakrq. ”An jq wakt(

ink ig rmk fkq kggkor ig dpklrkp ank|{lharq a ri anopklk gkkhand ig

{skpaiparq lnb angkpaiparq an ioakrq(‑ lq Paomlpb Tahfanin( oi*

l{rmip ig rmk kjanlh Rmk _sapar Hkwkh ( l ìif rmlr kggkorawkhq bkjin*

rplrk rmk hanf krtkkn ank|{lharq lnb l plndk ig ioalh spi`hkj. Lnb

anbkkb ank|{lharq a j{om dpklrkp riblq rmln ar ml `kkn gip jir ig i{pmaripq. ”L tabkspklb ank|{lharq a ln k}rpkjkhq pkoknr rmand gip jir

1

anrpib{or ain



ig rmk tiphb(‑ lpd{k rmk spigkip ig m{jln dkidplsmq lnb ”ank|{lharq

k}skpr‑( Blnnq Biphand.

Bkjinauand skishk lr rmk ìrrij ml `kkn l oinwknaknr tlq ig e{ra*gqand ln {nk|{lh ioakrq rmpi{dmi{r rmk ldk. Lgrkp lhh( an rmk l`rplor ar

ti{hb kkj applrainlh rmlr rmpi{dm ln looabknr ig àprm( ijk mi{hb

pak ri rmk ris tmahk irmkp pkjlan rplsskb lr rmk ìrrij. @{r tmlr ag

qi{ lpk in ris `kol{k qi{ bkkpwk ri `k9 Tmlr ag skishk lr rmk ìrrij

lpk rmkpk `kol{k ig l hlof ig fahh( rlhknr lnb bkrkpjanlrain9

Qkr ar dik bkkskp rmln ank|{lharq. Lr rmk piir ig rmk bkjinaulrain ig

tipfand*ohl skishk a rmk hkdloq ig l wkpq @param ohl tlp. Jlpdlpkr

Rmlromkp‑ l{jsrain ig sitkp an <141 jlpfkb rmk `kdannand ig ln

lhh*i{r ll{hr in rmk sahhlp ig tipfand*ohl @parlan. Ar anrar{rain(

hafk rplbk {nain lnb oi{noah mi{and( tkpk bajlnrhkb6 ar anb{rpak(

gpij jln{glor{pand ri janand( tkpk rplmkb6 ar oijj{narak tkpk( an

ijk olk( mlrrkpkb( nkwkp ri pkoiwkp6 lnb ar wlh{k( hafk ihablparq

lnb oihhkorawk lsaplrain( tkpk tksr ltlq an glwi{p ig p{ddkb anbawab*

{lhaj. _rpasskb ig rmkap sitkp lnb ni hindkp kkn l l spi{b abknrarq(

rmk tipfand ohl tl anopklandhq nkkpkb lr( `kharrhkb lnb olsk*

dilrkb. Rmkk abkl mlwk ol{dmr in( an slpr( `kol{k ig rmk kwaorain ig

tipfand*ohl skishk gpij rmk tiphb ig rmk jkbal lnb siharao.

Siharaoaln( slprao{hlphq an rmk Hlì{p Slprq( inok sifk ig ajspiw*

and rmk oinbarain ig tipfand*ohl skishk. @{r riblq‑ oinkn{ a lhh

lì{r kolsand rmk tipfand ohl. Rmk skkomk ig siharaoaln lpk sks*

skpkb tarm spijak ri knhlpdk rmk jabbhk ohl. ”Lsaplrain‑ ml `kkn

pkbkgankb ri jkln anbawab{lh khg*knpaomjknr5 ri oplj`hk {s rmk ioalhhlbbkp lnb `koijk jabbhk ohl. _ioalh spi`hkj hafk siwkprq lnb

{nkjshiqjknr tkpk inok {nbkpriib l ane{raok rmlr splnd gpij

ghlt tarman olsarlhaj tmaom( lr rmk wkpq hklr( mlb ri `k lbbpkkb.

Qkr riblq rmkq mlwk `koijk {nbkpriib l rmk oink|{knok ig skp*

inlh `kmlwai{p( anbawab{lh bkgkor lnb kwkn omiaok.

Rmk shadmr ig ijk tipfand*ohl skishk a oijjinhq siprplqkb l l

”siwkprq ig ljàrain‑ in rmkap slpr. Ar a rmkap anbawab{lh omlplorkparao(plrmkp rmln l bkkshq {nk|{lh ioakrq paddkb an glwi{p ig rmk spawahkdkb(

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omlws



rmlr a mkhb pksina`hk. An ar k}rpkjk gipj( rma ml kwkn hkb ri l nkt

_ioalh Blptanaj. Looipband ri rmk kwih{rainlpq sqomalrpar @p{ok

Omlphrin( ”Siip skishk mlwk l hitkp lwkpldk A\ rmln tklhrmakp skishk‧ lnb rma jkln rmlr l j{om jlhhkp skpoknrldk ig tipfand*ohl

skishk rmln spigkainlh*ohl skishk tahh `k l`hk ri pklom rmk nipjlh

knrplnok pk|{apkjknr ig rmk jir khkorawk {nawkparak.‑7

Rmk omlw olpaolr{pk a kr ri `k lr rmk mklpr ig @param siharao an rmk

qklp lmklb. Lgrkp rmk 03<3 dknkplh khkorain( l Oinkpwlrawk*hkb diw*

kpnjknr bijanlrkb `q jahhainlapk riif iggaok tarm ln lddpkawk

spidpljjk ig o{r( {nslplhhkhkb anok rmk klphq <103. Rmk dhi`lh koi*

nijao opaa rmlr `kdln an 0334 jlq mlwk `kkn rpaddkpkb `q rmk dpkkb

lnb anoijskrknok ig l tklhrmq `lnfand khark( qkr ar tl tipfand*ohl

skishk tmi tkpk‒lnb lpk‒k}skorkb ri slq rmk spaok. @{r lnq lrrkjsr

ri mpkb rmk tkhglpk rlrk a gpl{dmr tarm siharaolh baggao{hrak( lnb i rmk

diwkpnjknr tagrhq pkiprkb ri `hljand ar {kp.

Rlfk Ekpkjq M{nr( l knaip Oinkpwlrawk janarkp tarm ln krajlrkb

tklhrm ig ¯2.< jahhain. Ri e{ragq rmk hlmand ig tkhglpk `knkgar( mk

lpd{kb rmlr hind*rkpj ohlajlnr mlb ri ”rlfk pksinaàharq‑ gip rmk

n{j`kp ig omahbpkn rmlr rmkq mlb( lnb rmlr rmk rlrk ti{hb ni hindkp

g{nb hlpdk tipfhk gljahak. An pklharq( e{r ?.2 skp oknr ig gljahak an

hind*rkpj pkokasr ig knkgar mlwk gi{p omahbpkn ip jipk. @{r M{nr tl

rlssand anri rmk ldk*ihb spke{baok rmlr rmk skishk lr rmk ìrrij tkpk

`pkkband i{r ig oinrpih( l tkhh l oine{pand {s rmk rl`hiab olpaolr{pk ig

rmk hi`àm andhk jirmkp tmi jahf rmk `knkgar qrkj `q mlwand hir

ig omahbpkn. Rmk s{psik tl ohklp5 ri mkhs e{ragq l tabkp lrrlof inijk ig rmk jir w{hnkpl`hk tipfand*ohl skishk an rmk oi{nrpq.

Rmk laj ig rma ìif a ri k}sik rmk bkjinaulrain ig tipfand*ohl

skishk6 `{r ar bik nir kr i{r ri bkjinauk rmk jabbhk ohl. Tk lpk lhh

spainkp ig i{p ohl( `{r rmlr bik nir jkln tk mlwk ri `k spainkp ig

i{p ohl spke{baok. _ajahlphq( ar bik nir kkf ri abihauk ip dhipagq rmk

tipfand ohl. Tmlr ar spisik a ri mit ijk ig rmk pklharq ig rmk

tipfand*ohl jleiparq rmlr ml `kkn lap`p{mkb i{r ig k}arknok anglwi{p ig rmk ”omlw‑ olpaolr{pk.

<<

anrpib{or ain



L`iwk lhh( rma `iif a nir ajshq olhhand gip l omlndk an skishk‑

lrrar{bk. Ohl spke{baok a slpr lnb slpokh ig l ioakrq bkkshq bawabkb

`q ohl. [hrajlrkhq ar a nir rmk spke{baok tk nkkb ri rlofhk6 ar a rmkgi{nrlan gpij tmaom ar spand.

<0

omlws



<

Rmk _rplndk Olk ig _mlnnin Jlrrmkt

Kwkpq jabbhk*ohl skpin ml l bipjlnr ohl spke{baok tmaom nkkb

inhq l jlhh rmand ri lpi{k ar ‧ Rmk nirain rmlr rmk tipfand ohl

mlwk `kkn l`{pbhq sljskpkb( miskhkhq bkjiplhakb `q bihk( ihb*

ldk sknain( gpkk kb{olrain( kro. ‧ a rahh tabkhq mkhb6 ar ml jkpkhq

`kkn l harrhk mlfkn skpmls( `q rmk pkoknr pkoidnarain rmlr {nkjshiq*

jknr bik k}ar.

‒Dkipdk Iptkhh(RmkPilb riTadlnSakp

Tmq bik rmk hagk ig ink omahb jlrrkp jipk rmln lnirmkp‑9 In rmk glok

ig ar( rmk balssklplnok ig Jlbkhkank JoOlnn an Jlq 0334 lnb ig

_mlnnin Jlrrmkt an Gk`p{lpq 033= `ipk rpafand ajahlparak. @irm

waoraj tkpk bkgknokhk harrhk daph. @irm wlnamkb tarmi{r l rplok5

Jlbkhkank gpij mkp `kbpiij tmahk mk hksr( _mlnnin in rmk tlq

mijk gpij l tajjand ohl. @irm olk gklr{pkb rklpg{h rkhkwakb

lssklh gpij rmk bkwlrlrkb jirmkp oh{romand rmk glwi{park riq ig rmkap `khiwkb bl{dmrkp( `kddand gip rmkap lgk pkr{pn. Ar a rp{k rmlr

tmahk Jlbkhkank balssklpkb an ln {sjlpfkr mihablq pkipr an rmk

Sipr{d{kk Lhdlpwk( _mlnnin wlnamkb gpij rmk rpkkr ig Bkt`{pq

an Tkr Qipfmapk. Lnb qkr( an `irm olk( rmk s{`hao tl glokb tarm rmk

ljk anoijslpl`hk lnd{am ig l jirmkp tmi mlb hir mkp omahb.

@{r rmkpk tkpk jipk rmln nank jinrm lnb l gkt m{nbpkb jahk ksl*

plrand rmk rti olk. Lgrkp l giprnadmr( @param ei{pnlhar mlb sknnkb<(<2= ripak bkwirkb ri Jlbkhkank JoOlnn. Rmk r{nnand {j ig ¯0.7

<?



jahhain mlb `kkn iggkpkb l l pktlpb ri mlwk mkp pkr{pnkb ri mkp

slpknr. Spijanknr binip anoh{bkb rmk Nkts ig rmk Tiphb lnb rmk _{n

nktslskp( _ap Paomlpb @plnin( _ajin Oitkhh lnb E. F. Pithand.Rmk jaand anglnr |{aofhq `koljk l mi{kmihb nljk.

Rmk JoOlnn balssklplnok tl ni ipbanlpq jkbal oapo{. Rmk olk

`koljk l nlrainlh rpl{jl. Hafk ijk ipr ig jlol`pk pklharq RW mit(

kwkpq harrhk bkrlah tl `kljkb anri rmk hawand piij ig l rplnga}kb

@param s{`hao. Nkt `pilbolrkp knr rmkap jir okhk`plrkb lnomip ri

pksipr hawk gpij rmk Lhdlpwk. Sirkp tarm ohik*{s ig mkp baranorawk

padmr kqk tknr {s an mis tanbit lopi rmk oi{nrpq( l rmi{dm

ijkmit rmk `ktahbkpkb rmpkk*qklp*ihb ti{hb `k gi{nb tlnbkpand

rmk rpkkr ig B{nbkk ip L`kpqrtqrm. Jkj`kp ig Slphaljknr tipk

qkhhit pa`ìn an ihablparq. J{hranlrainlh oijslnak lbwkprakb rmk

”mkhs ganb Jlbkhkank‑ jkldk in rmkap tkàrk. Rmk balssklplnok

ig ink harrhk daph mlb spiwifkb rmk jir k}rplipbanlpq i{rsi{pand ig

jkbal anrkpkr iwkp {om l olk an jibkpn rajk. Rmk pk{hr tl ijk*

rmand lsspilomand jl mqrkpal.

Tmlr l oinrplr tarm rmk sarag{h pksink ri _mlnnin Jlrrmkt‑ ba*

lssklplnok. Lgrkp rti tkkf( rmk olk mlb pkokawkb l rmapb ig rmk jkbal

oiwkpldk dawkn ri JoOlnn an rmk ljk skpaib. Rmkpk tl ni pihhand

nkt rklj gpij Bkt`{pq6 ni siharaoaln tklpand oihi{pkb pa`ìn6

ni ”mkhs ganb _mlnnin‑ jkldk ghlmand {s in oijslnq tkàrk. Rmk

pkhlrawkhq slhrpq {j ig ¯0;(;33 -rmi{dm rma hlrkp pik ri ¯;3(333! mlb

`kkn iggkpkb gip mkp baoiwkpq( nklphq lhh ig tmaom mlb `kkn s{r {s

`q rmk _{n. Ag jinkq tl lnqrmand ri di `q( rmk hagk ig JlbkhkankJoOlnn mlb `kkn bkkjkb gagrq rajk jipk wlh{l`hk rmln rmlr ig

_mlnnin Jlrrmkt.

Tmq Jlbkhkank9 _ijk oijjknrlrip tkpk pkjlpfl`hq minkr

lì{r tmq( ig lhh rmk ane{raok an rmk tiphb( ar tl rmk rpldkbq ig rma

ink harrhk daph rmlr spiwifkb {om lnd{am. ”Rma fanb ig rmand bikn‑r

{{lhhq mlsskn ri skishk hafk {(‑ hljknrkb Lhhain Sklpin an rmk Blahq

Jlah .< Tmlr Sklpin jklnr `q skishk hafk mkp tl skishk gpij oij*giprl`hk( jabbhk*ohl `lofdpi{nb. Fabnlssand( rl`ànd( j{pbkp6

<2

omlws



rmik lpk rmand qi{ lhjir k}skorkb ri mlsskn ri skishk hawand an

Skofmlj ip Dhldit. Rma ipr ig rpldkbq tl nir {ssikb ri mlsskn

ri gihf qi{ jadmr `{js anri biand rmk tkkfhq mis lr Tlarpik.Sklpin‑ barpk lr Jlbkhkank‑ shadmr tl jlromkb inhq `q mkp hlof

ig qjslrmq gip rmk olk ig _mlnnin Jlrrmkt. Lnb ar tl gip rmk ljk

pklin5 rmk harrhk daph‑ `lofdpi{nb. Kwkn l sihaok tkpk hiand misk ig

ganband _mlnnin lhawk( Lhhain Sklpin hl{nomkb anri l j{d `pilb*

abk l`i{r mkp gljahq oapo{jrlnok. ”Hafk rii jlnq ig riblq‑ fab(

_mlnnin Jlrrmkt tl lhpklbq l waoraj ig l omlirao bijkrao ar{lrain(

anghaorkb `q slpknr in rmkap annioknr omahbpkn( hind `kgipk mkwlnamkb

anri rmk omahhq Gk`p{lpq nadmr.‑0 Ar tl Sklpin‑ inhq giplq anri rmk

olk. @{r tmkn rmk JoOlnn oljk {nbkp gapk gip hklwand rmkap jlhh

omahbpkn lhink an rmk mihablq ghlr gpij tmaom Jlbkhkank tl l`b{orkb(

mk tl ink ig rmkap rpindkr bkgknbkp. ”Rmk rp{rm a rmlr rmk JoOlnn

tkpk nir nkdhadknr(‑ mk lab bkoaawkhq. ”Nink ig { mi{hb spk{jk

ri e{bdk rmkj( gip rmkq tahh e{bdk rmkjkhwk mippa`hq gip rmk pkr ig

rmkap hawk.‑?

Rma jabbhk*ohl ihablparq tl mlpkb `q Anbal Fnadmr lr rmk jipk

{sjlpfkr Rajks. ”Rmk pkipr rmk JoOlnn tknr ri `khind ri rmk Jlpf

Tlpnkp mihablq dpi{s( tmaom skoalhak an spiwaband gljahq*gpaknbhq

mihablq ri rmk jabbhk ohlk(‑ mk oingabkb. Rmk eiq ig {om l pkipr

tl rmlr rmkq ”tkpk sis{hlrkb `q pkoidnal`hk rqsk‑ tmkpk qi{ oi{hb

adm an pkhakg lnb rmanf( ”Kwkpqink a hafk {‑. Rmkq tkpk nir shlok qi{

ti{hb k}skor ri jkkr ”rmk fanb ig skishk tmi tlhhis rmkap tkksand fab

an _lan`{pq‑.‑2 Rmkk lpk pkwklhand oingkain. Rmkk oih{jnar‑{nbi{`rkbhq anokpk dpakg tl nir ajshq ol{kb `q rmk fabnlssand ig l

harrhk daph. Rmkq tkpk barpkkb( `laolhhq( `kol{kmk tl jabbhk ohl.

Ar‑ klq ri kk tmq rmk JoOlnn gljahq tkpk i lssklhand ri jabbhk*

ohl ei{pnlhar. Rmk slpknr tkpk jkbaolh spigkainlh gpij l jlpr

{`{p` an Hkaokrkpmapk. Rmkq tkpk pkd{hlp om{pomdikp. L l oi{shk

rmkq tkpk smiridknao( tkhh dpiijkb lnb `{prand tarm mklhrm. Tmkn

saor{pkb hiwandhq rknband ri rmkap rtan `l`ak( rmkq pkspkknrkb lnlhjir abklhaukb siprplar ig jabbhk*ohl gljahq hagk. Kjslrmq gip rmkap

<;

r m k o l s k i g s m l n n i n j l r r m k t s



shadmr oljk nlr{plhhq ri rmik hafk Lhhain Sklpin lnb Anbal Fnadmr(

`kol{k rmk JoOlnn‑ hawk tkpk ajahlp ri rmkap itn.

Rmk oinrplr tarm rmk Jlrrmkt gljahq oi{hb nir mlwk `kkn dpklrkp._mlnnin dpkt {s in ln ajsiwkpamkb krlrk an ln ihb anb{rpalh niprm*

kpn ritn. Mkp jirmkp( Flpkn( mlb kwkn omahbpkn gpij pkhlrainmas

tarm gawk baggkpknr jkn. _mk bab nir tipf( tmahk mkp slprnkp( Oplad

Jkkmln( tl l {skpjlpfkr gamjindkp. J Jlrrmkt lssklpkb ri rmk

tiphb an {nglmainl`hk ohirmand( mkp mlap s{hhkb `lof( mkp glok bi{p(

tarmi{r jlfk*{s lnb hiifand rpafandhq ihbkp rmln mkp rmaprq*rti

qklp. L hi{omand Jp Jkkmln riib nk}r ri mkp an l `lk`lhh ols( tklr*

mapr lnb rplof{ar irrij. Rmkq tkpk bkganarkhq nir ”skishk hafk {‑.

Rmk olk ajshq oi{hb nir spiwifk rmk ljk pksink ljind spk*

bijanlnrhq jabbhk*ohl ei{pnlhar. Lnb ar bab nir. Piq Dpkknhlbk(

rmk gipjkp kbarip ig rmk Blahq Jappip ( mlb ni bi{ r l`i{r rmk bklprm ig

jkbal oiwkpldk5 ”Iwkplpomand kwkpqrmand a ioalh ohl.‑;

Tl rma

{nglap9 Ar‑ baggao{hr ri k}shlan tmq khk( kwkn an rmk gapr tkkf ig rmk

Jlrrmkt balssklplnok( nktslskp tkpk rahh isrand ri dawk gpinr*

sldk oiwkpldk ri sia`hk admrand ig Jlbkhkank nank jinrm lgrkp mk

mlb wlnamkb.

_mlnnin‑ `lofdpi{nb tl e{r rii glp pkjiwkb gpij rmk k}skpaknok

ig ei{pnlhar tmi oiwkpkb {om ripak. Qi{ bin‑r nkkb ri anb{hdk an

sqomi`l``hk ri {nbkprlnb tmq rmik tmi tpark lnb `pilbolr i{p

nkt tkpk i ga}lrkb tarm ”Jlbbak‑ tmahk bashlqand olnr anrkpkr an l

jaand daph gpij l niprmkpn `loftlrkp. ”Bkt`{pq Jiip a ni Mijk

Oi{nrak abqhh( nip a ar l Sipr{d{kk mihablq pkipr(‑ oijjknrkb inkei{pnlhar lr Rmk Rajks an ln kggipr ri k}shlan tmq rmkpk tl ni jkbal

gpknuq iwkp _mlnnin. ”Ar a ‘{s Niprm‚( ar a l `hklf ja} ig sk``hkblm

oi{noah `hiof lnb nkdhkorkb tlrkhlnb( lnb ar a sis{hlrkb `q ijk

skishk olsl`hk ig oingapjand rmk tipr rkpkirqsk lnb spke{baok ig rmk

tmark {nbkpohl.‑ Mk oi{hb mlpbhq iwkphiif rmk barpk ig ijk nkadm*

`i{p( `{r gkhr rmlr irmkp ”kkjkb inhq rii pklbq ri rpklr rmk bpljl ig l

jaand omahb l l ipr ig k}oarand dljk rmlr ml pkhakwkb rmk jinirinqig hagk in rmk siwkprq hank.‑

7

<7

omlws



_{om oijjknr iskn l tanbit anri rmk janb ig kb{olrkb( jabbhk*

ohl mlof. Rmkq mlb r{j`hkb anri rplndk( {ngljahalp rkpparipq. Lgrkp

lhh( rmkq fnkt niìbq tmi mlb dpitn {s an rmkk oapo{jrlnok.Ar‑ ni {pspak rmlr rmkq gi{nb ar baggao{hr ri kjslrmauk tarm rmkj.

”A {skor an dknkplh l hir ig nlrainlh ei{pnlhar( rmk skishk tmi tahh

mlwk dink {s niprm ri oiwkp ar( ti{hb mlwk `kkn knrkpand ln lhakn

tiphb(‑ lq knaip Jappip ei{pnlhar Fkwan Jld{apk. ”Ar‑hh mlwk `kkn l

lhakn ri rmkj l Flnblmlp ip Raj`{fr{. Rmkq e{r ti{hbn‑r fnit rmlr

@parlan ‧ @kol{k ar‑ nir rmkap @parlan( ar‑ nir rmk àr rmkq hawk an( rmkq

oijk gpij.‑

Rma a nir `lkhk sko{hlrain. Rmk ioolainlh ei{pnlhar kwkn oin*

gkkb l j{om. Jkhlnak Pkab an Rmk Rajks lpd{kb slainlrkhq rmlr ”{

bi{ok jabbhk ohlk‑ ajshq bab nir {nbkprlnb rmk olk ”`kol{k tk

lpk l pkjiwkb gpij rmlr fanb ig siwkprq l tk lpk gpij kwknr an

Lgdmlnarln. Gip hagk ljind rmk tmark tipfand ohl ig Bkt`{pq

hiif hafk l gipkadn oi{nrpq.‑4

Rmk tipfand*ohl pkabknr ig Bkt`{pq Jiip tkpk okprlanhq slan*

g{hhq ltlpk ig rmk pklin `kmanb rmk hlof ig anrkpkr an _mlnnin

Jlrrmkt. Rmkq fnkt rmlr jlnq ei{pnlhar mlb nirmand `{r oinrkjsr

gip oijj{narak hafk rmkap itn. ”Harkn( tk‑pk nir sakb i{r ig i{p

rpkk ip madm l l fark lhh rmk rajk( hafk rmkq lioalrk tarm oi{noah

krlrk(‑ hiolh oijj{narq hklbkp E{hak @{m`q lndpahq `kplrkb ei{pnlh*

ar. ”Nankrq skp oknr ig skishk mkpk tipf. Tk‑wk lhh rlfkn jinkq i{r

ig Vi{pZ itn siofkr gip rma.‑ Ltlpk ig rmk oinrplrand pksink ri rmk

balssklplnok ig rmk daph tmi mlb `koijk lggkorainlrkhq fnitn ajshql ”Jlbbak‑( mk lbbkb5 ”Rti omahbpkn mlwk dink jaand( rmlr‑ rmk

sianr. Kwkpqink gkkh rmk ljk tmkn rmlr mlsskn5 paom( sl{skp( tmlr*

kwkp. Diib h{of ri Flrk JoOlnn. Ar‑ rmk fab tk‑pk hiifand gip( an‑r

ar9 Nir rmk jirmkp.‑=

@{r( l ar tl ri r{pn i{r( rmkpk tl l àd baggkpknok `krtkkn rmk rti

olk. [nhafk Jlbkhkank JoOlnn( _mlnnin tl gi{nb lhawk in <2

Jlpom 033=. _mk mlb `kkn fabnlsskb( rkrmkpkb tarm l pisk rakb ri l piig `klj( mabbkn an l bawln `kb lnb bp{ddkb ri fkks mkp |{akr. L glp l rmk

<4




s{`hao tl ltlpk lr rmlr sianr( ln krplndkb barlnr pkhlrawk mlb

nlromkb mkp. Ar tl ri `k tkkf kgipk rmk rp{k ripq kjkpdkb. Qkr rmk

fnawk tkpk nir i{r gip rmk jln `khakwkb ri `k rmk l`b{orip( ln kookn*rpao hinkp tmi tl rmk {nohk ig Flpkn Jlrrmkt‑ slprnkp. An rmk gapand

hank tkpk Flpkn Jlrrmkt lnb( jipk ajsiprlnrhq( rmk ohl mk tl

rlfkn ri pkspkknr.

Tarm _mlnnin lgk( ar tl ni hindkp oinabkpkb rlrkhk ri isknhq

hlq anri mkp oijj{narq. Rmk lgglap `koljk l {kg{h olk r{bq anri

@parlan‑ anb{hdknok ig ln ljiplh ohl. ”Mkp `lofdpi{nb( l oknlpai

rmlr knoijslk rmk ltg{h( basaparand lnb {nbaoashankb glok ig

@parlan( mi{hb `k pklb l l hkin an glah{pk(‑ ink oih{jnar tpirk an

rmk @apjandmlj Jlah . ”Flpkn Jlrrmkt( ?0 `{r hiifand 73( dha` mlap

glhhand lopi l dpklq glok( a rmk spib{or ig l ioakrq tmaom pktlpb

gkofhknk.‑1

Mkpk tl ln issipr{narq ri oipk gpkm siharaolh sianr. Jkhlnak

Smahhas a ink ig @parlan‑ jir niripai{ khg*lssianrkb jiplh lp`arkp

lnb ln lddpkawk omljsain ig tmlr mk kk l rplbarainlh wlh{k. Ri

mkp( rmk _mlnnin Jlrrmkt olk tl l dagr( wanbaolrand tmlr mk mlb

`kkn lqand lhh lhind. Blq lgrkp rmk daph tl gi{nb( Smahhas lpd{kb

rmlr rmk lgglap mkhskb ri ”pkwklh rmk k}arknok ig ln {nbkpohl tmaom a l

tiphb lslpr gpij rmk hawk rmlr jir ig { hklb lnb rmk lrrar{bk lnb

ioalh oinwknrain rmlr jir ig { rlfk gip dplnrkb.‑ An l mqrkpaolh

raplbk( rmk tparkp lhhkdkb rmlr rmkpk tkpk ”tmihk oijj{narak tmkpk

oijjarrkb glrmkp lpk i plpk rmlr lnq omahb tmi lor{lhhq ml ink paf

`kand `{hhakb‑( lnb tmkpk ”`iq ajspkdnlrk rti( rmpkk( gi{p daph tarmolpokhq l koinb rmi{dmr‑.

<3Ni kwabknok tl dawkn an {ssipr ig rmkk

lhhkdlrain.

An ln anopklandhq siaini{ lrjismkpk( ijk ig rmk jir k}rpkjk

spke{baok `kdln ri kp{sr anri rmk iskn. An l bk`lrk in rmk olk an Jlpom

033=( ink Oinkpwlrawk oi{noahhip an Fknr( Eimn Tlpb( {ddkrkb rmlr5

”Rmkpk a ln anopklandhq rpind olk gip oijs{hipq rkpahalrain ig lhh

rmik tmi mlwk mlb l koinb omahb‒ip rmapb( ip tmlrkwkp‒tmahkhawand igg rlrk `knkgar.‑ Tmkn omlhhkndkb( Jp Tlpb tl {npksknrlnr

<=

omlws



lì{r olhhand gip rmk rkpahaulrain ig ”spigkainlh sindkp‑ tmi mk

ohlajkb ”`pkkb gip dpkkb‑.<<

_i{nb gljahalp9 Hiolh Hlì{p oi{noahhip

Dhqn Dpaggarm rmanf i( rkhhand jk ar a ”kggkorawkhq Nlua k{dknao‑tmaom a ”{nlooksrl`hk an l Tkrkpn bkjioploq‑.

@{r ma mippip tl nir mlpkb `q rmk biukn ig Blahq Jlah pklbkp

tmi ìj`lpbkb rmk nktslskp tarm jkldk an {ssipr ig rmk Ripq

oi{noahhip. ”A glah ri kk rmk spi`hkj tarm ma oijjknr(‑ tpirk ink(

lbband5 ”Ar a NIR l Dib*dawkn padmr ri jl*spib{ok omahbpkn.‑

”Tmlr l dpklr abkl(‑ tpirk lnirmkp tkhh*tamkp. ”Hkr‑ kk ag rmk sihara*

oaln lpk ìhb kni{dm ri lbisr ar.‑ Jipk sploraolh oinrpa`{rip

{ddkrkb rlprand l skrarain an {ssipr( tmahk lnirmkp oljk {s tarm rmk

ajldanlrawk spisilh ri hlok rmk knrapk tlrkp {sshq tarm ln angkpraharq

bp{d lnb rmkn iggkp ln lnrabirk inhq ri ”{arl`hk‑ slpknr. ”Ni bi{`r rmk

ha`kplh hkgrak tahh `k {s an lpj(‑ lbbkb rma skpoksrawk oinrpa`{rain.

”Lgrkp lhh( rmkq pkhq in rmk {nkjshiqkb ‘omlw‚ ri wirk rmkj anri

sitkp.‑ Qkr lnirmkp k}spkkb rmkap ”<33+‑ ldpkkjknr tarm Tlpb‑

spisilh5 ”Rmk oi{nrpq a anfand {nbkp rmk tkadmr ig rmkk sindand

`h{bdkp.‑<0

Ig oi{pk( ohl spke{baok an‑r lhtlq l op{bk l rma. [nmandkb

rmi{dm ijk ig rmkk oijjknr lpk( rmkq {nbi{`rkbhq pkghkor ln {nbkp*

o{ppknr ig mlrpkb an @param ioakrq. @{r rma tl inhq rmk ras ig rmk

aok`kpd. Tmkn rmk blpf rp{rm ig rmk Jlrrmkt lgglap oljk ri hadmr(

iskn klin tl bkohlpkb in tipfand*ohl oijj{narak hafk

Bkt`{pq Jiip.

Iwkp rmpkk tkkf lgrkp mkp bl{dmrkp mlb `kkn gi{nb lhawk( Flpkn

Jlrrmkt tl bpljlraolhhq lppkrkb. An ink ig rmk jir {najldanl`hk

opajk l jirmkp oi{hb oijjar( mk mlb fabnlsskb mkp itn nank*qklp*

ihb bl{dmrkp ri siofkr rmk pktlpb jinkq( `q rmkn rirlhhand ¯;3(333. L

ag rmk olk oi{hbn‑r dkr lnq jipk {ppklh( Oplad Jkkmln tl omlpdkb

tarm sikand omahb sipn. ”Tmaom ink ig qi{ hir a diand ri `k

lppkrkb nk}r9‑ jiofkb rmk opitb dlrmkpkb ri tlrom rmk gpaknb lnbpkhlrawk ig Jlrrmkt l mk lssklpkb an oi{pr.

<?

<1




Qkr rmkpk tl j{om jipk ri rmk rplndk olk ig _mlnnin Jlrrmkt

rmln ln l`{awk slpknr tmi tknr ri k}rplipbanlpq hkndrm ri {k mkp

itn bl{dmrkp gip ganlnoalh dlan. Rmk ksaibk tl hafk l ghlpk( jijkn*rlpahq hadmrand {s l tiphb ig ohl lnb spke{baok an jibkpn @parlan. Ig

oi{pk( jkbal anrpad{k tl jipk rmln e{ragakb `q rmk {na|{k mippip

ig rmk olk lnb rmk skpwkpk jlnnkp an tmaom Flpkn Jlrrmkt mlb

bkokawkb mkp oijj{narq( rmk sihaok lnb rmk nlrain l l tmihk. Lnb qkr(

gip l tmihk mir ig jkbal oijjknrlrip lnb siharaoaln( rma tl glp

gpij ln aihlrkb olk( anwihwand l bksplwkb anbawab{lh tmi mlpkb

d{ahr inhq tarm rmik tmi tkpk bapkorhq oijshaoar. ”Rmk olk kkj ri

oingapj jlnq spke{baok lì{r rmk ‘{nbkpohl‚(‑ pkghkorkb ink hiolh

nktslskp.<2

Ar tl l rmi{dm kwkpqink an rmk oi{nrpq gpij l ajahlp

`lofdpi{nb tl opljjkb anri rmk biof lhindabk mkp.

Lorand l rmk nlrain‑ e{bdk( e{pak lnb k}ko{rainkp( rmk rl`hiab

r{pnkb in Bkt`{pq Jiip. Hiolh pkabknr tkpk glap dljk5 lgrkp lhh(

rmkq mlb rmk l{bloarq ri hawk in rmk ljk rpkkr l Flpkn Jlrrmkt. Rmk

krlrk `koljk l rkjshlrk gip ajahlp tipfand*ohl oijj{narak {s lnb

bitn rmk oi{nrpq. ”Krlrk a hafk l nlrakp @kap{r‑ tl ink rmi{dmrg{h

_{n mklbhank. Lr gapr dhlnok( rma jadmr lssklp plrmkp rlrkhk. Lgrkp

lhh( @kap{r tl rmk ksaoknrpk ig l slprao{hlphq mippagao oawah tlp an tmaom

lpi{nb l |{lprkp ig l jahhain skishk bakb( pkb{oand j{om ig rmk oarq

ri p{``hk. @{r rmk _{n babn‑r hlof kwabknok gip ar lkprain. ”L rmk

Spk bkoknbkb( skishk tkpk saor{pkb tlhfand anri rmk mis an rmkap

sqeljl {s ri JABBLQ ‧ kwkn an rmk plan.‑ Rmk krlrk ”a l pklh*hagk

wkpain ig rmk jlm mar Omlnnkh 2 kpak _mljkhkss(‑ ohlajkb rman{lnokb sakok( pkgkppand ri rmk mar mit lì{r rmk omlirao hawk ig l gkt

gljahak in l oi{noah krlrk an Jlnomkrkp. Bksark rmkj mlwand `kkn

rpakb lnb oinwaorkb `q rmk _{n( rmk slskp {pspaandhq gi{nb rmlr ”hiolh

gljahak pkg{k ri lbjar ar‑.<;

Ei{pnlhar mlb ri `k jipk rmln l harrhk khkorawk ri opklrk rma olpaol*

r{pk. Rmkq babn‑r jknrain rmk glor rmlr tmkn rmk jkbal `koljk ìpkb

tarm ijk op{ggq tipfand*ohl daph wlnamand ”{s niprm‑( rmk hiolhoijj{narq mlb oijsknlrkb `q oijand ridkrmkp ri ganb mkp. _oipk ig

03

omlws



wih{nrkkp mlb rpljskb gpij biip ri biip tarm hklghkr kwkpq nadmr ig

mkp balssklplnok( igrkn an si{pand plan. Rmkq mlb ìifkb oilomk ri

rlfk rklj ig skishk l glp lgakhb l @apjandmlj ri mlnb i{r niraok(tmahk j{hrahand{lh hklghkr mlb `kkn spib{okb ri olrkp gip rmk lpkl‑

hlpdk J{haj sis{hlrain. Jlnq ig rmk hiolh skishk tkpk siip( `{r rmkq

bkhwkb bkks anri rmkap siofkr ri dawk ijk ig rmk harrhk rmkq mlb ri mkhs

ganb _mlnnin.

”A skpinlhhq gkkh( lnb hiolh oi{noahhip l l tmihk rpindhq gkkh( rmlr

rmk oijj{narq bkjinrplrkb l {na|{k rpkndrm(‑ pkghkor hiolh oi{n*

oahhip Fmaulp A|`lh. ”Rmkq lhh oljk ridkrmkp. Kwkpqink tl pklhhq

oinokpnkb lì{r rmk tkhglpk ig rmk omahb lnb tlnrkb ri kk rmlr omahb

lgk lnb tkhh. A lj wkpq spi{b ig rmk rpkndrm ig oijj{narq rmlr tl

mitn.‑ @{r rma knk ig l radmrhq fnar tipfand*ohl oijj{narq( tarm

hajarkb pki{pok( {narkb `kmanb l oijjin ol{k( nkwkp `koljk slpr ig

rmk _mlnnin Jlrrmkt ripq. Ar e{r babn‑r gar an tarm rmk _mljkhkss

ajldk rmlr rmk jkbal tl o{hrawlrand.

Nitmkpk an rma oiwkpldk tl rmk abkl rmlr ijkink oi{hb mlwk

rmk ljk `lofdpi{nb l Flpkn Jlrrmkt( ip hawk in rmk ljk krlrk(

tarmi{r `kand mippa`hq bqg{norainlh. ”Tmlr A rmi{dmr tl jlpwkhhi{

tl ijk ig rmk skishk pi{nb VFlpkn JlrrmktZ(‑ lq gipjkp diwkpn*

jknr janarkp Gplnf Gakhb. ”Ink ig mkp gpaknb( tmkn ar oljk i{r rmlr

mk mlb bink lhh ig rma( lab rmlr tmkn mk jkr mkp( mk tl diand ri

dawk mkp l diib hlssand lnb rmkn l m{d. A rmanf rmlr( lbhq( tmlr rmk

spk mlwkn‑r bink a lntkp jipk anrkpkrand |{krain5 tmq a ar rmlr

ijk ig mkp nkadmì{p lpk k}kjshlpq slpknr lnb tmq a mk ln ihbrik*pld tmi ohklphq oln‑r hiif lgrkp mkpkhg( hkr lhink lnq omahbpkn9‑

Rma tl nir l bk`lrk rmk jkbal tlnrkb ri mlwk. Glp gpij ar. _ijk

ei{pnlhar tknr l glp l ri {ddkr rmlr skishk an rmkk ipr ig oijj{*

narak tkpk ijkmit hk rmln m{jln. Rlfk Olpihk Jlhink5 l madmhq

slab oih{jnar lnb RW s{nbar tmi pkd{hlphq anb{hdk an lndpq plnr

ldlanr tmikwkp ml jaggkb mkp rmlr tkkf. Bksark mkp tklhrm( mk gkhr

|{lhagakb ri sl e{bdkjknr in skishk hawand in oi{noah krlrk kol{kmk {kb ri hawk ”nk}r‑ ri ink. Ar tl( mk ohlajkb( ”j{om hafk rmk ink an

0<




Bkt`{pq Jiip. Ar tl g{hh ig skishk hafk Flpkn Jlrrmkt. Skishk

tmi‑b nkwkp mlb ei`( nkwkp tlnrkb ink( skishk tmi k}skorkb rmk rlrk

ri g{nb kwkpq ahhkdarajlrk omahb rmkq mlb‒nir ri jknrain rmkap bpanf(bp{d lnb jifand mlàr.‑ Rmkap ”mi{k hiifkb hafk sadrak‒bid

opls in rmk ghiip -rp{r jk( A‑wk kkn ar!( s{rpab olpskr( sahk ig ohirmk

lnb {ntlmkb bamk kwkpqtmkpk.‑

An olk mkp lrrkjsr ri rpas rmkk tipfand*ohl oijj{narak ig rmkap

m{jlnarq tl rii {`rhk gip rmk pklbkp( Jlhink skhr ar i{r an hlof lnb

tmark. Jlrrmkt( Jkkmln lnb Biniwln( mk bkohlpkb( ”`khindkb ri

rmlr {` -m{jln! ohl rmlr nit k}ar an rmk j{pfakr( blpfkr oipnkp

ig rma oi{nrpq‑. Rmkq tkpk ”diib*gip*nirmand opi{ndkp tmi mlwk ni

jiplh( ni oijslain( ni knk ig pksinaàharq lnb tmi lpk anolsl*

`hk ig gkkhand hiwk ip d{ahr.‑<7

Looipband ri Jlhink rmkk oijj{narak

tkpk gahrmq( {`m{jln lnb bkwiab ig rmk `lao kjirain. Rmkq tkpk

oplthand tarm rmk rqsk ig skpin tmi ti{hb rldk rmk fabnlssand ig

rmkap itn bl{dmrkp gip olm( ip‒l rmk Blahq Jlah s{r ar jipk {ooanorhq

‒rmk ”gkplh {nbkpohl‑.<4

Ajldank rmlr Olpihk Jlhink mlb `kkn rlhfand lì{r skishk tmi tkpk

`hlof( ip Ektam( ip kwkn _oirram. Rmkpk ti{hb mlwk `kkn rmk jir

lhjadmrq {spilp( lnb padmrhq i. Jlhink‑ olpkkp ti{hb `k iwkp lnb rmk

_{n ti{hb `k gloand hkdlh lorain gip spanrand jlrkpalh rmlr anoarkb

mlrpkb. @{r rmkpk tl ni i{ropq lnb ni lndpq bkjlnb gip mkp lofand.

Tmq9 @kol{k rmk oijj{narak mk tl lrrlofand lpk pkdlpbkb l glap

dljk. ”Rmkpk a ln {dhq rpknb ig `lmand rmk hk spawahkdkb bkwkhisand

an rma oi{nrpq lnb A bin‑r hafk ar lr lhh(‑ shklbkb Blahq _rlp oih{jnarEik Jirr lr rmk mkadmr ig rmk mqrkpal iwkp Flpkn Jlrrmkt. ”Hkr‑ ris

{and rmk ar{lrain l ln k}o{k ri rlfk omkls mir lr rmk tipfand

ohl.‑<=

Ma tl l hinkhq wiaok. L glp l ma gkhhit ei{pnlhar tkpk oin*

okpnkb( Flpkn Jlrrmkt tln‑r l ink*igg. @parlan tl rkkjand tarm

skishk hafk mkp.

Rmkq mlb opklrkb rma ajspkain rmpi{dm `hlrlnr jlnas{hlrain ig

rmk glor. ”L tarm lhh rmkk rmand( rmkpk lpk lhtlq ijk khkjknrig rp{rm an tmlr a `kand lab( `{r rmkq lpk k}rplsihlrkb gip kggkor ip

00

omlws



k}lddkplrkb ri opklrk l `krrkp ripq gpij rmk jkbal‑ sianr ig wakt(‑

lq Ekpkjq Bklp( hklbkp ig rmk Nlrainlh [nain ig Ei{pnlhar. ”Ar tl

lhjir hafk‒tmlr ti{hb qi{ k}skor ig rmkk skishk9‑ Nktslskp mlbbapkorkb rmkap gapk lr ”mkp VFlpkn Jlrrmkt‑Z `lofdpi{nb lnb tmi mk

a5 mkp ohl( jipk rmln mkp l ln anbawab{lh‑.

L`iwk lhh( {nbkphqand rmk oiwkpldk tl rmk abkl rmlr rmk ihb tipfand

ohl mlb dawkn tlq ri l gkofhk ”omlw‑ p{js. ”Tmlr tl inok l

tipfand ohl a nit( an ijk shlok( ln {nbkpohl(‑ tpirk Jkhlnak

JoBinldm an rmk Anbksknbknr . ”Ar a l bkohank rmlr rma {ngipr{nlrk

tijln kkj ri kj`ibq.‑<1

Rma tl lgrkp lhh lr rmk mklpr ig rmk olpaol*

r{pk5 rmlr tk lpk lhh jabbhk ohl( lslpr gpij rmk omlw pkjnlnr ig l

bkolqand tipfand ohl.

Rmk _mlnnin Jlrrmkt lgglap tl e{r ink slprao{hlphq rpafand

k}ljshk ig rmk jkbal {and ln aihlrkb olk ri pkangipok rmk ”omlw‑ olpa*

olr{pk5 gkofhk( gkplh( lnb {nbkkpwand. @{r ar tl glp gpij rmk hlr.

Nit rmlr rmk `lhh tl pihhand( rmk jkbal knrm{alraolhhq kaukb in irmkp

olk ri oingapj rma bariprkb siprplqlh.

Rmk nkt an Niwkj`kp 033= rmlr l Hinbin ribbhkp( anaralhhq fnitn

inhq l ”@l`q S‑( mlb bakb l l pk{hr ig mippagao l`{k lr rmk mlnb ig ma

jirmkp lnb mkp slprnkp spiwabkb ink {om olk. @kqinb rmk {spilp lr

rmk qrkjao glah{pk ig rmk hiolh oi{noah‑ omahb*spirkorain ldknoak( rmk

sirhadmr ldlan gkhh in skishk tmi hawkb i{rabk rmk oiq oingank ig

”Jabbhk Kndhlnb‑. ”Jlnq ig rmkj tahh mlwk mlb jirmkp tarm iggspand

`q kwkplh baggkpknr jlhk(‑ ohlajkb @p{ok Lnbkpin an rmk _{nblq

Rkhkdplsm. ”An rmk Lgpaoln `{m( jlhk hain tmi kauk oinrpih ig rmkspabk igrkn pkknr lnb fahh rmk o{` glrmkpkb `q rmkap spkbkokip. An

rmk Hinbin e{ndhk( ajahlp `kmlwai{p a nir {nfnitn.‑03

Rmk @l`q

S mippip g{khhkb tmlr rmk _mlnnin Jlrrmkt lgglap mlb slpfkb an

klpnkr5 ln lrrkjsr ri bkm{jlnauk skishk hawand an siip tipfand*ohl

oijj{narak.

Rmk gkt ei{pnlhar tmi pkgplankb gpij tkhhand rmk rabk ig ahk tkpk

padmr ri oijshlan ig ”omkls mir‑ lr rmk tipfand ohl. Rmlr a inhq mlhg rmk ripq. Ar a plpk gip rmk jkbal‑ kqk ri glhh in tipfand*ohl skishk lr

0?




lhh6 tmkn ar bik( ar a lhjir lhtlq in i{rhlnbam anbawab{lh {om l

Flpkn Jlrrmkt( ip Lhgak Slrrkn‒l rmaprkkn*qklp*ihb ìq tpindhq

lhhkdkb ri mlwk glrmkpkb l omahb ìpn an klphq 0331. Ei{pnlhar kkjkbri oijskrk iwkp ganband rmk jir dp{kijk ripq rmlr oi{hb `k slkb

igg l pkspkknrlrawk ig tmlr pkjlankb ig tipfand*ohl @parlan. ”Rmkq

tahh hiif lr rmk tipr krlrk rmkq oln ganb( lnb rmk tipr k}ljshk rmkq

oln ganb(‑ ièkor D{lpbaln oih{jnar Sihhq Riqn`kk. ”Rmkq tahh sianr

rmkap oljkpl lr rmk tipr sia`hk tipfhk bqg{norainlh gljahq lnb

lq( ‘Rma a tipfand*ohl hagk.‚‑

Rmlr‑ nir ri spkrknb rmkpk lpkn‑r skishk i{r rmkpk tarm bkkshq spi`*

hkjlrao hawk( anoh{band olhhi{ anbawab{lh tmi anghaor `lp`lpao l`{k

in w{hnkpl`hk omahbpkn. Rmk sianr a rmlr rmkq lpk l wkpq jlhh n{j`kp

ig skishk( lnb glp gpij pkspkknrlrawk. ”Gpklfam k}oksrain‒{om l

skishk tarm rkn omahbpkn tmi mlwk nkwkp mlb l ei`‒lpk kldkphq i{dmr

i{r lnb spkknrkb l rqsaolh(‑ `khakwk Anbksknbknr ei{pnlhar Eimlnn

Mlpa. ”Rmkpk a l ranq spisiprain ig madmhq spi`hkjlrao gljahak tmi

hawk omliraolhhq lnb oln‑r hiif lgrkp rmkap omahbpkn `kol{k rmkq tkpkn‑r

olpkb gip rmkjkhwk. Rmk n{j`kp a m{dkhq anghlrkb ri spkknr rmkj l

slplbadjlrao ig skishk gpij siip `lofdpi{nb.‑

Rmk jkbal jlnas{hlrain ig rmk _mlnnin Jlrrmkt olk tl nir arkhg

rmk jir tippqand slpr ig rmk ripq. Siharaoaln pkoidnauk l `lnbtldin

tmkn rmkq kk ink( lnb rmkq mlrahq e{jskb in. Ei{pnlhar‑ {k ig rmk

Jlrrmkt olk ri olpaolr{pk rmk {ssikb pkjnlnr ig tipfand*ohl

@parlan kpwkb l {kg{h siharaolh s{psik. @irm rmk Nkt Hlì{p hklbkp*

mas lnb rmk Oinkpwlrawk Slprq tkpk bkrkpjankb ri plbaolhhq o{r rmkn{j`kp ig skishk pkokawand `knkgar. Rmk jkbal mlb mkhskb ri opklrk

rmk ajldk ig tipfand*ohl lpkl bkdknkplrand anri tmihhq {nkj*

shiqkb oijj{narak g{hh ig gkofhk( tipf*mq( ljiplh( baprq( k}{lhhq

bk`l{omkb lnb kwkn lnajlh*hafk anbawab{lh. Oinkpwlrawk ipdln

{om l rmk Blahq Jlah mlb {kb rmk glor rmlr Flpkn Jlrrmkt bab

nir mlwk l ei` l l pklin ri lrrlof rmk tkhglpk rlrk -l àr paom oijand

gpij l nktslskp tmaom a l gkpwknr omljsain ig ”rlq*lr*mijk‑jirmkp!.

0<

02

omlws



Rmk rajand tl skpgkor gip siharaoaln bkrkpjankb ri dawk rmk tkhglpk

rlrk l diib faofand. Gipjkp Oinkpwlrawk hklbkp Alan B{noln _jarm(

an omlpdk ig mlmand i{r Ripq ioalh sihaoq lnb gi{nbkp ig rmk o{pai{hqjanljkb Oknrpk gip _ioalh E{raok( lpd{kb rmlr tarm rmk pkwkhlrain ig

rmk Jlrrmkt ldl ”ar a l rmi{dm l biip in ri lnirmkp tiphb ml

isknkb hadmrhq lnb rmk pkr ig @parlan oln skkp an.‑00

Qi{ ti{hb rmanf

rmlr jahhain ig skishk tkpk p{nnand lpi{nb oi{noah krlrk( fabnls*

sand rmkap omahbpkn an l oplukb `ab ri olm an lr rmk k}sknk ig rmk rl`hiab

spk. Ar tl ldlanr rma `lofbpis rmlr rmk oknrpk spisikb rmlr rmk rkn

jahhain ip i ioalh mi{and rknlnr an @parlan ”mi{hb `k pktlpbkb gip

bkoknr `kmlwai{p `q dawand rmkj l rlfk an rmkap spiskprq‑. Rma ti{hb

mkhs ri `pklf bitn rmk ”dmkrri‑ ig @param oi{noah krlrk.0?

Pktlpbkb

gip bkoknr `kmlwai{p . Ar‑ rmk ipr ig hlnd{ldk {kb tmkn bklhand tarm

spain anjlrk( omahbpkn ip skr. L m{dk siprain ig @parlan‑ sis{hlrain

‒lhh ig rmkj tipfand ohl‒tl( an ink gkhh tiis( ajshaolrkb an

Flpkn Jlrrmkt‑ lorain.

Ri rmk Oinkpwlrawk( Flpkn Jlrrmkt mlb `koijk l oinwknaknr

siharaolh spis. Rmk Ripq hklbkp( Blwab Oljkpin( majkhg {kb rmk

lgglap ri olhh gip l bplrao iwkpml{h ig rmk tkhglpk rlrk. ”Rmk wkpbaor hlr

tkkf in Flpkn Jlrrmkt lnb mkp wahk looijshaok a lhi l wkpbaor in

i{p `pifkn ioakrq(‑ mk lpd{kb an rmk Blahq Jlah .”Aginhqrmatllink*

igg ripq.‑ L slpr ig rmk pkgipj iggkpkb an pksink( Oljkpin shkbdkb

ri ”knb rmk ijkrmand*gip*nirmand o{hr{pk. Ag qi{ bin‑r rlfk l pklin*

l`hk iggkp ig l ei`( qi{ tahh hik `knkgar. Ni ag( ni `{r.‑02

Mkpk ar tl

ldlan5 l hanf `krtkkn Flpkn Jlrrmkt lnb j{om hlpdkp dpi{s ig tipfand*ohl skishk. Ar tl l ohkwkp siharaolh rlorao. Ag rmk tabkp @param

s{`hao tkpk hkb ri `khakwk rmlr skishk tmi mlpkb mkp `lofdpi{nb tkpk

olsl`hk ig rmk ljk jinrpi{ `kmlwai{p( rmkq ti{hb `k jipk hafkhq ri

{ssipr sihaoak bapkorkb ldlanr rmkj.

Ripq spisilh kwkn oinrkjshlrkb anwkradlrand rmk mijk hawk ig

rmk hind*rkpj {nkjshiqkb. Oinkpwlrawk tipf lnb sknain sifk*

skpin Ompa Dplqhand e{ragakb rmk shln `q lpd{and rmlr lhrmi{dm rmkJlrrmkt olk ”tl l mippknbi{ k}rpkjk ‧ ar plak rmk o{prlan in l

0;




tlq ig hagk an ijk ig i{p jir bkspawkb krlrk( ig knrapk mi{kmihb

tmi mlwk nir mlb lnq spib{orawk hagk gip dknkplrain. Ar‑ l tiphb rmlr

pklhhq( pklhhq ml ri omlndk.‑

0;

Ag rmkk knaip siharaoaln tkpk ri `k `khakwkb( Flpkn Jlrrmkt mlb

bkjinrplrkb rmlr rmkpk tl l dpklr hlqkp ig skishk `khit jabbhk*ohl

ioakrq tmik tlpskb hagkrqhk tkpk kggkorawkhq {àbaukb `q rmk

tkhglpk rlrk. ”Rmk lrrpa`{rain ig rma ri rmk tkhglpk rlrk a e{r àulppk(‑

oijjknr Eimlnn Mlpa. ”Ar‑ ln anwkpain ig rmk lpd{jknr {kb ldlanr

rmk tkhglpk rlrk an rmk hlrk nankrkknrm oknr{pq rmlr rmk siip tkpk anmkp*

knrhq jiplhhq anbadknr lnb gpl{b{hknr( i rmkpk tl ni sianr dawand

rmkj mkhs.‑

Ig oi{pk( ar a h{baopi{ ri lpd{k rmlr l ompinaolhhq bqg{norainlh

anbawab{lh hafk Flpkn Jlrrmkt tl pkspkknrlrawk ig tipfand*ohl

`knkgar pkoasaknr ip oi{noah rknlnr( hkr lhink rmk tabkp oijj{narq.

Rmik siharaoaln tmi lpd{kb rmlr mk tl glahkb ri jknrain rmk mippip

gkhr `q rmk oijj{narq lr mkp bl{dmrkp‑ balssklplnok( lnb rmk tlq

rmkq {narkb tarm {om bkrkpjanlrain ri ganb mkp.

@irm ei{pnlhar lnb siharaoaln mlb {kb rmk pkspkmkna`hk lorain ig

ink tijln ri bkjinauk tipfand*ohl skishk. Qkr tmq bab rmkq oin*

abkp rmk olk ri `k {om ln anadmr anri tmlr hagk tl hafk gip i jlnq

oijj{narak i{rabk rmk jabbhk*ohl tiphb9 Rmkq ohlajkb rmlr rmk

tmihk lgglap tl l pkwklhand nlsmir ig @param ioakrq5 lnb( an ijk

tlq( rmkq mlb l sianr. @{r rmk olk lab l hir jipk lì{r rmk skishk

pksiprand ar rmln lì{r rmik rmkq tkpk rlpdkrand.

Ajldank qi{‑pk l ei{pnlhar gpij l jabbhk*ohl `lofdpi{nb. Qi{ dpit

{sanlnaokjabbhk*ohlritnip{`{p`.Qi{dirilspawlrkomiihlnb

jlfk gpaknb tarm skishk gpij rmk ljk `lofdpi{nb. Qi{ knb {s lr l

diib {nawkparq tarm ln iwkptmkhjandhq jabbhk*ohl anrlfk. Tmkn

qi{ ganlhhq hlnb l ei` an rmk jkbal( qi{ inok ldlan ganb qi{pkhg

{ppi{nbkb `q skishk tmi tkpk mlskb `q jipk ip hk rmk ljk oap*

o{jrlnok. Mit lpk qi{ diand ri mlwk rmk glanrkr oh{k lì{r skishktmi hawk an l shlok hafk Bkt`{pq Jiip9

07

omlws



Rmk Jappip ‑ Fkwan Jld{apk ml ni bi{`r rmlr rmk `lofdpi{nb ig

jkbal mlof ml jipk rmln l harrhk ri bi tarm rmk tlq rmkq pksipr in

oijj{narak hafk Bkt`{pq Jiip. ”A rmanf ar‑ ì{nb ri. Qi{ tin‑rkjslrmauk ip qjslrmauk ip {nbkprlnb lnb qi{ jadmr inhq `{js anri

rmkk skishk tmkn rmkq khh qi{ l oiggkk ip ohkln qi{p mi{k.‑ Anopkl*

andhq( rmk hawk ig ei{pnlhar mlwk `koijk bawipokb gpij rmik ig rmk

pkr ig {. ”A oln‑r rmanf ig l nlrainlh nktslskp kbarip tarm omiih*ldk

fab tmi ml rmkj an l rlrk omiih(‑ mk pkghkor. ”In ris ig rmlr( jir

ei{pnlhar lr rmik hkwkh lpk dawkn spawlrk jkbaolh an{plnok. _i qi{‑pk

fanb ig rlfkn i{r ig kwkpqblq hagk.‑

Fkwan Jld{apk a ink ig l ranq mlnbg{h ig knaip ei{pnlhar gpij

tipfand*ohl `lofdpi{nb. Qi{ tahh rp{ddhk ri ganb lnqink tparand

ip `pilbolrand nkt tmi dpkt {s ijktmkpk kwkn pkjirkhq hafk rmk

Bkt`{pq Jiip krlrk. Iwkp mlhg ig rmk ris m{nbpkb ei{pnlhar tkpk

kb{olrkb lr l spawlrk omiih( l gad{pk rmlr a kwkn madmkp rmln ar tl rti

bkolbk ldi. An rlpf oinrplr( inhq ink an gi{prkkn omahbpkn an @parlan

mlpk rma `lofdpi{nb.07

Jipk rmln lnqrmand( ar a rma adniplnok ig tipfand*ohl hagk rmlr

k}shlan mit Flpkn Jlrrmkt `koljk l rkjshlrk gip skishk hawand an

tipfand*ohl oijj{narak. ”Skpmls ar‑ `kol{k tk‑pk lhh jabbhk ohl

rmlr tk r{r lr rmk rpldao rplnarain ig lsaplrainlh tipfand ohl ri gkof*

hk( gkplh {nbkpohl( lnb nkkp lr rmk planhk `hi` ig hlpb tmi sknb

rmkap blq in hklrmkpkrrk igl an gpinr ig shljl RW( omktand rmk

bkks*gpakb o{b iwkp Ekpkjq Fqhk(‑ sko{hlrkb oijjknrlrip Omparanl

Slrrkpin. ”Tk‑wk dir l tipb gip rmkj rii5 ‘Omlw‚.‑04

Ink kggkor ig rma a l `khakg rmlr ioakrq ml `koijk bijanlrkb `q l

hlpdk jabbhk ohl( anopklandhq {èkor ri g{prmkp anrkpnlh makplpomak(

tarm rmk pkr oinarand ig l tipfand ohl rmlr ml bkdknkplrkb anri rmk

”omlw‑ olpaolr{pk. Eimlnn Mlpa igrkn lfkb irmkp jkbal skishk tmlr

rmkq rmi{dmr rmk jkbaln anoijk an @parlan tl. Rmk pkshq tl lhtlq

bpljlraolhhq lìwk rmk lor{lh gad{pk. Ink knaip kbarip krajlrkb ar lr

¯=3(333. Rma l`{pb gad{pk a nklphq gi{p rajk madmkp rmln rmk rp{klji{nr ig ¯0<(333. ”Ig oi{pk ag qi{ nkwkp hklwk Uink Ink( ag qi{‑wk

04




nkwkp jkr lnqink gpij ln krlrk( nkwkp `kkn ri ink( rmkn qi{ hawk an l

tiphb ig gkwkpam glnrlq.‑ [nhafk jlnq ig ma oihhkld{k( Mlpa rmi{dmr

rmlr ar tl ninknk ri rmanf ig Flpkn Jlrrmkt l lnqrmand irmkp rmlnl ”saral`hk gpklf‑.

Rmk ei{pnlhar tmi pksiprkb in rmk _mlnnin Jlrrmkt lgglap lpk

lhjir lhh gpij rmk ljk `lofdpi{nb( lnb miskhkhq i{r ig ri{om tarm

ipbanlpq hagk. _i mit ml rma mlssknkb9 Rmk pklharq a rmlr ar a jipk

lnb jipk baggao{hr gip skishk gpij tipfand*ohl `lofdpi{nb ri dkr

rmkap giir an rmk biip ig nktslskp ip `pilbolrkp. Ag jipk skishk an

rmk jkbal mlb dpitn {s an oijj{narak hafk Bkt`{pq Jiip( tk

jadmr k}skor oiwkpldk ri `k jipk `lhlnokb tmkn bklhand tarm rmkk

a{k. Rmk ibb ig rmlr mlssknand l rmand rlnb lpk ijktmkpk

lsspilomand nah. N[E hklbkp Ekpkjq Bklp rmanf rmk pklin gip rma a

ajshk. Anopklandhq( tlnnl`k ei{pnlhar mlwk ri slq gip rmkap itn

rplanand( tmaom {{lhhq jkln mlwand lr hklsr ink bkdpkk. Rmlr hklwk l

m{dk lji{nr ig bk`r in rmkap mi{hbkp tmkn rlprand i{r an l spigk*

ain tarm niripai{hq hit tldk gip e{naip rlgg. ”Rmk inhq skishk tmi

oln bi rmlr lpk rmik tarm ganlnoalh {ssipr(‑ mk lq. ”Rmlr a( rmik

tmik slpknr oln {ssipr rmkj( tmaom jkln rmk nlr{pk ig rmik diand

anri ei{pnlhaj ml omlndkb bpljlraolhhq.‑

Rmk spi`hkj a nir e{r rmk miprldk ig tipfand*ohl skishk an ei{p*

nlhaj. Jir nktslskp baolpbkb rmk ihb hl`i{p oippksinbknr l

rplbk {nain sitkp bkohankb spkoasari{hq. Hiolh diwkpnjknr ei{pnlh*

ar( tmi lr hklr dlwk ijk looi{nr ig ipbanlpq hagk lopi rmk oi{nrpq(

mlwk lhi wlnamkb. Iwkp rmk slr gkt qklp( pkdainlh nktslskp(tmaom rplbarainlhhq pksiprkb in blahq hagk an hiolh oijj{narak( mlwk

karmkp ohikb bitn ip glokb kwkpk o{r. Tarm rmk hawk ig ipbanlpq

skishk s{pdkb gpij rmk jkbal( k}rpkjk olk {om l Flpkn Jlrrmkt

sploraolhhq mlb l jinisihq in rmk pksiprand ig tipfand*ohl hagk.

”Tipfand*ohl skishk mlwk oijshkrkhq oklkb ri k}ar l glp l rmk

jkbal( sis{hlp o{hr{pk lnb siharaoaln lpk oinokpnkb(‑ lpd{k Sihhq

Riqn`kk. ”Lhh rmlr k}ar lpk naok jabbhk*ohl skishk‒naok skishktmi itn rmkap itn mijk( tmi rmk Blahq Jlah hafk. Rmkn rmkpk lpk wkpq

0=

omlws



`lb skishk. Qi{ bin‑r dkr j{om sis{hlp ajldkpq ig ipbanlpq skishk ig

l nk{rplh( hkr lhink l siarawk fanb.‑

Tk‑wk kkn rmlr spijanknr siharaoaln jlnas{hlrkb rmk jkbal*bpawkngpknuq ri jlfk siharaolh sianr. Hafk rmik tmi tpark lnb `pilbolr i{p

nkt( rmk oippabip ig siharaolh sitkp lpk bijanlrkb `q skishk gpij

ink slprao{hlp `lofdpi{nb. ”Rmk Mi{k ig Oijjin an‑r pkspkknrl*

rawk( ar bikn‑r pkghkor rmk oi{nrpq l l tmihk(‑ lq Fkwan Jld{apk. ”Ar‑

iwkp*pkspkknrlrawk ig hltqkp( ei{pnlhar*l*siharaoaln( wlpai{ spi*

gkain( hkor{pkp an slprao{hlp ‧ rmkpk lpk gkt skishk tmi tipfkb an

olhh oknrpk( ip `kkn an gloripak( ip `kkn oi{noah iggaoalh hitkp bitn.‑

Ar‑ rp{k ri lq rmlr JS lpkn‑r k}lorhq pkspkknrlrawk ig rmk ipr ig

skishk tmi hawk in jir ig i{p rpkkr. Rmik arrand in Slphaljknr‑

dpkkn `knomk lpk iwkp gi{p rajk jipk hafkhq ri mlwk dink ri spawlrk

omiih rmln rmk pkr ig {. Ljind Oinkpwlrawk JS( l rlprhand rmpkk

i{r ig kwkpq gawk mlwk lrrknbkb l spawlrk omiih.0=

L diib om{nf ig rmk

siharaolh khark tkpk omiihkb lr rmk spkradai{ Krin Oihhkdk lhink( anoh{b*

andRipq hklbkp Blwab Oljkpinlnb nankrkkn irmkp Oinkpwlrawk JS.

Rmkpk tl inok l rplbarain( slprao{hlphq in rmk Hlì{p `knomk( ig

JS tmi mlb rlprkb igg tipfand an gloripak lnb jank. Rmik blq

lpk hind dink. Rmk n{j`kp ig siharaoaln gpij rmik `lofdpi{nb a

jlhh( lnb mpanf tarm kwkpq khkorain. Gktkp rmln ink an rtknrq JS

rlprkb i{r l jln{lh tipfkp( l n{j`kp rmlr ml mlhwkb anok <1=4(

bksark rmk glor rmlr rmlr tl l Oinkpwlrawk*bijanlrkb Slphaljknr.

In rmk irmkp mlnb( l rlprhand rti*rmapb mlb l spigkainlh ei` ip

tipfkb an `{ank `kgipk lppawand an Slphaljknr. @lof an <117(Hlì{p‑ rmkn bks{rq hklbkp Eimn Spkoirr komikb rmk @hlapark jlnrpl

ri ohlaj rmlr ”tk‑pk lhh jabbhk*ohl nit‑( l pkjlpf rmlr ti{hb skpmls

`k jipk garrand ag mk mlb `kkn rlhfand lì{r ma gkhhit siharaoaln.

Ag rmkk JS bi mlwk ln {nbkprlnband ig hagk an shlok hafk

Bkt`{pq Jiip( ink tinbkp tmkpk rmkq dir ar. ”Rmk skishk tmi

oljk mkpk spkwai{hq mlb `kkn anwihwkb an jlnq oljsladn( mlb `kkn

anwihwkb an gadmrand gip rmkap oijj{narak( mlb `kkn anwihwkb skpmlsan lopagaoand adnagaolnr lji{nr skpinlhhq ri `k anwihwkb an siharao

01




lnb ri rpq lnb omlndk rmk tiphb(‑ lpd{k Hl`i{p `lof`knomkp Flrq

Ohlpf. ”Rmlr skpmls a glp hk rp{k nit.‑ [nhafk knaip Oinkpwlrawk

JS( mk bab nir kk Flpkn Jlrrmkt l pkspkknrlrawk ig l tabkp dpi{sig skishk. ”A rmanf Flpkn Jlrrmkt pkspkknrkb Flpkn Jlrrmkt.‑

E{r `kol{k l siharaoaln ml l spawahkdkb `lofdpi{nb( ar bikn‑r nko*

klpahq gihhit rmlr rmkq tahh hlof qjslrmq gip rmik tmi lpk hk

gipr{nlrk. Ninkrmkhk( rmk ibb ig rmkj {nbkprlnband rmk pklharak ig

tipfand*ohl oijj{narak lpk( {nlwiabl`hq( oinabkpl`hq hitkp.

Lgrkp lhh( mit oi{hb ijkink hafk Spajk Janarkp Blwab Oljkpin

kwkn `kdan ri {nbkprlnb l oijj{narq hafk Bkt`{pq Jiip9 Kwkn q

rmk rlnblpb ig jir Oinkpwlrawk JS( mk‑ nir k}lorhq rmk ipr ig

`hifk qi{‑b `{js anri an qi{p hiolh s{`. Mk oi{nr Fand Tahhalj AW l

ln lnokrip( ma blb a l tklhrmq riof`pifkp( lnb ma gljahq mlwk `kkn

jlfand l fahhand an ganlnok gip bkolbk. Ma tagk( l knaip bapkorip ig

ink h{}{pq diib `{ank lnb itnkp ig lnirmkp( a rmk bl{dmrkp ig l

jleip hlnbitnkp lnb mlsskn ri `k l bkoknblnr ig Fand Omlphk AA.

Nit( ar‑ rp{k rmlr l Hklbkp ig rmk Issiarain Oljkpin glji{hq

mar `lof lr rmik tmi omlhhkndkb ma spawahkdkb {s`pandand tarm rmk

|{as5 ”Ar‑ nir tmkpk qi{‑pk gpij( ar‑ tmkpk qi{‑pk diand.‑01

Lhh tkhh

lnb diib( `{r bikn‑r tmkpk mk‑ diand mlwk ln ltg{h hir ri bi tarm

tmkpk mk‑ gpij9 Ma `khakg rmlr rmk Flpkn Jlrrmkt olk a `pilbhq pks*

pkknrlrawk jlfk knk tmkn qi{ hiif lr ma gkkhand ritlpb skishk

tmi mlpk mkp `lofdpi{nb. Tmkn ma jkq bl{dmrkp inok kjkpdkb lr

l ioalh dlrmkpand an ma ¯0 jahhain Nirrand Mahh mijk( mk pksiprkbhq

dpilnkb5 ”Qi{ hiif hafk qi{‑wk glhhkn i{r ig l oi{noah ghlr.‑?3 Mk‑ lhilbjarrkb ri pkd{hlphq tlromand rmk RW oijkbq _mljkhkss( tmaom( l

tk‑wk kkn( ml `kkn oijslpkb ri Bkt`{pq Jiip `q rmk rl`hiab

spk.?<

”L hir ig tipfand*ohl skishk hl{dm lr _mljkhkss(‑ Fkwan

Jld{apk nirk( ”`{r A ipr ig rmanf rmkq‑pk hl{dmand lr ar hadmrhq baggkp*

knrhq rmln Oljkpin( tmi spi`l`hq kk ar l l bpljl*bio{jknrlpq.‑

Ink ig rmk Oinkpwlrawk‑ gkt tipfand*ohl JS( E{naip Rplnsipr

Janarkp Jafk Sknnand( lbjar rmlr rmk hlof ig siharaoaln gpij tipfand*ohl `lofdpi{nb ajsandk in rmkap l`aharq ri pkhlrk ri skishk an

?3

omlws



oijj{narak hafk Bkt`{pq Jiip. ”Ar‑ smqaolhhq ajsia`hk gip

ijkink ri mlwk ln {nbkprlnband ig lnb kjslrmq tarm rmk spi`hkj

rmlr ijk lpk mlwand5 lq( gip anrlnok( lr rmk jijknr( rmkpk‑ l hir ig skishk `kand jlbk pkb{nblnr. Qi{ bin‑r fnit tmlr rmlr‑ hafk {nhk

qi{‑wk `kkn jlbk pkb{nblnr.‑ Slpr ig rmk spi`hkj( mk lpd{k( tl rmk

baggao{hrak dkrrand anri rmk siharaolh tiphb. ”Ar a tarmi{r bi{`r( ni jlrrkp

tmlr siharaolh slprq qi{ oijk gpij( k}riprainlrkhq baggao{hr ri dkr anri

rma dpklr Mi{k {nhk qi{ mlwk ijk fanb ig hkd*{s rmk dpklq sihk.‑

Rmk glor rmlr rmk @param khark a rlofkb g{hh ig skishk gpij jabbhk*

lnb {sskp*jabbhk*ohl `lofdpi{nb mkhs ri k}shlan l okprlan bi{`hk

rlnblpb lr tipf. Opajk oijjarrkb `q rmk siip tahh `k kkn l ln

anbaorjknr ig lnqink gpij l ajahlp `lofdpi{nb. Rmk ljk olnnir `k

lab gip opajk tmkpk l jabbhk*ohl anbawab{lh a o{hsl`hk. Rmk jl*

j{pbkpand DS Mlpihb _masjln jadmr mlwk dink bitn l l jinrkp(

`{r bab lnqink lpd{k rmlr ma olk mink l hadmr in hagk an jabbhk*ohl

@parlan9 Tmkpk tkpk rmk i{rpldkb rl`hiab mklbhank lnb siharaoaln‑

i{nb* ark lì{r jabbhk*ohl oijj{narak rmlr ”pklhhq( pklhhq mlwk ri

omlndk‑9

Lnb lhrmi{dm olk {om l rmk balssklplnok ig _mlnnin Jlrrmkt

lpk {kb l hl{nom slb gip lrrlof in i*olhhkb sindkp( rmk tklhrmq

bi nir pkokawk lnqtmkpk nklp rmk ljk hkwkh ig lrrknrain gpij rmk

jkbal ip siharaoaln. Tkhglpk gpl{b a krajlrkb ri oir rmk Rpkl{pq

lpi{nb ¯< àhhain l qklp. @{r( l bkrlahkb anwkradlrain `q omlprkpkb

looi{nrlnr Paomlpb J{psmq mlwk gi{nb( ¯43 àhhain a hir rmpi{dm rl}

kwlain kwkpq qklp‒rmlr a( kwknrq rajk jipk. Ag lnqrmand( ”tkhglpkkwlain‑ a jipk ig l spi`hkj( tarm àhhain ig si{nb tiprm ig rl}

opkbar hkgr {nohlajkb kwkpq qklp. Rmk op{kh apinq a rmlr siip skishk

tmi hawk an oijj{narak hafk Bkt`{pq Jiip lor{lhhq slq jipk an rl}

l l spisiprain ig rmkap tldk slofkr rmln jlnq ig rmk paom ei{pnlhar

lnb siharaoaln tmi lrrlof rmkj. @{r tmkpk a rmk i{ropq iwkp jabbhk*

ohl sindkp9 Dawkn rmk jkbal‑ bariprkb oiwkpldk( ar‑ mlpbhq {p*

spaand rmlr skishk adnagaolnrhq {nbkpkrajlrk rmk oir ig rl} lwiablnoklnb iwkpkrajlrk rmk oir ig `knkgar gpl{b.

?0

?<




Hklband siharaoaln lnb ei{pnlhar mlb ni anrkpkr an lhhitand rmk

_mlnnin Jlrrmkt lgglap ri di bitn an maripq l e{r lnirmkp k}ljshk

ig rmk olsloarq ig ijk anbawab{lh gip op{khrq. L jirmkp‑ dpirk|{kshiq ri {k mkp w{hnkpl`hk bl{dmrkp gip ganlnoalh dlan tl bkha`kplrkhq

anghlrkb anri ijkrmand j{om dpklrkp( gip rmk s{psik ig ei{pnlhar

lnb siharaoaln bkrkpjankb ri spiwk rmlr rplbarainlh tipfand*ohl oij*

j{narak mlb bkolqkb anri l jiplhhq bksplwkb( tipf*mq p{js.

@{r rmlr‑ nir ri lq rmlr rmkpk lpk ni tabkp hkin ri `k bpltn gpij

rmk olk. In rmk oinrplpq( ar sklf wih{jk l`i{r ohl an @parlan

riblq. Ar ti{hb `k baminkr ri lq rmlr oijj{narak hafk Bkt`{pq

Jiip bin‑r mlwk rmkap glap mlpk ig spi`hkj( kwkn ag rmkq‑pk nir g{hh ig

l`{awk {nkjshiqkb slpknr p{nnand ljif. Rmk ajsiprlnr |{krain a(

tmi a ri `hljk5 rmk oijj{narak( ip rmk sihaoak ig {ookawk diwkpn*

jknr iwkp rmk hlr rmpkk bkolbk9 Lnb mit ml @parlan `koijk i

sihlpaukb rmlr bkpaain lnb oinrkjsr gip ”omlw‑ ml `koijk i bkkshq

andplankb an i{p ioakrq9

Nkarmkp rmk ei{pnlhar nip rmk siharaoaln tmi jlnas{hlrkb rmk lgglap ig

_mlnnin Jlrrmkt lhhitkb skfq glor ri dkr anri rmk tlq ig rmkap tahb

ohlaj. Rmlr rmk Jlrrmkt mi{kmihb tl nir l tipfhk gljahq‒

Oplad Jkkmln mlb l ei`( lgrkp lhh‒ip rmlr looijshaok Jaomlkh

Biniwln tl l oijs{rkp spidpljjkp bab nir rpi{`hk padmr*tand

s{nbar lnb siharaoaln.

”A pkjkj`kp pklband ink oijjknr l`i{r mit jlnq skishk an

_i{rmkpn Kndhlnb( jlq`k jipk jabbhk*ohl Kndhlnb( tkpk gloanlrkb`q tmlr rmkq lt l niprmkpn( {`m{jln( bkspawkb oijj{narak(‑

pkjlpf hiolh Bkt`{pq waolp Pkwkpknb _ajin Saromkp. ”A rmanf rmkpk

tl ln khkjknr ig jkbal sipn. Rmk tmihk ig Bkt`{pq tl siprplqkb

l `kand slprao{hlphq baggao{hr lnb( an pklharq( ar‑ nir hafk rmlr.‑ Ma rlrk*

jknr oi{hb `k lsshakb ri lhh oijj{narak {ggkpand gpij siwkprq. An

oinrplr ri rmk tkksand lkprain ig @param siharaoaln lnb oijjknrl*

rip( diwkpnjknr gad{pk mit rmlr nklphq a} i{r ig kwkpq rknmi{kmihb an siwkprq mlb lr hklr ink lb{hr an tipf.

??

?0

omlws



@{r rma oiwkpldk tl slpr ig ln kggipr ri siprplq i{p ioakrq l

bawabkb anri Jabbhk Kndhlnb in rmk ink mlnb lnb l slof ig lnra*ioalh

omlw hawand an shlok hafk Bkt`{pq Jiip in rmk irmkp. Ar‑ l jqrm.Qi{ ti{hbn‑r fnit ar gpij rmk jkbal oiwkpldk( `{r jir ig { rmanf

ig i{pkhwk l tipfand ohl. L l sihh s{`hamkb an Iori`kp 0334

pkwklhkb( rmlr‑ mit iwkp mlhg rmk sis{hlrain bkopa`kb rmkjkhwk.

Rma gad{pk ml pkjlankb jipk ip hk rklbq anok rmk <173.?2

Ig oi{pk( khg*abknragaolrain a ln ljàd{i{( {èkorawk `{ank

lnb skishk ig lhh ohlk jadmr( gip wlpai{ pklin( jaomlplorkpauk

rmkap shlok an rmk ioalh skofand ipbkp. Lnb qkr rmk gad{pk ml ln

{nolnnq pkhlrain ri rmk glor. An riblq‑ @parlan rmk n{j`kp ig skishk

kjshiqkb an `h{k*oihhlp jln{lh lnb tmark*oihhlp pi{rank ohkpaolh ei`

pkspkknr iwkp mlhg rmk tipfgipok( jipk rmln rtknrq*kadmr jahhain

tipfkp.?;

Tk‑pk l nlrain ig kopkrlpak( mis larlnr lnb lbjan

kjshiqkk. Rmk hawk ig rma jleiparq lpk wapr{lhhq adnipkb `q ei{pnlh*

ar lnb siharaoaln. Nkkbhk ri lq( iwkp mlhg rmk sis{hlrain ml nirmand

an oijjin tarm Flpkn Jlrrmkt. Lnb qkr rmk plpk lssklplnok jlbk

`q tipfand*ohl skishk in rmk s{`hao rldk lpk jipk hafkhq rmln nir ri

`k ripak lì{r mlrk gad{pk‒mitkwkp hkdarajlrk‒{om l Flpkn

Jlrrmkt.

Tkpk siharaoaln lnb ei{pnlhar tpind ri lpd{k rmlr oijj{narak

{om l Bkt`{pq Jiip mlb slprao{hlp ioalh spi`hkj rmlr kr rmkj

lslpr gpij rmk pkr ig @parlan9 L tarm jir rkpkirqsk( rmkpk lpk

dplan ig rp{rm an rmk ”omlw‑ olpaolr{pk. Ar a {nbknal`hk rmlr jlnq

tipfand*ohl oijj{narak lopi @parlan {ggkp gpij madm hkwkh ig {nkjshiqjknr. Rmkq bi mlwk pkhlrawkhq hlpdk n{j`kp ig `knkgar

pkoasaknr( lnb opajk hkwkh lpk madm. Qkr rmk hljk ml kkn bapkorkb lr

rmk waoraj plrmkp rmln lr rmk sihaoak spijirkb `q {ookawk diwkpn*

jknr iwkp pkoknr bkolbk.

Bkt`{pq Jiip a l diib k}ljshk. Rmk tlpb ganb arkhg an rmk ris

<3 skp oknr gip iwkplhh bkspawlrain lnb omahb siwkprq. L tk mlwk kkn

tarm rmk àhk sktkb i{r `q ei{pnlhar b{pand rmk _mlnnin Jlrrmktlgglap( rmk bkrplorip lpd{k rmlr rma a hlpdkhq b{k ri rmk gkofhknk

??




ig rmk skishk tmi hawk rmkpk. Rmkq‑pk tpind. Diwkpnjknr mlwk kggko*

rawkhq ioalhhq kndankkpkb rmkk tipfand*ohl oijj{narak ri mlwk rmk

spi`hkj rmlr rmkq mlwk.Tk‑wk oijk l hind tlq anok Hlì{p‑ Lnk{pan @kwln gi{nbkb

jibkpn oi{noah mi{and an rmk lgrkpjlrm ig Tiphb Tlp AA. Lìwk lhh(

ma laj tl ri opklrk ja}kb oijj{narak. Mk pklinkb rmlr rma ti{hb

mkhs skishk gpij baggkpknr `lofdpi{nb ri {nbkprlnb ink lnirmkp(

`pklfand bitn rmk ipr ig spke{baok tk kk riblq bapkorkb lr omlw. ”Ar

a knrapkhq {nbkapl`hk rmlr in jibkpn mi{and krlrk inhq ink rqsk ig

oaraukn mi{hb hawk(‑ mk lpd{kb. ”Ag tk lpk ri knl`hk oaraukn ri hklb l g{hh

hagk( ag rmkq lpk klom ri `k ltlpk ig rmk spi`hkj ig rmkap nkadmì{p(

rmkn rmkq mi{hb lhh `k bpltn gpij baggkpknr korip ig rmk oijj{narq.

Tk mi{hb rpq ri anrpib{ok tmlr tl lhtlq rmk hiwkhq gklr{pk ig

Kndham lnb Tkhm wahhldk( tmkpk rmk biorip( rmk dpiokp( rmk `{romkp

lnb rmk glpj hlì{pkp lhh hawkb an rmk ljk rpkkr.‑?7

Rma hl{bl`hk spanoashk ml `kkn glrlhhq {nbkpjankb `q sihaoak

anrpib{okb an rmk Rmlromkp kpl tmaom Nkt Hlì{p mlwk `kkn mlssq ri

fkks an shlok. Oi{noah krlrk hafk Bkt`{pq Jiip nit bashlq rmk

k}lor issiark pk{hr ri rmlr ipadanlhhq anrknbkb `q @kwln. L rmk <143

bpkt ri l ohik( `kgipk rmk Rmlromkp diwkpnjknr hl{nomkb rmk ”padmr*

ri*`{q‑ omkjk( jipk rmln rti an gawk ig { hawkb an oi{noah mi{and.

Riblq rmk gad{pk a nklpkp ink an rkn( tarm rknlnr ig mi{and lioal*

rain lnb oi*iskplrawk pkspkknrand mlhg l jlnq ldlan.?4

Oi{noah

tkpk spkwknrkb gpij `{ahband nkt mijk lnb( iwkp rmk hlr khkwkn

qklp( rmk slprq ig @kwln ml pkg{kb ri anwkr jinkq an rmk pkjlanandmi{k {nbkp hiolh l{rmiparq oinrpih. L oi{noah mi{and oihhlskb(

pkjlanand riof tl spaiparaukb gip rmik jir an nkkb. ”Nkt rknlnr

oijand an( lhjir k}oh{awkhq an ipbkp ri jkkr rpandknr oparkpal( tahh

karmkp `k andhk slpknr tarm bksknbknr omahbpkn( VipZ skishk i{r ig

anrar{rain anoh{band spain(‑ k}shlankb rmk hlrk Lhln Tlhrkp( l hagkhind

oi{noah rknlnr lnb omlapjlnig rmk spk{pkdpi{sBkgknbOi{noahMi{and.

”Lnb rmkpkgipk rmkq lpk( lhjir `q bkganarain( rmik tarmi{r tipf.‑Jlnq‒`{r nir lhh‒ig rmik tmi pkjlankb an oi{noah mi{and tkpk

?2

omlws



rii siip ri rlfk lbwlnrldk ig rmk padmr*ri*`{q omkjk. ”L dpitand

n{j`kp ig skishk tmi oln lggipb ri dkr i{r ig ioalh mi{and mlwk bink

i( lnb ar‑ rmkn ihb igg ri ijkink khk nir nkoklpahq an l pkskorl`hkgljahq(‑ Sihhq Riqn`kk lpd{k. ”Rmk jipk skishk l`knr rmkjkhwk

gpij hawand an l oi{noah krlrk( rmk tipk rmk bawabk dkr5 lgrkp lhh(

rmkpk‑ wapr{lhhq ni pknrkb korip.‑ Rmk spi`hkj skishk glokb mlb

nirmand ri bi tarm rmk glor rmkq hawkb an oi{noah mi{and( lnb kwkpq*

rmand ri bi tarm rmk glor rmlr inhq rmk jir bkspawkbtkpk khada hk ri hawk

in krlrk. Rmk {n{pspaand pk{hr a rmlr iwkp rti*rmapb ig rmik

hawand an ioalh mi{and `khind ri rmk siipkr rti*gagrm ig rmk sis{hl*

rain. Nklphq mlhg ig ioalh mi{and a hiolrkb an rmk siipkr gagrm ig

nkadm`i{pmiib.?=

Rmand mlwk okprlanhq omlndkb oijslpkb ri rmaprq

qklp ldi( tmkn l rlddkpand 03 skp oknr ig rmk paomkr rknrm ig rmk sis*

{hlrain hawkb an ioalh mi{and.?1

Ag shlok hafk Bkt`{pq Jiip mlwk

jleip ioalh spi`hkj( ar‑ `kol{k rmkq mlwk `kknjlbk ri mlwk rmkj.

@kol{k ig rmk mkkp oinoknrplrain ig @parlan‑ siipkr hawand an

ioalh mi{and( oi{noah krlrk klahq `koijk lioalrkb tarm rmk i*

olhhkb ”omlw‑. Tmahk ar a rp{k rmlr l`i{r mlhg ig @parlan‑ siip itn rmkap

mijk( rmkq rii rknb ri hawk in krlrk. Rmk anopkland rplngipjlrain

ig oi{noah krlrk anri ioalh b{jsand dpi{nb ml spiwabkb j{om

ljj{narain gip rmk rmkipq rmlr @parlan a bawabkb anri jabbhk*ohl

ioakrq lnb l tipfand*ohl omlw p{js( {ggkpand gpij ln ksabkjao ig

khg*anghaorkb spi`hkj.

Diwkpnjknr mi{and sihaoak lpk nir rmk inhq ol{k ig rmk ioalh

balbwlnrldk lggkorand tipfand*ohl lpkl. Rmlromkpaj {nhklmkbl r{nlja ig bk*anb{rpalhaulrain( bkoajlrand oijj{narak {om l

Bkt`{pq Jiip. Jln{glor{pand ei` mlwk oihhlskb iwkp rmk hlr rmaprq

qklp. Tmkn Rmlromkp oljk ri sitkp an <141( iwkp kwkn jahhain ig {

klpnkb l hawand an jln{glor{pand. Rmaprq qklp hlrkp( rma tl rp{k gip

hk rmln mlhg l jlnq( l jkpk 0.=? jahhain‒nir hklr `kol{k gloripak

mlb pkhiolrkb ri bkwkhisand oi{nrpak tmkpk tipfkp oir hk.

Rmk ritn ig Bkt`{pq tl inok mijk ri l rmpawand rk}rahk anb{rpq.Iwkp rmk slr rmpkk bkolbk( rmkk ei` mlwk lhh {r balssklpkb. Lr rmk

?;




ìrrij ig rmk rpkkr tmkpk Flpkn Jlrrmkt inok hawkb lpk biukn ig

ba{kb hiof*{s( anoh{band l`lnbinkb rk}rahk jahh lnb k}slnawk

anb{rpalh krlrk. ”Rma tl fnitn l rmk mklwq tiihhkn lpkl ig TkrQipfmapk. Rmkpk tkpk lhi hir ig kndankkpand lnb jln{glor{pand

ei`(‑ Pkwkpknb Saromkp k}shlan. ”Rmik ei` mlwk lhh dink6 rmkpk‑ wap*

r{lhhq ni jln{glor{pand anb{rpq. _i tmlr bi skishk bi9 Tmlr omiaok

bi skishk mlwk gip tipf9 Skishk bksknb in rmk àd {skpjlpfkr gip

rmkap ei`. Rmkpk‑ ni irmkp shlok ri tipf gip lnq adnagaolnr ei`.‑ Rmk

ajslor in hiolh skishk ml `kkn bkwlrlrand. ”Rma ml mlb l bkrl ahauand

kggkor in rmk oijj{narq‒rmk knk ig oijj{narq tk inok mlb ml

kwlsiplrkb.‑ Rmk hlof ig hlpdk jln{glor{pand gapj jlbk ar wkpq bagga*

o{hr gip rmik tmi mlb nir {ookkbkb an kb{olrain ri ganb l ei`.

Rmk ajslor ig rma anb{rpalh oihhlsk oln `k kkn in rmk Jlrrmkt

gljahq. @irm rmk dplnbslpknr lnb slpknr tipfkb an hiolh anb{rpq(

slprao{hlphq an rk}rahk. Lnb qkr( l Flpkn Jlrrmkt‑ jirmkp s{r ar5

”Rmk ritn ml omlndkb nit. Rmk rk}rahk mlwk dink lnb rmkpk lpkn‑r

rmk ljk ei` l rmkpk tkpk.‑23

Jln{glor{pand an lpkl hafk Bkt`{pq

Jiip {kb ri spiwabk ko{pk( pkhlrawkhq tkhh*slab( madmhq {nainaukb

ei` rmlr tkpk slkb bitn gpij dknkplrain ri dknkplrain.

”Rmk bkohank ig rmk @param jln{glor{pand lnb anb{rpalh `lk ml

bkoajlrkb oijj{narak {s lnb bitn rmk oi{nrpq(‑ lq Hlì{p JS

Flrq Ohlpf. ”Ag qi{ e{r rlhf lì{r rmk oinrar{knoq A pkspkknr VNiprm

Lqpmapk lnb LpplnZ( tk {kb ri mlwk hlpdk*olhk anb{rpalh lnb jln{*

glor{pand anb{rpak tmaom kjshiqkb in ioolain rkn ig rmi{lnb ig

skishk. Lhh rmik ei` mlwk dink lnb an rmkap shlok( hit*slab {{lhhqkpwaok*korip lnb s{`hao*korip ei` mlwk oijk.‑

Anb{rpq tl rmk hanomsan ig hiolh oijj{narak. Ar {bbkn balssklp*

lnok gpij shlok hafk Bkt`{pq Jiip ol{kb jlawk {nkjshiqjknr

b{pand rmk <1=3. Riblq( rmk iggaoalh {nkjshiqjknr plrk an rmk lpkl a

inhq l skpoknrldk sianr lìwk rmk nlrainlh lwkpldk. @{r rma rlrarao a

bkkshq bkoksrawk. Ag qi{ k}oh{bk skishk kndldkb an g{hh*rajk r{bq(

tkhh iwkp l |{lprkp ig rmk skishk an Bkt`{pq Tkr lpk ohlkb l ”koi*nijaolhhq anlorawk‑. Rmlr‑ lpi{nb <3 skp oknr iwkp rmk lwkpldk. Rmk

?7

omlws



jlan pklin a rmlr jlnq ig rmik tmi hir rmkap ei` tkpk iggaoalhhq

ohlagakb l ahh ip anolsloarlrkb( an l spiok oijjin ri lhh rmk lpkl

rmlr( hafk Bkt`{pq( hir rmkap anb{rpak an rmk <1=3 lnb <113. Ar a bag*gao{hr ri lpd{k rmlr rma a `kol{k rmkq lpk hluq opi{ndkp. An hlrk 033=(

rmk diwkpnjknr lnni{nokb shln ri s{m ?.; jahhain `knkgar pkoasaknr

anri ei`. Lr rmk ljk rajk rmkq krajlrkb rmlr rmkpk tkpk inhq lpi{nb

mlhg l jahhain wlolnoak. Rmlr‑ rmk hitkr in pkoipb. Skishk lpk i{r ig

tipf an shlok hafk Bkt`{pq Jiip |{ark ajshq `kol{k rmkpk lpk nir

kni{dm ei` ri di lpi{nb.

Ar a ohklp rmlr rmk ”omlw‑ olpaolr{pk ksarijaukb `q Flpkn Jlrrmkt

ml {nf bkks piir anri @param ioakrq. Jipk lnb jipk ig { lpk omii*

and ri `khakwk rmlr rmk waoraj ig ioalh spi`hkj lpk( an hlpdk slpr(

pksina hk gip ol{and rmkj. Rmpkk*|{lprkp ig {( gip k}ljshk( rmi{dmr

rmlr rmk dls `krtkkn madm lnb hit anoijk tl ”rii hlpdk‑ an 0337‒`{r

inhq hadmrhq iwkp l rmapb {ssiprkb sknband jipk in tkhglpk `knkgar

gip rmk siip. Tmahk nklphq mlhg ig { gkhr rmlr ln {nkjshiqkb oi{shk

mi{hb `k ohlkb l ”mlpb {s‑ an <1=7( rmlr hkwkh bkohankb ri e{r iwkp l

rmapb `q 033;. Kwkn jipk rpafandhq( tmahk inhq <1 skp oknr gkhr rmlr

siwkprq tl ol{kb `q hluank ip l hlof ig tahhsitkp an <1=7( rmk gad{pk

mlb anopklkb ri 04 skp oknr rtknrq qklp hlrkp.2<

Tmlr a pkjlpfl`hk l`i{r rmkk gad{pk a rmlr rmkq mlwk oijk lr l

rajk tmkn ank|{lharq ml dpitn l mlpshq l ioalh ji`aharq ml

bkohankb.RmkDana oikggaoaknr‒{kb ri jkl{pk iwkplhh anoijkank|{lh*

arq an @parlan‒tl plrkb l 07 an <141. Riblq ar ml pakn ri ?1. Ar a nir

ajshq rmlr rma dpitand ioalh bawaain pknbkp rmik lr rmk ris jipkhafkhq ri `k adniplnr ig mit irmkp skishk hawk rmkap hawk. L tk mlwk

kkn( bkjinauand rmk hk tkhh*igg lhi jlfk ar klakp ri e{ragq ln

{nspkokbknrkb lnb dpitand hkwkh ig ioalh ank|{lharq. Lgrkp lhh( ri

lbjar rmlr ijk skishk lpk siipkp rmln irmkp `kol{k ig rmk ioalh

ane{raok anmkpknr an i{p ioakrq ti{hb pk|{apk diwkpnjknr lorain.

Ohlajand rmlr skishk lpk hlpdkhq pksina`hk gip rmkap oapo{jrlnok

gloaharlrk rmk issiark oinoh{ain. ”Tk‑pk bkwkhisand l o{hr{pk tmkpkar‑ looksrl`hk lnb anbkkb nipjlh ri sklf ig rmk tmark tipfand ohl an

?4




wkpq bkm{jlnaukb hlnd{ldk( lnb rma a l oijjin qjsrij ig l madmhq

{nk|{lh ioakrq(‑ Eimlnn Mlpa tlpn. ”Ag qi{ di ri _i{rm Lgpaol ip

Wknku{khl‒ip irmkp Hlran Ljkpaoln oi{nrpak tarm l ranq tklhrmqkhark‒ar‑ oijjin gip rmkj ri sklf ig rmk siip l ag rmkq‑pk nir |{ark

nipjlh ip ijkmit {`m{jln.‑

Rmk _mlnnin Jlrrmkt lgglap olr l ba|{akrand hadmr in jibkpn

@parlan. Ar babn‑r slpf oinrkjsr gip tipfand*ohl skishk. Ar ajshq

k}sikb spke{baok rmlr mlwk `koijk pljslnr an i{p ioakrq. Rmk mq*

rkpal lpi{nb rmk olk mit rmlr ar a sia hk ri lq sploraolhhq lnqrmand

lì{r rmik olpaolr{pkb l omlw. _ijkmit l m{dk slpr ig @parlan ml

`kkn jlbk oijshaoar an opajk rmkq mlb nirmand ri bi tarm. Tarm

nkarmkp jabbhk*ohl siharaoaln nip ei{pnlhar mitand lnq tahhandnk

ri dawk l shlrgipj ri rmk pklharq ig tipfand*ohl oijj{narak( rmk sara*

g{hhq bqg{norainlh hawk ig l ranq janiparq ig anbawab{lh mlwk `kkn

spkknrkb l l olk r{bq ig jibkpn hagk i{rabk i*olhhkb Jabbhk

Kndhlnb. ”Omlw‑ mlwk `koijk jipk bksakb rmln sploraolhhq lnq

irmkp dpi{s ig skishk.

Tmkpk ml rma mlrpkb oijk gpij9 Rmkpk a okprlanhq nirmand nkt

lì{r wknrand sark ldlanr rmik lr rmk ìrrij ig rmk sahk. Rmkihidaln

ig rmk kwknrkknrm oknr{pq bkshipkb rmk ”anbaopkkr lnb jad{abkb

omlparq‑ k}rknbkb ri siip skishk tmi tkpk ”rmk wkpq ol`( lnb gahrm(

lnb wkpjan ig rmk Oijjin*tklhrm‑.20

An rmk nankrkknrm oknr{pq( rmk

mlpm Siip Hlt rmpkt rmk bkrar{rk lnb {nkjshiqkb anri tipfmi{k

tmkpk rmkq riahkb an mkhham oinbarain( lnb oijjknrlrip bk`lrkb

tmkrmkp rmk pkskorl`hk tipfand ohl tl dawand tlq ri l bk`l{omkbp{js rmkq hl`khhkb rmk ”pkab{{j‑. Rmk pak ig k{dknao an rmk klphq

rtknrakrm oknr{pq hkb kwkn ijk tmi oinabkpkb rmkjkhwk hkgr*tand

ri lpd{k gip rmk rkpahaulrain ig rmk ”{ngar‑ siip‒ip kwkn gip rmkap

k}rkpjanlrain.

Omlw*`lmand bplt in l hind( adni`hk rplbarain ig ohl mlrpkb. @{r

ar olnnir `k {nbkpriib tarmi{r hiifand lr jipk pkoknr kwknr. Lìwk

lhh( ar a rmk `lrlpb omahb ig l wkpq @param ohl tlp.

omlws

extract: chavs by owen jones

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