Exposure Assessment of Heavy Metals for Shipyard Grit Blasting Workers

IOSH97-A320


Exposure Assessment of Heavy Metals for Shipyard Grit Blasting Workers
97 1 1 97 12 31
98 3
i

ICP/MS

6

ACGIH
ii
Abstract Grit blasting operation was one of the most dangerous tasks at shipyard. The
block of a ship was huge and workers must wear respirators during grit blasting. The
purpose of this study is to measure the exposure concentration of total dust and heavy
metal for grit blasting workers and to evaluate the effects of wearing protective
respirators.
The study was carried out in 22 male grit blasters at a shipyard. Personal air
samples outside and inside mask were collected by using a pair of air sampling pumps
with PVC filters. Urine samples of participants before and after work were collected.
Airborne particulate and urine samples were analyzed for 24 metals with inductively
coupled plasma spectrometry.
Results showed the main metals of total dust were Fe, Zn, Al, Mn, Cu and Cr.
The concentrations of Fe, Zn, Al, Mn, Cu, Cr and total dust inside masks conformed
to the permissible exposure limit. The concentration of total dust outside mask was
eight times higher in grit blasting blocks than out of blocks. The total dust was
reduced 97.5% by respirators. The heavy metal concentrations of urine samples did
not exceed the proposal values of ACGIH biological exposure indices.
The present study suggests that the wearing time of repirators for shipyard grit
blasting workers was too long. Grit blasting workers should check out the function of
mask before the grit blasting operation and have regular training of industrial health to
reduce the health risk in workplace.
Keywords: grit blasting operation, heavy metals, respiratory protection
iii
1
.....................................................................................................5
3 ....................................................................................................................13
5 MG/M3 ...........15
6 (MG/M3) ............16
7 (MG/M3) ............................................17
8 (N=38)..................................17
9 ........................18
11 1 (ΜG/G CR.) .......................................20
12 2 (ΜG/G CR.) .......................................21
13 3 (ΜG/G CR.) .......................................22
14 4 (ΜG/G CR.) .......................................22
15 4 (ΜG/G CR.) ...................................23
16 (N=51)....................................24
17 (N=51)................................24
18
22 (ΜG/L).......................................................30

abrasive

3
compressed airhydroblastcentrifugal impeller
[1]

coal and metallurgical slagssynthetic abrasives
steel shotsteel grit
0.8~1.2%>0.4%0.6~1.2 <0.05%<0.05%

196 ~ 31,410 μg/m3 1 ~ 657 μg/m3
1-19 μg/m3OSHA,
Occupational Safety and Hygiene AdministrationPEL, Permissible
Exposure Limit 2193.1 [2,3]



[4-6]
2 1
2 1 3
5
6 7
1
1

3
ICP/MS
24
(II)(III)
24 (Fe)(Zn)
(Al)(Mn)(Cu)(Cr) 6
6


1.0 0.6 L/min ( 2)
CLA 4002[7]


-20

QA/QC

B.


C (mg/m3) V (L) W1 (mg) W2 ()(mg)
10
50 mL 10 mL 6.9% HNO3
(Super Sonorex RK 1028H, Bandelin Electronic)
45 15 0.45 μm Millipore Millex-HV
Hydrophilic PVDF 0.45μm 100 mL

Inductively Coupled Plasma
Massspectrometry, Agilent 7500c ICP-MS 1000 mg/L
0.69% 11 0.5
μg/L ~ 500 μg/L ( 1) QA/QC

1 r
Conc. 7 7
McountScountMethod detection limit
MDL= (3Scount/ Mcount)×Conc.
μm 1.3 HNO3 10
(Fe)(Zn)(Al)(Mn)(Cu)(Cr) 6
1000 mg/L 0.13%
11 0.5 μg/L~500 μg/L
QA/QC 10 1
2
2 r
Conc. 7 7
McountScountMethod detection limit
MDL= (3Scount/ Mcount)×Conc.
Jaffe’ method [9] 0.2 mL
3 mL working reagentcreatinine base reagent : picric acid = 2 : 1
37 15 520 nm
30-300 mg/dL
12


2. Wilcoxon sign rank test 1 2 3 4

4. SPSS 12.0 0.05
13
22 3
36.4±9.4 5.7±3.8 68.2%86.4%

() 36%
3
() 36.4±9.4a () 5.7±3.8 ((%))

amean±SD
1 4
14

40
48 38
8
38

35 (paired t testp
<0.001)
3.4~933.8 4.6 ± 1.6
2.

1 1 ~2 2 3 5
(one-
5 mg/m3
p valueb <1 (n=5) 159.8 ± 112.8
5.3-606.2 3.5 ± 1.3
4.3 ± 1.9 0.2-43.9
7.8 ± 7.2 0.4-29.3
<0.001
p valuec 0.871 0.775 amean±SE min-max bpaired t test cone-way ANOVA test
3.
33.5 ± 5.4 mg/m3
3.7 ± 1.5 mg/m3
(student t testp = 0.001)

(n=19)
(n=19)

4.
100%(38/38)100%(38/38)
100%(38/38)100%(38/38)74%(26/38)100%(38/38) 6.61991
mg/m32.90249 mg/m30.09335 mg/m30.08544 mg/m30.01217 mg/m3
0.00972 mg/m3
100%(38/38)86.8%(33/38)42.1%(16/38)94.7%(36/38)5.3%(2/38)
86.8%(33/38) 0.14917 mg/m30.05180 mg/m30.00145 mg/m3
0.00123 mg/m30.00013 mg/m30.00055 mg/m3 ( 7)
17
27.83072 15.67269 0.41888 0.37823 0.11825 0.10710 0.14653 0.06530 0.00283 0.00162 0.00002 0.00162 6.61991 2.90249 0.09335 0.08544 0.01217 0.00972
(n=38) 1.98818 0.65000 0.02328 0.01906 0.00240 0.00159 0.00106 0.00033 0.00001 <0.00001 0.00001 0.00004 0.14917 0.05180 0.00145 0.00123 0.00013 0.00055
1/2*LOD
5.

( 8)





51.8 23.3-205.8 25 - 75
97.5
88.8-99.6 25 - 75
(one-way ANOVA test p = 0.892 p =
18
0.865)
b c <1 5 13.8a
(5.54~835.7) 92.7
(10.5~335.1) 97.9
(5.73~162.2) 97.7
(23.3~205.8) 97.5
(88.8~99.6) aMedian 25th-75th percentiles; Q25-Q75 b= Co/CiCoCi c%= Co-Ci/Co×100%

88

60 56 51 9


19

679.1 μg/g cr. 115.8~3166.6
μg/g cr. 538.3 μg/g cr. 74.5~1768.2 μg/g cr
40.2 μg/g cr. 0.1~275.5 μg/g cr. 3.6 μg/g cr.
<0.1~20.4 μg/g cr. 2.7 μg/g cr.<0.1~31.4 μg/g cr.
2.6 μg/g cr.<0.1~25.4 μg/g cr. ( 10)
10 (μg/g cr.)
3166.6 1768.2 275.5 20.4 31.4 25.4
115.8 74.5 0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 679.1 538.3 40.2 3.6 2.7 2.6 102 102 102 102 102 102
20
1 11
731.8 ± 187.2 μg/g cr. 767.1 ± 123.4 μg/g cr.
35.3±221.8 μg/g cr. (p = 0.876) 649.4 ± 78.3 μg/g cr.
546.9±51.9 μg/g cr.-102.5±82.4 μg/g cr. (p = 0.234)
38.1 ± 7.5 μg/g cr. 51.4 ± 8.0 μg/g cr. 13.3±12.0 μg/g
cr. (p = 0.282) 3.7 ± 1.3 μg/g
cr. 2.2±1.1 μg/g cr.-1.5±1.8 μg/g cr. (p = 0.420)
3.1 ± 0.9 μg/g cr. 3.2 ± 1.1 μg/g cr. 0.1±1.4 μg/g cr.
(p = 0.966) 2.6 ± 0.8 μg/g cr. 0.8 ± 0.4
-1.4 ± 1.1 μg/g cr. (p = 0.201)
11 1 (μg/g cr.)
- p b 15 731.8 ± 187.2 a 767.1 ± 123.4 35.3±221.8 0.876 15 649.4 ± 78.3 546.9±51.9 -102.5±82.4 0.234 15 38.1 ± 7.5 51.4 ± 8.0 13.3±12.0 0.282 15 3.7 ± 1.3 2.2±1.1 -1.5±1.8 0.420 15 3.1 ± 0.9 3.2 ± 1.1 0.1±1.4 0.966 15 2.6 ± 0.8 0.8 ± 0.4 -1.4 ± 1.1 0.201
a Mean ± S.E
b Wilcoxon sign rank test
2 12
591.9 ± 74.3 μg/g cr. 964.6 ± 170.7 μg/g cr.
372.7±191.1 μg/g cr. (p = 0.077) 600.1 ± 46.3 μg/g cr.
549.0±114.3 μg/g cr.-51.1±88.5 μg/g cr. (p = 0.576)
57.4 ± 20.1 μg/g cr. 45.4 ± 8.47 μg/g cr.-12.0±14.8
21
μg/g cr. (p = 0.433) 0.9± 0.5 μg/g cr. 2.9± 1.8
μg/g cr.-1.6±1.6 (p = 0.312) 2.7 ± 1.5 μg/g cr.
1.0 ± 0.6 μg/g cr.-1.6±1.6 μg/g cr. (p =0.324)
0.3 ± 0.3 μg/g cr. 1.6 ± 1.1 μg/g cr.-1.3±1.2 μg/g cr. (p
=0.309)
12 2 (μg/g cr.)
- p b
12 591.9 ± 74.3 a 964.6 ± 170.7 372.7±191.1 0.077 12 600.1 ± 46.3 549.0±114.3 -51.1±88.5 0.576 12 57.4 ± 20.1 45.4 ± 8.5 -12.0±14.8 0.433 12 0.9± 0.5 2.9± 1.8 2.1± 1.9 0.312 12 2.7 ± 1.5 1.0 ± 0.6 -1.6±1.6 0.324 12 0.3 ± 0.3 1.6 ± 1.1 1.3±1.2 0.309
a Mean ± S.E
b Wilcoxon sign rank test
3 13
447.8 ± 104.9 μg/g cr. 403.4 ± 59.6 μg/g cr.-44.4
±128.0 μg/g cr. (p = 0.734) 411.2 ± 50.5 μg/g cr.
387.3±59.4 μg/g cr.-23.9±48.4 μg/g cr. (p = 0.629)
20.9 ± 5.9 μg/g cr. 25.0 ± 5.4 μg/g cr. 4.1±7.3 μg/g cr. (p
= 0.586) 8.0 ± 1.1 μg/g cr. 6.8± 1.3 μg/g cr.
-1.1±1.4 μg/g cr. (p = 0.436) 3.4 ± 0.7 μg/g cr.
4.7 ± 2.2 μg/g cr. 1.4±2.0 μg/g cr. (p =0.498)
6.4 ± 0.5 μg/g cr. 6.7 ± 1.7 μg/g cr. 0.4±1.8 μg/g cr. (p =
0.841)
22
13 3 (μg/g cr.)
- p b 14 447.8 ± 104.9 a 403.4 ± 59.6 -44.4±128.0 0.734 14 411.2 ± 50.5 387.3±59.4 -23.9±48.4 0.629 14 20.9 ± 5.9 25.0 ± 5.4 4.1±7.3 0.586 14 8.0 ± 1.1 6.8± 1.3 -1.1±1.4 0.436 14 3.4 ± 0.7 4.7 ± 2.2 1.4±2.0 0.498 14 6.4 ± 0.5 6.7 ± 1.7 0.4±1.8 0.841
a Mean ± S.E
b Wilcoxon sign rank test
4 14
574.3 ± 87.4 μg/g cr. 761.7 ± 194.4 μg/g cr.
187.4±197.3 μg/g cr. (p = 0.360) 520.3 ± 47.0 μg/g cr.
553.8±94.5 μg/g cr. 33.5±77.4 μg/g cr. (p = 0.672)
30.2 ± 5.1 μg/g cr. 40.1 ± 9.1 μg/g cr. 9.9±9.3 μg/g cr.
(p = 0.306) 3.2 ± 1.1 μg/g cr. 2.3 ± 0.8 μg/g
cr. -0.9±1.1 μg/g cr. (p = 0.455) 1.8 ± 0.5 μg/g cr.
0.8 ± 0.4 μg/g cr.-0.9±0.5 μg/g cr. (p =0.096)
2.9 ± 1.0 μg/g cr. 1.5 ± 0.6 μg/g cr.-1.5±0.8 μg/g cr. (p
=0.071)
14 4 (μg/g cr.)
- p b 10 574.3 ± 87.4 a 761.7 ± 194.4 187.4±197.3 0.360 10 520.3 ± 47.0 553.8±94.5 33.5±77.4 0.672 10 30.2 ± 5.1 40.1 ± 9.1 9.9±9.3 0.306 10 3.2 ± 1.1 2.3 ± 0.8 -0.9±1.1 0.455 10 1.8 ± 0.5 0.8 ± 0.4 -0.9±0.5 0.096 10 2.9 ± 1.0 1.5 ± 0.6 -1.5±0.8 0.071
a Mean ± S.E
23
4 15
612.7 ± 67.4 μg/g cr. 745.5 ± 79.5 μg/g cr.
-132.8 ± 101.8 μg/g cr. (p = 0.198) 57%(29/51)
552.8 ± 33.2 μg/g cr. 523.8 ± 42.6 μg/g cr.-30.0
± 39.5 μg/g cr. (p = 0.467) 51%(26/51)
37.7 ± 5.7 μg/g cr. 42.7 ± 4.2 μg/g cr. 5.0±5.9 μg/g
cr. (p = 0.400) 67%(34/51) 3.9 ±
0.7 μg/g cr. 3.4±0.7 μg/g cr.-0.5 ± 0.9 μg/g cr. (p =
0.576) 51%(26/51) 2.8 ± 0.5 μg/g
cr. 2.5 ± 0.7 μg/g cr.-0.3 ± 0.8 μg/g cr. (p =0.745)
41%(21/51) 2.8 ± 0.5 μg/g cr.
2.5 ± 0.7 μg/g cr.-0.3 ± 0.7 μg/g cr. (p = 0.644)
49%(25/51)
15 4 (μg/g cr.)
- p b 51 612.7 ± 67.4 a 745.5 ± 79.5 -132.8±101.8 0.198 51 552.8 ± 33.2 523.8±42.6 -30.0±39.5 0.467 51 37.7 ± 5.7 42.7 ± 4.2 5.0±5.9 0.400 51 3.9 ± 0.7 3.4±0.7 -0.5±0.9 0.576 51 2.8 ± 0.5 2.5 ± 0.7 -0.3±0.8 0.745 51 2.8 ± 0.5 2.5 ± 0.7 -0.3±0.7 0.644
a Mean ± S.E
(r = 0.932)
1 r =0.185
p =0.193 r =0.217 p =0.126
r =0.189 p =0.184
r =-0.193 p =0.174
r =-0.110 p =0.441
r =-0.340** p =0.015
r =0.105 p =0.463
r =-0.404** p =0.003
r =-0.086 p =0.550
r =-0.362** p =0.009
r =0.932** p <0.001
1
** p <0.05
17 (n=51)
1 r =0.318**
p =0.023 r =0.317** p =0.023
r =0.229 p =0.105
r =0.019 p =0.897
r =-0.022 p =0.880
r =-0.198 p =0.163
r =0.175 p =0.220
r =-0.304** p =0.030
r =-0.174 p =0.223
r =-0.181 p =0.203
r =0.728** p <0.001
1
** p <0.05
18


26

mg/m3





3.
33.5 mg/m3 6
9


6
(6.61991 mg/m3)
(2.90249 mg/m3)
0.14917 mg/m3)(0.05180 mg/m3) 7

- 1
() 1 1
() 1 0.5


NIOSH



699.7546.943.14.22.53.0 μg/g cr. 10


1 1 End of shift at end of workweek
Increase during shift2 25 µg/L 10 µg/L
20
21 22 1 1

1 1 (End of shift at end of workweek)
(Increase during shift)
a Mean ± S.E
22 (μg/L)
- p b 15 2.98 ± 0.92a 1.35 ± 0.70 -1.63±1.37 0.254 12 0.67 ± 0.61 1.91 ± 1.27 1.24±1.48 0.419 14 8.11 ± 0.35 10.2 ± 3.43 2.11 ± 3.48 0.556 10 1.55 ± 0.99 0.07±0.01 -1.48±1.00 0.171 51 2.56± 0.55 3.66 ± 1.14 -0.10±1.11 0.928
a Mean ± S.E


(r=0.932) 16
(r=0.318)(r=0.317)(r=0.450)(r=0.349)(r=-
0.304)(r=0.728)(r=0.333) 17


2
2
32

18

33




35

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36
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37

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