open on the worl

if mApril 1967 (20th year) U.K.: 1/6-stg. - Canada: 30 cents - France: 1 F

TREASURES

15

Regal head

Head of a king, a late 12th or early 13th-century sculpture in redmarble from the cathedral of Kalocsa (Hungary). An austere carving,characteristic of late Romanesque art, it was probably made in theart studio of the royal palace at Esztergom, a small Danubian town, resi-

1 1 1 Kj»MM I I rz 1 1 1 Til ¡jH | £r^H tzfzt ill Í¿I3^BiJii:] 1 1

the sculpture of 12th-century France. Great travellers, the artists ofthe Middle Ages gave a basic unity to the European art of their day.Photo Fine Arts Museum, Budapest

CourierPage

APRIL 1967 - 20TH YEAR

PUBLISHED IN

NINE EDITIONS

EnglishFrench

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Arabic

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Published monthly by UNESCO

The United Nations

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and Cultural Organization

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The UNESCO COURIER is published monthly, except

in August and September when it is bi-monthly (11 issues ayear) in English, French, Spanish, Russian, German, Arabic,Japanese and Italian. In the United Kingdom it is distributedby H.M. Stationery Office, P.O. Box 569, London, S.E.I.

Individual articles and photographs not copyrighted may

be reprinted providing the credit line reads "Reprinted fromthe UNESCO COURIER", plus date of issue, and three

voucher copies are sent to the editor. Signed articles re¬

printed must bear author's name. Non-copyright photoswill be supplied on request. Unsolicited manuscripts cannotbe returned unless accompanied by an international

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the opinions of UNESCO or those of the editors of theUNESCO COURIER.

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ers' Guide to Periodical Literature, published byH. W. Wilson Co., New York.

10

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38

A CULTURE IN THE MAKING

by F. Cyril James

EXPO 67

The world in a thousand acres

CANADA'S FAR NORTH

A land on the move

by Irene Baird

STAINED-GLASS OF MEDIEVAL EUROPE

An unparalleled international survey

FOUR PAGES IN FULL COLOUR

LAUGHTER AND ENDURANCE

Well-springs of Czechoslovak literature

by Adolf Hoffmeister

ORPHANAGE FOR WILD ANIMALS

By Richard Greenough

ARTISTS OF THE TUNDRA

FROM THE UNESCO NEWSROOM

LETTERS TO THE EDITOR

TREASURES OF WORLD ART

Regal head (Hungary)

Editorial Offices

Unesco, Place de Fontenoy, Paris-7e, France

Editor-in-Chief

Sandy Koffler

Assistant Editor-in-Chief

René Caloz

Assistant to the Editor-in-Chief

Lucio Attinelli

Managing EditorsEnglish Edition: Ronald Fenton (Paris)French Edition: Jane Albert Hesse (Paris)Spanish Edition: Arturo Despouey (Paris)Russian Edition: Victor Goliachkov (Paris)German Edition: Hans Rieben (Berne)Arabic Edition: Abdel Moneim El Sawi (Cairo)Japanese Edition: Shin-lchi Hasegawa (Tokyo)Italian Edition: Maria Remiddi (Rome)

Research: Olga Rodel

Layout & Design: Robert Jacquemin

All correspondence shouldbe addressed to the Editor-in-Chiefö Photo Canadian Nationalz Film Board

Photo C.C.W.E.,Montreal

Cover photo

The 1967 Universal and International

Exhibition opens this month in Montreal(Canada). Expo 67 with its theme"Man and His World" is the centrepieceof celebrations marking 100 yearsof Canadian Confederation. Nearly80 countries are participating. Left,young faces from a young nationone boy of European descent, theother an Eskimo. Right, fir treeshapes of Canadian Pulp andPaper Association pavilion at Expo 67symbolize the nation's forest riches.

THRUSTING SKYLINES. Burgeoning buildings aretransforming the skylines of scores of cities from Montrealand Toronto to Edmonton and Vancouver. Airview shows

the downtown section of Toronto, capital of OntarioProvince. It is built on the site of an Indian village whichbecame an important fur-trading post in the 18th century.

Photo National Film Board of Canada

culture in the makingby F. Cyril James

One hundred years ago, vast colonial territories in North America agreedon a basis for their union as an independent sovereign state. This wasthe birth of Canada's Confederation. Here, Dr. F. Cyril James, PrincipalEmeritus of McGill University, Montreal, reviews Canada's efforts overthe past century to realize its cultural identity and to develop its educationand science to the full.

D'URING the eighteenth andnineteenth centuries, the world was

dominated by great colonial empires.Canada was the first country to emergepeacefully from one of those empiresas an independent self-governing sov¬ereign state so that this year's centen¬nial celebration of Canadian Confede¬

ration is of profound contemporaryinterest.

In 1763, the year in which Voltairewrote his Treatise on Tolerance and

James Boswell first met Samuel John¬

son, the Treaty of Paris transferredCanada from French to English rule.The country was vast, some 4,000 milesfrom the Atlantic to the Pacific and

2,500 miles from the American bor¬der to the northernmost Arctic coast¬

line, but much of this territory was un¬known and unexplored. The climatewas almost identical to that of Siberia,

and still is. The indigenous populationcomprised some tens of thousands ofIndians and Eskimos.

Three groups of refugees, disinherit¬ed by their own countries, laid thefoundation for the development ofCanada during the remaining years ofthe eighteenth century and the openingdecades of the nineteenth aided to a

greater degree than is sometimes rec¬ognized by both Indians and Eskimos.

The first group comprised theFrench-Canadian habitants, the settlers

in Quebec abandoned by the seigneursand government officials who returnedto France after the Treaty of Paris.The second comprised the Scottishimmigrants who flocked to Canadaafter Bonnie Prince Charlie's army wasrouted at Culloden preferring freedom

F. CYRIL JAMES, distinguished educator andeconomist, was for 23 years Principal andVice-chancellor of McGill University, Montreal.He has been awarded honorary degrees byno less than 30 universities and institutions

of higher education in North America, Europeand Asia. He is the author of numerous

books and articles on economics and highereducation. Among his books: "The Economicsof Money, Credit and Banking," 1930 (3rd ed.1941), "The Road to Revival," 1932 and (asco-author), "The Meaning of Money." 1935,"Economic Problems in a Changing World."1939 and "McGill the Story of a University,"i960. Dr. lames is now Principal Emeritus ofMcGill University and an honorary presidentof the International Association of Universities.

in a bleak new country to the domina¬tion of English and Hanoverian troopsin the highlands of Scotland. The thirdgroup, the United Empire Loyalists, wasmade up of those Americans who dis¬liked the republicanism that engender¬ed the War of Independence and, after1776, trekked northwards to Canada sothat they might continue to live asloyal subjects of the King of England.

Hundreds of thousands of refugees,speaking different languages and mostof them impoverished, living in acountry that even today can feel bleakand inhospitable during the wintermonths! The prospect that a greatnation would emerge from such a cru¬cible must have seemed remote al¬

most incredible but Canada had one

asset of supreme importance, the fur-bearing animals that roamed its vastforests.

Europe wanted furs: Canada hadthem to export. French, Scots andAmerican Loyalists worked together todevelop the fur trade, based uponMontreal and worked is the signifi¬cant word in this context. "The Cana¬

dian fur trade at that time was probab¬ly the hardest in which free men everengaged, and some of the feats on therivers astound the modern imagination.The voyageurs paddled all day at theaverage rate of forty strokes to theminute, and over the portages theyhad to carry both their canoes andtheir trade goods on their backs." (1)

When, on March 29, 1867, the Par¬

liament of the United Kingdom passedthe British North America Act under

which Quebec, Ontario, Nova Scotiaand New Brunswick were incorporatedinto the Dominion of Canada, agricul¬ture and lumbering had replaced thefur-trade as the foundation of the

Canadian economy.

Canals and railways were beginningto provide cheap transportation forbulky products that moved down to theeastern seabord and steamships car¬ried those goods from Halifax andMontreal to the ports of England andother European countries. The inter¬national economy of the nineteenth 5

(1) Hugh MacLennan: "McGill, The Story ofa University."

CONTINUED ON PAGE 7

HIGHWAY

TO THE SEA

The St. Lawrence Seaway,one of the world's

major engineering feats,harnessed nearly 200 milesof Canada's mightiestriver for deep-seanavigation from Montreal,the world's largest inlandseaport, to the head ofthe Great Lakes. Since

1959, ocean-going shipshave been able to

traverse the 2,300 milesfrom the Atlantic to thefarthest reaches of the

Great Lakes. On route,between Lake Ontario

and Lake Erie, eight lockson the Weiland Canal lift

ships 326 ft. up theNiagara Falls escarpmentover a distance of

28 miles. On Lake Superiorships are 602 ft. abovesea level. Top, oceanvessel in the Seawaymoves incongruously overa roadway spanned by alock beyond Montreal and240 ft. above sea level.

Bottom, ship making forthe Great Lakes leaves

behind the lights ofMontreal. Islands (upperleft) have sincfe been joinedto create the site for

Expo 67 (seepage 12).

A CULTURE IN THE MAKING (Continued)

The surge to nationhood

century was already taking shape, andCanada was an integral part of it.

By 1886, the Canadian Pacific Rail¬way had been completed, spanning thecontinent from the Atlantic to the Paci¬

fic Oceans so that the motto of

Canada A Mari usque ad Mare wasindeed a statement of fundamental

truth.

Canada had become a nation. It

was developing economically and poli¬tically, but it had not found a culturalidentity.

Universities had long been in exis¬tence. In the Maritime Provinces, Aca¬dia, Dalhousie, King's College and theUniversity of New Brunswick had be¬gun to admit students a generationor more before Confederation. In

Quebec the Great Seminary foundedby Bishop Laval in 1765 had becomethe university that bears his name anda steadily increasing number of col¬leges classiques were operating underits auspices while McGill University,endowed by one of the outstanding fur-traders in 1813, was educating studentsin Montreal. In Ontario, the King'sCollege that was to become the Uni¬versity of Toronto had been chartered

in 1827 and Queens University in 1841.

Most of these, however, were at thetime of Confederation small and strug¬gling institutions short of money andteaching staff: they were not destinedto attain international reputation untilthe twentieth century.

Much the same must be said of the

Royal Canadian Academy and theRoyal Society of Canada, which cameinto existence during the generationfollowing Confederation so that, inessence, the cultural institutions ofCanade were no more than feeble

copies ur those in Europe and, to someextent, the United States.

Even in terms of railroad transporta¬tion, Canada was still a yast countrythat demanded the best part of a weekto cross from Halifax to Victoria. Local

communities were isolated to an extent

that it is hard for us to visualise.

The cultural revolution during thetwentieth century has been dramatic,but it did not gather momentum untilthe late 1920s and early 1930s andcame to full flowering only after thesecond World War. As might be ex¬pected in a country using two langua¬ges but with no more than a minority

of bilingual citizens, the earliest deve¬lopments were in the graphic artsand in music.

To cite examples (and nothing beyondthis is possible in a short article) theGroup of Seven developed a recogni¬zably Canadian school of painting soonafter the conclusion of the first World

War and Emily Carr deserves specialmention because of her effective use

of Indian motifs in her pictures. InMontreal, during the years of the greatdepression, the Symphony Orchestracame to birth under the leadership ofDouglas Clarke, including from its in¬ception both French and English-speaking musicians. But, althoughthere was an orchestra, there was no

adequate concert hall.

As a kind of bench-mark regardingthe largest (and, to me, most fascinat¬ing) city in Canada, it is worth record¬ing that orchestral, operatic and balletperformances were staged either inthe McGill University Gymnasium orin the Forum (normally used for ice-hockey) until the magnificent Place desArts was completed in 1963. Somecities, notably Toronto and Winnipeg,

CONTINUED ON PAGE 9

Photo Canadian Government Travel Bureau

Audience at a mountain

chalet topping MountRoyal, Montreal, listens

to a summer eveningconcert by the city'ssymphony orchestra.

Montreal is built around

this wooded mountain,

named in 1535 by JacquesCartier, discoverer of

Canada. Mount Royal(750 ft. high) covers

500 acres and offers a

panoramic view ofMontreal, second-largest

French-speakingcity in the world.

Above, helicopter pilot scans thehorizon for geologists he has cometo pick up on Ellesmere Island.Even on modern geological surveyoperations there is plenty ofold-fashioned foot slogging to bedone. Right, the wastes of Canada'snorthern forests hide immense

mineral deposists. Canada's mineralproduction is worth an annual$3,000 million and represents40 per cent of its exports. Below,geologist uses compass to checkdirection of a mineral formation.

Photos National Film Board of Canada

Photo Paul Almasy, Pari

AIRBORNE GEOLOGISTS

About 15 years ago Canada's geologists estim¬ated that more than two-thirds of their country'ssprawling 4,000,000 square miles were stillunmapped geologically. At this rate anothercentury would be needed to finish even a pre¬liminary survey. Since then the helicopter hasincreasingly entered the picture and, combinedin operations with fixed wing planes, it hasenabled the Geological Survey of Canada tomap geologically as much of Canada in adecade as in the previous 100 years. TodayCanada launches nearly a dozen airborne op¬erations a year on missions of vital importancefor a country so dependent on mineral wealth.

Today's flying geologist can coverin a week an area that would

previously have taken a full seasonby canoe, packhorse or on foot.

Here, a geologist in ahelicopter examines a glacier

on Ellesmere Island.

A CULTURE IN THE MAKING (Continued)

Leapfrogging barriers of distance

constructed splendid auditoriums a fewyears earlier, but the Montreal bench¬mark is relevant.

In a very real sense, this culturalrevolution that has given Canada anew sense of national identity owesmuch to the technological revolutionduring the past few decades and tothe policies of the Government ofCanada.

The Canadian Broadcasting Corpora¬tion, sponsored by the government, es¬tablished a national network first bywireless and later by television mak¬ing it possible for all the people, nomatter how far away from the greatcentres of population, to share culturalprogrammes and events of nationalimportance.

The C.B.C. also spent money to com¬mission new works from playwrightsand composers: it subsidised orches¬tras and other cultural groups. Muchthe same might be said of the Na¬tional Film Board, another governmen¬tal corporation, whose productionswere not only seen in all parts ofCanada but won acclaim at inter¬national film festivals.

But if radio and television were the

first of the technological aids to theemergence of a Canadian culturalpattern, the aeroplane was the second.When it is remembered that the easterncoast of Newfoundland is one thousand

miles further from the western coastof British Columbia than it is from

Paris, the significance of air travel isapparent. As Trans-Canada Airlines(another government corporation) de¬veloped, one could cross Canada inhours rather than days and CanadianPacific Airlines opened up the north-land where there were no railwaysand few usable roads.

T,he Royal Society of Canada

and the more recently-created NationalResearch Council rapidly developedinto organizations where scholars andscientists from all parts of the countrycould meet and exchange ideas. TheNational Conference of Canadian Uni¬

versities became a more lively andeffective body and more specializedlearned societies from classicists to

physicists came into existence.

All of these cultural trends, whichowed so much to modern technology,were apparent before the end of the

second World War in 1945. Theywould certainly have continued undertheir own momentum but, in April 1949,the Government of Canada gave apowerful stimulus by appointing theRoyal Commission on National Deve¬lopment in the Arts, Letters and Scien¬ces with the Right Honourable VincentMassey as Chairman and the Most

Reverend Georges-Henri Lévesque asVice-Chairman.

The two years from 1949 to 1951,when the Report of the Commissionwas published, constitute a water¬shed in Canadian cultural history.Canadians were forced to look atthemselves and their institutions

broadcasting, art galleries, museums,libraries, the theatre and universities.

They were forced to appraise theirown cultural image in contrast to thefamiliar patterns of Europe and theUnited States.

It is not possible here todeal with all the recommendations of

the Report but two are significantenough to demand emphasis. Inregard to the work of Canadian univer¬sities, outside their formal programmesof education, the Commission record¬ed its opinion that:

"They are local centres for educa¬tion at large and patrons of everymovement in aid of the arts, letters

and sciences. They also serve thenational cause in so many ways,direct and indirect, that theirs must

be regarded as the finest of contri¬butions to the national strength andunity... Not only does the univer¬sity serve voluntary groups, it is alsothe fountain-head of a stream of

communal activities. University libra¬ries, conservatories of music, collec¬

tions of pictures, films, gramophonerecords, museum materials of all

sorts are placed at the disposal ofthe public."

In recognition of these services, theRoyal Commission proposed that theGovernment of Canada should make

annual grants to enlarge the revenuesof the universities and legislation waspromptly enacted to implement thisrecommendation.

The second significant proposal ofthe Royal Commission deserves to bequoted in full:

"That a body be created to beknown as the Canada Council for

the Encouragement of the Arts,Letters, Humanities and Social Scien¬

ces to stimulate and help voluntaryorganizations within these fields, tofoster Canada's cultural relations

abroad, to perform the functions ofa national commission for Unesco

and... to administer a system ofscholarships."

Once again, the Government ofCanada promptly implemented therecommendation and the Canada

Council was legally established with nan initial endowment of $ 100,000,000. MNot all of the cultural developmentsthat have occurred since 1952 can

be attributed to the Canada Council

CONTINUED ON PAGE 30

Photos C.C.W.E., Montreal

EXPO 67The world

in a thousand acres

Over 300 pavilions and structures havebeen built to house the Montreal Universal

Exhibition. Photos show two Canadian

pavilions: left, the Gyrotron which willtake visitors for a "voyage through space"inside a huge pyramid-shaped constructionand then carry them into the "boiling craterof a volcano". Right, Ontario Provincepavillon, a multi-pyramidic structure ofplastic and fibreglass.

10

E XPO 67 the popular name for the 1967 Universal and International

Exhibition opens this month as centrepiece of Canada's 100th birthday cele¬brations. As host city, Montreal has prepared for the exhibition a site and a

theme worthy of the occasion. The site is a one-thousand acre largely man-madecomplex of islands in the St. Lawrence River. The theme: Man and His World.

Expo's theme title was suggestedby a work of the French author andaviator, Antoine de Saint Exupéry. InTerre des Hommes, Saint Exupérywrote: "To be a man is to feel that

through one's own contribution onehelps to build a world."

To create a microcosm of man's

world past, present and future

on the St. Lawrence site, some 9,000

men. have laboured for three years.Today, Expo 67 raises a- futuristic sky¬line of cones, spheres, cubes, bubbles,and other shapes in all, over 300pavilions and structures.

The exhibition presents the story ofMan and His World Man the Creator,Man In the Community, Man the Ex

plorer, Man the Producer, Man the Pro¬vider in five special theme buildingsand in nearly every pavilion of over70 participating nations. These themesembrace the most significant aspectsof human experience and endeavourand thus interest Unesco and the whole

United Nations family, particularly theFood and Agriculture and the WorldHealth Organizations.

Expo questions, explains and dra¬matizes man and his works. It ex¬

plores the nature of man, what he doesand where he is bound. It recounts

his struggle and coming to terms

with his environment: learning to sur¬

vive in frozen lands, combating disease

and hunger, coping with problems oflife in a modern city and now facingthe results of a world population

explosion.

In its story of Man the Explorer, forinstance, Expo shows how he has

probed deep beneath the oceans andfar into the polar regions; inwardstowards the depths of the earth andoutwards into space; how he hasdevised tools to explore the minutest

workings of his own body; and itexplains what he has learned of hisphysical self and his physical sur¬roundings.

In one of the three interconnected

Explorer pavilions stands a globe twostories high the model of a humancell magnified a million times. Actualliving cells, feeding and multiplying,can be viewed through microscopes,and changing light patterns on a hugemodel of the human brain explain itsstructure and demonstrate how it

functions. A fully-operating laboratoryshows equipment and methods used

for exploring the biological world, andother exhibits measure man's depen¬dence on nature.

Man and His Planet deals with man's

exploration on, in and above the earth.Man is already reaching out to otherworlds from his own space ship, the

earth, yet he still Inhabits less thanthirty per cent of its surface. Afterabusing and destroying its resourcesfor centuries past, only now is he

learning to conserve natural andmineral wealth; to replant forests andpreserve wildlife; to reclaim the aridlands; to clean the air; to share food

and knowledge.

an above the Earth opens

a window on space exploration what

man is learning about his capacity tosurvive and function in space, the

possibility of inhabiting other planets,the search for intelligent life on distantworlds.

Man and the Oceans depicts the

birth of our great water masses andtheir exploration and conquest by man.

It introduces the age of underwaterexploration, displaying diving vehiclesthat are opening up one of man's lastfrontiers and a preview of its potentialwealth. A forest of ocean productsfills transparent prisms that jut from

ceiling and floor like stalactites andstalagmites.

In Man and the Polar Regions, a

moving amphitheatre can take 2,000people an hour on an imaginaryjourney to the vast polar masses, usingmulti-screen images, special soundtechniques and three-dimensionalmodels. The value of polar research

is stressed, especially in Antarctica

where many nations work togetheron peaceful studies for science.

By 1990, more than half the worldwill live in communities of 100,000 or

more. What is this cramming of maninto cities doing to community andfamily life? Man in the Communityuses cartoons, puppets, films, displaysand a remarkable visible and audible

"experience" called "Citerama" toexplore the impact of the city and oftechnology on man. An associatedpavilion examines the problems ofMan and Health, demonstrating suchmodern medical techniques as open

heart operations and kidney grafts andunderlining man's debt to medicalscience. 1 1

The world abounds with natural ' *resources. Man takes and turns them

into products and machines. Society

CONTINUED ON NEXT PAGE

EXPO 67 (Continued)

The world

of man

the producer

creates technology which, in turn,remakes society. Yet, overwhelmed byhis own ingenuity, man often createssituations he cannot control. Will he

become a modern Sorcerer's Appren¬

tice? No, Says Expo, since electronics,communications and computers offereffective means to control the wealth

of technology created by man. This isthe story Man the Producer presentedunder headings of resources, progress-and control.

Man breaks through technologicalbarriers and multiplies his powers ofobservation a millionfold. Dem¬

onstrations show how satellites in

space observe for him, how he useselectron microscopes to probe thestructure of living cells, how infra redand radar enables him to "see" in the

dark. Other displays show man

harnessing the energy of fuels, theatom and the sun. In one, scientists

turn mineral oil ' into white edible

protein powder an important advance

HABITAT 67 : A NEW CONCEPT

The striking housing complex shown below is

probably the most ambitious single exhibit of

Expo 67 in Montreal. The seemingly haphazard

pile of giant concrete boxes (detail right) is

one of modern architecture's boldest and most

imaginative housing designs. Stacked 120 feet

high, the blocks form 158 apartments, most

with a big terrace, all with a view and a privacy

unknown in today's conventional apartment

houses. Prefabricated on the site and with

lighting and heating fixtures installed, each unit

is swung into place by a giant crane (left).

"Habitat 67", as the project is called, offers

15 different types of homes.

JE- . fc- '-t^r~î

Photo C.C.W.E., Montreal

s«C~ 3i£>':-v.:-SSÇ.-V--1;sP

12

MAN-MADE ISLAND. Over one half of the 400 hectare (1,000 acre)site for Montreal's World Exhibition was reclaimed from the

St. Lawrence River. Photo left shows area in July 1963 beforework began. In centre is St. Helen's Island whose area wasdoubled by reclamation. Between it and the St. Lawrence Seaway(on right) is a complex of small islands and shoals. Photoright shows the formidable engineering feat accomplished. A

completely new island, called Notre-Dame, has been built againstthe St. Lawrence Seaway boundary dyke and is joined toSt. Helen's Island. There are now lakes and canals on both

islands. During earth-filling operations, an average truckloadentered the site every 30 seconds for 24 hours a day andsix days a week over many months. Spoil from Montreal'smetro system, then under construction, also came in handy.

Photo O Patrix, Paris

in a world so largely dependent onanimal and vegetable matter for itsfood.

Also on view against a backgroundof the enormous range of goods manmanufactures today, are the machinesthat make the products.

In a vertical automated factory,85 feet high, materials are fed intothe top, move down the line, takeshape, and every fifteen seconds outcomes a TV set from one line and a

film projector from the other. Actually,one set and one projector are beingturned out over and over again, afterbeing taken apart behind the scenes.If kept continuously supplied withparts, the factory would produce onemillion TV sets and films projectorsby the time Expo ends next October.

Man the Creator has brought toge¬ther outstanding collections of paint¬ing, sculpture, photography and in¬dustrial designs from around the world.

Focal point is the exhibition of fine

arts over 180 masterpieces of world

art, from Rembrandt to Chagal, Tin¬toretto to Picasso chosen by aninternational committee in terms of

Expo's theme. The result is a pre¬sentation in art of the universality of

man. Some fifty works of contem¬porary sculpture have also been

assembled and are displayed outdoorsamong trees and rocks.

The community of man as caught inthe lenses of the world's great photo¬graphers is also on display. Some500 photographs on this theme werechosen from among 40,000 prints.An exhibition of the work of eighteenof the world's leading industrial designschools shows what art is doing toimprove the quality and appearanceof articles in everyday use.

FFROM the time Expo opens

its doors on April 28, 1967, to the time

it closes on October 27, 1967, nearly35 million people will have been addedto the world 35 million new mouths

to feed. The challenge of feeding ahungry world which is experiencing apopulation explosion is the concern

of Man the Provider, largest of thetheme layouts which fills nine pavilions

on an eight-acre site.

Man the Provider is a report onsuccess and failure, abundance vs.

famine, farming science vs. outdatedmethods. On display are the fruits

of man's agricultural ingenuity, theimprovements he has brought to soilscience, plant and animal breeding,insect and plant disease control,mechanization and automation. But

the problem of using these newtechniques and of developing othersthat would help feed the hungry halfof the world is never lost sight of.

The theme of Man and His World

is woven into the exhibits of most

national pavilions. Canada tells how

its people meet the challenges of cli¬mate, distance and communications.

The United States demonstrates the

creative efforts of man in a prosperousand automated society. The Nether¬lands builds its story around the

struggle against the sea to achieveliving space and prosperity. TheU.S.S.R. gives prominence toman's conquests in space exploration.Israel's exhibit is based on the theme

of man's struggle against the desert.

Expo 67 says of itself: "In thespectacular development of the boldtheme, Man and His World, the

exhibition will provide an educationalstimulus to mankind. The examination

of man's aspirations and man's com¬

mon goals will contribute greatly tounderstanding between peoples."

13

A land on the move

CANADA'S FAR NORTHby Irene Baird

HAT is the quality aboutCanada's northern territories the hugelands that lie north of the ten pro¬

vinces that pricks the curiosity andstirs the imagination of so much ofthe rest of the world?

Only about 40,000 people live there.No more than could be lost in the

IRENE BAIRD, Canadian writer and novelist,has made a special study of developmentproblems in Canada's far northern territo¬ries. She has also served as a consultant

to the U.N. Technical Assistance Adminis¬

tration on press and information needs oftechnical assistance missions in the field.

metropolitan areas of Montreal andToronto.

The north is not the home of the

world-famous. For all its exotic image,that journalists and television produ¬cers from other countries come so far

and try so hard to catch in print andon film, few northerners are known byname outside Canada. And the names

of the few who are may be hard topronounce. Like Kenojuak, the bril¬

liant young Eskimo artist whose graphicart and sculpture have created for her

a reputation far beyond the village ofCape Dorset where she lives.

Is there some spell then about sheersize and remoteness? The north is

big; a million and a half squaremiles in area; one third of the second

largest, country in the world (only theU.S.S.R. is bigger than Canada). Butsize alone explains nothing in a worldgenerously endowed with big countries.And air travel has made remoteness,

even in the most far-off places, a rel¬ative word.

From Edmonton, Montreal, Winnipegand Vancouver, the Yukon and the

Northwest Territories are only flyinghours away. Their capitals, Whitehorse

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Photo O Paul Almasy, Paris

Inuvik, a village in Canada's farnorthwest, 400 kilometres (350 miles)within the Arctic Circle, is now animportant scientific community. Sincea government research station wasset up there nearly six years ago,geologists, physicists, meteorologistsand ice-observers have been usingthe north as a huge outdoor laboratory,assembling data that will be used todevelop the arctic regions. Left,Eskimo villagers on the frozen iceof Lake Harbour (Baffin Land).

and Yellowknife, are linked to southern

Canada by air service that ranges fromjets to the two-seaters used by pros¬

pectors and geologists. On northernairfields or moored to a lakeside dock,

these bright-painted tough little planeslook frail as dragonflies.

If, on some winter days, when insouthern as well as northern Canada

planes are grounded and you cannotreach the north, your voice still can.

Mass communications the Northern

Service of the Canadian BroadcastingCorporation, telephone, telex, the bul¬letins of the arctic weather stations

feed north and south in a continuous

two-way exchange.

It's a rare home in the north that

doesn't have a radio; the voice of theCBC reaches Eskimo and Indian liste¬

ners in their own dialects. Northerners

like to talk and on radio everybody hasa chance to air their views and hear

what the other fellow is saying. Ifcity listeners grow bored with radio,not so the isolated. Voices are a vital

human link not only between the northand south but between widely scat¬tered communities throughout thenorth.

Yet for all the great contributionsof science and technology the north isstill inwardly and outwardly frontier

country, full of the style and spirit of

a region moving towards the status ofa province and impatient to achieve it.A land where weather and distance

can be at their most formidable and

the individual whatever his race counts

heavily. He is himself; not a meredigit of man in the mass. People fromother countries must find this frontier

quality attractive, too, because somany of them are in the north.

Geography has created no set pat¬tern for the land save its immense

size. The territories extend west to

east from the borders of Alaska to

the rocky east coast of Baffin Island

and north from the provincial bounda¬ries to the continental limits of Canada

in the high arctic.

Within this rough triangle lies a jig¬saw puzzle of mountains and tundra,uncountable lakes and semi-deserts,

CONTINUED ON NEXT PAGE

15

CANADA'S FAR NORTH (Continued)

vast expanses of spongy muskeg, starkout-croppings of ancient rock. A land¬scape built from millions of years ofgeological time.

The north is many things to manydifferent sorts of men.

To the mining executive it is anarea of potential wealth and high costoperation. One man who is nowengaged on a major mining develop¬ment 300 miles inside the Arctic Circle

has said, "In a remote northern loca¬

tion. . . the ordinary difficulties aremultiplied a thousand times." He wasreferring here to the whole parapher¬nalia of development from discovery tomarkets. Yet all over the north the

work gets done. Obstacles are beatendown or bent and twisted into oppor¬tunities.

To the scientists working at thegovernment research station at Inuvikin the western arctic, the north is a

huge outdoor laboratory where lifeforms range from Nanook, the polarbear, to delicate summer butterflies

and ferocious mosquitos. A regionwhere caribou, musk-ox, polar bearand the sea mammals can be studied

as they move and drift among thesolitudes driven by urges older thanscience. Where geologists, geo¬graphers, physicists, meteorologistsand ice observers probe the secrets

of air, land and sea providing basicdata for northern development and

adding their knowledge to the poolof world science.

In 1962, a year before the Inuvikstation was opened, the (then) Depart¬ment of Northern Affairs and National

Resources initiated a Grants program¬me to meet the need for more trained

scientists, to stimulate research in the

north and encourage Canadian univer¬sities and other interested bodies to

engage in northern studies and expe¬ditions. From a modest $60,000 the

first year, the Grants programme hasincreased to $595,000 this year andincludes aid to ten Canadian universi¬

ties, the Yukon Research and Develop-

CONTINUED ON PAGE 31

TO SCHOOL

BY SLED &

DOG TEAM

Children who attend

the village schoolat Tuktoyaktuk arepicked up each dayby a sled and dogteam. Below, theschool "bus" touringthe district, and(right) delivering itspassengers at school.Tuktoyaktuk, near tothe mouth of the

Mackenzie River, onthe Arctic Ocean, isan Eskimo villageof about 1,000 people.A dozen years agoTuktoyaktuk had theonly federal schoolin the northwest.

Today, thanks toCanada's educational

developmentprogramme, there arefederal 64 schools.

Jß

Photos © Paul Almasy,Paris

. "w -

*>--

'

16

.-. ' '

m

AN UNPARALLELED INTERNATIONAL SURVEY

Thousands of

stained-glass windowsfrom medieval times

0,FNE of the great trea¬sures of man's cultural heritage arethe stained-glass windows of medievalEurope. Yet for a long time few fieldsIn the history of art showed so manygaps. Paradoxically, it was theSecond World War which made pos¬sible the comprehensive study ofthousands of masterpieces in stainedglass. In war-threatened areas theseworks were taken to safety and, oftenfor the first time, indexed and photo¬graphed.

In 1949, Professor Hans R. Harm¬loser of Bern (Switzerland) proposeda country-by-country inventory of allstained-glass windows made in Europebetween the twelfth and sixteenth cen¬

turies. Work on this Corpus Vitrea-rum Med/7 Aevi, which is being carriedout with the collaboration of leadingspecialists, will take no less than 20 to30 years to complete. The Corpuswill comprise 75 large-format volumesrichly illustrated with black and white

and coloured plates, a few of whichare reproduced on our colour pages.Unesco is supporting the project withaid in publishing and research.

Seven volumes dealing with worksin Switzerland, France, Belgium,Austria, the Federal Republic of Ger¬many and Scandinavia have appearedsince 1956. Five (Belgium, France, Ger¬many) are to appear shortly and afurther 23 are in preparation. Eachvolume has a preface, an historicalintroduction, a catalogue of stained-glass windows for a particular monu¬ment or period, as well as an incono-graphic, historical, stylistic and technic¬al study, and reproductions. Eachvolume is prepared by a national com¬mittee affiliated to a special groupcreated by the International Commiteefor the History of Art to co-ordinatework on the Corpus. Professor Harm¬loser is chairman of the editorial com¬

mittee.

The immense undertaking of the

18

CORPUS VITREARUM MEDII AEVI

The first seven volumes

SCHWEIZ (I) - Die Glasmalereien der Schweiz vom Î2. bis zum Beginndes 14. Jahrhunderts

by Ellen J. Beer. Published by Birkhäuser Verlag, Basel, 1956. Price: 50 fr.s.

SCHWEIZ (III) - Die Glasmalereien der Schweiz aus dem 14. und 15.Jahrhundert

by Ellen J. Beer. Published by Birkhäuser Verlag, Basel, 1965. Price: 80 fr.s.

DEUTSCHLAND (I) - Die Glasmalereien in Schwaben von 1200-1350

by Hans Wentzel. Published by Deutscher Verein für Kunstwissenschaft, Berlin1958. Price: DM 80.

FRANCE (I) - Les Vitraux de Notre-Dame et de la Sainte-Chapelle deParis

by Marcel Aubert, Jean Grodecki, Jean Lafond, Jean Vernier. Published by La CaisseNational des Monuments Historiques, Paris, 1959. Price: 100 Fr.

OSTERREICH (I) - Die mittelalterlichen Glasgemälde In Wienby Eva Frodl-Kraft. Published by Institut für österreichische Kunstforschung desBundesdenkmalamtes, Vienna, 1962. Price: DM 78.

BELGIQUE (I) - les Vitraux médiévaux conservés en Belgique 1200-1500by Jean Helbig. Published by Le Ministère de l'Education Nationale et de la Culture,Brussels, 1961. Price: 800 F.B.

SKANDINAVIEN - Die Glasmalereien des Mittelalters In Skandinavien

by Aron Andersson, Sigrid Christie. Carl Axel Nordman, Aage Roussell. Publishedby Kungl. Vitterhets Historie och Antikvitets Akademien, Stockholm, 1964. Price:250 Swedish Kr.

Corpus Vitrearum is warranted by thefact that, despite losses sustainedover the centuries, the survivingstained-glass windows in Europe stillconstitute an enormous wealth of

art treasures.

The development of the art of stain¬ed glass was linked to the rise ofGothic architecture and the construc¬

tion of more and more churches and

cathedrals from the 12th centuryonwards. A mosaic of pieces ofglass, coloured and painted, thenmounted in a frame of lead, the stain¬

ed-glass window is a monumental formof the painter's art. Its origin goesback to antiquity and stained glasswork was already used in the earlyChristian basilicas, but no importantcomposition older than the twelfthcentury has come down to us.

Gothic architecture, with its manybays and windows beneath vaultssoaring ever higher, made room in itslightened structure for the medieval

CONTINUED ON PAGE 23

Opposite

SCOURGING THE MONEY CHANGERS.

A 14th-century Austrian stained glass windowdepicting the New Testament story of Jesusoverturning the tables of the money changersand scourging them from the temple. Thedramatic treatment of the scene places it as awork by the Vienna school of glass painting.The original site of the window is not known,but the master glass painters of Lower Austriamay have executed it for a private chapel. Thework (47 cm. by 37 cm.; 18 in. by 14 in.) is nowin Austria's Museum of Applied Arts, Vienna.

Photo © Bundesdenkmalamt, Vienna

Centre colour pages

COLLECTING THE MARKET TAX.

Superb stained glass adorns Tournai Cathedral(Belgium) a building completed at the end ofthe 13th-century. In the south apse of thetransept is an unusual group of secular scenes."The Privileges", as these five 15th-centuryworks are called, show the levying of tollson bridges and of taxes on weights and measures,wine, beer and market stalls. In the windowshown, town officials collect taxes from themarket vendors. The realistic scenes were

composed by the master glass painter Arnoultof Nimeguen, designer of many other windowsin the cathedral. But they were actuallypainted by one of his colleagues who, sincehis name has not come down to us, isknown as The Master of the Privileges.

I Photo © A.C.L., Brussels

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STAINED-GLASS WINDOWS (Continued)

75 volumes, 30 years' work

glass window to expand. The SainteChapelle In Paris, built by KingLouis IX between 1243 and 1248, is anexample par excellence of a buildingthat is no more than a masonry shellsupporting a huge area of stainedglass over 615 square metres (6,600sq. ft.) set in windows reaching15 metres (50ft.) in height.

These stained glass windows hadthree functions: they admitted light tothe building; they provided a form ofdecoration of incomparable richnessthanks to the play of natural light; theyset forth religious teaching in a waythat the people could readily under¬stand, every window recounting oneor more stories from the Old or New

Testament, or from the Lives of theSaints.

Little by little they also came to tellof historical events and to depict epi¬sodes of everyday life and work. Thisreligious and secular picture-teachingconstantly derived new vitality fromthe style of the stained-glass artists,while technical research led to the use

of more and more varied colours. The

art of stained glass steadily changed

and developed from the twelfth to thefifteenth century.

The Corpus Vitrearum Medii Aevlwill be the first complete study onmedieval European stained glass. Theopening volume of the "Germany"series (15 volumes in all) was publishedin 1958, and dealt with Swabian worksfrom 1200 to 1350. Two of the four

volumes planned for the "Switzer¬land" series were published in 1956and 1965. Volume I covers twelfth to

fourteenth-century windows and Vol¬ume III those of the fourteenth and

fifteenth centuries (Volume II willappear later).

The first volume of the "France"

series (which will number 25) appearedin 1959; it deals exclusively with thestained-glass windows of the Cathe¬dral of Notre-Dame and the Sainte

Chapelle in Paris. The numerical im¬portance of the French series isexplained by the wealth of stainedglass in France's cathedrals. At thestart of the Second World War,50,000 square metres (540,000 sq.ft) ofstained-glass windows were removedto safety and thus survived almostunscathed; 150,000 panels were photo

graphed before being removed andafter restoration.

Volume I of the "Belgium" series(three volumes) surveys the relativelyscanty survivals of the medievalperiod proper (1200-1500), a result ofthe wars and invasions that Belgiumhas experienced. Stained glass wasvery widely used in Belgium from thetwelfth century onwards, but most ofthe surviving works date from the firsthalf of the sixteenth century. Twovolumes will be devoted to them.

The first volume of the "Austria"

series (four volumes) published in1962 deals exclusively with stainedglass in the buildings of Vienna. Inthe "Scandinavia" series (1964), onevolume covers the stained-glass win¬dows of Denmark, Norway, Swedenand Finland. Other series are plan¬ned for Great Britain, Italy, Spain,Poland, Czechoslovakia and the United

States (where many stained-glass win¬dows are preserved in museums).

The Corpus makes a decisive con¬tribution to the history of European artand reveals the great currents of inter¬national exchange that enriched theart of stained glass.

Scenes and figures fromepisodes in the New and OldTestaments fill the five soaringwindows in the chancel of the

church of Saint Dionys atEsslingen (Federal Republicof Germany). Each windowhas no less than 56 motifs.

Shown here is Judas

Maccabaeus, a well-preservedexample of late 13th or early14th century stained glass.Photo (©) Deutscher Verein fürKunstwissenschaft

COLOUR PAGE

Left, two early 12th-century medallionsfrom the Rose Window of Lausanne Cathedral.

(Switzerland). Bottom, the month of May ;top, the sun. The numerous

motifs in the Rose Window compose a pictorialencyclopedia in glowing colours, an outstandingexample of works of this kind that are oftenfound in the windows of Gothic churches.

Among the motifs are the months of the year,the seasons, the heavenly bodies,the elements, the signs of the Zodiac, terrestialmonsters and the rivers of Paradise.

Photos Hans Hinz, Basel.

Far left, John the Baptist, an early 15th centurywindow from the chancel of the

monastery church of St. Margarethental,Basel, and now preserved in the HistoryMuseum at Basel (Switzerland).Photo © Historisches Museum, Basel

23

LAUGHTER AND ENDURANCEWell-springs of Czechoslovak literature

by Adolf Hoffmeister

L

24

ITERATURE Is like a river

which crosses the landscape of life,reflecting the sky, the banks, thebridges, the boats and fishermen.Great literatures contain great rivers.Dickens is the' Thames, Tolstoy theVolga, Sholokhov the Don, Faulknerthe Mississippi. And the metaphorcould be taken still further. But who,then, is the Loire, who the Seine, theGaronne and the Rhône? Who is

the Elbe and the Moldau, the Danube

and the Vah ? Metaphors must notbe taken too far, after all. And yetliteratures are like rivers and poetslike their sources. They draw theirinspiration from a stream. They pro¬vide the current. Sometimes, it is true,there is nothing but water and thiswater only evaporates with the lapseof time.

In the centre of Europe, continuallythreatened by invaders, the Czech andSlovak peoples, realistic, hard-working,heretical and inflexible, persist obsti¬nately with their own truth and areready to brave every storm. Situated ata crossroads of civilization, impelledby centuries of oppression towards aprudent wisdom, these peoples, withtheir respect for reason, created a cul¬ture which was also a protection.They have persevered within their ownfortress while still maintaining contactwith the world. Czechoslovakia is a

small country which belongs to twopeoples, the Czechs and the Slovaks.

The importance of the art and lite¬rature of this country is out of propor¬tion both to the number of its inhabi-

ADOLF HOFFMEISTER was Czechoslova¬

kia's ambassador to France from 1949 to

1951 and since 1956 he has represented hiscountry at Unesco's General Conferences-as delegate for cultural affairs. He is alawyer, writer, artist and cartoonist. Forseveral years he has been president ofthe Pen Club in Czechoslovakia and has

taught drawing and animated cartoontechniques at the High School for AppliedArts in Prague. His numerous works,written and illustrated, include memoirs,travel journals and essays. He has alsowritten the libretto for a children's opera,"The Bumble Bee".

tants and to the extent of its territoryand even the general level of culture.

It goes far beyond these. Should thisbe attributed to the beauty of thelandscape? Czechoslovakia is likean orchard fertile in talent. We need

do no more than consider the number

of artists who have been born or grownup in this country and whose work hasunquestionably enriched German cul¬ture: Alfred Kubin, Robert Musil, OscarKokoschka, Adolf Loos, Rainer MariaRilke, Sigmund Freud, Stefan Zweig,Arnold Zweig, Franz Werfel, FranzKafka. This gives a ready indicationof the number of men of letters un

known because of their language whobelong to literature.

The anchor of certainty for eachwriter lies in a profound patriotismwithout the slightest trace of romanti¬cism or nationalism, a patriotism mutedby an innate modesty. As an old, andperhaps somewhat old-fashioned pro¬verb has it, "The smaller the country,the greater the love it needs." Whatbetter proof could there be of this thanthe fact that a relatively small countryhas so rich and important a literature?

This people supported a heavy bur¬den during the war years. Only theirstubborn good humour enabled them

HANDY CRAFT. Below, sketched by Adolf Hoffmeister, threepersonalities of Czechoslovak arts and letters display their talentsin a shadow theatre performance. From left, the poet Vitezslav Nezval,Jiri Trnka, famous creator of puppet shows and films, and Jan Werich,actor and playwright who, with Jan Voskovec, - created Prague'scelebrated "Osvobozene Divadlo" theatre.

Right, scene from "The Good Soldier Schweik", Jiri Trnka'spuppet film based on the novel by Jaroslav Hasek.

From "Visages Ecrits et. Dessinés" by Adolf Hoffmeister, Published by Les Editeurs Français Réunis, Paris

to overcome the propagation of aphilosophy of destruction and despair.

Czechoslovak writers were all at

their posts when the bloody history ofour century was being written. Thewretchedness of their childhood and

the experience of an appallingly hardlife were their masters up to the daywhen they looked on hell with theirown eyes: the occupation from 1939to 1945.

In the twentieth century when Czechand Slovak literature had to make upa certain cultural leeway in compari¬son to the outside world, readers stub¬bornly rejected any superficial art.And for the same reason, neitherpragmatism nor the cult of the com¬monplace nor popular romanticism wasable to develop. Creative artisticexpression is closer to dramatic struc¬ture. Writers are always impelledtowards concentrated expression by acertain impatience and a certain innerunease. The literary language itself,enriched by the wisdom of the people,excludes the slow epic pace of theroman fleuve, or saga. Everything re¬lates to action. When writers have

been brought painfully up against poli

tical reality they have stood fast.

The only element which softenedthe angles and the sharp edges waslyrical poesy. This is typically Slavand goes hand in hand with the musi¬cal genius of the people. A glance atany anthology of Czech and Slovakpoetry will provide the proof.

Laughter and endurance in the faceof evil, such are the two main elementsin the national Czech and Slovak cha¬racter. The Czechs and the Slovaks

are fundamentally gay. They aredevoid of complexes. They arealmost wholly unreserved, free of Nor¬dic gloom or austere detachment. Allof them feel themselves to be at one

with their fellows. Social relationships,like the country's artistic expression,are stamped by the spirit of the people.Folk songs and folk melodies run intheir blood: dances, sometimes boiste¬rous, free their limbs. Simplicity ofdesign is innate in their plastic arts.

Thus, the whole people preserve thememory of the national hero, JuliusFucik. Before he was tortured to

death by the Nazis, he bequeathed toCzech literature the most heartrendingof heroic documents "written under the

scaffold". It is this which contains

his supreme message, "Mankind, Iloved you! Keep vigil!"

None the less, all those who werehis close friends and who knew himwell, all those who lived with him at

a time when they formed a youthfulvanguard, remember a man of gaiety'a human man, full of life, joy, loveand laughter. He had a tremendoussense of humour.

Similarly, Vancura and Olbracht willremain forever in the memory of thepeople as happy men. They too hadnever rejected the pleasures of lifeand drank from their cupped handssimple joy and belief in people. MarieMajerova, eternally youthful, was likethem in accepting the same principlesdictated by the spirit of the people.

Gaiety is the distinguishing featureof the Czech and Slovak national char¬

acter. It is the very form of theirhuman relations. It is the accent of

their speech. It is the underlying ele¬ment In the old popular traditions. Itis the tone of the Czech and Slovak

tales and proverbs. It is the Czecho¬slovak way of binding up wounds, ofdiscovering faults and correcting

25

CONTINUED ON NEXT PAGE

LAUGHTER AND ENDURANCE

(Continued)

errors. The sentimental side of the

Czech lyric mentality may be seen asno more than the shadow which pointstowards laughter on the sunny side.

This may be seen from a glance atthe world's great literary storehouse.Along with Aristophanes and the otherinsolent giants of Graeco-Roman clas¬sical literature, along with the opulentvolumes of the gluttonous DoctorRabelais, along with the pitilessly fin¬ished ideas of the shrewd Jonathan

Swift, along with the traditionally Britishtales of inns and stables in Dickens'

Pickwick, along with Lewis Carroll'sAlice, artless yet mathematicallyexact, along with certain Falstaffianand tipsy masterpieces by WilliamShakespeare, along with the rustyarmour of Cervantes' Don Quixote,along with the small shopkeepers inGogol's Dead Souls along with allthese the good soldier Schweikstands carelessly at attention.

Yes, the good soldier Schweik hasbeen received in the exclusive societyof immortal figures where the standardof judgement is a world-wide scale.This is the company of Pantagruel, Gar¬gantua, Sancho Panza, Don Quixote,Chichlkov and the Revizor, Tartuffe

and Harpagon, Gulliver, Falstaff, UbuRoi, Sam Weiler and so many others.They are legion. But Schweik is theonly Czech in their ranks. And hewas able to take his place preciselybecause he was so essentially of thepeople, so Czech and so gay.

<&<&

' ¡l

26

IT is not, however, onlygaiety which is involved. There aretwo sides to the Czech coin the man

of feeling, the enthusiast, uses bothsides to pay his debt of life to mankind.If one side is laughter, the other is theharsh decision of battle. Czechoslo¬

vak literature has always embodiedleitmotivs of revolt and obstinacy shap¬ed in the history of the country fromits beginnings. The heroes were JohnHus, the philosopher of the revolution¬ary intellectual and social movementwhich bears his name, and Janosik, theRobin Hood of Slovakia, the symbol ofthe struggle for social justice andfreedom. Literary content in thissense combines serious reflection with

the shadow of the agonizing traditionof intransigence in the face of evil.

Karel Capek, the apostle of statedemocracy, who was, without realizingit, one of the first writers of modernscience fiction in the 1920s, just asFrantisek was one of the first abstract

painters and one of the most univer¬sally recognized Czech writers, reach¬ed the same philosophical conceptthrough his profound knowledge ofman, of the toiling individual and thesimple spirit.

This text Is adapted from Adolf Hoffmeister'spreface to "Nouvelles Tchèques et Slovaques"(Short Stories from Czechoslovakia), an an¬thology translated into French by FrancoisKérel and published in Unesco's Collectionof Representative Works (Seghers, Paris, 1965).

International portrait galleryA prolific author and artist, Adolf Hoffmeister has illustrated some fifty of hisown books and booklets. His sketchbook is an international gallery of famous

figures in art and literature. Top, from left: Swiss sculptor Alberto Giacomettiwith one of his works; French painter Marc Chagall. Above, from left Soviet

writer and poet Boris Pasternak, Nobel Prizewinner for literature in 1958;American novelist John Steinbeck, Nobel Prizewinner for literature in 1962. Below,

from left: Czech painter Frantisek Kupka and Italian writer Alberto Moravia.

AHS7Toxyo

From "Visages Ecrits et Dessinés" by Adolf Hoffmeister, publishedby Les Editeurs Français Réunis, Paris

ORPHANAGE FOR

WILD ANIMALS

by Richard Creenough

The refuge for wild animalswhich opened three years agoon the edge of the Nairobi NationalPark (Kenya) quickly proved itsworth as an experiment in theprotection of African wildlife aridnatural resources. Each yearover 120,000 people visit thisanimal orphanage and a smalladmission charge has made it selfsupporting. This young gazellewas taken in when three weeks old.

Photo Unesco - R. Greenough

A,IN unusual kind of orpha¬nage is situated on the outskirts ofKenya's capital at Nairobi. Open to

the public, it is a refuge and home forwild animals whose parents eitherwere slaughtered by poachers seek¬ing meat, skins or ivory; caught intraps; killed in fights with other ani¬mals; or died from natural causes. It

is believed to be unique although asimilar institution is to be established

in neighbouring Uganda.

Situated on the edge of Nairobi'sown 100-square kilometre (44-squaremile) National Park, and tiny by com¬parison with most other parks in EastAfrica, it was opened in 1964 with

eleven inmates. Its first guest wasa young and bewildered rhinoceros

Bruce, barely two-feet long and onlya few weeks old whose mother had

been killed and whose father's where¬

abouts were unknown. Bruce had to

be lured and coaxed into his new

home with handfuls of sugar cane. By1965 there were about 130 guests,representing some 40 different speciesof animals and they were attracting120,000 visitors a year.

"Most of our inmates are genuineorphans found by the game wardensin the neighbouring park," saysMr. Mervyn Cowie, director of Natio¬nal Parks in Kenya, whose pet inte¬rest this orphanage has now become,

and who looks forward to expandingit into a large national zoological andbotanical park "where Africans, espe

cially school children and teachers,can come and learn about and appre¬

ciate the animals of their own country,which, mostly, they have never orrarely seen and have been broughtup only to fear or to kill."

When these young animal orphansare found, and discovered to be toosmall, weak or sick to feed or lock

after themselves, they go first to theorphanage hospital and are cared foror bottle-fed. This was the case with

another early guest, a baby hippoonly a few weeks old.

"We also had a leopard cub, whose

mother had died in a trap, and wnohad absolutely no coat at all. Wedoctored on a new coat and now he

has as fine a set of spots as any

CONTINUED ON NEXT PAGE

27

ORPHANAGE FOR WILD ANIMALS (Continued)

Weaned back to jungle ways

leopard in Africa," says Mr. Cowie."As they grow up, we slowly trainthe animals to fend for themselves,

to hunt, to make their own way withother wild animals at large, until even¬tually they can be released back intoa game reservation."

This process of "weaning back intothe wild" must be gradual. After ananimal has reached a certain age

you can't just automatically turn himloose and expect him to adjust to thejungle law of wild life, as if he hadbeen there all along instead of beingunder human care in almost domesti¬

cated surroundings, as Mr Cowie ex¬plains. This is especially the case withlion cubs who usually cannot bereleased until they are about fouryears old.

Part of this gradual process may

involve leaving an orphan's pen openso that, if he wishes, he can wanderoff to the game park and get usedto being with other animals, fendingfor himself,' foraging for food andgenerally learning to keep alert andalive. But the orphan always knowsthat the pen door is open and thathe can come back if need be.

But it is not only a matter of beingable to survive, hunt and foragefor food. After being brought up ina more or less domesticated state,

some animals lose their immunity to

certain diseases, automatically acquir¬ed in the wild state. They also lose asort of built-in sense of self-preser

vation that, for instance, warns wild

animals against eating infected food.So, when they are released, animalsusually must be vaccinated againstcertain diseases. Some of the cats,

mainly the cheetahs, become fat and

lazy in their easy life and find theycan't run fast enough to catch theirfood. So they also come back, unableto cope with the facts of wild life.

There have been baby elephantsin the orphanage, hippos, camels,buffaloes, even two bears from a

travelling circus which was closeddown, wild dogs perhaps the rarestspecies here at the moment for theyare in danger of dying out in Africaall sorts of members of the cat familysuch as leopards and cheetahs, bat-

eared foxes, porcupines, many speciesof deer and antelope, a wart-hog, andamong the many various members ofthe monkey tribe, Sebastian.

Sebastian is a four-year-old chim¬panzee, about whom the phrase "asclever as a monkey" could well havebeen originally coined. He has allsorts of open-air parlour tricks. Hegenuinely seems to enjoy smokingcigarettes, not only lighting them witha match but chain smoking as well,and he also likes his glass, evenbottle, of beer.

Given a number of keys on a key¬ring, he can pick out the one whichwill unlock his own collar and does

so. He is temperamental about came¬

ras. In general, he enjoys being pho-

A new arrival, this six-weeks-old cheetah is

now getting accustomed to humans. The mostrapid of hunting animals (up to 70 mph inshort dashes), the cheetah has difficulty inreadapting to freedom after a long stay inalmost domesticated surroundings. It tendsto get fat and lazy and finds it cannot runfast enough to catch its food. Below, twoother guests of the zoo-orphanage: left,Sebastian, a four-year-old chimpanzee; right,a young African wart-hog.

/

mmS^,rV-*&rtt*SX:T.

tographed and poses willingly, as arule to the accompaniment of pierc¬

ing chimpanzee laughter, though hehas been known to react by turninghis back on a photographer. Yet,sometimes if a camera comes too

close, he will snatch it, run off and

gleefully smash it to pieces.

Quite apart from the humanitarian

aspect, the orphanage serves manyother useful purposes. "First of all,

we can study animals in more or lessnatural surroundings, learn about theirhabits, diet and so on. Then we canbreed some of the rarer animals in

safety, such as the wild dog," saysMr. Cowie. "We can also help filldemands from zoos all over the world

needing fresh stock. This is satisfactoryin two complementary ways. It allowsanimals that have got used to humansto remain tame and not run the risks

in getting back to wild life, and itobviates the need to capture fresh

wild animals, thus contributing to thecampaign for the preservation ofwild life."

Problems concerning the conserva¬tion of the world's natural resources,

particularly its wildlife, have alwaysbeen one of Unesco's preoccupations.

Important developments have takenplace in Africa following an internatio¬nal conference on the conservation of

nature and natural resources in mod¬

ern African States, convened byUnesco at Arusha, Tanzania, nearlysix years ago. Unesco specialistshave been in Ethiopia, at thatcountry's invitation, advising on aconservation programme following anon-the-spot Investigation led by SirJulian Huxley two years earlier.Moreover, Unesco has opened aRegional Centre for Science andTechnology at Nairobi.

As a result of national campaigns,largely primed by Unesco's work,

growing pressure is being brought tobear by all African governments forthe preservation of their wild life, and

for action against the indiscriminatepoaching of game, particularly animalsthreatened with extinction.

But a big problem is how to acquaintAfricans with the wild life of their

countries, especially those people wholive in towns. It is unsafe to visit gameparks except in cars, and most Afri¬cans are without cars. "One of our

aims at the orphanage is to bringAfricans here who cannot afford to go

into parks", says Mr. Cowie. "Thatis why the National Parks Adminis¬tration has started organizing busexpeditions to bring people espe¬cially pupils and teachers from Nai¬robi to see the orphanage and,where possible, a bit of the gamepark as well." An information service

has been set up and an exhibitionhall built next to the orphanage wherelectures are regularly given about thewildlife of Kenya, in particular, andof Africa in general.

"This important educational work

is another reason why many membersof the Kenya administration agree thatthey would like to see the orphanageexpanded into a large zoological andbotanical park where people can learntoo about the flora and fauna, soilconservation and the conservation of

wildlife," adds Mr. Cowie.

Already, he has promises of landfor such a park. And, if the successof Kenya's wildlife orphanage nowself-supporting as a result of admis¬sion fees is any indication, it shouldnot be long before Nairobi has itsnew park complete with an enlargedorphanage for, unhappily, the numberof new inmates is not dropping.

29

Racing with "skidoos", akind of ski scooter, is oneof Canada's latest wintertime

sports. Left, a skidoo takesa corner during a race inQuebec Province. This yearCanada is holding a specialcentenary programme ofsporting and athletic events.

Spurred by the recentdevelopment of oil and mineral

exploration, Canada hasbecome a massive producer

of transportable buildings,including laboratories, schools,

banks and churches. Righttwo halves of a housing unit

being shipped by road toa site in the far north.

Photo National Film Board of Canada

A CULTURE IN THE MAKING (Continued from page 9)

but, in every field, it has exerted apowerful stimulus on individuals andorganisations.

The Stratford Festival Theatre, inOntario, the Winnipeg Ballet in Mani¬toba, and La Comédie Canadienne

(under Gratien Gelinas) in Quebecto cite but three examples haveattained reputations throughout allCanada and beyond her borders.Among authors, of whom there areso many that any name can be nomore than an example, Hugh Mac-Lennan, Gabrielle Roy and DavidWalker have received internationalacclaim.

This developing consciousness ofnational identity, together with thegreater personal contacts amongCanadians from all parts of thecountry, has, however, produced prob¬lems that were less clearly discernedwhen communities were isolated and

the tempo of life was slower.

One such problem is that of langua¬ge. As already pointed out, althoughboth English and French are thelegally-established languages of Cana¬da, most Canadians speak only oneof them. In Quebec, a lawyer or awitness .appearing in the Courts ofJustice had the right to use eitherlanguage so that Quebec lawyerswere perforce bilingual but this wasnot the case in other parts of Canada.

In the Parliament, at Ottawa, spea¬kers may use either language butFrench-speaking members who wantedto influence their English-speakingcolleagues had to become bilingualuntil simultaneous translation of the

debates was introduced a few yearsago. In essence, most of the workof the Government of Canada and

most business operations were, untilyesterday, conducted in the Englishlanguage outside the Province of Que¬bec. Only one university the Univer

sity of Ottawa was officially bilingual.

This situation has changed consi¬derably during the past few years.An increasing number of governmentofficials are today bilingual and busi¬ness enterprises are recruiting increas¬ing numbers of men and women whohave command of both languages.Radio programmes in both languagesnow span the continent and there issome hope that, when a new genera¬tion has emerged, Canada may becomein fact, as well as in theory, a bilingualnation.

This year is a centenary. TheInternational Exhibition in Montreal

Expo 67 which owes so. much toJean Drapeau, the dynamic Mayor ofMontreal, will have much from othercountries to show to Canada. It will

also have much that is truly Canadianto present to the rest of the world.Canada has reason to be proud ofits cultural development.

Photos © Agence Rapho, Paris

«fr, Wmt feur3.

30FISHING THROUGH

THE FLOORBOARDS

Every January when "Tommy cod" or "whitefish" mount the St. Lawrence River tospawn in its tributaries, villages of huts spring up on the thick ice (left). Everycomfort is provided electricity, heating, and even television. The fisherman breaksthe ice beneath a trap door in the floor boards and hangs his line from the ceiling.Warm and comfortable, he sits and waits for the fish to bite (centre). As thethaw begins (right) the fishing village disperses until next year.

CANADA'S

Continued from page 16

FAR NORTH

ment Institute at Whitehorse and the

Arctic Institute of North America.

But science, vital though it is, isonly one segment of a total programme.Engineers, town-planners, and adminis¬trators who, once their spending esti¬mates are approved by Parliament must

think immediately of getting their pro¬grammes both onto and off the ground,tend to regard life in the north in lessesoteric terms. To them and their

colleagues, the teachers, doctors, in¬dustrial development officers and a

complex of connecting professions andjobs, life is a day-to-day successionof fronter rewards and setbacks. Var¬

iety and challenge, boredom and iso¬lation, companionship and momentsof adventure northern service has

them all.

These are mainly the men and thewomen who come from southern

Canada and whose present contributionis vital. But the people who will count

most in the long run are the northern¬ers; thosë'who were born in the northor have made it their home; who have

roots in the present and a stake in thefuture. With the movement of the

government of the Northwest Terri¬tories into the north later this year apioneer step will be taken to bring theNorthwest Territories closer to the

day when it attains provincial status.The Yukon is likely to achieve thisfirst.

T,HE Northwest Territories

adjoins the Yukon along its easternboundary and is all that its small, com¬pact and homogenous neighbour is not.Unlike the Yukon, which borders on

Alaska to the west and Is 520,000

square kilometres (202,000 square

miles) in area, the Northwest Territoriesoccupies 3,230,000 square kilometres(1.25 million square miles) and is largerthan the combined area of six prov¬

inces. About 14,700 people live in theYukon and some 25,000 in the North¬west Territories. All but about 200 of

the total Eskimo population of 12,500live in the Northwest Territories and

arctic Quebec. The northern Indianpopulation of some 4,500 are settledin both Territories in about equalnumbers.

In the past dozen years, the northhas been moving into the mainstreamof the Canadian future. From the

most northerly arctic weather stationon Ellesmere Island to the bustling,

well-settled, mining capitals of White-horse and Yellowknife it is all very

much a part of contemporary Canada.

It is easy to write about the north insegments but hard to describe it as awhole. It Is too massive, too contra¬

dictory and there is too much goingon. As the Eskimo hunter remarked

after inspecting the first plane he hadever seen on the ground, "This is abad thing to know just a little about."But it draws you back and back tolearn more.

The education programme is as good

an example as any of how solid pro¬gress can be so diffused over thehuge area it has to cover that it isonly when some fairly spectacular

stage of progress has been reachedthat the peaks appear.

Throughout the north children of allraces go to school together. And nosegment of the government's totalnorthern commitment has been the

object of more effort and concern thanhow to bring education to the children

CONTINUED ON NEXT PAGE

Ways of life in the Arctic have changed over the last twenty years andliving standards have improved considerably. More and moreEskimo people live in houses of wood (below), instead of igloos.Increasingly the Eskimos tend to give up a nomadic life and settlepermanently in places where wood and other materials are available.

Photo © Paul Almasy. Paris

CANADA'S FAR NORTH (Continued)

Pre-university education

for all by 1971

of the north; all the children. And as

many adults as wish to have it.

A dozen years ago when the pro¬gramme first got off the ground thefederal school system consisted of oneschool In the arctic village of Tuktoyak¬tuk north of Inuvik. Today there are 64federal schools that range from two-classroom schools in isolated commu¬

nities, where, all the children exceptthose of the teacher may be Eskimo, toresidential and vocational schools in

the larger centres where academicstudies can take qualified students touniversity level or offer them a practicaltrade and commercial training.

B

32

I Y January 1966, 7,000 chil¬dren were in school approximately 85

per cent Eskimo children, 75 per centof Indian children and almost 100 per

cent of others of school age. During

the period July 1, 1964, to June 30, 1965,91.2 per cent of northern children andteenagers were in school.

Included in a total teaching staffof 380 are specialists in northern cur¬ricula. Theirs has been the early ex¬

perience, path-finding, experiment, trialand error. Northern children are keen

learners and Eskimo children quicker

to pick up English than their teachersto learn Eskimo. Strongly creative asan ethnic group, Eskimo children de¬light in the messy joys of finger paint¬ing with bright colours on large sheetsof brown paper and modelling in claythe birds and animals they watch theirfathers and older brothers carve in

soapstone.

Since radio reception in winter in themore isolated communities is unreliable,

teachers rely on taped programmesrather than live and use a great manyfilms, filmstrips and wall charts. By

1971, the education programme willhave reached the point where it is

providing a pre-university educationto standards as high as any in Canada.

The test of the programme's successlies somewhere within the next ten

years. One criterion will be how manyqualified young northerners of allraces will be occupying positions andholding down jobs now filled by Cana¬dians from the south. How many Eski¬mo and Indian teachers will be teachingchildren of their own race? How manyyoung people will have made a suc¬cess of the job of their choice ifthey decide to leave the north andtry their luck elsewhere In Canada?

And so clear across the north through

almost the whole range of skills andprofessions. The over-riding questionknown to every planner, teacher andvocational training expert associated

with the programme is how many jobswill be waiting for these bright oneswhen they are ready for them.

If you have seen a group of Eskimochildren or teenagers in school, youwill know with what zest they advanceon any opportunity to learn some newthing that interests them. Particularlyany skill that can be expressed throughtheir hands drawing modelling, paint¬ing.

It is not the Eskimo children that

teachers have to "sell" on school

attendance; it is their parents, someof whom still do not approve of theirchildren being kept at a desk whenthey could be out with their families

hunting or fishing or helping aroundthe house or the boat. The days of thekayak have been succeeded by thepower-operated canoe and the Peter¬head; both can move fast to the seal

and walrus hunting grounds and hunt¬ing is a family affair.

I ANY who may know littleelse about Canada have heard of

Eskimo art. By now the sculpture,prints and fine crafts have been shown

in many world capitals where they havehad a great success. Those whoregret the passing of "primitive" carv¬ing should remember that a vital artdoes not live in the past, nor do artists

with something to say.

In May 1967, an Important collectionwill be shown at the Galerie Iris Clert

in Paris.

Those who own. the art quite often

remark on the Eskimo's gift for con¬veying so much in deceptively simplelines. They ask how do the artistsachieve this feeling of strength? Dothey drive themselves hard? Do theyever seem unsure of what the end

result will be? How do they work?

Most Eskimos seem to work in a

concentrated way, yet giving a feelingof being relaxed about it, too. I meanthey give a sense of enjoying what theyare doing and not being anxious aboutit, though, like all artists, they musthave their anxieties. Will this crude,

dusty lump of soapstone turn into theshapes they wish it to? Will thecolours of a drawing, the texture of aprint, turn out right?

Perhaps they ask themselves thesequestions. But the feeling I get about

CONTINUED ON PAGE 34

GOOD-BYE

TO ISOLATION

Canada's once-isolated vast northern territories

(only 40,000 inhabitants, including 12,500 Eskimosand 4,500 Indians) are today moving into themainstream of Canadian life. Ships may still

be trapped in the Arctic ice for months onend (right), but communications are maintainedby planes and helicopters. If blizzards puta stop to hunting, planes quickly drop suppliesof meat from reindeer herds maintained for

such emergencies by the government (belowright). Above, young Eskimo woman, elegantin the traditional winter costume of her

people, works as a secretary in the civiccentre of Tuktoyatuk (below).

Photos © Paul Almasy, Paris

V:

M-^

y

»

3fr'1» *L

CANADA'S FAR NORTH (Continued)

An art

of all seasons

them when they work is quietness, aneasy, concentrated strength. At CapeDorset and other talented communities

such as Povungnituk, Holman, andBaker Lake, the artists enjoy theirsuccess and the extra money, too. But

they don't get excited about it.

I remember noticing this quality ofquiet collectedness in Kananginak, oneof Dorset's best hunters and an excel¬

lent artist, when he came south to the

opening of a- new collection at whichhis own and his wife's work were

represented. He received a good dealof publicity but remained quite unruf¬fled by it.

At one stage, when the opening wasover and a cocktail party was in fullswing, shrill and noisy, I asked Kanan¬ginak if the noise bothered him. Theinterpreter said something and theyboth laughed, then the interpreterreplied, "Kananginak says the noisedoes not bother him at all. It just

reminds him of standing below a cliffof gulls when someone is raiding thenests."

34

IN 1966 the Dorset group,after three years of experiment, addedfabric design to sculpture and graphicart and won one of Canada's National

Design Awards.

The colours capture the magic ofthe arctic in summer, clear yellow,mauve and blue of rock flowers, red

and orange of the midnight sun, thesoft greens of the lichens and Dorsetsoapstone. Many are bird designs,always a favorite with Eskimo artists.Birds that fly, birds that walk, geesethat run when chased by a boy witha stick.

Everything about this arctic land¬scape, every changing season, everycreature that walks or swims or flies

is part of the Eskimo's life and there¬fore of his art. So is that other

landscape where the spirits dwell.

A Canadian poet has written of thearctic:

A land where all is space

And nothing timeWhere today was tomorrowAnd tomorrow will be yesterday.

And when you turn off your radioand step out of your warm house andwalk alone on the tundra you findthat this is how the land still is.

Above, the sig¬nature of Lutkak.

Below, sign¬ature of Kanan-

ginak whosedesign, "ArcticGulls" illustrated

a Unicef greetingcard in 1961.

Bottom the sig¬nature of Poota-

gok. His "Cari¬bou" also appear¬ed in 1961 on

a Unicef card.

In the craft centre at Cape Dorset, 2,000 kms(1,200 miles) north of Montreal, Lutkak works on astone carving. Drawings and carvings by otherEskimo artists decorate the studio.

ARTISTS OF THE TUNDRA

Though living a difficult nomad existence in a harshclimate, the Eskimos of Canada have developed over thecenturies a unique art form, as ancient carvings excav¬ated in Manitoba confirm. Today, as in the past, theEskimos carve in walrus tusk ivory, caribou antlers andstone and draw designs on sealskin. They draw inspi¬ration from their everyday life and ancient legends andthey recreate with consummate skill the forms of theanimals of the tundra which they hunt for food and cloth¬ing. Some years ago, the Canadian Government set upa craft centre at Cape Dorset (Baffin Land) where menand women artists can create works that are becomingincreasingly known and appreciated around the world.

Above, "The MagicOwl", a work byKenojuak, a well-known32 year-old womanartist.

Left, Eskimo girland pet snow goose,an Arctic bird which

often figures in worksby Cape Dorset artists.

Right, "Woman",a sculpture in stone

by Kapapik.

Photos National Film Board of Canada

Right, "Sled", a designby Ekootal, an artistfrom Holman Island.

Left, "Musk-Ox" byKiawak. From earliest

times the Eskimos hunted

this animal for its flesh

and shaggy hide. Fromits horns they made bows.

From the Unesco New

36

International biology courseA long post-university course, devoted to

current problems in biology has beenarranged by the Czechoslovak Academy ofSciences and the University of NovemberSeventeenth under the auspices of Unescoand the World Health Organization. It Isto be held in Prague from October 1, 1967to September 15, 1968. Czechoslovakiawill provide several fellowships to covertravel costs. Applications should be sentto Academician Ivan Malek, Institute of Mi¬

crobiology, Budejovicka 1083, Prague 4,KRC, Czechoslovakia, by May 31, 1967.

Sound in cinema

and television

A round table on "The Sound Track In

the Cinema and TV" was held in Budapestsome months ago under the auspices ofUnesco and the Hungarian National Com¬mission for Unesco. Experts from 13 coun¬tries discussed new technical, aesthetic and

sociological problems involved in the useof dialogue, commentaries, music and soundeffects in films and television programmes.Some recent international productions,ranging from documentaries to fictionalfilms, were screened and discussed duringthe confence and extensive selections were

shown on the Hungarian television.

Tunisian education

A credit of 13 million dollars has been

granted to schools in Tunisia by the Inter¬national Development Association, a subsi¬diary of the World Bank. This will help tooffset the shortage of senior staff and morestudents will be able to enter the university.Sixteen secondary schools will be equipped,15 others built and equipped together withthree agricultural training centres. Secon¬dary education will thereby acquire 19,700additional places more than 40% ofthose included in the current Tunisian Four

Year Plan. The equipment of the sixteenschools will provide 27,000 students witha better and more firmly-based education.

Picasso in Moscow

A Picasso exhibition, which recentlytook place at the Pushkin Museum inMoscow, brought together some 200 worksfrom the Museum's own collection and

from individual collections, more especiallyllya Ehrenburg's. Keen interest was shownin the ceramics, many of which formed partof a gift made to the U.S.S.R. by thewidow of the famous French painter, Fer¬nand Léger.

Olive trees for Jordan

Nearly 1,800 hectares (4,450 acres) inJordan on the arid slopes near the DeadSea have been planted with olive trees andvines under a programme conducted by theUnited Nations Food and Agriculture Organ

ization. A new agreement between theJordanian Government and FAO will enable

3,600 hectares (8,900 acres) elsewhere inthe country to be planted with 36,000 olivetrees and 20,000 vines. The Jordanian Gov¬

ernment is to provide 500,000 dollars andthe World Food Prograame $1,2 million inthe form of food aid.

Gulf of Guinea resources

The International Co-operative Investig¬ation of the Tropical Atlantic, co-ordinatedby the Unesco-sponsored Intergovern¬mental Océanographie Commission, hasestablished that the waters of the Gulf

of Guinea are particularly rich. There arefew places in the world where middle-depth fauna come so close to the surfacein tropical low latitudes. This discoveryoffers interesting economic possibilities:the extensive fauna provide a "foodstore" for such large fish as the tuna andcan also be exploited so as to open upthe possibility of a new type of fishingindustry.

Rats and men

Rats follow men and pick up the crumbsthat fall from their tables. It has been

observed that rats are multiplying at anincreasing rate; one which parallels the rateof increase in urban populations. It is esti¬mated that there were six times as manyrats in India in 1965 as there had been

in 1919. Traps and poisons are of little useand it would seem that some biologicalmethod would give better results. The morefood there is available, the more ratsmultiply; but if food is consumed fasterby the rats than nature (or human careless¬ness) replaces it, then the strong triumphover the weak. Aggression moreover bringsabout hormone changes in both categoriesand these affect the reproductive mechanismso that the rats' fertility declines. The onlyproblem is to see that the rats go hungry.

Electric town cars

Next year Great Britain will start produc¬ing electric cars for town use at the rateof 100 per week. These cars will beequipped with four 12-volt batteries supply¬ing a 5 h.p. engine with direct current.They will operate over 100 kilometres(62 miles) with 1 passenger and 64 kilo¬metres (40 miles) with 4 passengers. Theelectric car will weigh only 315 kilogrammes(694 pounds), or one-third that of an ordi¬nary car.

Figures for

a developing world

The third edition of the "Unesco Statistical Yearbook" has just been published (1).It has been prepared by the Statistical Office with the co-operation of the nationalcommissions for Unesco and national statistical services, and the help of theStatistical Office and the Population Branch of the United Nations.

The volume runs to 612 pages and contains fifty tables grouped under variousheadings: population, education, libraries and museums, non-periodical publications,newspapers and other periodicals, paper consumption, film, radio broadcastingand television.

Over 200 countries and territories replied directly to Unesco questionnaires.The 1965 edition of the Yearbook aims to give the most detailed figures possiblefor 1964, 1963 and for 1950, 1955 and 1960 so as to establish a valid chronologyshowing the quantitative variations in different fields.

Between 1950 and 1963, for example, overall world school enrolment rose by 69%,57% at primary level, 110% at secondary level and 130% at higher level.

The number enrolled in African schools rose from 9,328,000 in 1950 to 26,205,000in 1963, the equivalent figures for Asia being 72,201,000 and 137,147,000; forAmerica 50,441,000 and 92,091,000; and for Europe 56,966,000 and 77,358,000.

The tables for education give figures on the number of schools; the number ofteachers and pupils by sex and by level and type of education; students andgraduates at higher level by field of study; foreign students in higher education(by field of study and country of origin). Educational expenditure is also covered.

In regard to book production, the Yearbook reveals, among other things, thatalmost one book in ten is a translation since translations represent some 9%of the world's output of books. English is the most frequently translated languagewith 13.432 titles in 1964 against 10,804 in 1960, followed by French, Russian,German, Italian, Czech and Spanish.

In 1964. the biggest consumer of newsprint was North America (7.9 milliontons out of a world total of 16 million); Europe followed with 4.5 millionand Africa came last with 170,000. In the same year there were approximately231,000 cinemas in the world, representing a total seating capacity of 74 million,5,100 television transmitters and 164 million receivers, and 16,100 radio transmittersand 483 million receivers.

(1) "Unesco Statistical Yearbook". Price: $?0; 50/-.Unesco, place de Fontenoy.

A tragedy

for Peruvian

culture

The earthquake which devastated thedistrict of Lima in Peru last October

destroyed 3,000 of the finest items amongthe Peruvian antiquities of the Larco Her¬rera Museum in Lima. The curator of the

Museum, Rafael Larco Hoyle, a distin¬guished expert on Peruvian art, died a fewweeks later. On page 32 of last December'sissue, the Unesco Courier reproduced aphotograph of an outstanding item fromRafael Larco Hoyle's collection a woodenvessel of the Chavin culture carved in the

shape of an old woman's head. All admir¬ers of pre-Columbian art will be saddenedby the loss of the unique collection of theLarco Herrera Museum and the death of so

remarkable a scholar as Rafael Larco Hoyle.

World health

. The fourth five year plan of the WorldHealth Organization (work programme for1967-1971) gives particular attention to theneeds of newly independent countries,concentrating on sectors whose importanceis now generally recognized: adversereactions to pharmaceutical preparations,the problem of micro-contaminants, radio¬active residues, world population trends,and communications science.

Desalted sea water

The largest plant in Europe for desalt¬ing sea water is to be built at Las Palmasin the Canary Islands. It will have anoutput of 20,000 cubic metres (over700,000 cubic feet), will have two evapor¬ators of 10,000 cubic metres (350,000 cubicfeet) and will cost 450 million pesetas(7,500,000 dollars). The cost price percubic metre will be approximately three tofour cents as compared to as much as25 cents in other plants of this kind func¬tioning elsewhere in the world.

Nuclear research

and EuropeThe European Organization for Nuclear

Research (CERN) centralizes and co¬ordinates theoretical and experimental re¬search carried out in Europe in the fieldof high-energy physics, an advanced sci¬ence concerned with the fundamental laws

governing the structure of matter in the

universe. The cost of CERN's basic

programme is covered by contributionsfrom the 13 Member States (Austria, Bel¬gium, Denmark, France, Federal Republicof Germany, Greece, Italy, Netherlands,Norway, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland andthe United Kingdom). Poland, Yugoslaviaand Turkey have the status of observers.Practical co-operation with the U.S.S.R. hasbeen established over the last two years.CERN and various Soviet laboratories haveexchanged staff and a series of Sovietbubble chambers operated for severalmonths at CERN. The outstanding workbeing done by Polish scientists on highenergy physics has been greatly facilitatedby active collaboration with CERN.

A directory of disastersThe natural disasters discussed in the

February issue of the Unesco Courieralong with many more are dealt with indetail in Frank W. Lane's. "The ElementsRage the extremes of natural violence",just published by David and Charles,Newton Abbot, Great Britain (50/-). Thisrichly illustrated volume is designed forthe general public and represents sevenyears of research, writing and checking.The very extensive bibliography indicatesthe vast range of subjects treated:hurricanes, tornadoes, waterspouts, hail,avalanches, lightning, floods, meteoroids,volcanoes.

DOUBLE ISSUE

Hereafter the doubleissue of the Unesco

Courier will be dated

A u g u s t-September in¬stead of July-August asin the past.

Flashes...

Twenty doctors a year will be trainedat the hospital centre to be attached tothe University of Abidjan (Ivory Coast).

Scientific work (research and develop¬ment) in the technically advanced countriesnow occupies ten times as many peopleas before the Second World War.

Excavations at Chatal Hoyuk in Anatoliahave revealed a neolithic city far olderthan Jericho. Its pottery has been identifiedas dating from 6800 B. C.

WHO announces that a major objectivethe eradication of smallpox could be

achieved in 10 years at a cost of between23 and 30 million dollars.

The Nehru memorial exhibition

A striking exhibition entitled "Jawaharlal Nehru: His Life and His India" wasinaugurated on March 10 at Unesco's H.Q. Sponsored by the Government of India,the exhibition is presented in Paris under the joint auspices of the Indian Embassy,the French Government and Unesco. It will be open to the public until April 7.Twenty exhibits assembled from documents, photographs, objets d'art andmemorabilia, present a series of biographical sketches of India's great statesmenagainst a vast canvas of history. The Nehru Memorial Exhibition has been shownin London, New York, Washington and California, and will eventually return to apermanent home in Delhi.

BOOKSHELF

U.N. BOOKS

African Agricultural Development(Reflections on the major lines ofadvance and the barriers to

progress). By Prof. René Dumont,1966 ($3.50).

United Nations Statistical Year¬book 1965

The 17th issue of the yearbookprepared in co-operation with over150 countries. (Cloth: $15.00).

World Economic Survey 1965(Pt I: The Financing of EconomicDevelopment; Pt II: Current Eco¬nomic Developments). 1966 ($4.50or equivalent).

U.N. publications can be ordered

through bookstores, through theUnesco Publications Center, 317East 34 Street, New York, N.Y.10016, or from United Nations, SalesSection, New York or Geneva.

ON LANGUAGE

AND LANGUAGE LEARNING

Rules of Pronunciation for the

English Language

By Axel Wijk, 1966 (8/6 stg).

Five Inaugural Lectures

(Five university Inaugural Lectureson phonetics, linguistics and thestudy of English by W. Sidney Allen,CE. Bazell, R. Quirk, NC. Scott andP.D. Strevens), 1966 (8/6 stg).

Both volumes published by OxfordUniversity Press, London, New Yorkand Melbourne.

World Directory of NationalScience Policy-Making Bodies

Vol. I: Europe and North Arnerica.Texts in English or French accordingto language used by each countryin correspondence with Unesco.

Co-edition: Unesco-Francis HodgsonLtd., 1966.

In listing this book in our February1967 number, we gave the price ofa paperback edition which is not on

general sale. The World Directoryis available only in a hardbackedition at $13.00; 65/-stg; 45 F.

The Progress of ManBy John May, 1966 (17/6 stg.).

Society, Schools and Progressin the U.S.A.

By Edmund J. King, 1965 (25/- stg.).

Society, Schools and Progressin Scandinavia

By Willis Dixon, 1965 (25/- stg.)Three volumes published in theCommonwealth and International

Library, by Pergamon Press Ltd.,Oxford, London, Edinburgh, NewYork, Paris and Frankfurt.

Builders and Humanists

(The Renaissance Popes as Patronsof the Arts). University of St. Tho¬mas, Houston, Texas, U.S.A., 1966.

37

Letters to the Editor

38

TWIN TOWNS FOR

UNDERSTANDING

Sir,

I have been a subscriber to yourmagazine for two years past andesteem it highly. Glancing over thecontents of those back issues I have,

seen nothing about the "twinning"of towns for the purpose of bringingpeople closer together. I am Vice-President of the Tubize United Towns

Committee, and my home town hasrecently been paired with Mirande(France) and Korntal (Federal Republicof Germany). Last August, Tubizewelcomed over 400 guests, bothFrench and German, all of whomwere accomodated by local residents.I feel that the twin towns system couldprovide you with valuable support inthe task you have set yourselves.

Marius Leonard

Tubize

Belgium

THE COURIER AND PEACE

Sir,

I fully agree with the way in whichyou present the world's problems. Inreading the Unesco Courier, I feelthat reasonable men, governments andparliaments must everywhere bearoused to preserve peace. Why notbegin by joining our efforts to ensurewell-being, eliminate hunger andsafeguard peace? I am certain thatthrough the Unesco Courier, whichmight be published in even morelanguages, Unesco could do much tobring about friendly relations betweenpeoples. I am a Pole and mycountrymen believe that questionsrelating to the preservation of peacerepresent key elements in socialprogress and welfare.

Jan Baranski

Lodz, Poland

PUPPETS, GAMES AND TOYS

Sir,

I agree with the suggestionsput forward by Mr. Shaw ofAustralia (concerning puppets) and byMrs. Cotton of New Zealand

(concerning children's games andtoys) in the December 1966 issue.As a teacher and as a grandmother,I would greatly appreciate seeing oneof your issues devoted to thesesubjects.

Thérèse LapoulleAchères, France

GENIUS IN THE POCKET

Sir,

I was delighted when the UnescoArt Books pocket series first appearedsince I was at long last able tobecome familiar with various little

known works of art, being one of thethousands of those with a small

income who find no pleasure in cheap

literature. This impels me to askwhy Unesco does not consider doingsomething similar with the Collectionof Representative Works so that,through pocket books, a vast publiccould make the acquaintance ofSoseki or Rustaveli (whom I dis¬covered in your October issue) orother writers of international impor¬tance.

Paul Cornand

Ganshoren

Belgium

TWO ANTIQUE THEATRES

Sir,

In your interesting number on inter¬national tourism (Dec. 1966), the an¬tique theatre shown on page 15 whichyou describe as that of Termessos isin fact the ancient theatre of Side, acoastal town some 70 Hometres

(45 miles) east of Antalaya rkey).I visited Termessos in 1961 aii^. took

the attached photograph of its theatre(above). It is smaller than the theatreat Side and not as well preserved. AtTermessos, in the mountains north

west of Antalaya, no restoration workhad then been carried out. The thea¬

tre was difficult of access and I saw

very few visitors. Perhaps things aredifferent today.

Dr. Herbert Maler

HamburgFederal Republic

of Germany

TWO PROBLEMS AS ONE

Sir,

Your account in the January issueconcerning the Italian disaster wasmost impressive. At the same time,I feel advantage should have beentaken of this opportunity to show howthe vital problem of the protection ofnature and the problem of preservingman's cultural heritage are in factlinked since even to be aware ofthem calls for the same kind of outlook.Given the excessive increase in the

population, these problems are rapidlybecoming critical. The recent eventsin Italy provide a brutal demonstrationof the degree to which a solution isurgently needed. In my view, the keyto the matter is the uncontrolled flow

of water due to the lack of adequatetop-soil and plant cover in themiddle and high valleys, as was noted,incidentally, in Professor .Tonini'sarticle. It is undoubtedly very difficult

to reconstitute a region devastated byman's ignorance and cupidity but itshould be possible for Italy onceagain to have forests worthy of thename. The countryside could not butbenefit.

At the present time, small asso¬ciations or groups with a limitedaudience are alone in seeking toalert the public to the dangersinherent in various forms of human

activity which involve nibbling away,often indiscriminately, at those ves¬tiges of nature which remain moreor less intact. A publication like theUnesco Courier has a duty to treatthe problem as being no lessimportant than archaeology and thepreservation of monuments.

Robert Schmal

SchiltigheimFrance

ART FOR ART'S SAKE?

Sir,

A glance at the subjects selectedby the Unesco Courier indicatesthat art is increasingly tending todominate your publication. For exam¬ple, in connexion with the Florencefloods, the question of saving worksof art took priority over assistance tothe victims. I would add that the fact

of attaching so much importance toancient art certainly demonstrates abelief in its value but also implies acertain disregard for modern masters.I do not deny that art should occupya place in our society but so shouldsuch urgent and vital problems as la¬bour and young people, the physic¬ally handicapped, etc. The UnescoCourier is not solely an art reviewor an organ for defending ancient art.I felt your January 1967 issue was toorestrictive and that something waslacking.

Françoise LebertParis, France

JUNIOR 'COURIER'

AND JUNIOR U.N.

Sir,

I would like to support Mr. JohnRoberts' suggestion (Unesco Cou¬rier, October 1966) concerning a"Junior Courier". It should be able

to compete with the numerous monthlypublications designed to attractteenagers and it might be the organof a world-wide U.N. organization foryoung people not just the usual"Junior Groups" of the U.N.Associations but a network of national

bodies (responsible to U.N. head¬quarters), regional and local bodies.All these bodies could undertake

community projects and help to maketeenagers realise that through service,cooperation and the individual in thecommunity great things can beaccomplished.

Betty JopeCroydon, Australia

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Study AbroadEtudes à l'étrangerEstudios en el extranjero

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This year

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for study abroad

More than 170,000 opportunities for study and travel

abroad are listed in the latest edition of Study Abroad

(Vol. XVI 1966-1968), Unesco's international guide to

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Using a new system of presentation. Study

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WHAT SUBJECT AND WHERE

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HOW AND WHERE TO APPLY

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WHERE TO RENEW YOUR SUBSCRIPTIONand order other Unesco publications

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Photo Department of Indian Affairs and Northern Development, Ottawa

GEESE

In Cape Dorset, a little village In Canada's far northern Baffin Land, livesa remarkably talented group of Eskimo artists. The Arctic landscape and itswild creatures are part of their life and of their art (see page 14).To sculpture and graphic art they have now added paintedfabric designs like this one by Anerglnik entitled "Fabulous Geese".