AFRICA SOUTH OF THE SAHARA

Exploring past conflicts and governments in this region.

World Map of Freedoms: What can you conclude?

Countries currently with dictatorsWhat do you observe?

UGANDA UNDER THE LEADERSHIP OF:

GENERAL IDI AMINDictator. Tyrant. Madman. Mentally unbalanced. Cannibal. Buffoon. All of these words have been used to describe Idi Amin, who ruled the African nation of Uganda for much of the 1970s. During his eight-year reign, Amin flaunted his power while hurling insults at other world leaders and ordering the deaths of thousands of people. Driven from power in 1979, Amin spent the rest of his life in exile before his death in 2003.

Read more: The History of Idi Amin | eHow.com http://www.ehow.com/about_5447486_history-idi-amin.html#ixzz2NY8cmRBh

A harsh and abusive leadership

http://www.biography.com/people/idi-amin-9183487

Two facts to consider:

Idi Amin acted without any consideration of human rights, its rumored he fed his political enemies to alligators!

Idi Amin was able to rule so harshly because he had NO limits on his power within his country, Uganda. His was truly an UNLIMITED government.

SOUTH AFRICA: THE TRUTH AND RECONCILIATION

COMMISSIONAn example of how

individuals act to influence the political process.

What was it?Truth and Reconciliation Commission, South Africa (TRC), courtlike body established by the new South African government in 1995 to help heal the country and bring about a reconciliation of its people by uncovering the truth about human rights violations that had occurred during the period of apartheid. Its emphasis was on gathering evidence and uncovering information—from both victims and perpetrators—and not on prosecuting individuals for past crimes

How many people used this commission?(victims)

The primary focus of the commission was on victims. It received more than 22,000 statements from victims and held public hearings at which victims gave testimony about gross violations of human rights, defined in the Act as torture, killings, disappearances and abductions, and severe ill treatment suffered at the hands of the apartheid state

Perpetrators too!The commission received more than 7,000 amnesty applications, held more than 2,500 amnesty hearings, and granted 1,500 amnesties for thousands of crimes committed during the apartheid years.

Just one day of hearings!

HUMAN RIGHTS VIOLATIONS: HEARINGS & SUBMISSIONS VICTIM HEARINGS: CAPE TOWN - DURBAN - EAST LONDON - JOHANNESBURG

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------Heideveld22 - 25 April 1996 DAY 1 - 22 April 1996William Little - injured in bomb attack (27 Kb)Looksmart Khulile Ngudle - death in detention (29 Kb)Isaac Ndazemsela Rani - torture (26 Kb)Johannes Titus - shooting (20 Kb)Nomakula Evelyn Zweni - shooting, torture and beating (35 Kb) DAY 2 - 23 April 1996Fuzile Petros Juqu - killing (22 Kb)Henry Kwisomba - killing (34 Kb)Lennox Maphalane - killing (30 Kb)Zenzeli Eric May - torture and solitary confinement (43 Kb)Christopher Piet - killing (69 Kb)Sonny Boy Zantsi - shot and killed (27 Kb)

DAY 3 - 24 April 1996Nombulelo Delato - human burning (24 Kb)Albert M Kopolo - killing (16 Kb)Anton Lubowski - assassination (43 Kb)Ezra Em Maseko - killing (16 Kb)Mlandeli Walter Mqikela - torture (32 Kb)Nomatise Evelyn Tsobileyo - serious injuries (19 Kb)Ginana Vellem - killing (24 Kb)

DAY 4 - 25 April 1996 Anton Fransch - shot and killed (46 Kb)Jackson Gishi - killing (17 Kb)Guy Javens - killing (10 Kb)Mzimkhulu Johnson - killing (27 Kb)Wiseman Madodomzi and Thamsanqu Lutya - killing and disappearance (17 Kb)Bishop Retief - statement (11 Kb)Lucas Baba Sikwepere - torture (31 Kb)Paul Manuel Williams - serious injuries (15 Kb) Kimberley10 - 11 June 1996 Phakamile Harry Mabija - death in detention (34 Kb)Phineus Adonis - shot with birdshot (21 Kb)Christopher Mokhuwane - died of head injuries inflicted by police at school premises (13 Kb)Alakie Koopman - died as a result of house being tear gassed (8 Kb)Sylvia Vuizwa Moleleki - shot with birdshot (11 Kb)Father Michael Lapsley - severely injured by a letter bomb (38 Kb)Nzimeni Patrick Bosman - torture by police and unlawfully arrested (11 Kb)Ellen Moshweu - shot by police (13 Kb)Tommy Kgatiwane - shot (9 Kb)Aubrey Kgatiwane - beaten by IFP members (13 Kb) 11 June 1996Izakiel Mokone - killed by hand grenade (10 Kb)Izakiel Mokone - killed by hand grenade during march TESTIMONY BY: NKOSINATHI NKOHLA (22 Kb)Izakiel Mokone - killed by hand grenade during march TESTIMONY BY: SIPHO MOSES MBAQA (35 Kb)Izakiel Mokone - killed by hand grenade during march TESTIMONY BY: THEMBINKOSI STEVEN NGQELE (15 Kb)Izakiel Mokone - killed by hand grenade during march TESTIMONY BY: WALTER SMILES (10 Kb)Khotso Flatela - died in exile (17 Kb)David Mabeka - tortured/detained under state of emergency (29 Kb)Lathli Mabilo - shot and killed (25 Kb)Reuben Gallant - shot at close range in left eyewith tear gas (26 Kb)William Rakubu - disappeared in exile (30 Kb)Thabo Moorosi - severely tortured and detained (17 Kb) George18 - 19 June 1996 18 June 1996Opening statement by Archbishop Desmond Tutu (11 Kb)Matter concerning Bhongulethu 3 (12 Kb)Soyisile Douse - shot dead by policemen (17 Kb)Johnny Karelse - shot and killed by kitskonstabels (14 Kb)Michael Lucas - sentenced to death for murder (12 Kb)Sipiwo Ivin Stuurman - shot by police (26 Kb)Patrick Marenene - attacked with an axe and then necklaced (18 Kb)Selwyn Botha - shot and killed by kitskonstabels (9 Kb)Sipho Kroma - tortured and beaten by police (27 Kb)Noxolo Jafta - shot and beaten by kitskonstabels (9 Kb)Mpumelelo Vena - tortured by police and bribed to be a police informer (34 Kb)Kobus Pienaar - submission, questions and answers (20 Kb) 19 June 1996Anida Harris - shot dead by police (10 Kb)Andile Kobe - beaten to death by police (20 Kb)Gama Mthamzeli - arrest and torture (22 Kb)Geoffrey Yalolo - tortured by police (51 Kb)Goodman Xokiso - shot dead by police (11 Kb)Isaac Bezuidenhout - shot dead by police on his way home from work (10 Kb)Lathli Mabilo & Sheila Mabozo - shot and killed (29 Kb)Nelson Zuzile Maseko - killed (30 Kb)Nkosinathi Hlazo - died as a result of being shot and tortured en route to the hospital (29 Kb)Shedrak Claasen - tortured by police (18 Kb)Patrick Mzathi - tortured by police (11 Kb)Sizakele Mzola - shot by council employee (16 Kb) Worcester24 - 26 June 1996 24 June 1996Opening statement by Dr Boraine (4 Kb)Xolile Dyabooi - torture/detention(18 Kb)Zandisile Ntsomi - shot in leg by police - leg amputated (35 Kb)Nation Nkosane Bahume - shot dead by police (38 Kb)Yvonne Khutwane - torture/detention (29 Kb)Shu-Eib Kariem - torture/unlawful detention (31 Kb)Amos Dyantyi - torture/detention (26 Kb)William Dyasi - shot dead by police (17 Kb)Ridwaan Kariem - shot by police and unlawful detention (46 Kb) 25 June 1996Mina Day - severely beaten by police (25 Kb)Jacques Martin de Bruin - shot dead by a civilian during a march (29 Kb)Tutu Phillip Lengs - severely beaten by vigilantes (16 Kb)Wessel London - shooting (16 Kb)Mzukisi Cathnick Mdidimba - severely beaten by Amasolomzi and police (18 Kb)Pringle Mrubata - paralysed as a result of being shot by Amasolomzi (20 Kb)Karel Jakobus Opperman - shooting (18 Kb)Sipho Joseph Sixishi - brutally assaulted by Amasolomzi and municipal police (18 Kb)Douglas Zweni - shot by comrades (35 Kb)Statement Mr Falck - re Nolene Smith (21 Kb)Submission - Father Michael Weeder (20 Kb)

26 June 1996Annalene Abrahams - shot by police (9 Kb)Statement by Dr van Heerden (3 Kb)John Marinus Ferus - torture/detention (24 Kb)Johannes Jones - shot dead by police (8 Kb)Nyembezi Makhubalo - torture/detention (12 Kb)Mzikhaya Mkhabile - torture on Robben Island (23 Kb)Pieterse Afrika - shot dead by police (8 Kb)Nowowo Emily Tsenze - beaten by police (12 Kb)Closing statement - Ms Gobodo-Madikizela (12 Kb) Helderberg - Tygerberg5 - 7 August 1996 5 August 1996Robert Nana Maliti - torture by security police (12 Kb)Lubalo Mtirara - shot and killed by police (11 Kb)Siphiwo Harry Manentsa - shot by police (16 Kb)Clive Cupido - shot and killed by police (13 Kb)Christopher Truter - shot and killed by police (17 Kb)Colin de Souza - detention and assault by police (50 Kb)Ashley Kriel - shot and killed by police (47 Kb)Faried Muhammad Ferhelst - severe assault (31 Kb)Siwanana Chakatha - shot and killed by police (12 Kb)Abraham Thanduxolo Cingo - shooting and(10 Kb)6 August 1996Abdurahman Allie - shot and killed by police (34 Kb)Douglas Sizwe Nkwali - severe assault by AWB (16 Kb)Johanna Moses - shot and killed by police (11 Kb)Kulekile Simon Kewute - attempted murder (16 Kb)Llewellyn Neil Cornelius Links - shot by police (14 Kb)Marius Hoffman - shot by police (15 Kb)Roger Neil Charles - shot by police (9 Kb)Sibulelo Gladstone Piliso - shot and killed by police (9 Kb)Tshuku family - family members shot and killed (18 Kb)Yazir Henry - torture and detention by security police (40 Kb)

7 August 1996Statement on Woman's Day (18 Kb)Avril de Bruyn - shot and killed by police (13 Kb)Coline Williams - detention and death by bomb explosion (19 Kb)David de Bruin - shot and killed by police (22 Kb)Monica Daniels - shot by police (16 Kb)Ricardo Levy - shot and killed by police (12 Kb)Sarah van Wyk - shot and killed by police (15 Kb)Shirley Gunn - torture and detention by police (34 Kb)Zubeida Jaffer - detention and torture by police (41 Kb) Beaufort West12 - 14 August 1996 12 August 1996Sidney Yabo - shot by kitskonstabels (17 Kb) Witness Kellem - shot dead (26 Kb)Thabo Abraham Metsing - shot by kitskonstabels (16 Kb)Jan Molowitz - shot by kitskonstabels (13 Kb)Zo-Marius Bocks - torture by police (26 Kb)Gerald Klaaste - detention & (17 Kb)Emily Manong - killing (17 Kb)Sipiwo Ivin Stuurman - shot by police (26 Kb)William Makulani - torture by police (47 Kb)Ntombizanele Zingxondo - torture (17 Kb) 13 August 1996Dora Vumazonke - house stoned & burnt down (15 Kb)Johannes Bonas - shot & beaten (23 Kb)Mandlenkosi Kratshi - father shot & killed by police (31 Kb)Masinda Fatyela - torture by police (32 Kb)Matthew Sindile Yanta - detention and torture (15 Kb)Nonight Annie Qayi - detention (27 Kb)Rosy Hugo - detention (14 Kb)Zenzile Lolwana - detention & torture (17 Kb) Upington2 - 3 October 1996 2 October 1996Elliot Mbulelo Jonga - shot by police (12 Kb)Godfrey Xolile Yona - arrest and incarceration (16 Kb)Abel Kutu - torture and incarceration (12 Kb)Zuko Xabandlini - arrest and incarceration (9 Kb)Anderson Mpendelo Lizo - shot by police (15 Kb)Jetta Sethwala - burnt to death (13 Kb)Ivolyn de Bruin - arrest and incarceration (17 Kb)Otlogecoe Mokgatla - severe assault by police (7 Kb)Beulin Isaaks - shot and killed by police (15 Kb)Shadrack Kwaza - assault, harassment shooting by police (10 Kb)Dikkie Mxolisi, Johannes Jacobs & Bernard Bonakele Jacobs - detained & death in prison (18 Kb)Jackie Tshangela - shot by police (6 Kb) 3 October 1996Funani September Bambelo - detention & torture by police (15 Kb)Headman Mbatha - assault and disappearance (12 Kb)Victor Charles Zenane - shot by police (10 Kb)Jim Bonakele Yanta - severely assaulted by np supporters (15 Kb)Andre Thomas & Susanna Elizabeth Thomas - shooting by police, house forcibly entered and searched (15 Kb)Rosaline Desiree Cloete and Michael Julies - shot and killed by police (17 Kb)Nicholas Makandile Links - shot and killed a child (30 Kb)Nkosana Kingsley Msea - assault by police (8 Kb)Piet Scheffers - poisoned by employer (10 Kb) David Isaaks - shot dead by white man (21 Kb) Karoo7 - 9 October 1996 7 October 1996Elias Bukula - severe torture and detention (12 Kb)Sizakele Mbekushe - shot and killed by police (9 Kb)Solani Gcanga - severe torture and detention (26 Kb)Booi Mantysi - shot and killed by police (22 Kb)Lesley Kelemi - shot by police (8 Kb) Ambrose Mpepeto - shot by police (16 Kb)Tshediso Phakalitha - disappeared after arrested by police (7 Kb)Headman Dwyali - severe torture (18 Kb)Submission by Ms D Oliver (8 Kb)Statement by Thwane Rotho (8 KbIda Tantsi & Olga Tantsi - shooting by police (20 Kb)Closing statement - day 1 (6 Kb) 8 October 1996Albert/Charlotte Nkumbi - shot and killed and attacked and house was destroyed (21 Kb)Aron Magam - suffocation, shot and killed by police (11 Kb)Elliot Siyoko - assault - incarceration (18 Kb)Koos Simakadane - attacked by comrades (13 Kb)Mkhonto Mfazwe - severe torture, detention (11 Kb)Monwabisi Maseti - detention, severe assault (14 Kb)Sophie Butele - killing (18 Kb)NCAMISILI SONAMZI - severe torture, detention (19 Kb)Nceba Joka - shot & killed by kitskonstabel (9 Kb)Simoni Zono - shot & killed by police (5 Kb)Siphiwe Ntsizakalo - severe torture, house damaged (13 Kb)Sophie Butele - killing (25 Kb)Yibanathi Mjada - severe torture (15 Kb)

9 October 1996Funeka Siyonzana - shooting and killing by police (3 Kb)Julia Dilato - set alight, severe torture (13 Kb)Krakra Maciki - shooting and killing by police (6 Kb)Mongezi Juda - shooting and killing by police (3 Kb)Moses Mtshakazana - detention and shooting by police (13 Kb)Mimi Themba Rasmante - shot by police severe assault and detention (21 Kb)Paolus Kopung - severe assault by police (9 Kb)Zinakile Charles Asiya - severe assault and detention (19 Kb)Petrose Mosotho - torture, assault and shot in arm by police (11 Kb)Sandile Botha - severe torture (10 Kb)Nombulelo Kula - severe assault by police (7 Kb)Closing statement - day 3 (5 Kb) Winelands14 - 16 October 1996 Opening statement - Rev E Maart (14 Kb)Petrus Cloete - shooting (17 Kb)Vuyisile Ntanjana - severe assault (15 Kb)Andile Ndinisa - detention, shot by police (22 Kb)Sikowukowu Malunda - severe torture & detention (23 Kb)Vuyo Patrick Dinwa - shooting (10 Kb)Stanley Manyefane - shot & killed (12 Kb)Chumani Milton Matshiki - shot & killed (16 Kb)Gqibile Hans - sentenced to death & executed (18 Kb)Malusi Mathelele - shot & killed (23 Kb)Patric Qumza - severely assaulted (21 Kb)Coenraad van Rooyen - assault (18 Kb)Hendrina Kaye - shooting (9 Kb)Maria Segrys - shooting(7 Kb)Vivian Stanley Matthee - shot & killed (25 Kb)Ronald Robinson - torture - beaten to death (25 Kb)Adri Aaron Faas - shot & killed (36 Kb)Ronald Charles Carollisen - shot & killed (29 Kb)Norman Peterson - shot & killed (9 Kb)Sarah Viljoen - shot & killed (14 Kb)Yvonne Dube - shot & killed (15 Kb)Themba Ndinisa - shot & killed (16 Kb)Hendrik Fredericks - shooting (8 Kb)Robert McClune - shooting (11 Kb)Douglas Frans - killed in Angola (11 Kb)Liziwe Masokanye - shot & killed (13 Kb)Ntemi Phike - detention, shot & killed (29 Kb)Philemon Makina Maxam - apologies to two families and the community (16 Kb)Statement by Mr Adam McClune (24 Kb)Wallace McGregor - conscription/death (1986) (18 Kb)Submission by Dr Hannes Koorenhof, Dr Bethel Muller & Frederick Marais (36 Kb)Closing statement by Pumla Gobodo-Madikizela(18 Kb) Guguletu 7 - Pollsmoor26 - 28 November 1996 Opening statement and introductions (8 Kb)Chris Bateman - submission, question and answers (25 Kb)Ronald Benting - submission, questions and answers (20 Kb)Christopher Piet - shot and killed by police (16 Kb)Zabonke Konile - shot and killed by police (20 Kb)Mbuyiseli B Mtuze - shot and killed (18 Kb)Zandisile S Mjobo - shot and killed by police (19 Kb)Amina Elizabeth van Dyk - shot with birdshot in eye (23 Kb)Lionel Paulsen - shot and killed by police(21 Kb)Quentin Bailey - shot and killed by police (17 Kb)Simon Mandla Mxinwa - shot and killed by police (7 Kb)Reverend Vuyani Papa - shot by police (12 Kb)Jabulani SG Miya - shot and killed by police (8 Kb)Rev Jan de Waal - beaten by police and lost his eye (20 Kb)Priscilla Pama - shot and killed (7 Kb)Context statement - Sheikh Gabier (26 Kb)Submissions, questions and answers - John Johannes george Christoffel Kleyn (154 Kb)Submissions, questions and answers - William Rudolph Liebenberg (115 Kb)Submissions, questions and answers - Cornelius Adolf Odendal (95 Kb)Statement, questions and answers - Rudolph Paul David Lazaro (24 Kb)Submission, questions and answers - General Sibaca (19 Kb)Submission - Pat Smith (5 Kb)Day 3 - Introduction and showing of video (15 Kb)Statement, questions and answers - Anthony Weaver (26 Kb) Guguletu 717 - 18 February 1997 OPENING STATEMENT (8 Kb)QUESTIONS, SUBMISSIONS AND ANSWERS - KAREL BOTHMA (84 Kb)QUESTIONS, SUBMISSIONS AND ANSWERS - LOUIS FERDINAND COETZEE (130 Kb)SUBMISSIONS, QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS - ANDRE GROBBELAAR (104 Kb)QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS - TOMMY HENDRICKS (39 Kb)SUBMISSIONS, QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS - LEONARD KNIPE (110 Kb)SUBMISSIONS, QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS - BETRAM OSWALD MOGGEE (58 Kb)SUBMISSION, QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS - JOHN MARTIN STERRENBERG (114 Kb) KTC9 - 11 June 1997 MARK BLETCHER; NEIL MYBURGH (47 Kb)P DU TOIT (80 Kb)JOHN FINYE (42 Kb)JOHN FREETH (32 Kb)NOTAYINI NOMANGESI GALAWENI (27 Kb)STEVE KAHANOVITZ (63 Kb)YVONNE KALOLI (12 Kb)LEONARD KNIPE (53 Kb)REV MFENYANA (8 Kb)SAM NDIMA (67 Kb)FELICIA NGWEVUSHA (14 Kb)WINIFRED NKOSI (26 Kb)CORNELIUS ADOLF JANSE ODENDAL (71 Kb)ULRICH SCHELHASE (71 Kb)LENNOX SIGWELA (31 Kb)MANDLA SIQAZA (12 Kb)MAGGIE SOKUPA (35 Kb)TREVOR GRIFFITHS VERMEULEN (90 Kb)MELFORT YAMILE; GLADSTONE T. NTAMO (44 Kb)

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Map of 20th Century Genocides

RwandaA conflict between two peoples: The Tutsi and the Hutu. End result: Genocide

The Vanishing Point: Where we stop seeing others

as equal human beings.

A very short history of Rwanda

http://www.rwandanstories.org/origins/real_differences.html

What’s this Hutu Tutsi thing?

http://www.rwandanstories.org/origins/hutu_and_tutsi.html

Quote

Aftermath of Genocide

http://www.rwandanstories.org/aftermath/a_wasteland.html

Source of Conflict between the Hutus and the Tutsis.

Did it all come down to a cow? Tutsi’s were closer to the king, had wealth and owned cattle. Hutus were farmers and didn’t own cattle.

Death Tolls of the Genocide

Between April and June 1994, an estimated 800,000 Rwandans were killed in the space of 100 days. Most of the dead were Tutsis - and most of those who perpetrated the violence were Hutus.

COLONIZATIONIn each of these cases,

colonization of Europeans played a part. Discuss this.