exploring on mars - the red planet
DESCRIPTION
EXPLORING ON MARS - THE RED PLANET THE PRESENTATION EXPLAINS THE ESSENTIALS OF MARS, IMPACT CRATERS ON MARS AND THE THE REASON FOR OCCURRENCE, BIGGEST IMPACT CRATERS ON MARS AND THE MODERN INNOVATIONS IN MARS (INCLUDING, MARS MISSIONS, PLANETARY ROVING VEHICLES ON MARS & THEIR HISTORY & COMPARISON AND MARS ORBITER MISSION BY INDIA)TRANSCRIPT
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EXPLORING ON MARS - THE RED PLANET
ARUNSENAPATHY R
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OBJECTIVES
MARS | AT A GLANCE
IMPACT CRATERS ON MARS
REASON FOR OCCURRENCE
BIGGEST CRATERS ON MARS
MARS MISSIONS
PLANETARY ROVING VEHICLES ON MARS | HISTORY & COMPARISON
CONCLUSION
REFERENCE
PRESENTATION OUTLINE
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TO UNDERSTAND THE ESSENTIALS OF MARS
TO KNOW ABOUT IMPACT CRATERS ON MARS AND THE REASON FOR
OCCURRENCE
TO DISCUSS ABOUT THE BIGGEST IMPACT CRATERS ON MARS
TO COGNIZE THE MODERN INNOVATIONS IN MARS
OBJECTIVES
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MARS | AT A GLANCE
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MARS
FOURTH PLANET FROM THE SUN | SECOND SMALLEST
PLANET IN THE SOLAR SYSTEM
NAMED AFTER THE ROMAN GOD OF WAR
DESCRIBED AS THE “RED PLANET”
THE IRON OXIDE PREVALENT ON ITS SURFACE GIVES IT A
REDDISH APPEARANCE
A TERRESTRIAL PLANET WITH A THIN ATMOSPHERE
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MARS - THE RED PLANET
MARS SURFACE IS COMPRISED OF IRON-
RICH MINERALS (RUST OR OXIDIZE) AND
DUST.
THE MARTIAN SURFACE IS NOT ALL RUST-COLORED, HOWEVER,
BECAUSE DEPENDING ON THE OXIDATION PROCESS, THE MINERALS
CAN BE A RANGE OF COLORS FROM BUTTERSCOTCH TO RUST.
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MARS LOCATION
MARS
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MARS FACTS
DISTANCE FROM SUN ≈1.52 TIMES AS FAR AS EARTH
TIME TO ORBIT THE SUN ~ 26 EARTH MONTHS
ATMOSPHERE ~ MOSTLY CARBON DIOXIDE
MARTIAN DAY ~ 24.7 HOURS
TEMPERATURE ON THE PLANET’S SURFACE HARDLY RISES ABOVE
FREEZING POINT
EARTH AND MARS | COMPARISON
PARTICULARS EARTH MARS
RADIUS 6378 KM 3397 KM
DENSITY 5515 KG/M3 3933 KG/M3
GRAVITY 9.8 M/S2 3.72 M/S2
YEAR 365.25 DAYS 686.98 DAYS
ECCENTRICITY 0.017 0.094
DAY 24 HOURS 24 HR 39 MIN
OBLIQUITY 23.45º 25.19º
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CONTD…
THE LAND AREA OF EARTH IS APPROXIMATELY EQUAL TO THE TOTAL SURFACE OF MARS
THE LAND AREA OF AFRICA IS ABOUT THE SAME AS THE TOTAL SURFACE OF THE MOON
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MARS | SURFACE FEATURES
SURFACE COLOR “RED”
FEATURES
IMPACT CRATERS
LARGEST VOLCANO IN THE SOLAR
SYSTEM
(OLYMPUS MONS)
LARGEST CANYON IN THE SOLAR
SYSTEM
(VALLES MARINERIS)
ANCIENT RIVER CHANNELS
LAVA ROCKS
DUST: REDDISH FROM VOLCANIC
ROCK
VALLES MARINERIS
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MARS | ATMOSPHERE
UNBREATHABLE
THIN
DUSTY, MAKES THE SKY PINKISH, LOTS
OF DUST STORMS
SURFACE PRESSURE: 1/150TH OF EARTH’S
(ONLY 5.6 MILLIBARS)
COMPOSITION: 95% CO2, 3% N, 1.5% AR,
0.1% O2, 0.03% H2O
MOONS OF MARS
MARS HAS TWO TINY MOONS NAMED “DEIMOS” (PANIC) & “PHOBOS” (FEAR)
THE MOONS ARE IRREGULAR AND VERY SMALL IN SIZE
PHOBOS 27X22X18 KM
DEIMOS 15X12X10 KM
THE MOONS ARE PROBABLY ASTEROIDS CAPTURED BY MARS
Deimos
PHOBOS
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WATER ON MARS
WATER IS THE KEY TO LIFE AS WE KNOW IT
THE NORTH AND SOUTH POLES OF MARS ARE COVERED WITH THICK ICE
OR FROST
SOME ASTRONOMERS ABOUT 100 YEARS AGO THOUGHT THERE WERE
CANALS ON MARS DUG BY INTELLIGENT CIVILIZATION
SPACE PROBES TO DATE HAVE NOT FOUND ANY TRACES OF CANALS ON
MARS
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IMPACT CRATERS ON MARS
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IMPACT CRATER IN MARS IS A LARGE HOLE IN THE GROUND CAUSED BY A
METEORITE SMASHING INTO THE SURFACE OF MARS
EVERY SOLID BODY IN THE SOLAR SYSTEM SUFFERS FROM THE EFFECTS OF
IMPACT CRATERING
THE PROJECTILES THAT CAUSE IMPACT CRATERS, TRAVEL AT VERY HIGH SPEED
AND FASTER
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TERMINOLOGIES
CENTRAL PEAK - A MOUNTAIN FORMED IN THE CENTRE OF LARGE IMPACT
CRATERS. THESE DO NOT OCCUR IN SMALL IMPACT CRATERS
EJECTA - A SHEET OF MATERIAL (ROCKS, SOIL) SURROUNDING THE CRATER
THAT WAS THROWN OUT DURING THE IMPACT EVENT
ERODE - THE PROCESS BY WHICH SOMETHING IS WORN AWAY OVER TIME
FLOOR - THE FLOOR OF AN IMPACT CRATER (USUALLY EITHER FLAT OR BOWL-
SHAPED), LYING BELOW THE SURROUNDING GROUND LEVEL
IMPACT CRATER - A HOLE IN THE GROUND (USUALLY CIRCULAR) CAUSED BY
THE IMPACT OF A METEORITE ONTO THE SURFACE OF A SOLID BODY
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METEORITE - A LUMP OF ROCK OR ICE THAT HITS THE SURFACE OF A PLANETARY
BODY
PROJECTILE - AN OBJECT THAT STRIKES A SURFACE TO PRODUCE AN IMPACT
CRATER. THESE CAN INCLUDE DUST PARTICLES, PEBBLES, ROCKS, COMETS AND
ASTEROIDS
RAISED RIM - THIS IS THE EDGE OF THE IMPACT CRATER AND IS COMPOSED OF
ROCKS AND MATERIAL PILED UP ON TOP OF ONE ANOTHER
RAYS - BRIGHT LINES OF EJECTA COMING FROM AN IMPACT CRATER. THESE CAN
EXTEND FOR VAST DISTANCES IN THE CASE OF LARGE IMPACTS
TERRACED WALLS - THESE ONLY OCCUR IN LARGE IMPACT CRATERS. AFTER THE
CRATER FORMS, THE WALLS OF THE CRATER SLIP, CREATING HUGE LANDSLIDES
INSIDE THE CRATER
CONTD…
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REASON FOR OCCURRENCE OF IMPACT CRATERS ON MARS
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FORMED BY A LARGE OBJECT SUCH AS AN ASTEROID OR A COMET
WHEN THESE LARGE OBJECTS HIT THE SURFACE THEY FORM HOLES (CRATERS)
LATE HEAVY BOMBARDMENT PERIOD OF OUR SOLAR SYSTEM
NO ATMOSPHERE TO PROTECT IT FROM ASTEROIDS
THAT'S WHY MARS HAS CRATERS
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PHOTOGRAPHS OF VARIOUS IMPACT CRATERS ON MARS
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CONTD…
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BIGGEST CRATERS ON MARS
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BOREALIS BASIN
8,500 – KM IN DIAMETER
A HUGE 4 BILLION YEAR-OLD IMPACT CRATER
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HELLAS BASIN
OVER 2,100 KILOMETERS IN DIAMETER AND NINE KILOMETERS DEEP
THE HELLAS BASIN ON THE SOUTHERN HEMISPHERE OF MARS IS VERY
BIG, AND VERY DEEP
CONTD…
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ARGYRE BASIN
SECOND TO HELLAS IN TERMS OF SIZE.
THE MASSIVE ARGYRE BASIN ON THE SOUTHERN HEMISPHERE OF MARS.
1,800 KILOMETRES
WIDE AND 5 KM IN DIAMETER
CONTD…
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MARS MISSIONS
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NASA - MARS SCIENCE LABORATORY [MSL]
CURIOSITY ROVER
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PHOTOGRAPHS OF CURIOSITY ROVER
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CONTD…
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CONTD…
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PLANETARY ROVING VEHICLES ON MARS HISTORY & COMPARISON
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MARINER - MARS
(MARINER-4 TOGETHER WITH MARINER-3)
OPERATOR NASA
MISSION TYPE FLYBY
LAUNCH DATE NOVEMBER 28, 1964
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SPIRIT ROVER
OPERATOR NASA
MISSION TYPE ROVER
LAUNCH DATE JUNE 10, 2003
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OPPORTUNITY ROVER
OPERATOR NASA
MISSION TYPE ROVER
LAUNCH DATE JULY 07, 2003
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PHOENIX
OPERATOR NASA
MISSION TYPE LANDER
LAUNCH DATE MAY 25, 2008
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CURIOSITY
OPERATOR NASA
MISSION TYPE ROVER
LAUNCH DATE NOVEMBER 26, 2011
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COMPARISON OF PLANETARY ROVING VEHICLES ON MARS
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CONTD…
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MARS ORBITER MISSION
MARS ORBITER MISSION IS INDIA'S FIRST INTERPLANETARY MISSION
TO PLANET MARS WITH AN ORBITER CRAFT DESIGNED TO ORBIT
MARS IN AN ELLIPTICAL ORBIT.
THE MISSION IS PRIMARILY TECHNOLOGICAL MISSION CONSIDERING
THE CRITICAL MISSION OPERATIONS AND STRINGENT REQUIREMENTS
ON PROPULSION AND OTHER BUS SYSTEMS OF SPACECRAFT.
SUCCESSFULLLY LAUNCHED ON 5 NOVEMBER 2013, 09:08 UTC IN
PSLV-XL C25 ROCKET FROM SATISH DHAWAN SPACE CENTRE (SDSC)
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MARS ORBITER MISSION – LAUNCH IMAGES
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A BASIC OUTLINE TO IMPACT CRATERS IS DISCUSSED
IMPACT CRATERS ON MARS AND THE REASON FOR OCCURRENCE WERE
DELIBERATED
MODERN INNOVATIONS IN MARS WERE CONFERRED
CONCLUSION
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[1] T. BARATA, E. I. ALVES, J. SARAIVA, AND P. PINA, “AUTOMATIC RECOGNITION OF
IMPACT CRATERS ON THE SURFACE OF MARS,” IMAGE ANALYSIS AND
RECOGNITION, VOL. 3212, LECTURE NOTES IN COMPUTER SCIENCE. NEWYORK:
PRINGER-VERLAG, 2004, PP. 489–496.
[2] “TEN BIGGEST IMPACT CRATERS IN THE SOLAR SYSTEM” BY “SCIENCE PHOTO
LIBRARY FEATURE STORIES”
[3] TEANBY, N.A., WOOKEY, J., SEISMIC DETECTION OF METEORITE IMPACTS ON
MARS, PHYSICS OF THE EARTH AND PLANETARY INTERIORS (2010), DOI:10.1016 /
J.PEPI.2011.03.004
[4] http://www.isro.org/pslv-c25/mission.aspx
REFERENCES
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THANK YOU
ARUNSENAPATHY R | PROJECT ASSOCIATE
PLANETARY SCIENCES AND EXPLORATION PROGRAMME | PLANEX DIVISION
PHYSICAL RESEARCH LABORATORY | A UNIT OF DEPT. OF SPACE, GOVT. OF INDIA
NAVRANGPURA | AHMEDABAD | 380 009 | INDIA | www.prl.res.in
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