exploring on mars - the red planet

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EXPLORING ON MARS - THE RED PLANET ARUNSENAPATHY R 06/22/2022 1

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EXPLORING ON MARS - THE RED PLANET THE PRESENTATION EXPLAINS THE ESSENTIALS OF MARS, IMPACT CRATERS ON MARS AND THE THE REASON FOR OCCURRENCE, BIGGEST IMPACT CRATERS ON MARS AND THE MODERN INNOVATIONS IN MARS (INCLUDING, MARS MISSIONS, PLANETARY ROVING VEHICLES ON MARS & THEIR HISTORY & COMPARISON AND MARS ORBITER MISSION BY INDIA)

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Page 1: EXPLORING ON MARS - THE RED PLANET

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EXPLORING ON MARS - THE RED PLANET

ARUNSENAPATHY R

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OBJECTIVES

MARS | AT A GLANCE

IMPACT CRATERS ON MARS

REASON FOR OCCURRENCE

BIGGEST CRATERS ON MARS

MARS MISSIONS

PLANETARY ROVING VEHICLES ON MARS | HISTORY & COMPARISON

CONCLUSION

REFERENCE

PRESENTATION OUTLINE

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TO UNDERSTAND THE ESSENTIALS OF MARS

TO KNOW ABOUT IMPACT CRATERS ON MARS AND THE REASON FOR

OCCURRENCE

TO DISCUSS ABOUT THE BIGGEST IMPACT CRATERS ON MARS

TO COGNIZE THE MODERN INNOVATIONS IN MARS

OBJECTIVES

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MARS | AT A GLANCE

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MARS

FOURTH PLANET FROM THE SUN | SECOND SMALLEST

PLANET IN THE SOLAR SYSTEM

NAMED AFTER THE ROMAN GOD OF WAR

DESCRIBED AS THE “RED PLANET”

THE IRON OXIDE PREVALENT ON ITS SURFACE GIVES IT A

REDDISH APPEARANCE

A TERRESTRIAL PLANET WITH A THIN ATMOSPHERE

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MARS - THE RED PLANET

MARS SURFACE IS COMPRISED OF IRON-

RICH MINERALS (RUST OR OXIDIZE) AND

DUST.

THE MARTIAN SURFACE IS NOT ALL RUST-COLORED, HOWEVER,

BECAUSE DEPENDING ON THE OXIDATION PROCESS, THE MINERALS

CAN BE A RANGE OF COLORS FROM BUTTERSCOTCH TO RUST.

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MARS LOCATION

MARS

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MARS FACTS

DISTANCE FROM SUN ≈1.52 TIMES AS FAR AS EARTH

TIME TO ORBIT THE SUN ~ 26 EARTH MONTHS

ATMOSPHERE ~ MOSTLY CARBON DIOXIDE

MARTIAN DAY ~ 24.7 HOURS

TEMPERATURE ON THE PLANET’S SURFACE HARDLY RISES ABOVE

FREEZING POINT

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EARTH AND MARS | COMPARISON

PARTICULARS EARTH MARS

RADIUS 6378 KM 3397 KM

DENSITY 5515 KG/M3 3933 KG/M3

GRAVITY 9.8 M/S2 3.72 M/S2

YEAR 365.25 DAYS 686.98 DAYS

ECCENTRICITY 0.017 0.094

DAY 24 HOURS 24 HR 39 MIN

OBLIQUITY 23.45º 25.19º

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CONTD…

THE LAND AREA OF EARTH IS APPROXIMATELY EQUAL TO THE TOTAL SURFACE OF MARS

THE LAND AREA OF AFRICA IS ABOUT THE SAME AS THE TOTAL SURFACE OF THE MOON

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MARS | SURFACE FEATURES

SURFACE COLOR “RED”

FEATURES

IMPACT CRATERS

LARGEST VOLCANO IN THE SOLAR

SYSTEM

(OLYMPUS MONS)

LARGEST CANYON IN THE SOLAR

SYSTEM

(VALLES MARINERIS)

ANCIENT RIVER CHANNELS

LAVA ROCKS

DUST: REDDISH FROM VOLCANIC

ROCK

VALLES MARINERIS

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MARS | ATMOSPHERE

UNBREATHABLE

THIN

DUSTY, MAKES THE SKY PINKISH, LOTS

OF DUST STORMS

SURFACE PRESSURE: 1/150TH OF EARTH’S

(ONLY 5.6 MILLIBARS)

COMPOSITION: 95% CO2, 3% N, 1.5% AR,

0.1% O2, 0.03% H2O

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MOONS OF MARS

MARS HAS TWO TINY MOONS NAMED “DEIMOS” (PANIC) & “PHOBOS” (FEAR)

THE MOONS ARE IRREGULAR AND VERY SMALL IN SIZE

PHOBOS 27X22X18 KM

DEIMOS 15X12X10 KM

THE MOONS ARE PROBABLY ASTEROIDS CAPTURED BY MARS

Deimos

PHOBOS

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WATER ON MARS

WATER IS THE KEY TO LIFE AS WE KNOW IT

THE NORTH AND SOUTH POLES OF MARS ARE COVERED WITH THICK ICE

OR FROST

SOME ASTRONOMERS ABOUT 100 YEARS AGO THOUGHT THERE WERE

CANALS ON MARS DUG BY INTELLIGENT CIVILIZATION

SPACE PROBES TO DATE HAVE NOT FOUND ANY TRACES OF CANALS ON

MARS

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IMPACT CRATERS ON MARS

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IMPACT CRATER IN MARS IS A LARGE HOLE IN THE GROUND CAUSED BY A

METEORITE SMASHING INTO THE SURFACE OF MARS

EVERY SOLID BODY IN THE SOLAR SYSTEM SUFFERS FROM THE EFFECTS OF

IMPACT CRATERING

THE PROJECTILES THAT CAUSE IMPACT CRATERS, TRAVEL AT VERY HIGH SPEED

AND FASTER

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TERMINOLOGIES

CENTRAL PEAK - A MOUNTAIN FORMED IN THE CENTRE OF LARGE IMPACT

CRATERS. THESE DO NOT OCCUR IN SMALL IMPACT CRATERS

EJECTA - A SHEET OF MATERIAL (ROCKS, SOIL) SURROUNDING THE CRATER

THAT WAS THROWN OUT DURING THE IMPACT EVENT

ERODE - THE PROCESS BY WHICH SOMETHING IS WORN AWAY OVER TIME

FLOOR - THE FLOOR OF AN IMPACT CRATER (USUALLY EITHER FLAT OR BOWL-

SHAPED), LYING BELOW THE SURROUNDING GROUND LEVEL

IMPACT CRATER - A HOLE IN THE GROUND (USUALLY CIRCULAR) CAUSED BY

THE IMPACT OF A METEORITE ONTO THE SURFACE OF A SOLID BODY

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METEORITE - A LUMP OF ROCK OR ICE THAT HITS THE SURFACE OF A PLANETARY

BODY

PROJECTILE - AN OBJECT THAT STRIKES A SURFACE TO PRODUCE AN IMPACT

CRATER. THESE CAN INCLUDE DUST PARTICLES, PEBBLES, ROCKS, COMETS AND

ASTEROIDS

RAISED RIM - THIS IS THE EDGE OF THE IMPACT CRATER AND IS COMPOSED OF

ROCKS AND MATERIAL PILED UP ON TOP OF ONE ANOTHER

RAYS - BRIGHT LINES OF EJECTA COMING FROM AN IMPACT CRATER. THESE CAN

EXTEND FOR VAST DISTANCES IN THE CASE OF LARGE IMPACTS

TERRACED WALLS - THESE ONLY OCCUR IN LARGE IMPACT CRATERS. AFTER THE

CRATER FORMS, THE WALLS OF THE CRATER SLIP, CREATING HUGE LANDSLIDES

INSIDE THE CRATER

CONTD…

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REASON FOR OCCURRENCE OF IMPACT CRATERS ON MARS

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FORMED BY A LARGE OBJECT SUCH AS AN ASTEROID OR A COMET

WHEN THESE LARGE OBJECTS HIT THE SURFACE THEY FORM HOLES (CRATERS)

LATE HEAVY BOMBARDMENT PERIOD OF OUR SOLAR SYSTEM

NO ATMOSPHERE TO PROTECT IT FROM ASTEROIDS

THAT'S WHY MARS HAS CRATERS

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PHOTOGRAPHS OF VARIOUS IMPACT CRATERS ON MARS

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CONTD…

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BIGGEST CRATERS ON MARS

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BOREALIS BASIN

8,500 – KM IN DIAMETER

A HUGE 4 BILLION YEAR-OLD IMPACT CRATER

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HELLAS BASIN

OVER 2,100 KILOMETERS IN DIAMETER AND NINE KILOMETERS DEEP

THE HELLAS BASIN ON THE SOUTHERN HEMISPHERE OF MARS IS VERY

BIG, AND VERY DEEP

CONTD…

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ARGYRE BASIN

SECOND TO HELLAS IN TERMS OF SIZE.

THE MASSIVE ARGYRE BASIN ON THE SOUTHERN HEMISPHERE OF MARS.

1,800 KILOMETRES

WIDE AND 5 KM IN DIAMETER

CONTD…

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MARS MISSIONS

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NASA - MARS SCIENCE LABORATORY [MSL]

CURIOSITY ROVER

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PHOTOGRAPHS OF CURIOSITY ROVER

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CONTD…

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CONTD…

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PLANETARY ROVING VEHICLES ON MARS HISTORY & COMPARISON

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MARINER - MARS

(MARINER-4 TOGETHER WITH MARINER-3)

OPERATOR NASA

MISSION TYPE FLYBY

LAUNCH DATE NOVEMBER 28, 1964

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SPIRIT ROVER

OPERATOR NASA

MISSION TYPE ROVER

LAUNCH DATE JUNE 10, 2003

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OPPORTUNITY ROVER

OPERATOR NASA

MISSION TYPE ROVER

LAUNCH DATE JULY 07, 2003

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PHOENIX

OPERATOR NASA

MISSION TYPE LANDER

LAUNCH DATE MAY 25, 2008

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CURIOSITY

OPERATOR NASA

MISSION TYPE ROVER

LAUNCH DATE NOVEMBER 26, 2011

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COMPARISON OF PLANETARY ROVING VEHICLES ON MARS

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CONTD…

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MARS ORBITER MISSION

MARS ORBITER MISSION IS INDIA'S FIRST INTERPLANETARY MISSION

TO PLANET MARS WITH AN ORBITER CRAFT DESIGNED TO ORBIT

MARS IN AN ELLIPTICAL ORBIT.

THE MISSION IS PRIMARILY TECHNOLOGICAL MISSION CONSIDERING

THE CRITICAL MISSION OPERATIONS AND STRINGENT REQUIREMENTS

ON PROPULSION AND OTHER BUS SYSTEMS OF SPACECRAFT. 

SUCCESSFULLLY LAUNCHED ON 5 NOVEMBER 2013, 09:08 UTC IN

PSLV-XL C25 ROCKET FROM SATISH DHAWAN SPACE CENTRE (SDSC)

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MARS ORBITER MISSION – LAUNCH IMAGES

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A BASIC OUTLINE TO IMPACT CRATERS IS DISCUSSED

IMPACT CRATERS ON MARS AND THE REASON FOR OCCURRENCE WERE

DELIBERATED

MODERN INNOVATIONS IN MARS WERE CONFERRED

CONCLUSION

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[1] T. BARATA, E. I. ALVES, J. SARAIVA, AND P. PINA, “AUTOMATIC RECOGNITION OF

IMPACT CRATERS ON THE SURFACE OF MARS,” IMAGE ANALYSIS AND

RECOGNITION, VOL. 3212, LECTURE NOTES IN COMPUTER SCIENCE. NEWYORK:

PRINGER-VERLAG, 2004, PP. 489–496.

[2] “TEN BIGGEST IMPACT CRATERS IN THE SOLAR SYSTEM” BY “SCIENCE PHOTO

LIBRARY FEATURE STORIES”

[3] TEANBY, N.A., WOOKEY, J., SEISMIC DETECTION OF METEORITE IMPACTS ON

MARS, PHYSICS OF THE EARTH AND PLANETARY INTERIORS (2010), DOI:10.1016 /

J.PEPI.2011.03.004

[4] http://www.isro.org/pslv-c25/mission.aspx

REFERENCES

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THANK YOU

ARUNSENAPATHY R | PROJECT ASSOCIATE

PLANETARY SCIENCES AND EXPLORATION PROGRAMME | PLANEX DIVISION

PHYSICAL RESEARCH LABORATORY | A UNIT OF DEPT. OF SPACE, GOVT. OF INDIA

NAVRANGPURA | AHMEDABAD | 380 009 | INDIA | www.prl.res.in

MOBILE +91-9558549700 | E-MAIL [email protected] (OFFICIAL) | [email protected] (PERSONAL)

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