exploring mendelian genetics
DESCRIPTION
Exploring Mendelian Genetics. http://www.eslkidstuff.com/images/tallshort.gif. http://sps.k12.ar.us/massengale/genetics%20tutorial.htm. Must know terms. Trait—specific characteristic varies from one individual to another example height - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
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Exploring Mendelian Genetics
http://www.eslkidstuff.com/images/tallshort.gif
http://sps.k12.ar.us/massengale/genetics%20tutorial.htm
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Must know terms
Trait—specific characteristic varies from one individual to another example height
Hybrid—offspring of crosses between parents with different traits
Dominant—expressed trait
Recessive—non expressed trait: present only in the absence of the dominant
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Must know terms
• Homozygous—individuals with two identical alleles for a particular trait –true breeding
• Heterozygous—individuals with two different alleles for a particular trait—hybrid
• Phenotype—Physical characteristics• Genotype—Genetic makeup
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Must know terms
• Allele—Different forms of a gene• P generation—Parental generation• F1 generation—first generation after P
• F2 generation—second generation after P
• Probability—is the likelihood that a particular event will occur
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GENES are more complicated than Mendel thought
____________________________ the ________________________.
= ________________________
Genes ________ the ______ for development, but how plan unfolds also _______ on ______________conditions.
“Nature vs Nurture”
ENVIRONMENT influences
expression of genes
provide plan
depends environmental
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GENES are more complicated than Mendel thought
Some traits have ____________ allele __________
= ____________________
EX: blood type
Allele choices ___ ___ ___
MULTIPLE ALLELE TRAIT
A B O
MORE than 2 choices
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GENES are more complicated than MENDEL thought
Some traits are determined by ____________________________= __________________
EX: human height. intelligence,
skin & eye color
http://www.bcps.org/offices/lis/models/life/images/grow.JPG
POLYGENIC TRAITMORE THAN ONE GENE
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GENES are more complicated than MENDEL thought
Traits determined by ____________ _________ have _____“___________” phenotypes
http://www.newtonswindow.com/problem-solving.htm
There aren’t just SMART people and DUMB people…. there is a ________________of intelligences in-between
MORE thanONE gene many
in-between
whole range
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GENES are more complicated than MENDEL thought
KINDS OF DOMINANCE
____________________
____________________
____________________
COMPLETE DOMINANCEINCOMPLETE DOMINANCECO-DOMINANCE
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COMPLETE DOMINANCE
__________ allele _______ the ___________ one
PATTERN ?____________ allele ________
in a _____ratio in the ____ generation
Dominant masks recessive
Recessivereturns
3:1F2
http://www.emc.maricopa.edu/faculty/farabee/BIOBK/BioBookTOC.html
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INCOMPLETE DOMINANCE
__________ expected
_____ ratio in
F2 generation
_____________ organisms with one dominant and one recessive allele show a _________ in-between traitBLENDED
DON’T SEE
3:1
Heterozygous
Image modified from: http://www.emc.maricopa.edu/faculty/farabee/BIOBK/BioBookTOC.html
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CO-DOMINANCE_______ traits are expressed at ___________
(_____________________) in heterozygote
A ________HORSE has ______________ hair and __________ hair side by side
BOTH SAME TIME
ROAN
BOTH RED WHITE
NO BLENDING
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CO-DOMINANCEBoth traits are expressed together
(NO BLENDING) in heterozygote
Persons with an A alleleAND a B allele have blood type AB
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BLOOD TYPES have more than 2 allele choices= _________________________
The pattern of sugars that is attached is determined by genes
Allele choices are:
_____ ____ ____ A B O
MULTIPLE ALLELE TRAIT
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BLOOD TYPES & ALLELES
GENOTYPEPHENOTYPE
(BLOOD TYPE)AA
AO
BB
BO
OO
AB
A
A
B
B
O
AB
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BLOOD TYPES
Body images modified from: http://www.new-fitness.com/images/body_shapes.jpg
YOU DON’T HAVE ANYTHING I DON’T HAVE!
____ can donate to EVERY BLOOD TYPE = _____________________
Nothing on surface to recognize as “NOT SELF”
UNIVERSAL DONOR
O
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BLOOD TYPES
Body image modified from: http://www.new-fitness.com/images/body_shapes.jpg
______ can RECEIVE FROM EVERY BLOOD TYPE = ________________________UNIVERSAL RECIPIENT
AB
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BLOOD TYPE FREQUENCY IN USA
http://www.reachoutmichigan.org/funexperiments/agesubject/lessons/newton/BldTyping.html
A 40%B 10%
AB 4%O 46%
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MENDEL’S PEA EXPERIMENTS
Mendel started his experiments with peas that were _________________
= if allowed to _________________ they would produce ____________________ to themselves.
http://hus.yksd.com/distanceedcourses/YKSDbiology/lessons/FourthQuarter/Chapter11/11-1/images/MendelExperiment.gif
true breeding
self pollinate
offspring identical
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A _____________________ is called a ____________
Mendel ______________ in peas.
specific characteristic
trait
Pearson Education Inc,; Publishing as Pearson Prentice Hall
studied 7 traits
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MENDEL’S EXPERIMENTS
____ generation (_________)
____ generation
(______= offspring)
___ generation
P1
F1
F2
parental
filial
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P Generation F1 Generation F2 Generation
Tall Short Tall TallTall Tall Tall Short
Section 11-1
Principles of Dominance
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P Generation F1 Generation F2 Generation
Tall Short Tall TallTall Tall Tall Short
Section 11-1
Principles of Dominance
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P Generation F1 Generation F2 Generation
Tall Short Tall TallTall Tall Tall Short
Section 11-1
Principles of Dominance
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When Mendel ______________ PLANTS with 2 ______________ traits:(EX: Tall crossed with short)
He always found same pattern: 1. ONLY ______ trait ____________
in the ____ generation BUT . . .
2. ___________ trait ____________ in the ____ generation
in a _________ ratio
ONE showedF1
F2
3:1
crossed PURE contrasting
Missing returned
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PATTERNS ARE THE KEY
Image modified from:http://www.laskerfoundation.org/rprimers/gnn/timeline/1866.html http://www.accessexcellence.org/AB/GG/mendel.html
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Mendel decided that there must be a __________________ that ________each trait and that
__________ must be able to _______ the other.
pair of FACTORS
one factor
control
HIDE
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DIHYBRID CROSSES(2 traits)
http://mac122.icu.ac.jp/BIOBK/BioBookgenintro.html
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Mendel also asked the question?
Does the gene that determines if a seedis round or wrinkled have anything todo with the gene for seed shape?
Must a seed that is yellow also be round?
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MAKING A CROSS with ___________________=____________________
A Punnett square for a DIHYBRID CROSS looks like this:
DIHYBRID CROSSTWO gene traits
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Go to Section:
Section 11-3
Figure 11-10 Independent Assortment in Peas
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LAW OF __________________________
the factors are distributed to gametes independently of other factors
INDEPENDENT ASSORTMENT
Image modified from: http://anthro.palomar.edu/mendel/mendel_1.htm
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1. ___________ what _________________ are2. ________correct__________ square __________3. ______ possible_______________________4. ______ boxes with _____________________5. Determine ____________of_____________& ____________
LET’S MAKE A DIHYBRID CROSSHOMOZYGOUS
YELLOW ROUND
rryy
HOMOZYGOUSGREEN WRINKLED
Figure out parent allelesChoose Punnett sizePut in parent gametesFill in offspring combinations probabilities phenotypes
genotypes
RRYY
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R R Y Y
HOMOZYGOUS ROUND YELLOW
PRACTICE MAKING GAMETESWHAT ARE THE POSSIBLE GAMETES THIS PARENT CAN MAKE?
Each gamete shouldget one of each kindof gene
___________ ____________ _____________ _____________R Y R Y R Y R Y
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r r y y
HOMOZYGOUS WRINKLED GREEN
PRACTICE MAKING GAMETESWHAT ARE THE POSSIBLE GAMETES THIS PARENT CAN MAKE?
Each gamete shouldget one of each kindof gene
___________ ____________ _____________ _____________r y r y r y r y
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R r Y y
HETEROZYGOUSROUND YELLOW
PRACTICE MAKING GAMETESWHAT ARE THE POSSIBLE GAMETES THIS PARENT CAN MAKE?
Each gamete shouldget one of each kindof gene
___________ ____________ _____________ _____________R Y r y r Y R y
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ry ry ry ry
RY
RY
RY
RY
100% of offspring = _______ genotype _______________________ phenotype
RrYyROUND YELLOW
RrYy RrYy RrYy RrYy
RrYy RrYy RrYy RrYy
RrYy RrYy RrYy RrYy
RrYy RrYy RrYy RrYy
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R r Y y R r Y y
HETEROZYGOUSROUND YELLOW
HETEROZYGOUSROUND YELLOW
MAKE ANOTHER CROSS
X
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POSSIBLE PARENT GAMETES?
RY ry RyrY
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RY Ry rY ry
RY
Ry
rY
ry
Sign of a ______________________ cross is a_____________ ratio in offspring.9:3:3:1
____ Round & Yellow
____ Round & green
____ Wrinkled & yellow
____ wrinkled & green
9
3
3
1
RRYY RRYy RrYY RrYy
RRYy RRyy RrYy Rryy
RrYY RrYy rrYY rrYy
RrYy Rryy rrYy rryy
heterozygous dihybrid
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__________ratio is a clue that it’s a ____________________________cross
____ ____________ TRAIT 1 ; ____________ TRAIT 2 ____ ____________ TRAIT 1; _____________ TRAIT 2
____ ____________ TRAIT 1; _____________ TRAIT 2
____ ____________ TRAIT 1; _____________ TRAIT 2
9
3
3
1
9:3:3:1
HETEROZYGOUS TWO gene
dominant dominant
dominant recessive
recessive dominant
recessive recessive
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PRACTICE MAKING GAMETESfor DIHYBRID CROSSES
http://www.emc.maricopa.edu/faculty/farabee/BIOBK/BioBookTOC.html
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pure round & pure tall = __________
____ ____ _____ ______
What gametes can it produce?
What are the possible gametes?
R R T T
R T R T
R T R T
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Heterozygous Tall = __________
& pure round
____ ____ _____ ______
What gametes can it produce?
What are the possible gametes?
T t R R
T R T R
t R t R
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Hybrid tall = __________
& pure wrinkled
____ ____ _____ ______
What gametes can it produce?
What are the possible gametes?
T t r r
T r T r
t r t r
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Heterozygous tall = __________
& hybrid round
____ ____ _____ ______
What gametes can it produce?
What are the possible gametes?
T t R r
T R T r
t r t R