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During the 1400s and 1500s European explorers —inspired by greed, curiosity, and the desire for glory, and aided by new technologies—sailed to many previously unknown lands.

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Page 1: Explore & america notes

During the 1400s and 1500s European explorers—inspired by greed, curiosity, and the desire for glory, and aided by new technologies—sailed to many previously unknown lands.

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• Renaissance spirit of discovery and innovation in Europe

• Spirit led Europeans to set sail on voyages of discovery

• Period is sometimes called the Age of Exploration

• Search for wealth• Europeans desired

expensive luxury goods

• Flow of goods controlled by Italian merchants

• Charged high prices for these rare goods

Drive to Explore

• Hoped to find new, faster routes to Asia to gain trade foothold

• Wealth not only goal

• Some set out to find fame, glory

• Hoped making great discoveries would bring honor to their names

New Routes

• Other explorers hoped to spread their faith into new lands

• Another motive—simple curiosity

• Writings like Marco Polo’s very popular in Europe, intrigued many with tales of exotic lands, peoples

Faith, Curiosity

Foundations of Exploration

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Navigation • Sailors needed precise means to calculate location

• Compass, let know sailors know which direction was north at any time

• Europeans learned to use astrolabe from Muslims

• Navigators could chart location based on sun, stars in relation to horizon

Advances in Technology• Whatever reasons for exploring, Europeans could not have made

voyages of discovery without certain key advances in technology

• Some advances made in Europe during Renaissance

• Others borrowed from people with whom Europeans had contact, especially Chinese, Muslims

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Improvements • Just as important as advances in navigation were advances in

shipbuilding

• Europeans learned to build ships that rode lower in water than earlier ships

• Deep-draft ships could withstand heavier waves; also had larger cargo holds

Popular for Exploratory Voyages• Caravel would also be equipped with weapons, including cannons

• Ships could face off against hostile ships at sea

• Maneuverability, defensive ability made caravel most popular for exploring

Caravels • Caravel, light, fast sailing ship; two features made it highly

maneuverable

• Steered with rudder at stern, rather than with side oars

• Also lateen, triangular, sails; could be turned to catch wind from any direction

Shipbuilding

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As a result of their location facing the Atlantic Ocean, Portugal and Spain were well suited to kicking off the Age of Exploration.

• Portugal was first country to launch large-scale voyages of exploration

• Begun largely due to efforts of Prince Henry, son of King John I of Portugal

• Often called Henry the Navigator, not himself explorer

• Patron, supporter of those who wished to explore

The Portuguese• Early 1400s, Henry

established court to which he brought sailors, mapmakers, astronomers, others

• Expeditions sent west to islands in Atlantic, south to explore western coast of Africa

• Portuguese settled Azores, Madeira Islands, learned more about Africa’s coast

Navigation Court

Explorers from Portugal and Spain

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Water Route to India

• Prince Henry’s ultimate goal—find water route around Africa to India• Died before goal accomplished; attempts to find such a route not abandoned• 1488, Bartolomeu Dias became first to sail around southern tip of Africa

Lucrative Trade

• da Gama’s trip inspired another expedition to India, led by Pedro Cabral• Sailed west; sighted, claimed land that became known as Brazil• Portugal established trading centers; became rich, powerful European nation

da Gama

• 1497, Vasco da Gama set out for India, stopped at several African ports• Learned Muslim merchants actively involved in trade• Journey took more than 10 months, eventually reached Calicut in India

Exploration Attempts

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Columbus’ First Voyage• Columbus reached island in Caribbean after about two months at sea• Thought he had reached Asian islands known as Indies; called people living

there Indians• 1493, returned to Spain with exotic items, including parrots, jewels, gold,

plants unknown in Europe• Spanish believed Columbus found new route to Asia, hailed him as hero

Italian Sailor• Spain also eager to seek out new routes to riches of East• 1492, Spanish rulers agreed to pay for voyage by Italian sailor Christopher

Columbus• Columbus believed he could sail west from Spain, reach China• Correct in theory, but figures he presented about earth’s size wrong• Also had no idea the Americas lay across Atlantic

The Spanish

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Results of Voyages

Columbus—three more voyages to Americas Still believed he had reached Asia Error not realized until about 1502

Explorer Amerigo Vespucci sailed coast of South America, concluded it was not Asia

Mapmakers later named land America in his honorKnowing they had found new land, Spanish set out to

explore it 1513, Núñez de Balboa led expedition across Isthmus of

Panama After more than three weeks of travel, Balboa became first

European to see Pacific Ocean

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•Vasco Núñez de Balboa: 1513, crossed the Isthmus of Panama to the Pacific Ocean, •1st European to See/Reach Pacific

•Spanish realized they needed to cross another ocean to reach Asia.

West Around World• Daring adventurer, Ferdinand Magellan decided to sail west around world• 1519, Magellan set out for Spain with five ships, 250 menPerilous Voyage• Journey long, difficult; some men mutinied, rebelled• Magellan killed in fight with Philippine natives; his men sailed on (Juan Sebastian de Elcano)• 1522, 18 survivors of original fleet arrived back in Spain, first to circumnavigate world

Ferdinand Magellan

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• Spanish and Portuguese did not remain alone in their efforts. • By early 1500s the English and French were exploring northern parts of the Americas.• Dutch later joined in explorations.

The English• 1497, first major English voyage of discovery launched• John Cabot sailed to Atlantic coast of what is now Canada• Tried to repeat voyage; fleet vanished, presumably sunkSir Francis Drake• English realized they had reached a new land, not Asia• Queen sent Sir Francis Drake out, Sea Captain or Pirate, Knighted Eliz 1• After stop in what is now California, Drake sailed north to seek route around North America• The weather was too cold, and headed west to get back to England (2nd circumnavigate)

Explorers from the Rest of Europe

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Henry Hudson• England wanted to find shorter route to Asia than Magellan found• 1607, Hudson set out to north to find Northeast Passage around Europe• Found nothing but ice, returned to England• Two more voyages for English, one for DutchThe French• Also wanted to find passage to Asia• Sent explorers to look for Northwest Passage • 1534, Jacques Cartier sailed past Newfoundland into St. Lawrence River,

• Claimed land as province of New France, now CanadaThe Dutch• By 1600s Netherlands powerful trading nation, hoped to find new products, trading partners• 1609, Henry Hudson set out to find Northwest Passage, Again• Did not find passage, Crew Mutiny, Cast Adrift

Henry Hudson

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The countries of Europe established colonies in the lands they had discovered but, in some cases, only after violently conquering the native people who lived there.

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• Scramble to establish colonies and empires in new lands• Spain first to successfully settle in the Americas • Eventually conquered native empires, the Aztecs and IncasSpain in Caribbean

• First areas settled by Spanish, Caribbean islands, Hispaniola, Cuba

• Columbus hoped to find gold, did not

• Spanish introduced encomienda system there

• Colonist given land and Native Americans to work the land

• Required to teach native workers about Christianity

Millions Died

• Disastrous system for Native Americans

• Mistreatment, overwork took toll on population

• Europeans spread new diseases

Spain Builds an Empire

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Conquistador

• Some Spaniards moved from Caribbean to mainland to set up colonies• Hernán Cortés led expedition to Mexico, ended with conquest of Aztecs• Cortés a conquistador, military leader fought against Native Americans

Cortes Marches on Capital

• Moctezuma II, Aztec emperor at time of Spanish arrival in Mexico• Aztecs powerful, ruled much of Mexico; unpopular with conquered• Cortés joined by thousands of those who wanted to defeat Aztecs

Other Advantages

• Native American allies, Cortés had • metal weapons, heavy armor, guns, horses (never seen in Americas)• Disease also swept through Aztec Empire, killing thousands of people

The Conquest of Mexico

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Aztec EmpireNovember 8, 1519, Cortés, army entered Tenochtitlán, Aztec capital

Cortés, Moctezuma greeted each other respectfully

Spanish soon took emperor prisoner

Battle erupted

Moctezuma killed

Months of heavy fighting followed

Cortés eventually took city

Defeated entire Aztec empire

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Francisco Pizarro• 10 years after conquest of Aztecs, Francisco Pizarro led expedition to Peru• Had heard of fabulous wealth of Inca Empire; hoped to win wealth for himself• Inca Empire already weakened by smallpox; many killed, including emperor• Civil war had also broken outNew Ruler• 1532, new ruler, Atahualpa, agreed to meet with Spanish• Pizarro demanded Atahualpa accept Christianity, hand over empire to Spain • Atahualpa refused • Spanish killed Atahualpa, destroyed Inca army, took over empire

The Conquest of Peru

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Beginnings of Slavery

• Disease, mistreatment took toll on native population

• Some appalled at treatment

• One reformer, Bartolomé de Las Casas recommended replacing Native Americans as laborers with imported African slaves

• Slave labor soon became common practice in Americas

Life in the Spanish Empire

• With Mexico, Peru, Spain gained control of huge empire in Americas

• Spanish king chose officials, viceroys, to govern American holdings

• Spanish colonial economy based on gold, silver mining, farming

• Spanish drafted Native Americans for labor in mines, on farms

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•Portuguese built an empire in the AmericasBecause of treaty, their empire was not as large as the Spanish one

Treaty•1494, Treaty of Tordesillas drew imaginary line through Atlantic Ocean

– Everything west, including most of then-undiscovered Americas, would belong to Spain

– Everything to east would be Portuguese

– Only Brazil remained as Portuguese colony

Colonization•Heavy Brazilian jungles made mining, farming difficult

•Portuguese in no hurry to settle

•1530s, colonists slowly moved in, mostly along Atlantic coast

– Established huge farming estates, as in Spanish lands

– First used Native American, then African slave, labor to work on farms

The Portuguese in Brazil

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Native American hunters were the French traders’ main source of furs.Many traders married Native American women, intermingling the two cultures.

Silver and gold from American colonies began to circulate in Europe; other European countries paid close attention. Leaders in France, England, and the Netherlands decided that they needed to establish colonies in the Americas.

• French explorers established colonies in New France, or Canada

• Hoped this would be a rich source for gold, silver

• Did not find riches, but found other potentially valuable trade goods

New France

French, Dutch, and English Colonies in the Americas

• Waters of North Atlantic swarming with fish, staple of European diet

• Forests yielded valuable furs

• French did not send large numbers of colonists; small groups of traders

• Did not enslave Native Americans

Trade and Colonization

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South from New France• A few French explorers headed south to seek more

lands to claim• 1608, Samuel de Champlain founded city of Quebec• French also explored Mississippi River• Thought it flowed to Pacific, would provide route to AsiaMississippi to Gulf of Mexico• 1682, René-Robert La Salle canoed down entire

Mississippi River to Gulf of Mexico• Claimed enormous Mississippi region, tributaries for

France• Named huge, fertile area Louisiana, after King Louis

XIV

Further Explorations

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Trade Interests• Dutch who came to North America interested in trade• Only large colony, New Netherland, in Hudson River valleyNew Amsterdam • 1626, governor bought island of Manhattan from Wappinger• Founded city of New Amsterdam, later New York CitySlow Growth in Americas• New Netherland did not grow• Dutch focused on developing colonies in other parts of world • Other colonies more profitable More Valuable Goods• Produced goods that could not be obtained in Europe, Americas • Caribbean sugar, Asian spices more valuable

The Dutch of New Netherland

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• 1607, first English colony established at Jamestown• Settlers hoped to find gold, silver, river route to Pacific• Instead found marshy ground, impure water• 80 percent of settlers died during first winter in America• Colony still endured

Pilgrims

• 1620, Pilgrims sailed from England• Pilgrims had been persecuted in England for religious beliefs• Established colony at Plymouth, Massachusetts• Persevered despite difficulties• Colony self-sufficient within 5 years

Native Americans

• English settlers did not share same relationship with Native Americans as French, Dutch

• Jamestown, Plymouth colonies received aid from local peoples• Still, colonists viewed Native Americans with distrust, anger

The English Colonies

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Problems• English ran into conflict with French settlers in Americas• Mid-1700s, English colonists attempted to settle in French territory, upper Ohio River valley;

tension in region grew; war broke out, 1754

Costly War• Eventually French surrendered, yielded Canada, all French territory east of Mississippi• War costly for British; king tried to place costs of war on colonists• Led to resentment, which eventually brought about American Revolution

French and Indian War• Both had Native American allies; English called it French and Indian War• War began badly for British; French had more soldiers than English• British turned tide, took city of Quebec

British-French Conflict

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As people settled in North America, they adapted to different types of geography by developing different styles of housing and ways of getting food.

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Cultures of the Desert WestMost of southwestern U.S. and northern Mexico is

desert

Hohokam flourished from 100 BC to AD 1500Learned to farm in the desert

Built shallow canals for irrigation Planted crops in earthen mounds next to canals Woven mats created dams in canals,

directed water to crop mounds

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Cultures of the Desert WestHohokam expanded irrigation system

Channeled water into villages

Used wells and other containers for storing water

Created pithouses, dwellings formed by digging shallow holes in the ground and building walls and roofs with mixture of clay and straw called adobe

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The Anasazi lived in the Desert West near the Hohokam from about 100 BC to AD 1300.Pueblos•Like Hohokam, Anasazi had pithouses•Also developed the pueblo

– Several stories high– Many rooms– Similar to apartments

•Villages also had underground rooms called kivas•Kivas used as meeting places, for religious ceremoniesCliff Dwellings•Another type of Anasazi architecture, cliff dwellings•Pueblos built in shallow caves in walls of rocky canyons•To enter, rock staircases carved into rock or ladders •Limited accessibility offered protection from attack

Cultures of the Desert West

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Hopewell• Lived in eastern woodlands, near Ohio and Mississippi river valleys• Mound builders, 200 BC to AD 500• Built large stone and earth mounds as burial sites• Size suggests some form of organized laborBurial Mounds• Hopewell buried objects like pottery and metal ornaments• Daggers of obsidian from Rocky Mountains• Shells from Gulf of Mexico• Clues that Hopewell developed extensive trade network• Culture began to decline AD 400, cause not clear

The Mound Builders

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Mississippian• Also lived in eastern woodlands, near Ohio and Mississippi river valleys• Built some of the earliest cities in North America• Cahokia had population up to 20,000 people• Contained more than 100 mounds, with ruler living atop largest in city centerCahokia• Planned city built by an organized labor force• Mathematical and engineering skills evident• Different types of soils in mounds for proper drainage• Artifacts show complex society, differences between common people and those with status

The Mound Builders

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Cultures developed differently according to their environments• Varied geography determined the way these peoples got food• Also how they made their shelter• Environment also played a role in how societies organizedThe Inuit• Lived in the Arctic regions of North America• Frozen, treeless landscape meant no vegetation for food source• Became skilled hunters and fishersYear-round hunting• Used kayaks to hunt sea mammals, caught fish through holes in ice• Hunted caribou in summer, used skins and furs for warm clothing• Houses were igloos, made from ice blocks

Other Cultures of North America

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The Iroquois• Lived in eastern North America in warmer climate• Relied on materials from the forest• Built dwellings called longhouses from elm barkHunting and farming• Trapped forest animals for food• Farmed crops such as beans, squash, maizeFive different nations• Iroquois included Cayuga, Mohawk, Oneida, Onondaga, Seneca• Shared characteristics, eventually formed government, Iroquois League• Later admitted Tuscarora, but did not grant equal status

Other Cultures of North America

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Europeans brought change• Plains Indians originally lived along rivers and streams

• Introduction of horses by Europeans changed their lives

• Followed buffalo herds over long distances

• Buffalo center of lives, with buffalo meat as food, skins for clothing and tents, and bones and horns for tools

Plains Indians• Like Iroquois, Plains Indians consisted of different tribes

• Not all spoke same language, communication problematic

• Developed a form of sign language to communicate when they met

• Lived mostly on a treeless grassland

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Civilizations in Mesoamerica were some of the earliest and most advanced in the Americas.

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• Mesoamerica, southern Mexico and northern Central America, was ideal for farming.•Cities and complex social structures arose there too. Olmec•Lived in hot, humid lowlands•1200 BC to AD 300•Built first large towns in Mesoamerica•Earliest Olmec town

– Pyramid, courtyard– Eight giant stone heads– Throne like monuments

•Towns served as ceremonial, political and religious centersSociety•Olmec rulers, families lived in towns•Lower social classes lived outside the towns •Elite led ceremonies, controlled trade network•Trade

– From Gulf to Pacific coast– Rubber, pottery, furs– Also beliefs, art, games

The First Civilizations

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Zapotec• Southern Mexico 1500 BC to AD 750• May have had contact with Olmec• Began as farmers, built capital city around 500 BC• Monte Albán, first true city in Mesoamerica• Located high above Valley of OaxacaMonte Albán• Huge main plaza with pyramids, temples, palaces• Olmec influence in decorations• Large ball court, observatory• Population of 25,000 at height• City declined when leaders lost support of their people• Still used for high-status burials

The First Civilizations

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The First CivilizationsToltec Highlands of central Mexico, AD 900 to 1200 Capital located at Tula, near obsidian mines

Major trade center Pyramids, temples

Militaristic society Fierce warriors established dominance over large region Climate change, social conflict led to decline

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Large civilization • Olmec, Zapotec, Toltec small in comparison • Developed around 1000 BC• More than 40 cities of 5,000 to 100,000 each at heightEarly Maya Civilization• First lived in small villages • Grew corn, beans, squash• Good rainfall, rich soilsRain forest challenges• Slash-and burn agriculture • Clearing forest land for crops• Flat terraces built in hillsides to control erosionTrade developed• Farming did not provide all needs• Villages traded for cotton, jade• Trade of cacao, salt, obsidian helped villages grow to cities

The Maya

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Cities and Government• Most cities built between AD 250 and 900, the Classic Age• Cities Tikal and Copan among the most spectacular in Mesoamerica• Brightly painted pyramids, temples and palaces found thereCity-States• Each had own ruler and government• No ruler ever united the cities into single empire• Cities linked even without central governmentCities linked• Highlands traded jade, obsidian for cotton, rubber, cacao from lowlands• Cities also linked by warfare with each other• Through battles kings tried to gain land, power

The Maya

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•The Maya worshipped many gods and believed they influenced daily life; •They also believed their kings communicated with the gods. •To keep the gods happy, the Maya performed private and public rituals.Religious Offerings•Offering blood by piercing tongue, skin •Human sacrifice only occasionally•Ritual ball game, losing team having hearts sacrificed to godsUpper Class Society•Priests, who led religious ceremonies•Professional warriors, who got war victims for human sacrificeOther Classes•Merchants, craftspeople middle class•Lower class

– Farmers – Slaves– Provided food, labor for other classes

The Maya

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Achievements• Impressive buildings and architecture, including canals• Advances in astronomy, math, writing• Observed movements of sun, moon, planetsCalendar system• Created based on astronomical observations• 365-day farming, 260-day religious calendars• More accurate than that used in Europe at same timeNumber and writing systems• Number system included new concepts, including “zero”• Complex writing system of glyphs, or symbols, representing objects, sounds• Carved writing in stone, also in bark-paper book called a codex

The Maya

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The MayaDecline of Mayan civilization, AD 900 Caused by number of factors

Environmental damage, drought Warfare increased over competition for land, destroyed more crops Abuse of power by strong kings

Civilization declined but did not disappear Maya moved from forest to coastal cities Remained for several hundred years

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•At the height of Mayan Civilization, the Aztecs began to rise to power in the north. •Early Aztecs were a small group of unlucky farmers that created the most powerful empire in Mesoamerica.Rise of the Empire•Began as separate farming tribes•Probably subject of the Toltecs•Legend: settle where they saw an eagle on a cactus eating a snake•Migrated south to Valley of Mexico, 1100s•Good farmland already takenLake Texcoco•A swampy island in valley•Site where legend says Aztecs saw eagle and snake•Founded city of Tenochtitlán•From here, continued rise to power•In addition to being farmers, the Aztecs were also fierce warriors.

• They began fighting to control other towns around Lake Texcoco.

The Aztecs

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Conquering Warriors• Aztecs gained strength in 1420s with alliance with Texcoco and Tlacopan• Alliance gained control over huge region beyond Lake Texcoco• Aztecs ruled 400 to 500 other city states, 5 million people• Required conquered people to pay tributeWealth and Strength• Tribute paid in many forms, feathers, food, pottery, blankets• Tribute was basis of economy• Gained wealth and strength through trade as well• System of roads aided trade of goods like jade, cacao• Merchants also acted as spies for Aztec emperor

The Aztecs

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Tenochtitlán• Capital city of Aztec empire• Covered 5 square miles• Population of about 200,000• One of largest cities in world at time• Site of present day Mexico CityEnchanted Vision• Walled compound at city center• Pyramid with two temples on top• Other temples, government buildings, palaces, a ball court• Political and religious heart of the empire• First Europeans, “enchanted vision”Floating Gardens• Swampy island in middle of lake• Not much land for farming• Aztecs built floating gardens at city’s edge• Tenochtitlán connected by canals and causeways to biggest market• Vendors paid tax to support army

The Aztecs

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Tenochtitlán

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The Aztec had an organized society, with the king at the top, followed by priests.Society and Religion•King was part of royal family, but had to be elected•Lived in palace at Tenochtitlán•Certain nobles served as government officials•Just below king were priests

– Interpreted calendars•Performed religious ceremoniesReligious Ceremonies•Believed gods needed blood•Sacrificed as many as 20,000 victims a year •European perspective,

• “walls splashed and caked with blood…stank abominably”•Slaves. prisoners used for sacrifices•Certain warriors who captured victims also upper class

The Aztecs

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Other classes• Merchants, artisans wealthy, respected• Merchants rich from trading• Artisans important, made goods required for tributeLower class• Most were farmers, very poor • Did not own their own land• Paid so much in tribute, it was difficult to survive Chance for improvement• Farmers could become warriors or study at special schools • All attended school until 15• Continuing in special schools led to work in government Slaves• Suffered most in Aztec society• Most had been captured in battle, or could not pay debts• Some worked as farmers, laborers; some sacrificed

The Aztecs

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• Kept written records, though not as advanced as Mayan

• Composed poetry, riddles, historical accounts

• Used astronomy to create religious and solar calendars much like the Maya

• Aztec Empire lasted less than 200 years, brought to end by European contact, 1500s

Sciences• Aztecs known for

achievements in art and science

• Artisans made bright feathers into headdresses, shields, costumes

• Metalworkers fashioned gold, silver, copper into jewelry, masks

• Stoneworkers decorated temples with elaborate statues

Achievements

The Aztecs

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Several early cultures in South America adapted to extreme environmental conditions. One of them, the Incas, built one of the biggest and most powerful empires in the Americas.

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The western region of South America is one of environmental contrasts where early peoples learned to adapt and build

civilizations.

• Lived in Peruvian highlands, 800 to 400 BC

• Chavin de Huantar

– Urban religious, trading center of culture

– Home to about 3,000 farmers, craftspeople

• Several different ecological zones represented in Andes

The Chavín

• Warmer valleys had irrigation systems, grew corn

• Cooler higher in mountains, grew potatoes

• High-altitude grasslands, raised llamas and alpacas

• Other Andean peoples later adopted these methods of farming

Chavín Crops

Early Cultures in South America

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• Desert people, 200 BC to AD 600, best known for huge designs on desert floor

• Many theories, including having to do with location of water

• Built irrigation canals and relied on springs, flooding of streams to water crops

• Farming supported large population

The Nazca

• Lived in coastal desert of Peru in farming, fishing villages 400 BC to AD 600

• Built irrigation canals in desert, channeled flow of Andean streams to crops

• Best known for skilled metalwork in gold, silver, pottery

• Pottery depicted scenes of everyday life, including warfare

The Moche

Early Cultures in South America

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Inca’s expansive empire • Brought entire South

American region into one empire

• Began as small Andean tribe

• Early 1500s, empire expanded along Pacific coast, Andes

Ruling a large empire• Incas needed strong

government

• Emperor had most power

• Did not want conquered people to rebel

Government• Period of rapid expansion

began 1400s from Cuzco

• Pachacuti used political alliances, military force

• Expanded by later leaders

Creating stability• Moved leaders of conquered

areas out

• Moved loyal new leaders in

• Military used to protect against rebellion, external attacks

The Inca Empire

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Economy• Strictly controlled by government• Common people required to pay labor tax, called the mita• Government told each household what work to do to pay tax

Tracking goods• Inca used quipu, colored and knotted cords representing

numbers, dates• No written language, quipu used to record taxes, number

livestock, census• Road system improved communication, helped government control

economy

Mita• Paid by weaving cloth, working on government farms, mines,

building roads• No merchants, goods distributed by government• Extra food, goods stored in government warehouses for

emergencies

The Inca Empire

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The government also played a big role in Inca society. Each family was grouped with others into a cooperative community called an ayllu.

• Members shared activities like farming, building canals, rituals

• Each group of ten ayllus had chief

• Chain of command from emperor down to local level

Ayllu

• No slaves

• Most belonged to lower class– Farmers –Artisans– Servants

• Wore plain clothes

• Could not own more than needed

• Served upper class

Class Divisions • King, government

officials, priests

• Lived in capital, Cuzco– Stone houses– Fine clothes– Did not pay tax– Attended

school to prepare to be officials

Upper Class

The Inca Empire

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The Inca Empire

Religion a key element of Inca society

People allowed to worship local gods

Sun god was most important of all

Believed kings related to sun god

Main temple located in Cuzco

Mummies of dead kings worshipped

Religious ceremonies often included sacrifices of llamas, cloth or food, rarely humans

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In spite of the high level of achievement, the Inca Empire lasted only about 100 years. Arrival of Spanish in 1532 marked end of Empire.

The level of organization of Inca government and society led to significant achievements in the areas of engineering and the arts. The Incas were particularly talented builders of temples, forts and roads. Many Inca structures were built so well they still stand today.

• Especially skilled in metalwork

• Artisans made intricate ornaments of gold, silver

• Created a life-sized field of corn out of gold, silver in temple courtyard

Metalwork

The Inca Empire

• Weavers worked with wool, cotton

• Divided cloth into three categories

oPlain for householdsoFiner for taxes and tradeoSpecial for royal and

religiouspurposes

• Variety of patterns used

Weaving

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