exploration and discovery
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Exploration and Discovery. Chapter 13. Preparation for Discovery . Section 1. Video about Discovery. List and explain the reasons why Europe began to explore the New World. 1.) Search for New Trade Routes Wanted goods from the East, China, Spice Islands Italians had a monopoly - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
Exploration and Discovery
Chapter 13
Preparation for Discovery
Section 1
Video about Discovery
1.) Search for New Trade Routes
◦ Wanted goods from the East, China, Spice Islands◦ Italians had a monopoly◦ Muslims attacked◦ Fees◦ Thus, people went searching for new route.
List and explain the reasons why Europe began to explore the New World
2.) Quest for Gold
◦ In Africa◦ Began searching, but often ended in losses
3.) Desire for Adventure and Glory
◦ Many died along the way
4.) Religious Concerns
◦ Late 15th century, Moors still controlled Southern Iberian Peninsula
◦ Fall of Constantinople 1453.◦ Sought out Prester John in Africa…never found◦ Missionaries to Muslims
Prester John
5.) Competition Among European Nations
◦ Commercialism◦ Trade settlements and colonization
1.) Maps 2.) Instruments:
◦ Compass – created by Chinese◦ Astrolabe◦ Quadrant◦ Cross-Staff
◦ Video of Making your own compass
List the navigational aids used by explorers, explain how they came into being and describe their use.
Compass
Astrolabe
Quadrant
Cross Staff
1400s – ships built for long distance◦ Sails instead of Oars◦ Triangle sails by Arabs◦ Square sails by Vikings◦ Thus we get Caravel
Explain the technological advances that made ocean-going ships possible.
Let’s Set Sail Video
Portugal and Spain were in the lead◦ Turned Southward to Africa◦ Crusading spirit
Know the story of the following individuals and the role they played in the exploration and conquest of the “New World.” Also, be able to discuss terms and issues listed.
Portugal “greatest figure in the history of
exploration”….never went on one Intrigued by Africa Started “school” of navigation Sponsored astronomers, mapmakers, sea
captains, etc.◦ Allowed for navigational improvement of tools
Set sailors out to explore Africa
Prince Henry the Navigator (1394-1460)
30 years after Henry’s death, Bartolomeu sent to Africa by Portuguese king.
In search of another route to Orient Accidently found route around Africa’s tip in
a storm. Tip of Africa called “Cape of Good Hope”
Bartolomeu Dias
10 years after Dias, da Gama sent to follow but find India
1497, sent with 4 ships Went way out of the way…closer to South
America than Africa 1 year after beginning, he reaches India Met Muslims, but still traded enough to pay
for his trip 60xs. Portuguese took over this route, and
destroyed Muslim monopoly.
Vasco da Gama
Italian Studied Ptolemy and Marco Polo Believed you could reach Japan and China
by sailing West Portugal refused to fund, but Ferdinand and
Isabella of Spain did 1492, left with Nina, Pinta, and Santa Maria Catholic, believed he was commissioned by
God to spread Gospel.
Christopher Columbus
Men wanted to turn back. Two days later, founded San Salvador Actually in Bahamas. Went to Cuba and
elsewhere 3 more voyages, and he landed in
Venezuela Always thought he had reached Orient Opened Indian slave trade
Vikings originally came over in 10 and 11 centuries
Some believe Phoenicians came over before Christ
17 Century, Americas were a safe Haven for Christians
However…
Spain and Portugal fighting for trading rights
Pope divides the world between the two 1493, Pope issues a bull called “The Line of
Demarcation”
Line of Demarcation: Explain how it came about, what it was, its major results, and its connection to the requerimento:
Results:◦ 1.) Portugal colonizes in Africa and East Indies
◦ 2.) Spain got most of New World, except Brazil This is the reason Brazilians speak Portuguese
◦ 3.) Spain had to find a westward route to India and China
1519 – realized North America was NOT the Orient
Wanted to sail around South America Spent winter in tip of South America Called natives “Patagonians” AKA “Big Feet” Now called “The Strait of Magellan” One ship deserted, one sank Called “Pacific” AKA “Peaceful”
Ferdinand Magellan
Ran out of supplies, many starved Reach Philippines, Magellan killed by
natives Continued without him, found Spice islands,
went around Africa and found home. 18 out of 200 men returned alive First to circumnavigate
“Indians” Possibly crossed Bering Strait Some were farmers Other followed herds Believed in “Great Spirit” North American Indians mostly in tribes 5 major North American Indian Regions
Describe the Indians of North America:
1.) Northeastern Indians:◦ Formed 5 tribe confederation led by Iroquois◦ Known for wampum, shell money, birch- bark
canoes
2.) Southeastern Indians:◦ Mound Builders◦ Still exist
Etowah Indian Mounds
3.) Plains Indians◦ Roamed grasslands◦ Hunted buffalo◦ Tepees◦ Fought with other tribes◦ Didn’t use horses till Spanish brought them
Southwest Indians AKA Cliff Dwellers◦ Built villages “pueblos” out of adobe, sun dried
bricks◦ Build into cliffs ◦ Most peaceful of NA Indians
West Coast Indians◦ Totem poles depicting local gods
Central and South American Indians more civilized
Large cities, trade, art, literature Pagan and superstitious
1.) Maya◦ 300-900s◦ Many city-states in Yucatan Peninsula◦ Pyramids, temples◦ Altars, highways◦ Hieroglyphics◦ Astronomy◦ Computed length of year, built astronomical
observatories, mathematics◦ Worshipped false gods, feathered serpent.◦ Mayans diminished, some moved on
2.) Aztecs ◦ Around 1345 founded city of Tenochtitlan (tay
NOACH tee TLAHN ) on an island in central Mexico◦ 4 mile long bridges to island◦ Temple with 20 other temples◦ Canals◦ City called “The Venice of the New World”◦ Fighters with army◦ Conquered 5 million people◦ Never developed a real empire◦ Sacrificed their enemies, sometimes priests ate them
3.) Incas◦ 1380-1570 along Western coast in Peru◦ Families lived in communes and shared
possessions◦ Farmers, raised maize, potatoes, cotton◦ Their ruler “The Inca” worshipped as god ◦ This is a genuine empire
◦ Conquered peoples and took territory◦ Abolished cannibalism◦ Well built cities◦ Well-constructed roads◦ Road from Cuzco to Quito◦ Suspension bridges◦ Mail could travel 150 miles a day!
List the goals of the Conquistadors, their methods, and how the methods conflicted with one of their goals:
Spanish sent conquistadors◦ Looking for gold◦ Converting to Catholicism◦ Establish Spanish authority
Used guns and horses. ◦ Only a few men could conquer a whole tribe◦ Conquistadors were very cruel◦ Murder for riches
Came to convert….but killed instead
Wanted adventure, but worked on a farm in Hispaniola
Upset, so stowed away to main land Became a soldier, and took over Moved site to Panama Complaints to King against Balboa
◦ Needed gold to settle king 1513, set out to find the ocean
◦ Wanted to be first to see it, called it “South Sea”◦ Magellan renames it “Pacific” 7 years later
Arrested on false charges and beheaded
Vasco Nunez de Balboa
1519- “greatest of the conquistadors” Landed in Mexico Sunk ships Going toward Aztec capital Montezuma (Aztec King) thought Cortes was
the returning god Quetzalcoatl (ket SAHL koh AH t’l)
Lavished Cortez with riches….but intensified greed
Hernando Cortes
Uneasy peace, then war Massacred Aztecs Montezuma stoned by own people 1521, Cortes defeats Aztecs Began building Mexico City A viceroy would rule People continued to plunder Cortez returns to Spain in 1539, dies 8
years later
Cruelest of conquistadors Wanted gold Followed Balboa across the Isthmus, then went
South Arrived in Peru, set out to destroy everything Captured Atahualpa (AH tah WAHL pah), the
Inca ruler…held for ransom Received tons of gold, and twice as much silver Still killed Atahualpa Destroyed Incas with only a few men
Francisco Pizarro
2 years later, found Lima Spaniards killed him in his home for the
gold.
Roman Catholic friar/missionary Wrote against his countrymen One Indian burned at stake for not
becoming Christian 1542, helped pass “New Laws”, keeping
natives from becoming slaves Got rid of conversion by force However, saw conversion only as becoming
member of church
Bartolome de Las Casas (1474-1566)
1539 – Hernando de Soto lands near Tampa Bay
Found Mississippi River Lead to further exploration of North America
Further Spanish Explorations
Francisco Vasquez de Coronado – 1540 Set out to find “Seven Cities of Cibola” Lead through New Mexico, Arizona, Kansas,
and Texas Some men found Grand Canyon
These explorers believe North America was a waste….little gold.
Other nations angry to be left out! Thus, onward they go!
Other European Explorers
French Explorers
3 voyages to eastern Canada 1534 – Newfoundland and Labrador 1535 – sailed up St. Lawrence River. Named
area Montreal “Mount Royal” Looked for “Northwestern Passage”, but
never found it
Jacques Cartier
70 years later “Father of New France” Explored and colonized around St. Lawrence
River 1608, founded Quebec Indians led him to two great lakes Still looking for passage to Pacific
Samuel de Champlain
Jesuit Missionary – Marquette Joliet - friend 1673-Canoed down Mississippi River to AR
Later, Sieur de La Salle, 1682m claims Mississippi River for France
Louisiana in honor of King Louis XIV
Jacques Marquette and Louis Joliet
Dutch Explorers
Went to find shorter route to East Explored Northeast in his slip Half Moon 1609 – went up river to Albany, NY 1621 – Dutch founded New Amsterdam,
modern day New York City
Henry Hudson
English Explorers
Shortly after Columbus, lands in Canada Praised by King Henry VII 1498, came back with son, Sebastian Found no gold, but fisheries Lead to English settlement
John Cabot
English came to develop the land, not exploit it like Spanish
1607 – Jamestown, first permanent settlement
John Smith build the town 1608 – it burns New governor Lord de la Warr – gave new
life Protestant settlers
John Smith
Explain how the Portuguese, the Dutch, and the English established their empires in the Orient and in the case of the Portuguese how they lost it.
The Portuguese
Established trading posts in India Fully armed ships protected them from
Muslims
Pedro Cabral
Viceroy of Portuguese holdings in East Didn’t promote Native violence Build trade Captured and controlled entrances to Persian Gulf
and Red Sea After his death, 1520, take Ceylon (Sri Lanka) and
Banten Banten allowed them to control water passages to
the Orient 1542 – began trade with Japan 1557 – founded colony of Macao on Chinese
mainland
Affonso de Albuquerque
Problems for Portugal◦ 1.) Spread out too Far◦ 2.) Lost man power because of death at sea◦ 3.) Asians hated the European because of cruelty◦ 4.) Asians began allowing other nations to trade
Not rich, but good sailors 1596 – settled on Java and Sumatra,
expelled Portuguese from Banten Japan would only trade with Dutch Traded from Persia to Japan Needed food and supplies, so had a
settlement in Cape of Good Hope (Cape Town, South Africa)
The Dutch
Defeated Armada 1588 1591 - made trading voyage to India Captured Persian Gulf Traded on East and West of India
The English
Describe the response of the Chinese and the Japanese to European intervention in the Orient.
East did not like the West Claimed lands for king and souls for God By 1550, already battles between China and
Portugal Portugal paid $30,000 a year to colonize
Macao
Japan accepted Europeans better Invited Francis Xavier Didn’t want Christianity. Persecuted missionaries 1639, kill any Portuguese “Closed Country”
Land was not the decider of wealth Money was the main medium Change in the air called Commercial
Revolution
List the economic changes that led to the Commercial Revolution.
Mercantilism was dominant economic system
Wealth should benefit “mother country”, thus hoard money◦ 1.) Become self-sufficient◦ 2.) acquire colonies◦ 3.) Maintain Balance of trade
Mercantilism: Nations Acquiring Wealth—List the principles and the flaws of mercantilism:
What colonies provided the mother country: By establishing colonies, European nations hoped to become self-sufficient. Colonies supplied the mother country with raw materials so that the
mother country would not have to lose specie to other countries to pay for the materials.
Colonies provided markets where goods from the mother country could be sold so that the mother country had customers for their products.
Prohibitions placed on the colonies: The colonies were not allowed to produce anything that the mother
country produced, for that would be competition. (Remember, the new found wealth was supposed to benefit the mother country.)
Nor were the colonies allowed to trade with anyone but the mother country.
2 flaws:◦ 1.) create monopolies and deterred competition◦ 2.) Didn’t view as a “two-way-street”
Capitalism: Individuals create wealth—Contrast mercantilism and capitalism:
Capitalism allowed people to advance wealth, investing, creating jobs, etc.
To safe-guard themselves, they created companies, this everyone shared gains and losses
Describe the problem that led to the need for joint-stock companies and explain how they could solve that problem.
Thus came joint-stock companies◦ Capital◦ Dividends
Three main joint-stock companies◦ 1.) English East India Company – 1600 and
thriving◦ 2.) Dutch East India Company – 1602◦ 3.) The French Company of New France – traded
furs in Canada
◦ These 3 set up settlements
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