explain what a mineral is. minerals.pdf · mineralsare the building blocks of rocks! ......
TRANSCRIPT
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Explain what a mineral is.
Describe how composition and atomic structure relate to properties of materials.
Categorize minerals based on common characteristics
Use physical and chemical properties to identify minerals.
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… naturally occurring or synthetic (man-made)?
… organic (once living) or inorganic (non-living)?
… crystalline solid, liquid or gas?
… one (unique) or multiple (variable) chemical composition(s)?
MINERALS are the building blocks of rocks!
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Solid, liquid, or gas?
Same or variable texture, structure, & composition, depending on how it formed
Composition varies. Can beinorganic minerals
organic materials (shells & dead plants)
other rocks
All in various proportions.
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1. CompositionMaterials are made of atoms of different elements
2. Internal arrangement of atoms (atomic structure)Atoms bond to each other in different ways and patterns
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But, we can’t see composition & bonding directly because the
atoms are too small for the unaided eye!
Without lab equipment, all we really “see” are their properties
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TREES and PAPER can give us a helpful analogy to
understand how MINERALS get their properties
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Draw what happened in each direction –smooth/even tears vs. irregular tears
Draw and label the magnified fiber pattern you see on the edge for each direction.
Predict what would happen if you put water on the paper? Would water spread out evenly or not?
Why does newspaper behave differently in different directions?
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How many common
elements make up most
minerals (and rocks) on earth?
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Is there one mineral that contains only silicon (Si)and oxygen (O)?
Find the other minerals that contain both Si & O.
Minerals that have both Si and O are called silicate minerals
What kind of luster (how it reflects light) do the silicates have?
Are the silicates’ other properties the same or different?
◦ List three silicates with their chemical formula and some key properties.
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Starring the silicon-oxygen (SiO4)
TETRAhedron
Silicates are the most common minerals on Earth 25% of all known minerals! 40% of the rock-forming minerals! 90 % of Earth’s lithosphere
TETRA means 4 sides (like a pyramid shape!)
SiO4 is the building block molecule of silicate minerals
Si
O O
O
O
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Starring the silicon-oxygen (SiO4)
TETRAhedron
TETRA means 4 sides (like a pyramid shape!)
SiO4 is the building block molecule of silicate minerals
Silicate minerals result from many different
bonding patterns of the silica tetrahedron
Si
O O
O
O
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1. CompositionMaterials are made of atoms of different elements
2. Internal arrangement of atoms (atomic structure)Atoms bond to each other in different ways and patterns
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Breaks by cleavage or fracture
Metallic or non-metallic luster
Color
Streak (powdered)
Hardness compared to glass
Density
Crystal structure
Other Special Properties
◦Magnetism
◦ Reactivity
◦ Smell
◦ Fluorescence
◦ Feel
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Color - reflected
wavelength that’s visible at surface
Streak - more
reliable “internal” powdered color because surface can vary for lots of reasons
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Luster (how it reflects
light)
◦Metallic (like a
metal and sub-metallic)
◦Non-metallic (glassy or dull)
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Hardness (usually
compared to glass) using Moh’s
Hardness Scale
SOFTESTHARDEST
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Crystalline structure -how they form
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Crystal structure forms (grows) in two ways
1. Cooling from molten state (magma)
2. Growing from minerals that were dissolved in solution (like water)
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Others
◦Magnetism
◦Reactivity
◦Smell
◦Fluorescence
◦Feel
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• Non-metallic• Softer than
fingernail• Rhombic
cleavage• Clear
• White streak• Fizzes with
acid
• Non-metallic• Harder than
glass • Cleavage
• Pinkish tan• Light or no
streak• striations
• Metallic• Harder than
glass• Fractures
• Cubic crystals• Gold brassy
color• Black streak
• Metallic• Harder than
glass• Fractures• Dark grey
color• Black streak
• Magnetic
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Luster Hardness Cleavage
or
Fracture
Streak Special Properties Mineral Name
Metallic Harder
than glass
Fracture Black Magnetic Magnetite
Black Cubic crystals; brassy color Pyrite
Red-brown Dull, earthy luster Hematite
Softer than
glass
Cleavage Grey smudges Graphite
Grey Very dense, cubic cleavage Galena
Non-
metallic
Harder
than glass
Fracture None Hardest common mineral Quartz
Rose color Rose Quartz
Greenish; small glassy grains Olivine
Cleavage Light Pink color Orthoclase
Feldspar
White to grey with striations
cleavage planes
Plagioclase
Feldspar
Softer than
glass
Cleavage Dark Thin sheets Biotite
Light Rhombic cleavage; fizzes with
acid
Calcite
Thin sheets Muscovite
Cubic cleavage; salty taste Halite
Fracture Light Characteristic yellow color Sulfur
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Luster Hardness Cleavage
or
Fracture
Streak Special Properties Mineral
Name
Metallic Harder
than glass
Fracture Black Magnetic 1
Black Cubic crystals; brassy color 2
Red-brown Dull, earthy luster 3
Softer than
glass
Cleavage Grey Smudges 4
Grey Very dense, cubic cleavage 5
Non-
metallic
Harder
than glass
Fracture None Hardest common mineral 6
Rose color 7
Greenish; small glassy
grains
8
Cleavage Light Pink color 9
White to grey with striations
cleavage planes
10
Softer than
glass
Cleavage Dark Thin sheets 11
Light Rhombic cleavage; fizzes
with acid
12
Thin sheets 13
Cubic cleavage; salty taste 14
Fracture Light Characteristic yellow color 15
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1. Minerals have different compositionsmade of different elements
2. Minerals have different internal arrangement of atomsAtoms bond to each other in different ways and patterns
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