experiments with magnetic bottles
DESCRIPTION
Experiments with magnetic bottles. Melanie Mucke Department of Physics and Astronomy Uppsala University, Sweden ([email protected]). outline. part 1: magnetic bottle spectrometer working principle layout features part 2: synchrotron experiments coincidences - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
![Page 1: Experiments with magnetic bottles](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022020721/5681364e550346895d9dcf2a/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Experiments with magnetic bottles
Melanie MuckeDepartment of Physics and Astronomy
Uppsala University, Sweden([email protected])
![Page 2: Experiments with magnetic bottles](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022020721/5681364e550346895d9dcf2a/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
outline
part 1: magnetic bottle spectrometer• working principle• layout• features
part 2: synchrotron experiments• coincidences• ICD in water clusters
part 3: FEL experiments• covariance technique with neon• double core holes in hydrocarbons• pump-probe on thymine
![Page 3: Experiments with magnetic bottles](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022020721/5681364e550346895d9dcf2a/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
part 1: magnetic bottle
![Page 4: Experiments with magnetic bottles](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022020721/5681364e550346895d9dcf2a/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
Kruit and Read, J. Phys. E 16, 313 (1983): cylindrical poles of electromagnet around interaction region, drift tube with coild around for homogeneous guiding field,detector: MCP + phosphor screen
magnetic bottle – the beginning
e-
e-
strong magnetic field Bi weak magnetic field Bf
qi
vqf
v
z
![Page 5: Experiments with magnetic bottles](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022020721/5681364e550346895d9dcf2a/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
magnetic bottle - principle
𝜔 𝑖=𝑒𝐵𝑖 /𝑚
𝑟 𝑖=𝑚𝑣 𝑖
𝑒𝐵𝑖
=𝑣 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃𝑖 /𝜔𝑖
angular frequency of motion
orbit (cyclotron radius)
angular momentum of circular motion
𝑙𝑖=𝑟 𝑖𝑚𝑣 𝑖=𝑚2𝑣2𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝜃 𝑖
𝑒 𝐵𝑖
Lorentz force
𝐿=𝑒𝑣×𝐵
Bi Bf
qi
vqf
v
![Page 6: Experiments with magnetic bottles](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022020721/5681364e550346895d9dcf2a/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
magnetic bottle - principle
Bi Bf
qi
vqf
vadiabatic transition
sin𝜃 𝑓
sin 𝜃𝑖
=(𝐵 𝑓
𝐵𝑖
)12
𝑟 𝑓
𝑟 𝑖
=(𝐵𝑖
𝐵 𝑓
)12=𝑀
e.g. Bi = 1 T, Bf = 1 mT qf,max = 1.8°, M = 31.6
𝜔 𝑖=𝑒𝐵𝑖 /𝑚
𝑟 𝑖=𝑚𝑣 𝑖
𝑒𝐵𝑖
=𝑣 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃𝑖 /𝜔𝑖
angular frequency of motion
orbit (cyclotron radius)
angular momentum of circular motion
𝑙𝑖=𝑟 𝑖𝑚𝑣 𝑖=𝑚2𝑣2𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝜃 𝑖
𝑒 𝐵𝑖
Lorentz force
𝐿=𝑒𝑣×𝐵
![Page 7: Experiments with magnetic bottles](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022020721/5681364e550346895d9dcf2a/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
permanent magnetinhomogeneous, strong field (0,4 T)
solenoidhomogeneous, weak field (0,5 mT)
e-
e-
magnetic bottle – as used
replace electromagnet by permanent magnet increase solid angle from 2p to 4p
![Page 8: Experiments with magnetic bottles](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022020721/5681364e550346895d9dcf2a/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
• time-of-flight spectrometer – cover full kinetic energy range• high transmission over large kinetic energy range• high detection efficiency• capable of multi particle detection
ideally suited to investigate correlation between electrons
magnetic bottle – special features
![Page 9: Experiments with magnetic bottles](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022020721/5681364e550346895d9dcf2a/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
time of flight spectra need pulsed light source need start signalneed to calibrate
part 2: experiments at BESSY
hn = IR … 10 kV
one electron bunchapprox. 20 mA
d = 76 m
BESSY IIrep. rate 1.25 MHz= 800.5 ns revolution time
![Page 10: Experiments with magnetic bottles](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022020721/5681364e550346895d9dcf2a/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
synchrotron radiation
magnetic tipmesh
cluster beam flight tube (0.6 m) with homogeneousmagnetic field
detector flange with MCP stack &phosphor screen
joint project with AG Becker, FHI Berlin
experimental setup
![Page 11: Experiments with magnetic bottles](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022020721/5681364e550346895d9dcf2a/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
B. Hartke, Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 41, 1468 (2002).
... between molecule and liquid
water clusters
![Page 12: Experiments with magnetic bottles](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022020721/5681364e550346895d9dcf2a/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
monomer
energies for water follow I. Müller and L. Cederbaum, JCP 125, 204305 (2006).
inner valence
outer valence
core level
continuum
binding energy (eV)
12,85- 19,11
33,37
Intermolecular Coulombic Decay
![Page 13: Experiments with magnetic bottles](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022020721/5681364e550346895d9dcf2a/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
monomer dimer
12,85- 19,11
33,37
11,91- 19,74
32,59- 34,10inner valence
outer valence
core level
continuum
energies for water follow I. Müller and L. Cederbaum, JCP 125, 204305 (2006).
binding energy (eV)
Intermolecular Coulombic Decay
![Page 14: Experiments with magnetic bottles](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022020721/5681364e550346895d9dcf2a/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
monomer dimer
12,85- 19,11
33,37
11,91- 19,74
32,59- 34,10
double ionisation potential
„one-site“ 38,63 eV double ionisation potential
„two-site“ 2
7,97 eV
inner valence
outer valence
core level
continuum
energies for water follow I. Müller and L. Cederbaum, JCP 125, 204305 (2006).
binding energy (eV)
Intermolecular Coulombic Decay
![Page 15: Experiments with magnetic bottles](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022020721/5681364e550346895d9dcf2a/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
I. Müller and L. S. Cederbaum, JCP 125, 204305 (2006).
energy spectrum of the ICD-electron:
calculation for water tetramer
ICD in water clusters
![Page 16: Experiments with magnetic bottles](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022020721/5681364e550346895d9dcf2a/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
S. Barth et al., JPC A 113, 13519 (2009).
cluster contribution
outer valenceinner valence
photoelectron spectrum of water
![Page 17: Experiments with magnetic bottles](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022020721/5681364e550346895d9dcf2a/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
outer valenceinner valence
This state can decay via ICD.
+ ICD electrons
S. Barth et al., JPC A 113, 13519 (2009).
cluster contribution
photoelectron spectrum of water
![Page 18: Experiments with magnetic bottles](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022020721/5681364e550346895d9dcf2a/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
investigate coincident electron pairs
electrons undistinguishable sort by flighttime
slow
fast
flight time electron 2
flight time electron 1
electron-electron coincidence measurement
![Page 19: Experiments with magnetic bottles](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022020721/5681364e550346895d9dcf2a/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
neon tof-map
![Page 20: Experiments with magnetic bottles](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022020721/5681364e550346895d9dcf2a/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
flight time electron 2
flight time electron 1
flight time electron 2
flight time electron 2
0
2
0
Ett
DE
time-to-energy conversion
![Page 21: Experiments with magnetic bottles](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022020721/5681364e550346895d9dcf2a/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
tof map energy map
flight time e2
flig
ht ti
me
e1
kinetic energy e2
kin
etic
en
ergy
e1
hn = 45 eV
coincidence maps of water
![Page 22: Experiments with magnetic bottles](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022020721/5681364e550346895d9dcf2a/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
expected range for water ICD
energy spectrum shows ICD
qualitative agreement with theoretical spectrum0
hn = 45 eV<N> = 40
ICD spectrum
![Page 23: Experiments with magnetic bottles](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022020721/5681364e550346895d9dcf2a/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
energy spectrum of the primary electrons vs. kinetic energy
0
spectrum of the intermediate state
hn = 45 eV<N> = 40
![Page 24: Experiments with magnetic bottles](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022020721/5681364e550346895d9dcf2a/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
coincident intensity vs. binding energy of the final state
DIP H2O monomer
0
spectrum of the final state
hn = 45 eV<N> = 40
![Page 25: Experiments with magnetic bottles](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022020721/5681364e550346895d9dcf2a/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
• ICD feature shifts with photon energy
• energy of the ICD electron follows the theoretical predictions
M. Mucke et al., Nature Phys. 6, 143 (2010)
variation of the excitation energy
![Page 26: Experiments with magnetic bottles](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022020721/5681364e550346895d9dcf2a/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
hn = 60 eV<N> = 200
monomercluster
no ICD in the monomer
M. Mucke et al., Nature Phys. 6, 143 (2010)
![Page 27: Experiments with magnetic bottles](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022020721/5681364e550346895d9dcf2a/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
LCLS startinjector
Experiment and UV laser
~1500 m
part 3: experiments at the LCLS
![Page 28: Experiments with magnetic bottles](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022020721/5681364e550346895d9dcf2a/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
large collaborations at LCLS
Uppsala UniversityM. MuckeV. ZhaunerchykM. KaminskaM.N. PiancastelliJ.H.D. Eland (also Oxford University)R. Feifel
Stockholm UniversityP. SalénP. v.d.MeulenP. LinussonR.D. ThomasM. Larsson
Imperial College LondonR.J. Squibb (now Uppsala University)M. SianoL.J. Frasinski
ELETTRA TriesteR. RichterK.C. Prince
SLACR. CoffeeM. GlowniaJ. CryanM. MesserschmidtS. SchorbC. BostedtJ. Bozek
Michigan UniversityT. OsipovL. FangB. MurphyN. Berrah
Hiroshima UniversityO. TakahashiS. Wada
Tohoku University, SendaiK. MotomuraS. MondalK. Ueda
MPI, HeidelbergL. FoucarJ. Ullrich
![Page 29: Experiments with magnetic bottles](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022020721/5681364e550346895d9dcf2a/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
a new bottle...
![Page 30: Experiments with magnetic bottles](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022020721/5681364e550346895d9dcf2a/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
experiments at the LCLS
AMO hutchHigh Field Physics chamberAug/Sep 2011
FEL beamspectrometer axis
sample beam
rep. rate 120 Hz
![Page 31: Experiments with magnetic bottles](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022020721/5681364e550346895d9dcf2a/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
magnet
solenoid
FEL sample MCP
e-
e-
pulse parameters
trigger
from FEL
digitiser
online display
experimental set-up
![Page 32: Experiments with magnetic bottles](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022020721/5681364e550346895d9dcf2a/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
covariance analysis
• difference in correlated and uncorrelated products of electron signals X and Y at two kinetic energies:
C(X,Y) = <XY> - <X><Y>
• jitter corretion (photon energy fluctuation)• partial covariance corrects for intensity fluctuations
of FEL: Cp(X,Y;I) = C(X,Y) - C(X,I)C(I,Y)/C(I,I)
• conditional covariance: groupwise analysis of data from shots of similar intensity
L.F. Frasinski et al., J. El. Spec. Rel. Phenom. 79, 367 (1996).
V. Zhaunerchuk et al., Phys. Rev. A 89, 053418 (2014).
L.F. Frasinski et al., Science 246, 1029 (1989).
![Page 33: Experiments with magnetic bottles](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022020721/5681364e550346895d9dcf2a/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
Double Core Holes
at the same atomss DCH
at different atomsts DCH
creation of two core holes in a molecule by photon impact
high sensitivity to chemical environment
increased orbital relaxation effect
from L.S. Cederbaum et al., Chem. Phys. 85, 6513 (1986).
![Page 34: Experiments with magnetic bottles](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022020721/5681364e550346895d9dcf2a/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
recent studies on DCHs
J.H.D. Eland et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 105, 213005 (2010),P. Lablanquie et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 106, 063003 (2011),P. Linusson et al., Phys. Rev. A 83, 022506 (2011),P. Lablanquie et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 107, 193004 (2011),M. Nakano et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 110, 163001 (2013),L. Hedin et al., J. Chem. Phys., submitted (2013).
synchrotron radiation + multi-particle coincidence
CH4
NH3
C 1s-2
N 1s-2
FEL + single-electron detection
L. Fang et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 105, 083005 (2010),J. Cryan et al., Phys. Rev. Lett 105, 083004 (2010),N. Berrah et al., PNAS 108, 16912 (2011),P. Salén et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 108, 153003 (2012),M. Larsson et al., J. Phys. B 46, 164034 (2013).
![Page 35: Experiments with magnetic bottles](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022020721/5681364e550346895d9dcf2a/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
study of DCHs at FELs
use efficient electron spectrometer, employ covariance technique make up for low repetition rate of FEL pulses by • allowing for multiple ionisation events per light pulse • using a spectrometer of high detection efficiency • being able to handle multiple electrons per ionisation
event
![Page 36: Experiments with magnetic bottles](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022020721/5681364e550346895d9dcf2a/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
study of DCHs at FELs
”core hole clock”: FEL pulse length vs. core hole lifetime get information on ionisation dynamics
use efficient electron spectrometer, employ covariance technique make up for low repetition rate of FEL pulses by • allowing for multiple ionisation events per light pulse • using a spectrometer of high detection efficiency • being able to handle multiple electrons per ionisation
event
![Page 37: Experiments with magnetic bottles](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022020721/5681364e550346895d9dcf2a/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
neon: ionisation processes
photon energy 1062 eV
![Page 38: Experiments with magnetic bottles](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022020721/5681364e550346895d9dcf2a/html5/thumbnails/38.jpg)
neon: covariance map core-region
FEL parameters40 pC charge mode0.35 mJ pulse energy≤ 10 fs pulse length1062 eV photon energy
![Page 39: Experiments with magnetic bottles](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022020721/5681364e550346895d9dcf2a/html5/thumbnails/39.jpg)
neon: covariance map correctiondi
scim
inat
ed d
ata
jitter
cor
rect
ed
raw
dat
a
V. Z
haun
erch
yk, M
. Muc
ke,…
, and
R. F
eife
l, J.
Phys
. B 4
6, 1
6403
4 (2
013)
.
Four
ier d
econ
volu
tion
![Page 40: Experiments with magnetic bottles](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022020721/5681364e550346895d9dcf2a/html5/thumbnails/40.jpg)
neon: coincidence vs. covariance
coincidence
V. Zhaunerchyk, M. Mucke, et al., J. Phys. B 46, 164034 (2013).
covariance
![Page 41: Experiments with magnetic bottles](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022020721/5681364e550346895d9dcf2a/html5/thumbnails/41.jpg)
neon: covariance map core-region
FEL parameters40 pC charge mode0.35 mJ pulse energy≤ 10 fs pulse length1062 eV photon energy
![Page 42: Experiments with magnetic bottles](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022020721/5681364e550346895d9dcf2a/html5/thumbnails/42.jpg)
neon: covariance map core-region
1
3
24
6au
toco
rrela
tion li
ne
5
FEL parameters40 pC charge mode0.35 mJ pulse energy≤ 10 fs pulse length1062 eV photon energy
1 PAP2 PP or PAPAP3 PAPVP, PPVAP or PAPsat
4 PAPAP5 DKV
6 DKVAP
![Page 43: Experiments with magnetic bottles](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022020721/5681364e550346895d9dcf2a/html5/thumbnails/43.jpg)
neon: covariance maps
1
3
24
6au
toco
rrelat
ion lin
e
5
7
8
7 PVP8 PAPVP or PPVAP
L.J. Frasinski et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 111, 073002 (2013), V. Zhaunerchyk et al., J. Phys. B 46, 164034 (2013).
first time distinguish PPV from PVP
1
3
24
6au
toco
rrela
tion li
ne
5
1 PAP2 PP or PAPAP3 PAPVP, PPVAP or PAPsat
4 PAPAP5 DKV
6 DKVAP
core-core region core-valence region
![Page 44: Experiments with magnetic bottles](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022020721/5681364e550346895d9dcf2a/html5/thumbnails/44.jpg)
Double Core Holes in hydrocarbons
These slides have been deleted since the results are not yet published.If you want information on the outcomes of our investigation of double core hole states in hydrocarbons (C2H2 and C2H6) at the LCLS, please contact me ([email protected]).
![Page 45: Experiments with magnetic bottles](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022020721/5681364e550346895d9dcf2a/html5/thumbnails/45.jpg)
summary on Double Core Holes
• 2dim covariance well suited for analysis of data from low repetition-rate light sources (handling of multiple ionisation events per light shot possible)
• identification of new few-photon processes by electron kinetic energies and comparison of intensity dependency of electron-pair features
• clear signatures for DCHs
![Page 46: Experiments with magnetic bottles](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022020721/5681364e550346895d9dcf2a/html5/thumbnails/46.jpg)
Dt
ultrafast processes in thymine
... investigated by pump-probe spectroscopy
UV pump + XFEL probemagnetic bottleAuger difference spectra
![Page 47: Experiments with magnetic bottles](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022020721/5681364e550346895d9dcf2a/html5/thumbnails/47.jpg)
Nora Berrah, WMUChristoph Bostedt, LCLS SLACJohn Bozek, LCLS SLACPhil Bucksbaum, PULSE SLACRyan Coffee, LCLSJames Cryan, PULSE SLAC Li Fang, WMUJoe Farrell, PULSE SLACRaimund Feifel, Uppsala UniversityKelly Gaffney, PULSE SLACMike Glownia, PULSE SLACMarkus Guehr, PULSE SLAC, SpokespersonTodd Martinez, PULSE SLAC,Brian McFarland, PULSE SLAC
Shungo Miyabe, PULSE SLACMelanie Mucke, Uppsala UniversityBrendan Murphy, WMU Adi Natan, PULSE SLACTimur Osipov, WMUVladimir Petrovic, PULSE SLACSebastian Schorb, LCLS SLAC Thomas Schultz, MBI, BerlinLimor Spector, PULSE SLACFrancesco Tarantelli, Univ. PerugiaIan Tenney, PULSE SLAC Song Wang, PULSE SLACBill White, LCLS SLACJames White, PULSE SLAC
Early Career GrantReference: McFarland et al. Nature Comm. 5, 4235 (2014)
thymine collaboration
![Page 48: Experiments with magnetic bottles](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022020721/5681364e550346895d9dcf2a/html5/thumbnails/48.jpg)
pp*np*
Reaction coordinate
UV
pum
p
Groundstate
Pote
ntial
ene
rgy
np*
n
p
*pGS->pp*
4.5
eV Barrier?
Asturiol et al., J. Phys. Chem. A,113, 10211 (2009)Hudock et al., J. Phys. Chem. A,111, 85 (2007)
competing processes
![Page 49: Experiments with magnetic bottles](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022020721/5681364e550346895d9dcf2a/html5/thumbnails/49.jpg)
pp*
np*
Reaction coordinate
Pote
ntial
ene
rgy
CICI
Neutralstates
UV
pum
p
Core ionizedstates
Dicationicstates
SXR
prob
e
Auge
r dec
ayE ki
n
Barrier?
Groundstate
GS
n
p
*pIP
Oxygen 1s
GS->pp*
UV
pum
pX-ray probe Auger decayUV pump
SXR
prob
e
Delay
Electr. Relax.
E kin
np*
Electr. R
elax.
O
O
pump-probe scheme
![Page 50: Experiments with magnetic bottles](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022020721/5681364e550346895d9dcf2a/html5/thumbnails/50.jpg)
UV Pump Off UV Pump On
p* Auger Electrons
Difference signal: UV On-UV Off
Auger difference spectra
UV pump: 266 nmXFEL probe: 570 eVretardation 470 V
![Page 51: Experiments with magnetic bottles](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022020721/5681364e550346895d9dcf2a/html5/thumbnails/51.jpg)
kinetic energy [eV]
Auger difference spectra
UV Pump Off UV Pump On
p* Auger Electrons
Difference signal: UV On-UV Off
![Page 52: Experiments with magnetic bottles](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022020721/5681364e550346895d9dcf2a/html5/thumbnails/52.jpg)
III
III
kinetic energy [eV]
dela
y [p
s]
min
III
dela
y [p
s]de
lay
[ps]
McFarland et al, Nature Comm. 5, 4235 (2014)
IIII II
blue-shift of Auger lines
![Page 53: Experiments with magnetic bottles](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022020721/5681364e550346895d9dcf2a/html5/thumbnails/53.jpg)
III
III
kinetic energy [eV]
dela
y [p
s]
min
III
dela
y [p
s]de
lay
[ps]
pp*np*
Reaction coordinate
UV
pum
p
Groundstate
Pote
ntial
ene
rgy
McFarland et al, Nature Comm. 5, 4235 (2014)
IIII II
min
blue-shift of Auger lines
![Page 54: Experiments with magnetic bottles](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022020721/5681364e550346895d9dcf2a/html5/thumbnails/54.jpg)
54
III
III
kinetic energy [eV]
dela
y [p
s]
III
dela
y [p
s]de
lay
[ps]
pp*np*
Reaction coordinate
UV
pum
p
Groundstate
Pote
ntial
ene
rgy
min
McFarland et al, Nature Comm. 5, 4235 (2014)
IIII II
no barrier observed
![Page 55: Experiments with magnetic bottles](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022020721/5681364e550346895d9dcf2a/html5/thumbnails/55.jpg)
the end
magnetic bottle spectrometer –versatile tool for detection of electrons,especially suitable for correlation studies