experiments with fluxon...
TRANSCRIPT
.
Experiments with
Fluxon ratchet
Edward Goldobin
Dubna Winter School 05.02.2011
Physikalische Institut — Experimentalphysik II, University of Tubingen, Germany
E.Goldobin -- Fluxon ratchet
What is a Ratchet?
Reimann, Phys. Rep. 361, 57 (2002). P. Hänggi, F. Marchesoni, and F. Nori, Ann. Phys. (N.Y.) 14, 51 (2005). P. Hänggi and F. Marchesoni, Rev. Mod. Phys. 81, 387 (2009).
Po
ten
tial
coordinate
random force
Point-like Brownian particle in
asymmetric periodic potential
Aim: to rectify fluctuations
E.Goldobin -- Fluxon ratchet
Ratchet effect
Transport
in biological
systems
Classical ratchet system
Separation of macromolecules
E.Goldobin -- Fluxon ratchet
What is a Josephson Vortex Ratchet
(JVR)?
M. Beck, et al. Phys. Rev. Lett. 95, 090603 (2005)
Directed motion voltageBand up to 100GHzoverdamped underdampedquantum ratchet
Advantages of “Josephson”
Particle fluxonPotential w(x), h(x), j(x)
Periodic annular LJJ (n periods)
JVR Principle (Pert. theory approx.)
Peculiarities
E. Goldobin, et al. Phys. Rev. E 63, 031111 (2001)
Carapella, PRB 63, 54515 (2001)
Carapella et al., PRL 87, 77002 (2001)
ac current
V
Particle relativistic soliton
E.Goldobin -- Fluxon ratchet
Long Josephson junctions
1D model:
)(
11)(
xi
s enx
)(
22)(
xi
s enx
Solutions: 1. linear electromagnetic waves (plasma waves)
1D model:
2. Soliton=fluxon=Josephson vortex
phase field supercurrent
E.Goldobin -- Fluxon ratchet
Different approaches to construct
Asymmetric Periodic Potential
Carapella, PRB 63, 54515 (2001)
Carapella et al., PRL 87, 77002 (2001)
Internal modes:
Willis et al., PRE 69, 056612 (2004)PRE 71, 016604 (2005)
Morales-Molina, et al., PRL 91, 234102 (2003)
Asymmetric substrate pot.+symm. drive: move soliton in some dir.
Salerno et al., PRE 65, 25602 (2002); Constantini et al., PRE 65, 51103 (2002)
Constantini, et al., PRL 87, 114102 (2001)
E.Goldobin -- Fluxon ratchet
Asymmetric potential
E. Goldobin, et al. PRE 63, 031111 (2001)
x
Potential: w(x) h(x) j(x)
tunability? no yes yes
topo. limits? no yes no
I/H source? no yes yes
E.Goldobin -- Fluxon ratchet
E. Goldobin, et al. PRE 63, 031111 (2001)
JJ width modulation – potential for
fluxon
Non-relativistic approx,
“slow” modulation
E.Goldobin -- Fluxon ratchet
Asymmetry due to non-uniform field
cos)( HxH
cos)( 0HxH
H 0
)(2)( 00 xwhxU
• Tunable potential• Topological limitations
h(x)
E.Goldobin -- Fluxon ratchet
-8 -6 -4 -2 0 2 4 6 8
-1.0
-0.5
0.0
0.5
1.0
h0
c
with fluxon
w/o fluxon
Simulation
How an injector can create
strongly asymmetric saw-tooth
potential?h(x) 0 l
x 0 l
x,
x0...)(... xasyt
Sinus-Gordon
Iinj
1hx,
asy
U(x0)
-3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3
-3
-2
-1
0
1
2
3 with fluxon
without fluxon
I c
[mA
]
Iinj1 [mA]
Experiment
sample C3
6,6m
m
E. Goldobin, et al. Phys. Rev. E 63, 031111 (2001)
E.Goldobin -- Fluxon ratchet
M. Beck, et al. PRL 95, 090603 (2005)
For experimentalistsFor theorists
damping (
h(x) potential profile (saw-tooth)
ac amplitude of ac drive
dc dc force (usually =0)
System under investigation:
Relativistic Deterministic JVR
E. Goldobin et al, PRE 63, 031111 (2001) G. Carapella et al., PRB 63, 054515 (2001).
ac current acsin( t) [+ dc]
V
potential h0 Iinj1
fluxon insert
t
One can derive eq. for x0(t) in the PT limit,
assuming rigid fluxon shape.
E.Goldobin -- Fluxon ratchet
inserts fluxons R = 70µm, x = 5µm, w = 5µm
asymmeric
Geometry
ac current
V
potential
fluxon insert
M. Beck, E. Goldobin, et al. Phys. Rev. Lett. 95, 090603 (2005)
E.Goldobin -- Fluxon ratchet
Insertion of a fluxon ( ): A. V. Ustinov, APL 80, 3153 (2002)
Insertion of fluxon
x
IRU
mA9,3
if 2
2injI
B. Malomed, et al. PRB 69, 64502 (2004)
E. Goldobin, et al. PRB 67, 224515 (2003); PRL 92, 57005(2005)
IL
IL0
2
E.Goldobin -- Fluxon ratchet
Quasi-static drive (100Hz)
450 500 550 600
-10
-8
-6
-4
-2
0
Vd
c [µ
V]
Amplitude Iac
[µA]
ALJJ C3:
Iinj1
= 0.2 mA
Iinj2
= 3.9 mA
I-V Characteristic Rectification curve Vdc(Iac)
Asymmetric fluxon steps!
-100 -50 0 50 100
-1.0
-0.5
0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
I [
mA
]
V [µV]
V0
ALJJ C3:
Iinj1
= 0.1 mA
)cos()(:Apply tItI ac)()(:Measure acacdc IVIV
M. Beck, E. Goldobin, et al. Phys. Rev. Lett. 95, 090603 (2005)
E.Goldobin -- Fluxon ratchet
Ratchet effect vs. potential height
0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2 1.4
-20
-10
0
10
20
Vd
c [
V]
Iac [mA]
Iinj1
= 0.2 mA
Iinj1
= 0.3 mA
Iinj1
= 0.4 mA
Iinj1
= 0.5 mA
Iinj1
= 0.6 mA
ALJJ C3
-4 -2 0 2 4
-1.0
-0.5
0.0
0.5
1.0
Cri
tical curr
ent
I c(I
inj1
)/I c
0
Potential height h0 Iinj1
M. Beck, E. Goldobin, et al. Phys. Rev. Lett. 95, 090603 (2005)
E.Goldobin -- Fluxon ratchet
Ratchet effect vs. driver shape
0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2 1.40
10
20
30
Vd
c [µ
V]
Amplitude Iac
[mA]
Waveform of Iac
Rect
Sine
Triang
ALJJ C3
Weighted
0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2 1.40
10
20
30
Vd
c [µ
V]
Amplitude Iac
[mA]
Waveform of Iac
Rect
Sine
Triang
ALJJ C3
t
t
t
Compact spectrum
does not imply
better rectification!
E.Goldobin -- Fluxon ratchet
Figures of merit
0 200 400 600 800
-60
-40
-20
0
20
40
60
Iinj1= 200 A
Iinj1= 400 A
Iinj1= 600 A
V [
V]
Iac [ A]
Iminrect Imax
rect
Irect
V max
Figures of merit
min. Irect (aim: ,h0 ) max. Irect (aim: ,h0 ) Irect (aim: ,h0 ) V max(aim: ,h0 )
E.Goldobin -- Fluxon ratchet
Adiabatic JVR: optimazation
0 100 200 3000.00
0.25
0.50
0.75
Irect/Imaxrect
Imaxrect /Ic
Iminrect/Ic
fig
ure
s o
f m
eri
tm [
dim
esio
nle
ss]
V max/Vstep
Iinj1 h0 [ A]
Figures of merit
min. Irect (aim: ,h0 ) max. Irect (aim: ,h0 ) Irect (aim: ,h0 ) V max(aim: ,h0 )
Result
One cannot optimize all figures at ones. Increasing h0 we optimize 3 out of 4:
most importantly Irect and V max.
E.Goldobin -- Fluxon ratchet
Loaded quasi-static JVR
In adiabatic regime the result can be obtained
from the IVC:
How large should be the dc counter force
to stop the ratchet?
0.0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5
-0.10
-0.05
0.00
0.05
Ic+ Ic
vo
lta
ge
V(I
)
(Ic+ Ic )/2
Ic+ Iac(Ic+ Ic )/2
sto
pp
ing
dc c
urr
en
t Ist
op
dc
current Iac
uphill motion
-1.0 -0.5 0.0 0.5 1.0
-1.0
-0.5
0.0
0.5
1.0
+Ic+
vo
lta
ge
V(I
)
current I
Ic
Results for a simple step-like IVC model (Ic+,Ic )
stopping force grows linearly
it saturates in the middle of rect. window
saturation value is equal to rect. window size
make window as large as possible (large h0)
operate ratchet in the 2nd half of rect. window!
E.Goldobin -- Fluxon ratchet
High frequency drive
– non Adiabatic JVR (nA-JVR)
Setup:• Resonator cupper box,
the first mode @ 6.0 GHz• Sender: rf-antenna• Receiver: JJ-Electrodes• Iac power P
What means high frequency?
Period of the drive is comparable with the time it takes for fluxon to move around the annulus
periodic dynamics integer number of turns
discrete average velocity=desctere average voltage steps
Underdamped system: inertial effects, chaos
E.Goldobin -- Fluxon ratchet
GHzVnnV n
dc
2
20
nA-JVR: Quantized rectification
-10 -5 0 5
0
1
2
3
4
applied power P (dBm)
Vd
c (
V)
Non-monotonous steps!
experiment simulation
E.Goldobin -- Fluxon ratchet
nA-JVR: Period-2 dynamics
0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5
-0.2
-0.1
0.0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
2
dc v
oltage
rf current amplitude
averaging
over 1 period
of ac drive
1
3
4
pseudo 2
5
E.Goldobin -- Fluxon ratchet
nA-JVR: half integer steps & current
reversal
3 4 5 6 7
-12
-8
-4
0
1
Vd
c [
µV
]
generator power P [dBm]
ALJJ C3
= 4GHz
1/2
-30 -20 -10 0 10 20
-10
0
10
Vd
c [
µV
]
ALJJ C2@5GHz
+1
1
Generator Ausgangsleistung P [dBm]
Particle„s (fluxon„s)current reversal, i.e. velocity reversali.e. voltage reversal
One turn takes two driving periods!
P. Jung, et al. Phys. Rev. Lett. 76, 3436 (1996)
J. Mateos, et al. PRL 84, 258 (2000)
Physica A 325, 92 (2003)
M. Barbi, et al. Phys. Rev. E 62, 1988 (2000)
E.Goldobin -- Fluxon ratchet
nA-JVR: Half integer steps & current
reversal
0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5
-0.4
-0.2
0.0
0.2
0.4
dc v
oltage
rf current amplitude
averaging
over 1 period
of ac drive
1
+1
1/2
= 0.2
1 1
0.20 0.21 0.22 0.23 0.24 0.25
-0.20
-0.15
-0.10
1/2
dc v
oltage
rf current amplitude
averaging
over 1 period
of ac drive
= 0.2
zoom
E.Goldobin -- Fluxon ratchet
nA-JVR: fluxon trajectories & period 2
dynamics
0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5
-0.4
-0.2
0.0
0.2
0.4
dc v
oltage
rf current amplitude
averaging
over 1 period
of ac drive
1
+1
1/2
= 0.2
1 1
0
20
40
60
80
100
0 2 4 6 8 10
-505
-1 0 1
ac=0.235
coordinate x
tim
e t
U(x
0)
Fac
l = 10, h0 = 1.0, = 0.2
subharmonic
E.Goldobin -- Fluxon ratchet
nA-JVR: Period-1 dynamics: forward
step
0
20
40
60
80
100
0 2 4 6 8 10 -1 0 1
-505
coordinate, x
tim
e
t
ac=0.29
Fac
U(x
0)
l = 10, h0 = 1.0, = 0.2
0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5
-0.4
-0.2
0.0
0.2
0.4
dc v
oltage
rf current amplitude
averaging
over 1 period
of ac drive
1
+1
1/2
= 0.2
1 1
harmonic
E.Goldobin -- Fluxon ratchet
nA-JVR: Period 1&2 dynamics,
current (voltage) reversal
l = 10, h0 = 1.0, = 0.2
0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5
-0.4
-0.2
0.0
0.2
0.4
dc v
oltage
rf current amplitude
averaging
over 1 period
of ac drive
1
+1
1/2
= 0.2
1 1
0
20
40
60
80
100
0 2 4 6 8 10 -1 0 1
-505
coordinate x
tim
e
t
ac=0.35
Fac
U(x
0)
Subharmonic
current reversal: period 1&2
E.Goldobin -- Fluxon ratchet
nA-JVR: Peak velocities
-10 -5 0 5 10 15 20-20
0
20
40
60
Vd
c
[µ
V]
G3@12GHz
Generator output power P [dBm]
0
0
88.0
91.0
cu
cu
:C4
:G3
:velocity Average
0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8
-0.2
-0.1
0.0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
= 0.3
dc v
olta
ge
rf current amplitude
averaging
over 1 period
of ac drive
+1
Simulation
Max. Average velocity
0.47 (?)
u @ : F. Mertens, et al. PRE 74, 66602 (2006)
u : G. Carapella, et al. Physica C 382, 337 (2002)
u : A. Ustinov, et al. PRL 93, 87001 (2004)
E.Goldobin -- Fluxon ratchet
nA-JVR loaded by dc current
-50
0
50
-10 -5 0 5
-200
-100
0
100
200
V [
V]
n = 1
P [dBm]
f = 26.3 GHz
Iinj1 = 250 A
Isto
pd
c [
A]
-50
0
50
-15 -10 -5 0 5
-200
-100
0
100
200
V [
V]
f = 26.3 GHz
Iinj1 = 250 A
Isto
pd
c [
A]
n = 1
P [dBm]
Positive potential Negative potential
E.Goldobin -- Fluxon ratchet
nA-JVR: stopping force (current)
experiment vs. simulation
-50
0
50
-10 -5 0 5
-200
-100
0
100
200
V [
V]
n = 1
P [dBm]
f = 26.3 GHz
Iinj1 = 250 A
Isto
pd
c [
A]
-0.5
0.0
0.5
-11 -10 -9 -8 -7 -6
-0.05
0.00
0.05
20 log(Iac / Ic) [dB]
= 0.23,
l = 10
n = 1
Isto
pd
c/I
c
n = +1
V /
Vst
ep
Experiment Simulation
E.Goldobin -- Fluxon ratchet
JVR made of Intrinsic JJ stack
H. B. Wang et al., PRB 80, 224507 (2009)
E.Goldobin -- Fluxon ratchet
Samples, I-V characteristic
Top view
N = 30 JJs
n = 20 teeth
L = 157 m
J = 0.4 m
T = 8.0 K
H. B. Wang et al., PRB 80, 224507 (2009)
no
flux-flow
T = 4.2 K
flux-flow
mvmax=2.3 107 m/s
mmax= 100 fluxons
mvmax=1.5 107 m/s
mmax= 15
flux-flowVmax= 40 V
Vmax= 300 V
E.Goldobin -- Fluxon ratchet
Rectification
Experiment Simulation
V max= 100 V (record!)
random fluxon lattice
m ~ 40 fluxons
For large m and N the steps are smeared!
Why no (Shapiro) steps?
H. B. Wang et al., PRB 80, 224507 (2009)
E.Goldobin -- Fluxon ratchet
Summary & Outlook
Fluxon (Josephson Vortex) ratchet
principles of operation (asymmetric periodic potential, particle=fluxon)
advantages
Quasi-static (adiabatic) drive:
rectification curves vs. potential height, driver shape
figures of merit
stopping force
Non-adiabatic drive:
quantized rectification
period 2 dynamics:
• subharmonic steps,
• pseudo-integer steps
current (voltage) reversal
loaded ratchet, stopping force
Intrinsic Josephson vortex ratchet
.
Thanks for your
attention!
Questions?
E.Goldobin -- Fluxon ratchet
Can I rectify a white noise?
“white” noise cut off at 50MHz
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450
-4
-2
0
2
4
Iinj1 = –240 A
Iinj1 = –170 A
Iinj1 = – 45 A
Vd
c,
µV
Iac, [mA]
E.Goldobin -- Fluxon ratchet
Ratchet or just synchronization?
-0.10
-0.05
0.00
0.05
0.10
-0.6 -0.4 -0.2 0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6
Vdc
I dc
E.Goldobin -- Fluxon ratchet
How do we measure?
)cos()(:Apply tItI ac
)()(:Measure acacdc IVIV
ac current
V
potential
fluxon insert
E.Goldobin -- Fluxon ratchet
Josephson junction
1
1
i
s en
2
2
i
s en
)sin()sin( 12 ccs III
B. D. Josephson, Phys. Lett. 1, 251 (1962).
Fortgeschrittenen-Praktikum 2.11.2004
of overlapcI
E.Goldobin -- Fluxon ratchet
Long Josephson junctions
1D model:
)(
11)(
xi
s enx
)(
22)(
xi
s enx
Solutions: 1. linear electromagnetic waves (plasma waves)
1D model:
2. Soliton=fluxon=Josephson vortex
phase field supercurrent
E.Goldobin -- Fluxon ratchet
Content
Introduction
What is (long) Josephson junction?
What is a ratchet?
Why to build ratchets using long Josephson junctions?
How to create an efficient asymmetric periodic potential?
Results (experiment and simulations)
Everything under control: 1 injector, 2 injectors..(calibration)
Quasi-statically (adiabatically) driven ratchet
Non-adiabatic effects
Conclusions & outlook
E.Goldobin -- Fluxon ratchet
Asymmetric potential
E. Goldobin, et al. PRE 63, 031111 (2001)
Potential: w(x) h(x) j(x)
tunability? no yes yes
topological. limits? no yes no
current/field source? no yes yes
E.Goldobin -- Fluxon ratchet
Asymmetry due to non-uniform field
cos)( HxH
)(2)( 00 xwhxU
• Tunable potential• Topological limitations
cos)( 0HxH
H 0
h(x)
E. Goldobin, et al. PRE 63, 031111 (2001)
E.Goldobin -- Fluxon ratchet
Asymmetric potential
E. Goldobin, et al. PRE 63, 031111 (2001)
dxh
xwH
L
xt
0
22
)cos1(2
)(
2)(