experiments in learning - tom...
TRANSCRIPT
![Page 1: Experiments in Learning - Tom Staffordtomstafford.staff.shef.ac.uk/talks/greenwich-2017-01-31.pdf · 2019. 1. 28. · Experiments in Learning Theory and practice in teaching cognitive](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022071516/6138343e0ad5d20676491cef/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Experiments in LearningTheory and practice in teaching cognitive science
Tom StaffordUniversity of Greenwich, 31st January 2017
![Page 2: Experiments in Learning - Tom Staffordtomstafford.staff.shef.ac.uk/talks/greenwich-2017-01-31.pdf · 2019. 1. 28. · Experiments in Learning Theory and practice in teaching cognitive](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022071516/6138343e0ad5d20676491cef/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
Cognitive Science of Learning
![Page 3: Experiments in Learning - Tom Staffordtomstafford.staff.shef.ac.uk/talks/greenwich-2017-01-31.pdf · 2019. 1. 28. · Experiments in Learning Theory and practice in teaching cognitive](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022071516/6138343e0ad5d20676491cef/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
Image: wikimedia commons CC-SA-3.0
![Page 4: Experiments in Learning - Tom Staffordtomstafford.staff.shef.ac.uk/talks/greenwich-2017-01-31.pdf · 2019. 1. 28. · Experiments in Learning Theory and practice in teaching cognitive](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022071516/6138343e0ad5d20676491cef/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
Intrinsically MotivatedCumulative LearningVersatile Robots
Jiuguang Wang, flickr.com, CC-SA-3.0
Baldassarre, G., Stafford, T., Mirolli, M., Redgrave, P., Ryan, R. M., & Barto, A. (2014). Intrinsic motivations and open-ended development in animals, humans, and robots: an overview. Frontiers in Psychology, 5(985). doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2014.00985
![Page 5: Experiments in Learning - Tom Staffordtomstafford.staff.shef.ac.uk/talks/greenwich-2017-01-31.pdf · 2019. 1. 28. · Experiments in Learning Theory and practice in teaching cognitive](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022071516/6138343e0ad5d20676491cef/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
Stafford, T., Thirkettle, M., Walton, T., Vautrelle, N., Hetherington, L., Port, M., Gurney, K.N., Redgrave, P. (2012), A Novel Task for the Investigation of Action Acquisition, PLoS One, 7(6), e37749.
Rats and humans refine their movements over multiple trials
![Page 6: Experiments in Learning - Tom Staffordtomstafford.staff.shef.ac.uk/talks/greenwich-2017-01-31.pdf · 2019. 1. 28. · Experiments in Learning Theory and practice in teaching cognitive](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022071516/6138343e0ad5d20676491cef/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
The Learning of Cognitive Science
My teaching
![Page 7: Experiments in Learning - Tom Staffordtomstafford.staff.shef.ac.uk/talks/greenwich-2017-01-31.pdf · 2019. 1. 28. · Experiments in Learning Theory and practice in teaching cognitive](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022071516/6138343e0ad5d20676491cef/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
Active learning
![Page 8: Experiments in Learning - Tom Staffordtomstafford.staff.shef.ac.uk/talks/greenwich-2017-01-31.pdf · 2019. 1. 28. · Experiments in Learning Theory and practice in teaching cognitive](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022071516/6138343e0ad5d20676491cef/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
Theory
Action essential to learningExploration and variability as engines of
discovery
![Page 9: Experiments in Learning - Tom Staffordtomstafford.staff.shef.ac.uk/talks/greenwich-2017-01-31.pdf · 2019. 1. 28. · Experiments in Learning Theory and practice in teaching cognitive](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022071516/6138343e0ad5d20676491cef/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
Practice: flipped classrooms
PSY243 a large enrollment (200+) cognitive psychology course. Strategy1. Pre-lecture material
![Page 10: Experiments in Learning - Tom Staffordtomstafford.staff.shef.ac.uk/talks/greenwich-2017-01-31.pdf · 2019. 1. 28. · Experiments in Learning Theory and practice in teaching cognitive](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022071516/6138343e0ad5d20676491cef/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
![Page 12: Experiments in Learning - Tom Staffordtomstafford.staff.shef.ac.uk/talks/greenwich-2017-01-31.pdf · 2019. 1. 28. · Experiments in Learning Theory and practice in teaching cognitive](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022071516/6138343e0ad5d20676491cef/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
Practice: flipped classrooms
PSY243 a large enrollment (200+) cognitive psychology course. Strategy1. Pre-lecture material2. Transparent purpose
![Page 13: Experiments in Learning - Tom Staffordtomstafford.staff.shef.ac.uk/talks/greenwich-2017-01-31.pdf · 2019. 1. 28. · Experiments in Learning Theory and practice in teaching cognitive](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022071516/6138343e0ad5d20676491cef/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
![Page 14: Experiments in Learning - Tom Staffordtomstafford.staff.shef.ac.uk/talks/greenwich-2017-01-31.pdf · 2019. 1. 28. · Experiments in Learning Theory and practice in teaching cognitive](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022071516/6138343e0ad5d20676491cef/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
Practice: flipped classrooms
PSY243 a large enrollment (200+) cognitive psychology course. Strategy1. Pre-lecture material2. Transparent purpose3. Shared objects
![Page 15: Experiments in Learning - Tom Staffordtomstafford.staff.shef.ac.uk/talks/greenwich-2017-01-31.pdf · 2019. 1. 28. · Experiments in Learning Theory and practice in teaching cognitive](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022071516/6138343e0ad5d20676491cef/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
https://prezi.com/01qlxokv3cg-/
![Page 16: Experiments in Learning - Tom Staffordtomstafford.staff.shef.ac.uk/talks/greenwich-2017-01-31.pdf · 2019. 1. 28. · Experiments in Learning Theory and practice in teaching cognitive](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022071516/6138343e0ad5d20676491cef/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
Practice: flipped classrooms
PSY243 a large enrollment (200+) cognitive psychology course. Strategy1. Pre-lecture material2. Transparent purpose3. Shared objects4. Cheap tricks
![Page 17: Experiments in Learning - Tom Staffordtomstafford.staff.shef.ac.uk/talks/greenwich-2017-01-31.pdf · 2019. 1. 28. · Experiments in Learning Theory and practice in teaching cognitive](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022071516/6138343e0ad5d20676491cef/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
Cheap tricks for starting discussions in lectureshttps://medium.com/@tomstafford/cheap-tricks-for-starting-discussions-in-lectures-c6baecd4a6c8#.rahqp04wd
1. Paired discussions2. No straight questions3. Positivity4. Technological fixes
![Page 18: Experiments in Learning - Tom Staffordtomstafford.staff.shef.ac.uk/talks/greenwich-2017-01-31.pdf · 2019. 1. 28. · Experiments in Learning Theory and practice in teaching cognitive](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022071516/6138343e0ad5d20676491cef/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
![Page 19: Experiments in Learning - Tom Staffordtomstafford.staff.shef.ac.uk/talks/greenwich-2017-01-31.pdf · 2019. 1. 28. · Experiments in Learning Theory and practice in teaching cognitive](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022071516/6138343e0ad5d20676491cef/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
Jupyter notebooks
![Page 20: Experiments in Learning - Tom Staffordtomstafford.staff.shef.ac.uk/talks/greenwich-2017-01-31.pdf · 2019. 1. 28. · Experiments in Learning Theory and practice in teaching cognitive](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022071516/6138343e0ad5d20676491cef/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
Feedback
![Page 21: Experiments in Learning - Tom Staffordtomstafford.staff.shef.ac.uk/talks/greenwich-2017-01-31.pdf · 2019. 1. 28. · Experiments in Learning Theory and practice in teaching cognitive](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022071516/6138343e0ad5d20676491cef/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
Theory
Errorful learningRadical uncertainty & specificity of training
+ curse of knowledgeAvoidance learning / confirmation bias
![Page 22: Experiments in Learning - Tom Staffordtomstafford.staff.shef.ac.uk/talks/greenwich-2017-01-31.pdf · 2019. 1. 28. · Experiments in Learning Theory and practice in teaching cognitive](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022071516/6138343e0ad5d20676491cef/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
Practice
Individualised feedback emails
http://www.tomstafford.staff.shef.ac.uk/?p=372
![Page 23: Experiments in Learning - Tom Staffordtomstafford.staff.shef.ac.uk/talks/greenwich-2017-01-31.pdf · 2019. 1. 28. · Experiments in Learning Theory and practice in teaching cognitive](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022071516/6138343e0ad5d20676491cef/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
Feedback on engagement
![Page 24: Experiments in Learning - Tom Staffordtomstafford.staff.shef.ac.uk/talks/greenwich-2017-01-31.pdf · 2019. 1. 28. · Experiments in Learning Theory and practice in teaching cognitive](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022071516/6138343e0ad5d20676491cef/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
Feedback on assessment
Restate purposeNotes on assessmentModel answer (only on answered question)Individual feedback
![Page 25: Experiments in Learning - Tom Staffordtomstafford.staff.shef.ac.uk/talks/greenwich-2017-01-31.pdf · 2019. 1. 28. · Experiments in Learning Theory and practice in teaching cognitive](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022071516/6138343e0ad5d20676491cef/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
Jupyter notebooks
![Page 26: Experiments in Learning - Tom Staffordtomstafford.staff.shef.ac.uk/talks/greenwich-2017-01-31.pdf · 2019. 1. 28. · Experiments in Learning Theory and practice in teaching cognitive](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022071516/6138343e0ad5d20676491cef/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
Evidence from education
Teaching the teachers, The Economist, Jun 11th 2016
![Page 27: Experiments in Learning - Tom Staffordtomstafford.staff.shef.ac.uk/talks/greenwich-2017-01-31.pdf · 2019. 1. 28. · Experiments in Learning Theory and practice in teaching cognitive](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022071516/6138343e0ad5d20676491cef/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
Peer support
![Page 28: Experiments in Learning - Tom Staffordtomstafford.staff.shef.ac.uk/talks/greenwich-2017-01-31.pdf · 2019. 1. 28. · Experiments in Learning Theory and practice in teaching cognitive](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022071516/6138343e0ad5d20676491cef/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
Theory
All of cognition is socialGroup reasoning
![Page 29: Experiments in Learning - Tom Staffordtomstafford.staff.shef.ac.uk/talks/greenwich-2017-01-31.pdf · 2019. 1. 28. · Experiments in Learning Theory and practice in teaching cognitive](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022071516/6138343e0ad5d20676491cef/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
Practice
SeminarsPeer tutoring - 3rd yearPeer review collegeWriting for others
![Page 30: Experiments in Learning - Tom Staffordtomstafford.staff.shef.ac.uk/talks/greenwich-2017-01-31.pdf · 2019. 1. 28. · Experiments in Learning Theory and practice in teaching cognitive](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022071516/6138343e0ad5d20676491cef/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
http://psy241.group.shef.ac.uk/psy241wiki/index.php/Main_Page
![Page 31: Experiments in Learning - Tom Staffordtomstafford.staff.shef.ac.uk/talks/greenwich-2017-01-31.pdf · 2019. 1. 28. · Experiments in Learning Theory and practice in teaching cognitive](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022071516/6138343e0ad5d20676491cef/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
Stafford, T., Elgueta, H., Cameron, H. (2014). Students’ engagement with a collaborative wiki tool predicts enhanced written exam performance. Research in Learning Technology, 22, 22797. doi:10.3402/rlt.v22.22797
![Page 32: Experiments in Learning - Tom Staffordtomstafford.staff.shef.ac.uk/talks/greenwich-2017-01-31.pdf · 2019. 1. 28. · Experiments in Learning Theory and practice in teaching cognitive](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022071516/6138343e0ad5d20676491cef/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
Evidence-basedEducation?
![Page 33: Experiments in Learning - Tom Staffordtomstafford.staff.shef.ac.uk/talks/greenwich-2017-01-31.pdf · 2019. 1. 28. · Experiments in Learning Theory and practice in teaching cognitive](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022071516/6138343e0ad5d20676491cef/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
The evidence is against student led learning
http://www.oecd.org/pisa/
![Page 34: Experiments in Learning - Tom Staffordtomstafford.staff.shef.ac.uk/talks/greenwich-2017-01-31.pdf · 2019. 1. 28. · Experiments in Learning Theory and practice in teaching cognitive](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022071516/6138343e0ad5d20676491cef/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
Do students know what’s good for em’?
Effectiveness can anti-correlate with evaluationsKornell, N., & Hausman, H. (2016). Do the Best Teachers Get the Best Ratings? Frontiers in psychology, 7.
See also: Arthur Poropat Students don’t know what’s best for their own learning and Jules Holroyd & Jenny Saul Will the Teaching Excellence Framework be sexist?
![Page 35: Experiments in Learning - Tom Staffordtomstafford.staff.shef.ac.uk/talks/greenwich-2017-01-31.pdf · 2019. 1. 28. · Experiments in Learning Theory and practice in teaching cognitive](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022071516/6138343e0ad5d20676491cef/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
Evidence and generalisation
‘Causal density’Evidence-based vs Evidence-informed
![Page 36: Experiments in Learning - Tom Staffordtomstafford.staff.shef.ac.uk/talks/greenwich-2017-01-31.pdf · 2019. 1. 28. · Experiments in Learning Theory and practice in teaching cognitive](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022071516/6138343e0ad5d20676491cef/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
Open science model
Classrooms as models of scholarly communityPeer supportAccessible debatesCommon procedures/toolsTransparent outcomes
Open syllabus opensyllabusproject.org/
![Page 37: Experiments in Learning - Tom Staffordtomstafford.staff.shef.ac.uk/talks/greenwich-2017-01-31.pdf · 2019. 1. 28. · Experiments in Learning Theory and practice in teaching cognitive](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022071516/6138343e0ad5d20676491cef/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
@tomstafford
http://www.tomstafford.staff.shef.ac.uk/
![Page 38: Experiments in Learning - Tom Staffordtomstafford.staff.shef.ac.uk/talks/greenwich-2017-01-31.pdf · 2019. 1. 28. · Experiments in Learning Theory and practice in teaching cognitive](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022071516/6138343e0ad5d20676491cef/html5/thumbnails/38.jpg)
ENDDon’t show these slides
Don’t show these slides
![Page 39: Experiments in Learning - Tom Staffordtomstafford.staff.shef.ac.uk/talks/greenwich-2017-01-31.pdf · 2019. 1. 28. · Experiments in Learning Theory and practice in teaching cognitive](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022071516/6138343e0ad5d20676491cef/html5/thumbnails/39.jpg)
![Page 40: Experiments in Learning - Tom Staffordtomstafford.staff.shef.ac.uk/talks/greenwich-2017-01-31.pdf · 2019. 1. 28. · Experiments in Learning Theory and practice in teaching cognitive](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022071516/6138343e0ad5d20676491cef/html5/thumbnails/40.jpg)
![Page 41: Experiments in Learning - Tom Staffordtomstafford.staff.shef.ac.uk/talks/greenwich-2017-01-31.pdf · 2019. 1. 28. · Experiments in Learning Theory and practice in teaching cognitive](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022071516/6138343e0ad5d20676491cef/html5/thumbnails/41.jpg)
Intrinsically MotivatedCumulative LearningVersatile Robots
Jiuguang Wang, flickr.com, CC-SA-3.0
Baldassarre, G., Stafford, T., Mirolli, M., Redgrave, P., Ryan, R. M., & Barto, A. (2014). Intrinsic motivations and open-ended development in animals, humans, and robots: an overview. Frontiers in Psychology, 5(985). doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2014.00985
![Page 42: Experiments in Learning - Tom Staffordtomstafford.staff.shef.ac.uk/talks/greenwich-2017-01-31.pdf · 2019. 1. 28. · Experiments in Learning Theory and practice in teaching cognitive](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022071516/6138343e0ad5d20676491cef/html5/thumbnails/42.jpg)
Practice: spacing
![Page 43: Experiments in Learning - Tom Staffordtomstafford.staff.shef.ac.uk/talks/greenwich-2017-01-31.pdf · 2019. 1. 28. · Experiments in Learning Theory and practice in teaching cognitive](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022071516/6138343e0ad5d20676491cef/html5/thumbnails/43.jpg)
How to learn: Spaced vs blocked practice
Dempster, F. N. (1989). Spacing effects and their implications for theory and practice. Educational Psychology Review, 1, 309-330. doi:10.1007/BF01320097
The hard way
Better
Easier
![Page 44: Experiments in Learning - Tom Staffordtomstafford.staff.shef.ac.uk/talks/greenwich-2017-01-31.pdf · 2019. 1. 28. · Experiments in Learning Theory and practice in teaching cognitive](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022071516/6138343e0ad5d20676491cef/html5/thumbnails/44.jpg)
Theory
![Page 45: Experiments in Learning - Tom Staffordtomstafford.staff.shef.ac.uk/talks/greenwich-2017-01-31.pdf · 2019. 1. 28. · Experiments in Learning Theory and practice in teaching cognitive](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022071516/6138343e0ad5d20676491cef/html5/thumbnails/45.jpg)
Decision making
Learning
selectexperience
update representations
Reinforcement Learning
Sutton, R. S., & Barto, A. G. (1998). Reinforcement learning: An introduction. Cambridge: MIT press.
![Page 46: Experiments in Learning - Tom Staffordtomstafford.staff.shef.ac.uk/talks/greenwich-2017-01-31.pdf · 2019. 1. 28. · Experiments in Learning Theory and practice in teaching cognitive](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022071516/6138343e0ad5d20676491cef/html5/thumbnails/46.jpg)
Computation BehaviourMechanism
Decision making Bayes, Cost functions, evidence accumulation [1]
Representation in LIP,Switching in BG
Speed-accuracy trade-offs, discounting, prospect theory
Learning Reinforcement learning, hebb rule
cortical plasticity, RPEs in BG,
Learning curve, spacing, decay, consolidation, exploration-exploitation
![Page 47: Experiments in Learning - Tom Staffordtomstafford.staff.shef.ac.uk/talks/greenwich-2017-01-31.pdf · 2019. 1. 28. · Experiments in Learning Theory and practice in teaching cognitive](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022071516/6138343e0ad5d20676491cef/html5/thumbnails/47.jpg)
Exploration - exploitation trade-off
risky
exploit explore
safe
envi
ronm
ent
strategy
Suboptimal discovery
Costly discovery
![Page 48: Experiments in Learning - Tom Staffordtomstafford.staff.shef.ac.uk/talks/greenwich-2017-01-31.pdf · 2019. 1. 28. · Experiments in Learning Theory and practice in teaching cognitive](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022071516/6138343e0ad5d20676491cef/html5/thumbnails/48.jpg)
Example consequence:
Eiser, J. R., Fazio, R. H., Stafford, T. & Prescott, T. J. (2003), Connectionist simulation of attitude learning: Asymmetries in the acquisition of positive and negative evaluations, Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 29:1221-1235.
Confirmation bias in negative evaluations © Evan-Amos /
Wikimedia Commons /CC-BY-SA-3.0 /
![Page 49: Experiments in Learning - Tom Staffordtomstafford.staff.shef.ac.uk/talks/greenwich-2017-01-31.pdf · 2019. 1. 28. · Experiments in Learning Theory and practice in teaching cognitive](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022071516/6138343e0ad5d20676491cef/html5/thumbnails/49.jpg)
Other
![Page 50: Experiments in Learning - Tom Staffordtomstafford.staff.shef.ac.uk/talks/greenwich-2017-01-31.pdf · 2019. 1. 28. · Experiments in Learning Theory and practice in teaching cognitive](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022071516/6138343e0ad5d20676491cef/html5/thumbnails/50.jpg)
Stafford, T., & Bell, V. (2012). Brain network: social media and the cognitive scientist. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 16(10), 489–490. doi:10.1016/j.tics.2012.08.001