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Page 1: Experimental Psychology Arlo Clark Foosacfoos/Courses/465/03... · yPrinciple A: In planning a study, the investigator has the responsibility to make a careful evaluation of its ethical

Experimental PsychologyExperimental PsychologyArlo Clark‐Foos

Page 2: Experimental Psychology Arlo Clark Foosacfoos/Courses/465/03... · yPrinciple A: In planning a study, the investigator has the responsibility to make a careful evaluation of its ethical

There were none!

If you wanted to experiment on someone, go ahead

Ordinary laws still apply(Y   t kill   i t   f     h )(You cannot kill an innocent person for your research.)

Page 3: Experimental Psychology Arlo Clark Foosacfoos/Courses/465/03... · yPrinciple A: In planning a study, the investigator has the responsibility to make a careful evaluation of its ethical

CelsusCelsus1st century Egyptian physician

Research on criminal l i  i   kpopulations is ok.

Lessons?

Page 4: Experimental Psychology Arlo Clark Foosacfoos/Courses/465/03... · yPrinciple A: In planning a study, the investigator has the responsibility to make a careful evaluation of its ethical

Edward Jenner (1749‐1823)Small pox vaccine

Page 5: Experimental Psychology Arlo Clark Foosacfoos/Courses/465/03... · yPrinciple A: In planning a study, the investigator has the responsibility to make a careful evaluation of its ethical

Johann Jorg (1779‐1856)gSelf‐administration of 17 different drugs

Page 6: Experimental Psychology Arlo Clark Foosacfoos/Courses/465/03... · yPrinciple A: In planning a study, the investigator has the responsibility to make a careful evaluation of its ethical

Louis Pasteur (1822‐1895)Rabies Vaccine & Meister

Page 7: Experimental Psychology Arlo Clark Foosacfoos/Courses/465/03... · yPrinciple A: In planning a study, the investigator has the responsibility to make a careful evaluation of its ethical

Dr. Osler

Testimony before R l C i iRoyal Commission

Is morality absolute?

Page 8: Experimental Psychology Arlo Clark Foosacfoos/Courses/465/03... · yPrinciple A: In planning a study, the investigator has the responsibility to make a careful evaluation of its ethical

Josef Mengele Eduard Pernkopf

Page 9: Experimental Psychology Arlo Clark Foosacfoos/Courses/465/03... · yPrinciple A: In planning a study, the investigator has the responsibility to make a careful evaluation of its ethical

Participants had no choice to experiment or not

Question of Legality?

Need guidelines

Page 10: Experimental Psychology Arlo Clark Foosacfoos/Courses/465/03... · yPrinciple A: In planning a study, the investigator has the responsibility to make a careful evaluation of its ethical

Consent

Informed Participation

Avoid Risks

Protect Against Risks

Q lifi d P lQualified Personnel

Discontinuationsco t uat o

Page 11: Experimental Psychology Arlo Clark Foosacfoos/Courses/465/03... · yPrinciple A: In planning a study, the investigator has the responsibility to make a careful evaluation of its ethical

Laid groundwork for medical studies on humans

Not a law!

Social science research?

Ethics continue to be violated

Page 12: Experimental Psychology Arlo Clark Foosacfoos/Courses/465/03... · yPrinciple A: In planning a study, the investigator has the responsibility to make a careful evaluation of its ethical
Page 13: Experimental Psychology Arlo Clark Foosacfoos/Courses/465/03... · yPrinciple A: In planning a study, the investigator has the responsibility to make a careful evaluation of its ethical

Problems with this research?

Vulnerable Populations

Coercion

Risk

Page 14: Experimental Psychology Arlo Clark Foosacfoos/Courses/465/03... · yPrinciple A: In planning a study, the investigator has the responsibility to make a careful evaluation of its ethical

399 African American males

Page 15: Experimental Psychology Arlo Clark Foosacfoos/Courses/465/03... · yPrinciple A: In planning a study, the investigator has the responsibility to make a careful evaluation of its ethical

Problems with this research?

Informed ParticipationV l bl  P l iVulnerable PopulationsCoercionRiskRiskDiscontinuation

Page 16: Experimental Psychology Arlo Clark Foosacfoos/Courses/465/03... · yPrinciple A: In planning a study, the investigator has the responsibility to make a careful evaluation of its ethical

http://video.google.com/videoplay?docid=‐8 6 8 8 8 & i jO S L6b L WGD & i2836209818734920853&ei=jOqwSqyyL6b0qgLssvWGDg&q=experience+de+milgram&hl=en#

Page 17: Experimental Psychology Arlo Clark Foosacfoos/Courses/465/03... · yPrinciple A: In planning a study, the investigator has the responsibility to make a careful evaluation of its ethical
Page 18: Experimental Psychology Arlo Clark Foosacfoos/Courses/465/03... · yPrinciple A: In planning a study, the investigator has the responsibility to make a careful evaluation of its ethical

Problems with this research?

Informed ParticipationRi kRisk

Page 19: Experimental Psychology Arlo Clark Foosacfoos/Courses/465/03... · yPrinciple A: In planning a study, the investigator has the responsibility to make a careful evaluation of its ethical

Live Cancer Cells

Senile Patients

Page 20: Experimental Psychology Arlo Clark Foosacfoos/Courses/465/03... · yPrinciple A: In planning a study, the investigator has the responsibility to make a careful evaluation of its ethical

Problems with this research?

Vulnerable PopulationsI f d P i i iInformed ParticipationConsentAvoid RisksAvoid Risks

Page 21: Experimental Psychology Arlo Clark Foosacfoos/Courses/465/03... · yPrinciple A: In planning a study, the investigator has the responsibility to make a careful evaluation of its ethical

Declaration of Helsinki (1964)

National Commission for the Protection of Human Subjects

The Belmont Report (1979)1 Respect for Persons (Autonomy)1. Respect for Persons (Autonomy)2. Beneficence3. Justice

Page 22: Experimental Psychology Arlo Clark Foosacfoos/Courses/465/03... · yPrinciple A: In planning a study, the investigator has the responsibility to make a careful evaluation of its ethical

1. Respect for Persons (Autonomy)

Immanuel KantIndividual Mental CapacityVoluntariness

ImplicationsInformed ConsentInformed ConsentPrivacyDiscontinuation

Page 23: Experimental Psychology Arlo Clark Foosacfoos/Courses/465/03... · yPrinciple A: In planning a study, the investigator has the responsibility to make a careful evaluation of its ethical

2. Beneficence

Risk : Benefit ratio

ImplicationsImplicationsMinimize RiskQualified Personnel

Page 24: Experimental Psychology Arlo Clark Foosacfoos/Courses/465/03... · yPrinciple A: In planning a study, the investigator has the responsibility to make a careful evaluation of its ethical

3. Justice

Treat People Fairly

ImplicationsImplicationsParticipant Selection

Page 25: Experimental Psychology Arlo Clark Foosacfoos/Courses/465/03... · yPrinciple A: In planning a study, the investigator has the responsibility to make a careful evaluation of its ethical

Principle A: In planning a study, the investigator has the responsibility to make a careful evaluation of its ethical acceptabilityto make a careful evaluation of its ethical acceptability.

Principle B: Considering whether a participant in a planned study will be a "subject at risk" or a "subject at minimal risk" according to 

d d d f h l hj j g

recognized standards is of primary ethical concern to the investigator.

Principle C: The investigator always retains the responsibility for insuring ethical practice in researchinsuring ethical practice in research.

Principle D: Except in minimal risk research, the investigator establishes a clear and fair agreement with research participants, prior g p p , pto their participation, that clarifies the obligations and responsibilities of each.

Page 26: Experimental Psychology Arlo Clark Foosacfoos/Courses/465/03... · yPrinciple A: In planning a study, the investigator has the responsibility to make a careful evaluation of its ethical

Principle E: Methodological requirements of a study may make the use of concealment or deception necessary  Before conducting such a study of concealment or deception necessary. Before conducting such a study the investigator has a special responsibility to:

Determine if deception is justified by the study's possible scientific, educational or applied valueDetermine whether alternative procedures are available that do not use Determine whether alternative procedures are available that do not use concealment or deceptionInsure that the participants are provided with sufficient explanation as soon as possible

Principle F: The experimenter respects the individual's freedom to decline to participate in or withdraw from the research at any time.

Principle G: Subjects should be informed of any risks posed by the experiment.

Page 27: Experimental Psychology Arlo Clark Foosacfoos/Courses/465/03... · yPrinciple A: In planning a study, the investigator has the responsibility to make a careful evaluation of its ethical

Principle H: After the data are collected the investigator provides participants with information about the nature of provides participants with information about the nature of the study and attempts to remove any misconceptions that may have arisen.

Principle I: Where research procedures result in undesirable consequences for the individual participant the investigator has the responsibility to detect and remove or investigator has the responsibility to detect and remove or correct these consequences.

Principle J: Information obtained about the research Principle J: Information obtained about the research participant during the course of an investigation is confidential unless otherwise agreed upon in advance.

Page 28: Experimental Psychology Arlo Clark Foosacfoos/Courses/465/03... · yPrinciple A: In planning a study, the investigator has the responsibility to make a careful evaluation of its ethical

Committee of Researchers to Evaluate Your Project

R i d!Required!

IRB ConcernsIRB ConcernsRisk : BenefitDeception?Consent FormsData & ConfidentialityQualified PersonnelQ

Page 29: Experimental Psychology Arlo Clark Foosacfoos/Courses/465/03... · yPrinciple A: In planning a study, the investigator has the responsibility to make a careful evaluation of its ethical

What is this project  Any costs or jabout? payments?

Why are we doing this project?

Benefits and Risks?

How will subjects be involved?

Discontinuation

F ll U  involved?

Confidentiality

Follow‐Up (Debriefing)

Confidentiality