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Abstract—The demand of natural sand in the construction

industry has increased a lot resulting in the reduction of sources and an increase in price. Thus an increased need to identify a suitable substitute, that is eco-friendly and inexpensive quarry dust being extensively used as an alternative to the sand in the production of concrete. In this paper an attempt has been made to determine the properties of hollow concrete blocks produced by replacing sand by quarry dust. Both partial (i.e.50% ) and complete replacement has been tried with and without admixtures. Four different proportions have been considered. In two proportions studies have been made by considering different W/C ratios.

Index Terms—Concrete, quarry dust, sand, admixture, compressive strength.

I. INTRODUCTION A hollow concrete block is defined as that which has void

area greater than 25% of gross area. Hollow concrete block is one of the alternatives to the conventional masonry units where cost effectiveness, speedier construction, excellent thermal and sound insulation properties can be achieved. The advantage of hollow concrete blocks is that they have less weight, so that the dead load on the structure gets reduced. In hollow block masonry, it is easy to introduce the vertical reinforcement so as to make the structure earth quake resistant. Plastering can be avoided in this type of masonry. Hollow concrete block technology can be easily adapted to suit special needs of users by modifying design parameters such as mix proportion, water/cement ratio and type of production system. Hollow concrete blocks are extensively used for partitions in framed structures. They are not generally used for load bearing constructions .Hollow concrete blocks are conventionally produced by using cement, fine aggregates (i.e. Sand) and 12.5 mm size aggregates with and without admixtures. The compressive strength of conventionally manufactured hollow concrete blocks ,that are available at Mysore varies from 3.2MPa to 3.7 MPa. Hollow concrete blocks can also be produced by using wastes generated by stone crushers, quarry and stone processing unit .In this paper an attempt has been made to know the effect of replacement of sand by quarry dust on the

properties of hollow concret3e blocks. Both partial replacements (i.e. 50%) and complete replacement has been tried, with and without admixtures. Four different proportions have been considered. In two proportions studies have been made by considering different W/C ratios.

II. LITERATURE REVIEW River sand is costly due to transportation, large scale

depletion of resources and enforcement regulations. Quarry dust can be used as an alternative to the river sand. Cost analysis shows that there is 40% savings if quarry dust is used instead of sand. Illangoan.R [2000] [1] has done a study on 100% replacement of sand by quarry dust in concrete. The compressive strength of concrete with quarry dust has 40% more strength than that of the concrete with sand.

M. Shukla and A K Sachan (2000)[2] studied environmental hazardous stone dust utilization in building construction. It is found that partial replacement will not affect the strength and also solve the problem of disposal of stone dust. The workability of concrete reduces with the increase in stone dust and this can be improved by adding suitable admixtures.

Thaniya Kaosol (2010) [4] has made study on the reuse of concrete waste as crushed stone for hollow concrete masonry units. The main objective was to increase the value of the concrete waste, to make a sustainable and profitable disposal alternative for the concrete waste. Attempts were made to utilize the concrete waste as crushed stones in the concrete mix to make hollow concrete blocks. Various percentages of crusted stones have been tried the amount (i.e. 0%, 10%, 20%, 50% and 100%). From the results they found concrete waste can used to produce hallow concrete block masonry units.

Suitability of Crushed granite fine (CGF) to replace river sand in concrete production was investigated Manaseeh Joel [2010] [5]. Slump, compressive and indirect tensile strength tests were performed on fresh and hardened concrete. Twenty eight days peak compressive and indirect tensile strength values of 40.70 N/mm2 and 2.30 N/mm2 respectively were obtained with the partial replacement of river sand with 20% CGF, as against values of 35.00N/mm2 and 1.75N/mm2

obtained with the use of river sand as fine aggregate. Based

Experimental Investigation on the Effect of Replacement of Sand by Quarry Dust in Hollow Concrete Block for

Different Mix Proportions

H. S. Sureshchandra, G. Sarangapani, and B. G. Naresh Kumar

International Journal of Environmental Science and Development, Vol. 5, No. 1, February 2014

15

Manuscript received July 29, 2013; revised September 12, 2013.

H. S. Sureshchandra is with the Dept. of Civil Engineering, PES College

of Engineering, Mandya, India (e-mail: [email protected].)

G. Sarangapani is with Dept. of Civil Engineering,The National Insitute

of Engg, Mysore, India.

B. G. Naresh Kumar is with Maharaja Institute of Technology, Mysore,

India.

Ganesha Mogaveera. G. Sarangapani and Anand V. R.

[2011] [3] have studied the effect of Partial Replacement of

Sand by Quarry dust in Plain Cement Concrete for different

mix proportions. They have concluded that sand can be

replaced effectively by means of quarry dust up to 20% to

25%.

DOI: 10.7763/IJESD.2014.V5.443

on economic analysis and results of tests, river sand replaced with 20% CGF is recommended for use in the production of concrete. Conservation of river sand in addition to better ways of disposing wastes from the quarry sites are some of the merits of using CGF.

In the investigation carried out by A.K.Sahu, Sunil Kumar and A. K. Sachan[2004] [6] the basic properties of conventional concrete and concrete made using quarry dust have compared. They have studied M20 and M30 concretes. Equivalent mixes are obtained by replacing stone dust partially/fully. Test results indicate effective usage of stone dust with same compressive strength, comparable tensile strength and modulus of rupture. Workability of 40% replacement of stone dust with 2% Superplasticizer is equal to the workability of conventional concrete. Workability is increased by the addition of Superplasticizer.

III. PRELIMINARY INVESTIGATION OF MATERIALS USED FOR PREPARING HOLLOW CONCRETE BLOCKS

A preliminary investigation was done in detail to find out the properties of the different materials. Tests were conducted as per the relevant standards.

IV. EXPERIMENTAL PROGRAM For this experimental study hollow concrete blocks have

been prepared by using four different proportions. An attempt has been made to replace the sand by quarry dust either partially or completely. In each of the proportions various w/c ratios such as 0.4, 0.45 and 0.55 with and without admixtures have been tried. This has been done to know the effect of w/c ratio and admixtures on the characteristics of hollow concrete blocks.

Quarry dust from three different sources were procured and tested before using the same for the research program. The results obtained for quarry were compared with that of the sand. Table I shows the properties of sand and the three types of quarry dust tested. The quarry dust from TM Hosur confirming to Zone –III was used for the research program. The tests were conducted as per IS 383-2007.

TABLE I: PROPERTIES OF QUARRY DUST AND SAND

Property Quarry dust

Sand Type I Type II Type III

Specific gravity 2.45 2.23 2.6 2.6

Bulk density (kN/m 3) 15.97 16.17 15.16 14.23

Water absorption (%) 2.96 2.85 3.16 1.0

Moisture content (%) 0.96 1.12 1.36 2.23 Fine particle less than 0.075mm (%) 17.3 17.6 15 14.4

Zone as per IS 383-2007. II III III III *Source: Type I --- Chinakurali quarry, Type II --- Hirekati quarry,

Type III --- T.M.Hosur quarry

Table II-Table V shows the details of the study done. The compressive strength, water absorption and density have been determined for all cases as per the procedure specified in IS2185. In each case six specimens have been casted of size 400×200×200 mm. The test specimens (i.e. Blocks) were prepared as per the procedure specified in IS 2185 (Part I-1979). Sand confirming to zone III, Type III quarry dust, 12.5 mm down size coarse aggregate and 43grade cement have been used. The details of the materials are given in section3.

TABLE II: DETAILS OF HOLLOW CONCRETE BLOCKS OF PROPORTION 1C:4FA:8CA

SIZE OF THE BLOCK = 400×200×200 MM NO. OF SPECIMENS=6

ID No./ Mix proportion

Details of mix Percentage of aggregates used% of Sand replaced W/C ratio Admixture percentage

C SA QD CA SA QD CA

HCB1 1C:4S:0QD;8CA

1 4 0 8 33 00 66 0 0.4 Nil

0.2

1 4 0 8 33 00 66 0 0.45 Nil

0.2

1 4 0 8 33 00 66 0 0.55 Nil

0.2

HCB2 1C:2S:2QD;8CA

1 2 2 8 16.5 16.5 66 50 0.4 Nil

0.2

1 2 2 8 16.5 16.5 66 50 0.45 Nil

0.2

1 2 2 8 16.5 16.5 66 50 0.55 Nil

0.2

HCB3 1C:0S:4QD;8CA

1 0 4 8 00 33 66 100 0.40 Nil

0.2

1 0 4 8 00 33 66 100 0.45 Nil

0.2

1 0 4 8 00 33 66 100 0.55 Nil

0.2 *C: CEMENT FA: FINE AGGREGATE SA: SAND QD: QUARRY DUST


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TABLE III: DETAILS OF HOLLOW CONCRETE BLOCKS OF PROPORTION 1C:4.8FA:7.2CA

ID No./ Mix proportion Details of mix Percentage of aggregates used % of Sand

replaced W/C ratio

Admixture percentageC SA QD CA SA QD CA

HCB4 1C:4.8S:0QD:7.2CA 1 4.8 0 7.2 40 0 60 00 0.55

Nil

0.2

HCB5 1C:2.4S:2.4QD:7.2CA 1 2.4 2.4 7.2 20 20 60 50 0.55

Nil

0.2

HCB6 1C:4S:0QD:7.2CA 1 0 4.8 7.2 0 40 60 100 0.55

Nil

0.2

TABLE IV: DETAILS OF HOLLOW CONCRETE BLOCKS OF PROPORTION 1C:3.6FA:6 CA SIZE OF THE BLOCK = 400×200×200 MM NO. OF SPECIMENS=6

ID No./ Mix proportion Details of mix Percentage of aggregates used % of Sand

replaced W/C ratio

Admixture percentageC SA QD CA SA QD CA

HCB7 1C:3S:0QD;6CA

1 3 0 6 33 00 66 0 0.4 Nil 0.2

1 3 0 6 33 00 66 0 0.45 Nil 0.2

1 3 0 6 33 00 66 0 0.55 Nil 0.2

HCB8 1C:1.5S:1.5QD;8CA

1 1.5 1.5 6 16.5 16.5 66 50 0.4 Nil 0.2

1 1.5 1.5 6 16.5 16.5 66 50 0.45 Nil 0.2

1 1.5 1.5 6 16.5 16.5 66 50 0.55 Nil 0.2

HCB9 1C:0S:3QD:6CA

1 0 3 6 00 33 66 100 0.40 Nil 0.2

1 0 3 6 00 33 66 100 0.45 Nil 0.2

1 0 3 6 00 33 66 100 0.55 Nil 0.2

TABLE V: DETAILS OF HOLLOW CONCRETE BLOCKS OF PROPORTION 1C:3.6FA:5.4CA

SIZE OF THE BLOCK = 400×200×200 MM NO. OF SPECIMENS=6

ID No./ Mix proportion Details of mix Percentage of aggregates

used % of Sand replaced

W/C ratio

Admixture percentage

C SA QD CA SA QD CA

HCB10 1C:3.6S:0QD:5.4CA 1 3.6 0 5.4 40 0 60 00 0.55

Nil

0.2

HCB11 1C:1.8S:1.8QD:5.4CA 1 2.4 2.4 7.2 20 20 60 50 0.55

Nil

0.2

HCB12 1C:0S:3.6QD:5.4CA 1 0 4.8 7.2 0 40 60 100 0.55

Nil

0.2

V. RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS The properties of hollow concrete blocks obtained from

the experimental investigations have been presented in Table VI-Table IX. The following observations have been made from the results shown in the table. 1) In general the compressive strength varies from 4.07

MPa to 7.33 MPa for blocks prepared without using admixture. The same for blocks prepared using admixture is 5.69 MPa to 8.10 MPa.

2) The compressive strength is minimum at 4.07 MPa for the blocks produced by using the proportion 1(Cement):4(Sand): 0(Quarry dust):8(12.5 mm down size aggregates) with W/C ratio of 0.40 without any admixture being used. The compressive strength is maximum at 8.10 MPa for the block produced by using

the proportion 1(Cement):3(Sand): 0(Quarry dust):6(12.5 mm down size aggregates).

3) In general the compressive strength depends on the richness of the concrete mix. Blocks prepared using 1:3:6 concrete are better than blocks of 1:4:8 concrete. In addition it also depends on the particle size distribution. Blocks with partial replacement (i.e. 50%) of sand by quarry dust perform better than blocks with complete replacement of sand.

4) Admixtures in all cases improve the compressive strength.

5) The density of the blocks is varies from 21 to 22.40 kN/m3.

6) The compressive strength values obtained are better than the values of blocks that are produced by many of the local firms.


17

TABLE VI: PROPERTIES OF HOLLOW CONCRETE BLOCK OF PROPORTIONS 1(C):4 (FA):8(CA)

Sl. No Mix identification/Proportion W/c RatioAverage net compressive strength (MPa)

W.A Density (kN/m3)Without admixture With admixture (0.2%)

1 HCB 1 1C: 4SA: 0QD: 8CA (No replacement of sand)

0.40 4.07 5.69

4.19 to 4.30 21.47 to 22.40 0.45 5.28 6.02

0.55 6.44 6.73

2 HCB 2 1C: 2 SA: 2 QD: 8CA (50% of replacement of sand)

0.40 4.36 5.57

4.58 to 5.28 21.00 to 21.43 0.45 4.87 5.88

0.55 6.03 6.53

3 HCB 3 1C: 0SA: 4QD: 8CA (100% replacement of sand)

0.55 3.84 5.48 4.29 to 4.95 21.60 to 22.18

TABLE VII: PROPERTIES OF HOLLOW CONCRETE BLOCKS OF PROPORTION 1C:4.8FA:7.2CA

Sl.No Mix identification/Proportion W/c Ratio

Average net compressive strength (MPa) W.A Desinsity (kN/m3)

Without admixture With admixture (0.2%)1 HCB 10

1C: 3.6SA: 0QD: 5.4CA (No replacement of sand)

0.55 6.26 6.74 4.9 22.13

2 HCB 11 1C: 1.8SA: .8QD:5.4CA (50% replacement of sand)

0.55 6.04 6.39 4.8 21.01

3 HCB 12 1C: 0SA: 3.6QD: 5.4CA (100% replacement of sand)

0.55 5.92 6.12 4.65 21.14

TABLE VIII: PROPERTIES OF HOLLOW CONCRETE BLOCK OF PROPORTIONS 1(C):3(FA):6(CA)

Sl. No Mix identification/Proportion W/c Ratio

Average net compressive strength (MPa) W.A Desinsity

(kN/m3) Without admixture With admixture (0.2%)

1 HCB 4 1C: 4.8SA: 0QD: 7.2CA (No replacement of sand) 0.55 6.14 6.23 4.30-4.50 22.32

2 HCB 5 1C: 2.4SA: 2.4QD: 7.2CA (50% replacement of sand)

0.55 6.04 6.06 4.30-4.48 22.14

3 HCB 6 1C: 0Sa: 4.8QD: 7.2CA (100% replacement of sand) 0.55 5.78 5.97 4.0-4.17 22.19

TABLE IX: PROPERTIES OF HOLLOW CONCRETE BLOCK OF PROPORTIONS 1(C):3.6(FA):5.4(CA)

Sl. No Mix identification/Proportion W/c

Ratio Average net compressive strength (MPa)

W.A Desinsity (kN/m3) Without admixture With admixture (0.2%)

1 HCB 7 1C: 3SA: 0QD: 6CA (No replacement of sand)

0.40 6.62 7.02

4.38 to 4.73 21.26 to 22.820.45 7.09 7.89

0.55 7.23 8.10

2 HCB 8 1C: 1.5SA: 1.5QD: 6CA (50% replacement of sand)

0.40 5.22 5.92

4.52 to 4.67 22.11 to 23.120.45 6.27 6.71

0.55 6.65 7.21

3 HCB 9 1C: 0SA: 3QD: 6CA (100% replacement of sand)

0.40 4.08 4.59

4.97 to 5.52 21.47 to 22.400.45 4.12 4.7

0.55 4.23 4.84

VI. CONCLUSION In the production of Hollow concrete blocks sand can be

replaced partially (i.e. 50% replacement).by quarry dust instead of complete replacement. The blocks where 50% replacement is adopted performs better than blocks which are prepared conventionally using natural sand. Further admixtures can be used in the production of blocks for better performance. Hollow concrete blocks can be used in load bearing masonry structures.

REFERENCES


18

[1] R. Ilangovan, “Studies on strength and behavior of concrete by using

quarry dust as fine aggregate,” in Materials and Machines for

Construction, L. K. Mishra and Y. P. Gupta, Ed. :New age International

publishers, 2000, pp. I99-I101.

[2] M. Shukla and A. K. Sachan, “Stone dust-environmentally hazardous

waste, its utilization in building construction,” in Materials and

Machines for Construction, L. K. Mishra and Y. P. Gupta, Ed. :New

age International publishers, 2000, pp. V77-V81.

[3] G. Mogaveera, G. Sarangapani, and V. R. Anand, “Experimental

investigation on the effect of partial replacement of sand by quarry dust

in plain cement concrete for different mix proportions,” in Proc.

H. S. Suresh Chandra was born at Mandya, Karnataka state, India. Dated 24.01.1958.and graduated (B.E.,) in Civil Engineering at PES College of engineering, Mandya, University of Mysore, Karnataka state in 1982 with distinction. He joined as a lecturer in PES College of engineering, Mandya in the year 1984 (December). He secured M.Tech degree in Structural Engineering in 1998 at Regional

engineering College, Warangal, (Kakathiya University, Andrapradesh State)

and Ph.D. in 2013 from Visvesvaraiah Technological University. Belgaum, Karnataka state, India. He worked as Lecturer, Senior lecturer and selection grade lecturer in Civil Engineering department, PES College of engineering, Mandya. From December 1984 - January 2006. Continued as Associate professor From January 2006- June 2013 and working as Professor from June 2013 till date. He is teaching under graduate in all subjects related structural engineering (Analysis and Design). Guided number of projects in under graduate levels. From 2006 onwards started teaching post graduate in all subjects related Cad structures (M.Tech).He has guided 16 students for M.Tech thesis. He has published four technical papers in national and international journal and conferences. Area of research interest is masonry structures and rehabilitation of structures. Also worked as Engineer-in-charge of Building Division at PES College of engineering, Mandya and provided Structural Designs for the various buildings supervised by Karnataka land army Corporation, Vijaya bank buildings at Mandya. Dr. H.S.Suresh Chandra Interacted with ISTE and AICTE in their activities like Learning Materials project and Short term training programs. Presently he is the professor at PES College of engineering, Mandya, Karnataka state, India.


19

Emerging Trends in Engineering 4th and 5th may 2011, NMAMIT, Nitte,

2011, pp. 812-817.

[4] T. Kaosol, “Reuse concrete waste as crushed stone for hollow concrete

masonry units,” in Proc. The 3rd Technology and Innovation for

sustainable development international conference (TISD2010), Faculty

of engineering, Khon Kaen University, Thailand, 2010, pp. 176.

[5] M. Joel, “Use of crushed granite fine as replacement to river sand in

concrete production,” Leonardo Electronic Journal of Practices and

Technologies, ISSN 1583-1078, issue 17, pp. 85-96, July-December

2010.

[6] A. K. Sahu, Dr. Sunil Kumar and A. K. Sachan, “Crushed stone waste

as fine aggregate for concrete,” Department of Civil Engineering, IISc,

Bangalore, December 2004.

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