experimental investigation on plastic beam · small molecules, as in liquid, then the polymer is...

EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATION ON PLASTICBEAM

Mariganesh G1, Rahesh S2, Nethaji V3, Nandha Kumar4*

1,2,3 Student, Department of Civil Engineering, Vel Tech Multi Tech Dr. Rangarajan Dr.Sakunthala Engineering College,Avadi, Chennai, [email protected] [email protected], roc/[email protected], [email protected]*, Assistant Professor, Department of Civil Engineering, Vel Tech Multi Tech Dr. Rangarajan Dr.Sakunthala EngineeringCollege, Avadi, Chennai, [email protected]

ABSTRACT

The plastic is growing segment in environment on 21st century. Maximum plasticwastes are increases in industries and in the house hold and in each country wasteconsumption is different. In India plastic consumption is high in several regions. In order toovercome this issue, we have to use it in effective way. The project is about recycling wasteplastics to beam. Plastics are used 100% on beam by replacing of concrete. A beam isconstructed full of plain plastic without reinforcement and then adding of reinforcement inthe beam and comparing the both beams with suitable test. By both testing of plain plasticand reinforcement plastic in flexural testing method and plastic are suitable for laying onbeam and placing, heating and drying. It will reduce plastic waste on environment. The mainaim is to use the plastic nature in construction fields with limited additions. It will bedefinitely a cost economical and the beam is prefabricated on structure and applied indifferent forms

INTRODUCTION

Plastics are used on a daily basis throughoutthe world. The word plastic is a commonterm that is used for many materials of asynthetic or semi-synthetic nature. The termwas derived from the Greek plastikos, whichmeans “fit for molding.” Plastics are a widevariety of combinations of properties whenviewed as a whole. They are used for shellac,cellulose, rubber, and asphalt. We also

synthetically manufacture items such asclothing, packaging, automobiles,electronics, aircrafts, medical supplies, andrecreational items. The list could go on andon and it is obvious that much of what wehave today would not be possible withoutplastics. One way plastics changed the worldwas in cost. It was so much cheaper tomanufacture than other materials and thevarious ways it could be used wasstaggering. For instance, the use of polymers,

International Journal of Pure and Applied MathematicsVolume 119 No. 15 2018, 591-610ISSN: 1314-3395 (on-line version)url: http://www.acadpubl.eu/hub/Special Issue http://www.acadpubl.eu/hub/

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which are substances with a higher moleculemass and which have a large number ofrepeating units, is common today. There aresynthetic polymers, which are produced on alarge scale and have many properties anduses. And there are naturally occurringpolymers, which include starches, cellulose,proteins, and latex. Polymers are molecules(monomers) that join

together like a chain with one or moremonomers. The polymers are changeddepending on the incorporation of thesemonomers. If the atoms in the monomersare combined with the polymer, it is calledan addition polymer. When some of theatoms of the monomers are released intosmall molecules, as in liquid, then thepolymer is called a condensation polymer.A double bond between carbon atoms ismost common in addition polymers. In theearly part of the twentieth century, a bigboom occurred in polymer chemistry whenpolymer materials such as nylon andKevlar came on the scene. Much of thework done with polymers focusesimprovement while using existingtechnologies, but chemists do haveopportunities ahead.

There is a need for the development ofnew applications for polymers, alwayslooking for less expensive materials thatcan replace what is used now. Chemistshave to be more aware of what the market

yearns for, such as products with a greenemphasis, polymers that break down or areenvironmentally friendly. Involves theaccumulation of plastic products in theenvironment that adversely affectswildlife, wildlife habitat, or humans.Plastics that act as pollutants arecategorized into micro-, meso or macrodebris, based on size. The prominence ofplastic pollution is correlated with plasticsbeing inexpensive and durable, whichlends to high levels of plastics used byhumans. However, it is slow to degrade.

Plastic pollution can unfavorably affectlands, water ways and oceans. Livingorganisms, particularly marine animals,can also be affected through entanglement,direct ingestion of plastic waste, or throughexposure to chemicals within plastics thatcause interruptions in biological functions.Humans are also affected by plasticpollution, such as through the disruption ofthe thyroid hormone axis or hormonelevels. In the UK alone, more than 5million tonnes of plastic are consumedeach year, of which an estimated mere24% makes it into recycling systems. Thatleaves a remaining 3.8 million tonnes ofwaste, destined for landfills. That is 3trillion pieces of any sort of plastic in theoceans alone. That also affects the marinebase life and studies show that 90% of seabirds have some sort of plastic in them.Plastic reduction efforts have occurred insome areas in attempts to reduce plastic

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consumption and pollution and promoteplastic recycling.

LITERATURE REVIEW-

Aditya Singh Rawat, R. Kansal etal.,(2015)They discuss of proposes the use of wasteplastic PET bottles as construction entity tostandardized bricks. As plastics are nonbiodegradable its disposal has always been aproblem. Waste plastic bottles are majorcause of solid waste disposal. Polyethyleneterephthalate is commonly used forcarbonated beverage and water bottles. Thisis an environmental issue as waste plasticbottles are difficult to biodegrade andinvolves processes either to recycle or reuse.Today the construction industry is in need offinding cost effective materials for increasingthe strength of structures. This project dealswith the possibility of using waste PETbottles as a partial replacement. It can beconcluded that benefit of the use of PETbottles include both improved ductility incomparison with raw blocks and inhibitionof crack propagation after its initialformation. The solution offered in the paperis one of the answers to long standingmenace of waste disposal. Plastics areproduced from the oil that is considered asnonrenewable resource. Because plastic hasthe insolubility about 300 years in the nature,it is considered as a sustainable waste andenvironmental pollutant. So reusing orrecycling of it can be effectual in mitigationof environmental impacts relating to it.

When the society gets affected, then it willbe uneconomical for the nation to createsustainable development Plastic bottle canassist to obtain a social equity by avoidingthe gap between the rich and the poor peoplein the society.

Arivalagan.S, et al.,(2007)use of plastic is increasing day by day,although steps were taken to reduce itsconsumption. This creates substantialgarbage every day which is much unhealthy.A healthy and sustainable reuse of plasticsoffers a host of advantages. The suitability ofrecycled plastics as fine aggregate inconcrete and its advantages are discussedhere. The initial questions arising of the bondstrength and the heat of hydration regardingplastic aggregate were solved. Tests wereconducted to determine the properties ofplastic aggregate such as density and specificgravity. As 100% replacement of natural fineaggregate with plastic fine aggregate is notfeasible, partial replacement at variouspercentage were examined. The percentagesubstitution that gave higher compressivestrength was used for determining the otherproperties such as modulus of elasticity, splittensile strength and flexural strength. Highercompressive strength was found with 10%natural fine aggregate replaced concrete.Concrete is the most widely used man madeconstruction material in the world. Seekingaggregates for concrete and to dispose of thewaste from various commodities is thepresent concern. Today sustainability has gottop priority in construction industry. In this


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study the recycled plastics were used toprepare the fine aggregates thereby providinga sustainable option to deal with the plasticwaste. There are many recycling plantsacross the world, but as plastics are recycledthey lose their strength with the number ofrecycling. So these plastics will end up asearth fill. In this circumstance instead ofrecycling it repeatedly, if it is utilized toprepare aggregates for concrete, it will be aboon to the construction industry. Wastesand industrial by-products should beconsidered as potentially valuable resourcesmerely awaiting appropriate treatment andapplication. Plastic wastes are among thesewastes; their disposal has harmful effects onthe environment due to their longbiodegradation period, and therefore one ofthe logical methods for reduction of theirnegative effects is the application of thesematerials in other industries.

B.Venkateswarareddy,V.RajKumar,et.al.,(2013) proposed that the Industrialization allover the world has resulted in largedeposition of Plastic waste and Waste TyreRubber. This waste can be utilized underproper condition to reduce the Cementcontent in Concrete. M30 concrete is usedfor most of the constructional works. Thestrength of this concrete results hascompared with concrete obtained of Plasticwaste and Waste Tyre Rubber varying from0% to 20% .Experimental investigationscomprised of testing physical requirementsof coarse aggregates, fine aggregates, cementand the modifier waste plastic and waste tyre

rubber. M30 concrete design mix consideredas per IS 10262-1982. The said percentage ofmodifier was blended with the cementconcrete mix and the optimum modifiercontent was found. Cubes and cylinders werecast and tested for 28 days strength. Thesetests revealed that by adding Waste plasticsand rubber as partial replacement in FineAggregate and Coarse aggregate by volume,the strength of concrete decreased. The cubestrengths were decreased as the percentagereplacement increased due to their poorbounding properties. By using Plastic wasteand Waste Tyre Rubber as modifier, we canreduce the quantity of coarse aggregate andfine aggregate by their volume, hencedecreasing the overall cost of construction.The Modified cement concrete can be usedin the construction of small drainage worksand rigid pavement. Effective utilization ofwaste plastics can be done for a good causeprotecting global environment and effectivesolid waste management. The changedlifestyle and endlessly increasing populationhas resulted in a significant rise in thequantity of post-consumer Plastic waste andWaste Tyre Rubber. The world’s annualconsumption of plastic materials hasincreased from around 5 million tons and 20million tonnes in the 1950s to nearly 100million tons in recent times.

Chirag Jain1, Shubham Khandelwal, ShiviMehrotra.et al.,(2006)Composite sleeper has become a greatreplacement of traditional sleepers (Timber,concrete, steel).There are also now various


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environmental concerns regarding the useand disposal of chemically-impregnatedtraditional sleepers. They are superior totimber & concrete sleeper in almost everyrespect. Use of composite sleepers not onlyreduces the land pollution from stray wasteplastics but also ensure less destruction to theforests. This paper includes a review of useof composite sleeper which is a newinitiative on focusing of alternative sleepers.In this paper the composition, manufacturingprocess as well as advantages has beendiscussed. Railway sleepers are of immenseimportance in the railway track system .Theirfunction is to transfer and distribute rail loadto ballast hence secure displacement ofgauge, maintaining gauge-width. More than2 billion timber sleepers are installed in therailway track at present in all over the worldTimber sleepers are declining and becomingless capable of meeting performancerequirements In order to maintain the trackquality to a specified service level and ensurea safe track operation, damaged anddeteriorated sleepers are being replaced withnew ones. There had been trials for use ofconcrete and steel sleepers against timbersleeper but the results were not satisfactory.This was because concrete and steel sleeperswere not economical in comparison to timbersleepers. Concrete sleepers though providehigh gauge-holding characteristics but arequite heavy in weight in comparison totimber sleepers and have life span less than50 years. Steel sleepers give more strength incomparison to timber and concrete sleepersbut due to their high cost they have moderate

use. These require maintenance andreplacement frequently.Daniel Yaw Osei.,(2015)paper reports on an investigation on theeffects of partial and complete substitution ofcrushed granite with recycled plastic on theproperties of concrete. A concrete mixture ofratio 1:2:4 by mass was used as control. Fouradditional mixes of concrete were producedusing recycled plastic waste to replace 25%,50%, 75% and 100% of the volume ofcrushedgranite in the control concrete. Thecompacting factor test was used to assess theworkability of the fresh concrete mixes. A1500 kN/m test compression machine wasused to determine the compressive strengthof concrete specimens at 7, 14, 21, and 28days of curing. The density and compressivestrength of concrete reduced as thepercentage of recycled plastic increased.However, the work abilities of recycledplastic concrete mixtures were notsignificantly different from the controlconcrete. Based on results obtained from thestudy, recycled plastic can partially replaceconventional aggregates in the production ofboth lightweight and structural concrete.

Er.Ima Mathe,Er.Sneha M.Varghese.,et al(2011) simply supported reinforced concretebeam, the region below neutral axis is intension and the region above neutral axis isin compression. The tension andcompression in the neutral axis is zero. InRC beams strength of concrete lying in andnear the neutral axis is not fully utilized. The


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concrete below the neutral axis acts as astress transfer medium between thecompression and tension zone. In this thesiswork, experiment is conducted to partiallyreplace the concrete both in and near theneutral axis and that below the neutral axisby creating air voids using waste plasticbottles. This helps in reduction in concreteused, thereby reducing self-weight, cost, etc.Since waste plastic bottles are utilized tocreate air voids, it adds on to sustainability.Reinforced cement concrete is one of themost important components in theconstruction industry. In case of normalsimply supported reinforced concrete beam,the neutral axis divides the tension zone andcompression zone. The region below theneutral axis is in tension and the regionabove neutral axis is in compression.Theconcrete below the neutral axis act as themedium for transferring stress fromcompression zone to the tension zone. Lot ofresearches were carried out for theinvestigation of alternate materials that canbe used in concrete like fly ash, copper slag,rice husk etc. An alternate method ofreplacing concrete in the neutral axis ofbeam by PVC pipes was studied and studieswere conducted on replacing the concretebelow neutral axis of beam by polytheneballs thereby reducing self - weight. Thisthesis work aims at studying the combinedeffects of partial replacement of concrete inand below the neutral axis of beam bycreating air voids using light weight inertwaste plastic bottles. Sustainability can be

achieved by using waste plastic bottles. Bysaving concrete, we can save cement.

Ghorbani amir, a, Seçkin erden.,et al(2012)Railway sleepers are one of the mostimportant elements of the railway tracksystem. Although timber sleepers are still themost common, use of pre-stressed concreteand steel materials is also increasing. Inaddition, ties produced using recycledmaterials are of interest, recently. Byrecycling plastic waste, considerable amountof money can be kept from ending up in thelandfills. As composite ties are strong,durable, and reliable, they require lessmaintenance and have longer life thancommon railroad ties. Therefore, they can bean excellent, cost-effective and long-termsolution. This paper presents a review ofrecent developments on polymer compositesas an alternative material for railwaysleepers. An overview of on-going researchand development on innovative fibercomposite railway sleepers withinvestigation on their advantages anddisadvantages are also presented. Railwaysleepers are one of the most importantelements of the railway track system. Theyare the beams/ties laid underneath the rails tosupport the track. Their function is totransfer the loads to the ballast, transverselysecure the rails to maintain the correctgauge-width and to resist the cutting andabrading actions of the bearing plates and theballast material. Sleepers also resist thelateral and the longitudinal movement of the


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rail system. Different kinds of materials areused in sleeper production. Hardwood timberis the most widely used sleeper material.There are more than 2.5 billion timbersleepers installed in the railway trackthroughout the world. In order to have areliable track system and maintaining thequality of the track system to a specifiedservice level and ensuring. The safe trackoperation, a wide range of ingredients shouldsimultaneously be considered. Strength anddurability of the sleepers is one of thoseingredients that play an important role intrack system

P.Srishadurya, M.Priyanga, R.Anuradha,etal.,(2016)(8) inferred that one of the majorchallenges of our present society for ourprotection of our environment. In recentyears, there has been a dramatic increase ininvestigating ways in which mixed plasticscan be recycled or reclaimed forreprocessing. There are usually twomethodologies when dealing with recyclingmixed plastics that consist of differentpolymers.One method is to grind up themixed material and then to add in a smallamount of this regrind back into the processof making new parts of products. The othermethod is to separate the mixed polymers, inorder to reobtain the pure components. Itserves natural resources and reduces thespace required for the landfill disposal. Thispaper represents the experimental results ofreplacement of concrete by using plastic inorder to increase the flexural strength ofbeam.

GENERALThe properties and the detail of the

material to be used in beam are given below. HDPE(High density polyethylene)

TYPES OF PLASTIC:

Polyethylene terephthalate (PET orPETE)

High-density polyethylene (HDPE) Polyvinyl chloride (PVC) Low-density polyethylene (LDPE) Polypropylene (PP) Polystyrene (PS)

POLYETHYLENE TEREPHTHALATE(PET OR PETE): Bottles made ofpolyethylene terephthalate (PET, sometimesPETE) can be "recycled" to reuse thematerial out of which they are made and toreduce the amount of waste going intolandfills.

POLYVINYL CHLORIDE (PVC):Polyvinyl chloride also known as polyvinylor vinyl, commonly abbreviated PVC, is theworld's third-most widely producedsynthetic plastic polymer, after polyethyleneand polypropylene. PVC comes in two basicforms: rigid (sometimes abbreviated asRPVC) and flexible.


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FIG.NO:1LOW-DENSITY POLYETHYLENE(LDPE):The reason why they choose for allpackaging plastics is that manufacturers arerequired by law to collect this. The types ofplastic you are referring to are High-DensityPolyEthylene (HDPE) and Low-DensityPolyEthylene (LDPE). HDPE is relativelyeasy to recycle and is also themost recycled type of plastic.

POLYPROPYLENE (PP):Polypropylene (PP) is a thermoplastic“addition polymer” made from thecombination of propylene monomers. It isused in a variety of applications to includepackaging for consumerproducts, plastic parts for various industriesincluding the automotive industry, specialdevices like living hinges, and textiles.

FIG.NO:2POLYSTYRENE (PS):

Polystyrene can be solid or foamed. General-purpose polystyrene is clear, hard, and ratherbrittle. It is an inexpensive resin per unitweight. It is a rather poor barrier to oxygenand water vapour and has a relatively lowmelting point. Polystyrene is one of the mostwidely used plastics, the scale of itsproduction being several million tonnes peryear. Polystyrene can benaturally transparent, but can be colouredwith colourants. Uses include protectivepackaging (such as packing peanuts and CDand DVD cases), containers (such as"clamshells"), lids, bottles, trays, tumblers,disposable cutlery. and in the making ofmodels


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FIG.NO:3High-density polyethylene (HDPE):polyethylene high-density (PEHD) is apolyethylene thermoplastic made frompetroleum. It is sometimes called "alkathene"or "polythene" when used for pipes.

FIG.NO:4The mass density of high-densitypolyethylene can range from 0.93 to 0.97g/cm3. Although the density of HDPE is onlymarginally higher than that of low-densitypolyethylene, HDPE has little branching,giving it stronger intermolecular forces andtensile strength than LDPE. The difference instrength exceeds the difference in density,

giving HDPE a higher specific strength. It isalso harder and more opaque and canwithstand somewhat higher temperatures(120 °C/ 248 °F for short periods, 110 °C/230 °F continuously). High-densitypolyethylene, unlike polypropylene, cannotwithstand normally-required autoclavingconditions. The lack of branching is ensuredby an appropriate choice of catalyst (e.g.,Ziegler-Natta catalysts) and reactionconditions. HDPE contains the chemicalelements carbon and hydrogen.

HDPE is also used for cell liners insubtitle D sanitary landfills, wherein largesheets of HDPE are either extrusion orwedge welded to form a homogeneouschemical-resistant barrier, with the intentionof preventing the pollution of soil andgroundwater by the liquid constituents ofsolid waste .One of the largest uses forHDPE is wood plastic composites andcomposite wood, with recycled polymersleading the way.


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FIG.NO:5

HDPE is also widely used in thepyrotechnics trade. HDPE mortars arepreferred to steel or PVC tubes because theyare more durable and more importantly theyare much safer compared to steel or PVC. Ifa shell or salute were to malfunction(flowerpot) in the mortar, HDPE tends to ripor tear instead of shattering and becomingshrapnel like PVC, which can kill or maimonlookers. PVC and steel are particularlyprone to this and their use is avoided wherepossible. Milk bottles and other hollowgoods manufactured through blow moldingare the most important application area forHDPE – More than 8 million tons, or nearlyone third of worldwide production.

ROLE OF PLASTIC WASTE:

PLASTIC WASTE IN INDIA ON 2017FIG.NO:6

Material Properties:

Polyrthylene (abbreviated PE) orpolyethylene (IUPAC name polyethene orpoly (methylene) is the most commonplastic. The annual global production isaround 80 million tones. Its primary use inpacking (plastic bags, plastic films, geo-membranes, containers including bottles,etc.)Many kinds of polyethelyene are known,with most having the chemical formulae(C2H4) n .Thus, PE is usually a mixture ofsimilar polymers of ethylene with variousvalues of n. Polyethylene (polyethylene,

polyethene, PE) is a family of similarmaterials categorized according totheir density and molecular structure.For example:

Ultra high molecular weightpolyethylene (UHMWPE) is toughand resistant to chemicals. It is usedto

Manufacture moving machine parts, bearing,gears, artificial joints and some bullet proofvests.


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High-density polyethylene (HDPE),recyclable plastic no.2, is commonlyused as milk jugs, liquid laundry-detergent bottles, outdoor furniture,margarine tubs, portable gasolinecans, water drainage pipes, grocerybags.

PHYSICAL PROPERTIES:

Polyethylene (PE) is one of the mostversatile commercial polymers today. Thesemi-crystalline nature of PE allows it tooperate over a wide range of temperatures.The crystalline phase of the polymer gives itstrength, while the amorphous phase allowsPE to be flexible. High density polyethylene(HDPE) is used in the manufacturing of avariety of products, from paint containers togas line pipes. Compared to pipes of othermaterials, HDPE pipes have the advantagesof being light-weight, corrosion-resistant andeasy to install. However, one of the majorproblems for polyethylene in pipe and otherstructural applications is environmentalstress cracking (ESC). HDPE pipes thatshould have a service life of fifty years canfail in just one year due to ESC Therefore;environmental stress cracking resistance(ESCR) of polyethylene is of key interest tomanufacturers and researchers alike. Thesemi-crystalline nature of PE influencesmany of its mechanical properties Melt-crystallized polyethylene has a spherulitemorphology, where lamellae made up ofspherulites are embedded in a matrix ofamorphous material The structure of

lamellae generally consists of regular chain-folding arrangements with the molecularchains perpendicularly aligned to the laterallamellar surfaces. The regular chain-Thecontents of this chapter form the basis of apaper that has conditionally been acceptedby the Journal of Applied Polymer Science,"Phase interconnectivity and environmentalstress cracking resistance of polyethylene: acrystalline phase investigation", submittedAug. 2008. 150 folding growth of a lamellaresults in crystals with lateral directiondimensions (1-50 μm) being much largerthan their thickness (2-25 nm).

THERMAL PROPERTIES:The usefulness of polyethylene is limited

by its softening point of 80 degree Celsius.For common commercial grades of mediumand high density polyethylene the meltingpoint is typically in the range 120 –180degree Celsius. The melting point foraverage, commercial, low densitypolyethylene is typically 105 –115degreeCelsius. These temperatures vary stronglywith the type of polyethylene. HDPE ahigher specific strength .It is also harder andmore opaque and can withstand somewhathigher temperatures (120 °C/ 248 °F forshort periods). High-density polyethylene,unlike polypropylene, cannot withstandnormally required autoclaving conditions.The lack of branching is ensured by anappropriate choice of catalyst (e.g., Ziegler-Natta catalysts) and reaction condition.

CHEMICAL PROPERTIES:


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Polyethylene consists of non-polar,saturated, high molecular weighthydrocarbons. Therefore, its chemicalbehavior is similar to paraffin. Theindividual macromolecules are notcovalently linked. Because of theirsymmetric molecular structure, they tend tocrystalline, overall polyethylene iscrystalline. Higher crystallinity increasedensity and mechanical and chemicalstability. Polyethylene burns slowly with ablue flame having a yellow tip and gives offodors of paraffin. The material continuousburning on removal of the flame source andproduce a drip. Polypropylene is at roomtemperature resistant to fats and almost allorganic solvents, apart from strong oxidants.Non-oxidizing acids and bases can be storedin containers made of PP. at elevatedtemperature, PP can be solved in of lowpolarity solvents. Due to the tertiary carbonatom PP is chemically less resistant than PE.Most commercial polypropylene is isotacticand has an intermediate level of crystallinitybetween that of low density polyethylene(LDPE) and high density polyethylene.Isotactic and a tactic polypropylene issoluble in P-xylene at 140degeree Celsius.Isotactic precipitates when the solution iscooled to 25 degree Celsius atactic portionremains soluble in P-xylene.MECHANICAL PROPERTIES:

Polypropylene is normally tough andflexible, especially when copolymerized withethylene. This allows polypropylene to beused as engineering plastic, competing withthe materials such as acrylonitrile butadiene

styrene. Polypropylene is reasonableeconomical. Polypropylene has goodresistance to fatigue. Young’s modulus isbetween 1300-1800N/mm2.Polyethylene isof low strength, hardness, and rigidity buthas high ductility and impact strength as wellas low friction. It shows strong creep underpersistent force, which can be reduced byaddition of short fibers. It feels waxy whentouched.PREPARING OF DYE:

The DYE is made up of MS PLATE (mildsteel) with 16mm thickness and bottom plateas 20mm thickness. DYE contains 5parts ofplates, it can be connected with Allen boltand 12 no’s of Allen bolt. The size of theDYE is 1000x180x180mm.

DYE WITH MS PLATEFIG.NO:7

MICATHERMIC HEATER:Mica thermic heater plate is fixed

with outer surface of the DYE.A micathermic heater is a type of space heater inwhich the heating element is covered in thin


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sheets of mica. Mica thermic heaters produceboth convection heat and radiant heat and areusually thinner than other types of heaters,the mica panels transfers heat to the air andradiates infrared heat once they're hotenough. They warm you and the room at thesame time, and it's fast. Once it's been turnedon, a micathermic space heater can reach itsmaximum heat output in as little as 60seconds. It's why micathermic heaters areenergy efficient.CHEMICAL PROPERTIES HEATER:

It is a compound hydrous silicateof aluminum, which also contains iron,magnesium, potassium, sodium fluorine,lithium and also few traces of numerousother elements. It is constant and entirelystatic to the action of water, acids (exceptfor hydrofluoric and concentratedsulphur),alkalies, conventionalsolvents, bases, and oil. It remains almostunchanged by atmospheric action.ELECTRICAL PROPERTIES HEATER:

Mica has the exclusive combinationof uniform dielectric steadiness, capacitancestability, enormous dielectric power, high Qfactor and lower power loss, high electricalresistance and low temperature coefficient. Itis highly regarded for its resistances to arcand corona discharge without causing anylasting injury.THERMAL PROPERTIES HEATER:

It is highly fire proof, incombustible,non- flammable, infusible, and also canresist temperatures of up to 1000 degreesCelsius/1832 degrees Fahrenheit. Howeverthis depends on the type and variety of Mica

used. It has excellent thermal stability, lowerheat conductivity, and can be easily exposedto high temperatures without visible effect.

FIG.NO: 7CASTING OF SPECIMEN

The evaluation of plastic beam for the useof HDPE as a replacement of concretematerials, in manufactured plastic materialsof HDPE is used .in this beam we are castingplain plastic beam in two no’s and placing areinforcement in plastic beam in two no’sand then comparing both plain andreinforced beam to get maximum flexuralstrength. Casting four no’s of plastic beamhaving a size of 1000x150x150mm andreinforced details of main bars is 10mmØand stirrups of 8mmØ. In this casting processthe mica thermic heater are used for melt theplastic into required shape. Then finally theflexural strength of the with and withoutreinforcement plastic beam is compared withthe normal concrete beam. And preparing thecube of plastic for compression strength andsize of 70x70x70mm of mould.PLACING:

Place the DYE on a level surface thenthe mica thermic heater fixed at outer surfaceof the DYE and the size of the DYE is1000x180x180mm. Now the plastic is


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dumped in the DYE at top level. The threeheater plate is fixed at the outer faces of theDYE, one is placed at a bottom of the DYE,and another two plates is placed at the rightand left side of the DYE.

FIG.NO:8HEATING:

Now the mica thermic heater is turnon, the temperature of plastic melting pointis 400°c and the melting time of a plastic isone hour. When heater as heat the plate andplate heat up to 600c then the heat will passthrough the plastic and the melting processhas been started in the plastic. Plastic meltedin 140c a plastic melted in liquid condition.

-

FIG.NO:9DRYING:

The beams are dryad for 6 hours to8 hours and the plastic beams are removedfrom the DYE, when it dryad completely

and kept the beam at warm temperature.

FIG.NO:10TESTING:

Standard tests as per IS Specificationwere conducted on beams. The tests wereconducted in the concrete Lab, Departmentof Civil Engineering, College.


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FLUXERAL STRENGTH TESTFIG.NO:11

MATERIAL TEST

FLEXURAL STRENGTH TEST:

Prepare the test specimen by filling

plastic into the DYE. Tamp it well so that it

gets uniformly distributed. The specimen is

allowed to cool. The specimen shall be

placed in the machine at right angles to the

rollers. For DYE specimens the mould filling

direction shall be normal to the direction of

loading. The load shall be applied.

TABLE: 1 FLEXURAL STRENGTH

TEST:

S.N

O

SAMPLE LOADP(kN

)

SUPPORTLENG

TH

(mm)

BREADTHB

(mm)

DEPTHD

(mm

)

FLEXURALSTRENGTH fb(N/mm2

)

1 Concrete 140 1000 150 150 17.78

2 Reinforcementplastic

155 1000 150 150 24.44

3 Plainplastic

120 1000 150 150 15.56

BAR CHART: 1COMPRESSION TEST:


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Compressive strength tests werecarried out on cubes of 70mm size using acompression testing machine of 1000 KNcapacity as per IS 516:1959. From the testresults, the compressive strength washigher than other plastic and was 15%higher when compared to the controlconcrete.

COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH WITHPLASTIC CUBE

TESTED CUBE IN COMPRESSIVETESTING MACHINES

FIG.NO:12

TABLE :2 COMPRESSION TEST

CALCULTION:S tress=Load/Area

=45x10³/70x70=10 N/mm²

S.NO WEGITHOFSPECIMEN(Wt)

COMPRESSIVESTRENGTHN/mm2

1 0.235 0.40

2 0.265 0.30

3 0.240 0.60

TOTAL 0.45


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BAR CHART

CONCLUSION In this study, there are two types of

beam specimens casted with HDPEand adding reinforcement with HDPEtheir flexural strength was tested andthe analysis is reported.

The non-bio degradable plasticwaste is used to substituteconcrete and the flexural strengthof plastic beams casted was testedand compared with steel reinforcedconcrete.

Since the Flexural strength ofplastic is nearly equal to M20grade concrete, such concrete canbe replaced by plastic.

The flexural strength of plastic beam ishigher than that of concrete beam.

Hence, while comparing theexperimental plastic beam attains anaverage of two times of flexuralstrength than that of concrete beam.

Based on the results, plastic beam canbe used in landing slabs, bridges,buildings and staircase also.

Plastic waste are reduced inenvironment and using the plastic inconstruction site so constructionmaterials are less.

This plastic beams are used inconstruction so the self weight of astructure as been reduced by using ofplastic.

Plastic beams are give a strength ofbeam as compare to the concretebeams.

Now we are investigating about a fireresistance on plastic beam for futurepurpose of beam.

REFERENCE

1. Experimental Investigation ofConcrete Masonry Units with PlasticBottle Cores and PET Fibers (AdityaSingh Rawat1, R. Kansal,) (04, 2015)

2. Experimental Investigation of StrengthCharacteristics on Beams using Plastic(P.Srishadurya1, M.Priyanga1,R.Anuradha) (2017)

3. Experimental investigation on partialreplacement of waste plastic inconcrete (Arivalagan.S) (November,2016)

4. Experimental Investigation on thePerformance of Plastic AggregateConcrete (Anju Ramesan , Shemy S.Babu , Aswathy Lal ) (October 2015)


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5. Experimental Study on PartialReplacement of Concrete in andBelow Neutral Axis of Beam (Er.ImaMathew ,Er.Sneha M.Varghese)(September 2016)

6. Experimental Investigation ofCompressive Strength Properties ofEco-Friendly Concrete (B. Pujitha)

7. An experimental investigation onuseage of plastic and rubber waste inconcrete (B.Venkateswarareddy andV. Raj Kumar) (June 2017)

8. Dora Foti, “Preliminary analysis ofconcrete reinforced with waste bottlesPET fibers”, Construction andBuilding Materials, Volume 25, Issue4, April 2011, Pages 1906–1915

9. Using Domestic Waste Plastics asFibres”, ARPN Journal ofEngineering and Applied Sciences,Volume 6, No.3, ISSN 1819-6608

10. Use of shredded waste PET bottles asaggregate in lightweightconcrete”,Waste Management. 2010Feb;30(2):285-90. Epub 2009Oct 22.

11. BS 1881-116:1983, testing concretepart102. Method for determinationof compressive strength of concretecubes.

12. ISO 178:2010 Plastics determinationof flexural properties

13. IS 458-1:1985 Plastic determination ofstiffness in torsion of flexiblemembers

14. ISO 604:2002 Determination ofcompressive properties

15. ISO 15114:2014 Fiber reinforcedplastic composites. Determination ofmode II fractures resistance forunidirectional reinforced materials.

16. Harini B and. Ramana K.V., Use ofRecycled Plastic Waste as PartialReplacement for Fine Aggregate inConcrete, International Journal ofInnovative Research in Science,Engineering and Technology, Vol. 4,Issue 9, 2015,pp 8596-8603.

17. Semiha Akçaözog and Cüneyt Ulu,“Recycling of waste PET granules asaggregate in alkali-activated blastfurnace slag/metakaolin blends”,Construction and Building Materials,58 ,2009, pp. 31–37.

18. Semiha Akçaözog and Cüneyt Ulu“Thermal conductivity, compressivestrength and ultrasonic wave velocityof cementitious compositecontaining waste PET lightweightaggregate (WPLA)”, Composites:Part B, 45,2011,pp. 721–726.

19. Rui Vasco Silva ,Jorge de Brito andNabajyoti Saikia, “Influence Of TheCuring Conditions On The Durability-Related Performance Of ConcreteWith Selected Plastic Wasteaggregates”, Proceedings of ICDS12-International Conference DurableStructures: from construction torehabilitation, 2012,Lisbon, Portugal.


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20. Youcef Ghernouti, Bahia Rabehi,Brahim Safi and Rabah Chaid, “ UseOf Recycled Plastic Bag Waste .

21. IS: 383-1970, “Specification forcoarse and fine aggregate “, Bureau ofIndian Standards, New Delhi,


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experimental investigation on plastic beam · small molecules, as in liquid, then the polymer is...

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