experimental analysis of solar water heater using porous medium and agitator · 2017-03-04 ·...

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Experimental Analysis Of Solar Water Heater

Using Porous Medium And Agitator

P.Balashanmugam1, G.Balasubramanian2 1Mechanical Engineering, Annamalai University 2 Mechanical Engineering, Annamalai University

Abstract—The aim of the present study is to improve the thermal performance of flat plate solar

collector using a novel cost effective enhanced heat transfer technique. The present work focuses on

the process of energy conversion from the collector to the working fluid. This experimentally

accomplished by using agitator in the riser tube, packing of collector’s surface with pebbles and

stainless steel chips. The basic purpose of agitator in the riser tube is to intensify heat transfer;

packing of collector surface with pebbles and stainless steel chips is for longer heat retention and

enhanced heat capture respectively. It has been found that the efficiency of the collector with agitator

and metal chips is highest among all other combinations.

Keywords—Solar collector, heat removal system, porous medium, agitator, pyranometer

I. INTRODUCTION

There are four primary sources of energy viz. Petroleum, natural gas and natural liquids, coal

and wood. Excepting wood, all the common sources have finite supplies. The lift-time is estimated to

range from 15 years for natural gas to nearly 300 years for coal. Therefore, as these non-renewable

sources are consumed, then mankind must turn its attention to longer-term, permanent type of energy

sources. The two most significant such sources are nuclear and solar energy. Nuclear energy requires

advanced technology and costly means for its safe and reliable utilization and may have undesirable

side effects. A solar water heating system, on the other hand, will have roughly the same load day on

any day out, except in unusual applications, the design load should be close to the normal daily load.

Without the problems of widely fluctuating demand. Can be relatively cheaper and simpler than solar

building water filter. Other functions of solar energy are

Heating of the building

Cooling of the building

Solar distillation

Solar drying

Solar cookers

Solar engine

Food refrigeration

Solar furnaces

Solar thermal power generation, etc.

In today's climate of growing energy needs and increasing environmental concern,

alternatives to the use of non-renewable and polluting fossil fuels have to be investigated. One such

alternative is solar energy. Solar energy is quite simply the energy produced directly from the sun

and collected elsewhere, namely the Earth. The sun creates its energy through a thermonuclear

process that converts about 650,000,000 tons of hydrogen to helium every second. The process

creates heat and electromagnetic radiation. The heat remains in the sun and is instrumental in

maintaining the thermonuclear reaction. The electromagnetic radiation (including visible light, infra-

International Journal of Recent Trends in Engineering & Research (IJRTER) Volume 02, Issue 0X; Month - 2016 [ISSN: 2455-1457]


red light, and ultra-violet radiation) streams out into space in all directions. Only a very small

fraction of the total radiation produced reaches the Earth. The radiation that does reach the Earth is

the indirect source of nearly every type of energy used today. The exceptions are geothermal energy,

and nuclear fission and fusion. Even fossil fuels owe their origins to the sun; they were once living

plants and animals whose life were dependent upon the sun. Much of the world's required energy can

be supplied directly by solar power. More still can be provided indirectly. The practicality of doing

so will be examined, as well as the benefits and drawbacks. In addition, the uses solar energy is

currently applied to will be noted. Due to the nature of solar energy; two components are required to

have a functional solar energy generator. These two components are a collector and a storage unit.

The collector simply collects the radiation that falls on it and converts a fraction of it to other forms

of energy (either electricity and heat or heat alone). The storage unit is required because of the non-

constant nature of solar energy; at certain times only a very small amount of radiation will be

received. At night or during heavy cloud cover, for example, the amount of energy produced by the

collector will be quite small. The storage unit can hold the excess energy produced during the

periods of maximum productivity, and release it when the productivity drops. In practice, a backup

power supply is usually added, too, for the situations when the amount of energy required is greater

than both what is being produced and what is stored in the container. Methods of collecting and

storing solar energy vary depending on the uses planned for the solar generator. In general, there are

three types of collectors and many forms of storage units. The three types of collectors are flat-plate

collectors, focusing collectors, and passive collectors.

Flat-plate collectors are, the more commonly used type of collector today. They are arrays of

solar panels arranged in a simple plane. They can be of nearly any size, and have an output that is

directly related to a few variables including size, facing, and cleanliness. These variables all affect

the amount of radiation that falls on the collector. Often these collector panels have automated

machinery that keeps them facing the sun. The additional energy they take in due to the correction of

facing more than compensates for the energy needed to drive the extra machinery.

Focusing collectors are essentially flat-plane collectors with optical devices arranged to

maximize the radiation falling on the focus of the collector. These are currently used only in a few

scattered areas. Solar furnaces are examples of this type of collector. Although they can produce far

greater amounts of energy at a single point than the flat-plane collectors can, they lose some of the

radiation that the flat-plane panels do not. Radiation reflected off the ground will be used by flat-

plane panels, but usually will be ignored by focusing collectors (in snow covered regions, this

reflected radiation can be significant). One other problem with focusing collectors in general is due

to temperature. The fragile silicon components that absorb the incoming radiation lose efficiency at

high temperatures, and if they get too hot they can even be permanently damaged. The focusing

collectors by their very nature can create much higher temperatures and need more safeguards to

protect their silicon components.

Passive collectors are completely different from the other two types of collectors. The passive

collectors absorb radiation and convert it to heat naturally, without being designed and built to do so.

All objects have this property to some extent, but only some objects (like walls) will be able to

produce enough heat to make it worthwhile. Often their natural ability to convert radiation to heat is

enhanced in some way or another (by being painted black, for example) and a system for transferring

the heat to a different location is generally added.

II. PREVIOUS WORK

Mousa S. Mohsen et al. [1] conducted experiments on compact solar water heater for water

depths of 5, 10 and 15 cm and concluded 10 cm as optimum water depth. Single glazing showed a

better water temperature rise and double glazing retained heat better.

Sridhar et al. [2] conducted experiments on Cuboidal Solar Integrated Collector-Storage

system for depths of 2, 5, 8 and 12 cm and inclination angles of 10o, 20o, 30o, and 50o. Average heat



transfer coefficient at the bottom surface of absorber plate is 20% higher for depth of 12 cm as

compared to the 2 cm depth of cuboidal section, after 2 hours of heating.

Agbo et al. [3] concluded that the loss coefficient decreases with an increase in the gap

between the absorber plate and the glass cover. A gap width >= 5 cm is recommended for optimum

loss coefficient.

H.P. Garg et al. [4] reported that the storage potential of built-in-storage type solar water

heater with transparent insulation is higher than that of a system with moveable insulation. The

decrease in transmittance of the transparent insulation more than offsets its better insulating property

during the sunshine hours.

Rakesh kumar et al. [5] reported that more solar energy was converted into useful heat with

corrugated absorber surface, but this modification reduced the efficiency of the system marginally.

R.P. Sharma [6] proposed that Agitator in the raiser tubes enhanced heat transfer while

Pebbles and stainless steel chips enhanced the retention period of heat. The internal dimensions of

the collector were 1.2m x 0.6m x 0.18m. Agitator using curling copper wire inside the raiser tubes in

the form of a helix was used to increase the heat transfer coefficient. Pebbles and stainless steel chips

were used to cover the absorber surface to enhance heat transfer and retention.

Domenico Borello et al. [7] proposed a cuboidal collector with inbuilt cylindrical storage and

showed that the vertical structures developing downstream from the inlet section maintain steady for

a very short collector length, then they become unsteady and warped demonstrating mixing of the

thermal boundary layer is mainly related to convective motion.

Souliotis M. et al. [8] designed three ICS experimental models consisting of one cylindrical

tank horizontally mounted in a stationary symmetrical Compound Parabolic Concentrating (CPC)

reflector trough with the objective to achieve a low depth, in order to be easily installed on horizontal

and inclined roofs, but night time operation is still limited.

Souliotis M. et al. [9] designed one cylindrical tank with asymmetrical CPC reflectors and the

annulus between the cylinders partially evacuated with outer surface partially exposed and remaining

insulated to improve heat retention. The thermal loss coefficient during night time is similar to that

of thermosyphon FPSWH.

K.P. Gertzos et al. [10] validated a model with indirect heating of the service hot water,

through a heat exchanger incorporated into front and back major surfaces of the ICSSWH, but the

design was not optimized.

K.P. Gertzos et al. [11] optimized the position and size of the recirculation ports, and the

arrangement and size of the interconnecting fins maximize the velocity flow field of an ICSSWH by

65 %.

Mehrooz M. Ziapour [12] proposed an ICSSWH system which is divided by two trapezoids

cross section volumes and the efficiency of the system maximized for top volume to bottom volume

ratio greater than or equal to four.

David Faiman et al. [13] provided a reverse thermo-siphon prevention valve that prevents

flow reversal and hence losses in an ICSSWH.

Malhotra A et al. [14] has discussed the equations for heat loss calculation of flat plate solar

collectors.

Raj Thundil Karuppa R et al. [15] tested with the absorber made of 2 sheets of GI (1 mm)

with integrated canals, painted in a silica based black paint solar water heater and small pump for

forced circulation. It can be concluded there is little difference between the output temperatures

while using copper and GI different collectors. Efficiency of the flat plate collector for copper is

24.17% and GI is 20.19%.

Madhukeshwara. N. et al. [16] used three different coatings Sol chrome, Matt black and

Black chrome for solar flat plate collectors and water temperatures in the storage tank were recorded.

The Maximum temperature of hot water in the storage tank was obtained for black chrome coating

when compared to other two coatings.



Narasimhe Gowda et al. [17] studied the heat transfer phenomena in the collector system

were calculated by using theoretical models. To improve the thermal efficiency of the solar collector

system, inlet water temperature should be as low as possible. The efficiency increases more or less

linearly with ambient temperature. Increasing the thickness of insulation beyond 5 cm is worthless.

Efficiency will decrease with increase of wind speed. Transmission ratio of glass cover should be

more than 0.95 in order to obtain higher thermal efficiency. Higher the ambient temperature higher is

the efficiency because less heat loss to the surroundings.

Soteris A. Kalogirou [18] presents a survey of the various types of solar thermal collectors

and applications. All the solar systems which utilize the solar energy and its application depends

upon the solar collector such as flat-plate, compound parabolic, evacuated tube, parabolic trough,

Fresnel lens,parabolic dish and heliostat field collectors which are used in these systems. The solar

collectors are used for domestic, commercial and industrial purposes. These include solar water

heating, which comprise thermosyphon, integrated collector storage, direct and indirect systems and

air systems, space heating and cooling, which comprise, space heating and service hot water, air and

water systems and heat pumps, refrigeration, industrial process heat, which comprise air and water

systems and steam generation systems, desalination, thermal power systems, which comprise the

parabolic trough, power tower and dish systems, solar furnaces, and chemistry applications.

P. Rhushi Prasad et al [19] present experiment analysis of flat plate collector and comparison

of performance with tracking collector. A flat plate water heater, which is commercially available

with a capacity of 100 liters/day is instrumented and developed into a test-rig to conduct the

experimental work. Experiments were conducted for a week during which the atmospheric

conditions were almost uniform and data was collected both for fixed and tracked conditions of the

flat plate collector. The results show that there is an average increase of 40C in the outlet

temperature. The efficiency of both the conditions was calculated and the comparison shows that

there is an increase of about 21% in the percentage of efficiency.

Wattana Ratismith et al [20] describe the design of the PTC in which increase the outlet

temperature by reducing heat loss. In this design the maximum efficiency of the collector is 32% and

has an ability to achieve high output temperature, the maximum temperature at the header of

evacuated tube is 235 degrees Celsius, and is therefore suitable for high temperature application such

as industrial uses.

Bukola O. Bolaji [21] performed design and experimental analysis of flow inside the

collector of a natural circulation solar water heater. The result shown was that the system

performance depends very much on both the flow rate through the collector and the incident solar

radiation and the system exhibited optimum flow rate of 0.1 kg/s-m2 .

Volker Weitbrecht et al., [22] performed, the results of an experimental study conducted in a

water solar flat plate collector with laminar flow conditions to analyze the flow distribution through

the collector. LDA measurements were carried out to determine the discharge in each riser, as well as

pressure measurements to investigate the relation between junction losses and the local Reynolds

number. Analytical calculations based on the measured relations are used in a sensitivity analysis to

explain the various possible flow distributions in solar collectors.

Duffie, J.A and W.A. Beckman [23] performed annual simulation to monitor the thermal

performance of a direct solar domestic hot water system operated under several controlled strategies.

III. COMPONENTS DESCRIPTION

The components that are used in the solar water heater using porous medium and agitator are as

follows,

Flat plate arrays,

Storage tank,

Circulation system,

Copper tubes,



Tank,

3.1. Flat plate arrays

The plate collector consists of the following

Aluminium body

Glass wool insulation

Aluminium foil

Copper fins

Block chromes sheet and

Tuffen glass

The aluminium body over the insulation and collective unit the glass wool insulation is placed on the

bottom of aluminium body. The aluminium foil is placed on the insulation to reflect the solar

radiation. The copper fins are used to circulate the water. They are welded with upper and lower

header tubes. The block chrome sheets cover the copper fins. They are used to absorb the solar

radiation. The copper fins with block chrome sheet is called collective unit. The tuffen glass is used

to transfer the solar energy to collective unit. Hence it is called as transparent cover. It covers the

aluminium body. A liquid Flat-plate Solar Collector (FPC) is a widely used solar energy collection

device for applications that require heat at temperatures below 80oC. A typical liquid FPC consists of

a selectively black coated absorber plate of high thermal conductivity (such as copper or aluminum),

one or more transparent covers, thermal insulation, heat removal system and outer casing. The

transparent cover reduces the convective and irradiative heat losses from the absorber plate to the

surrounding. To achieve operating temperatures higher than 80°C, two glass covers may also be

used. The heat collected by the absorber plate is extracted by circulating a working fluid through the

riser tubes attached to the absorber plate, which are further connected to a larger pipe called header at

both ends as shown in figure 1. The working fluid, usually water or an anti-freeze mixture flows

through these tubes to carry away the heat. An outer casing houses all the components; which is

finally placed on a stand so that the collector properly inclined to receive maximum solar radiation.

Figure 1. Flat plate collectors

3.2. Storage tank

It consists of

a) Inner copper tank

b) Insulation

c) Outer M S tank



The inner copper tank is used to store the hot water. The storage capacity of the tank is 60 lit. The

insulation is made of glass wool. It is used to control the heat conduction. The outer tank is made of

aluminium. It is used to cover the storage tank.

3.3. Circulation system

It consists of

Cold water inlet

Cold water outlet

Hot water inlet

Hot water outlet

Header tubes

The Cold water inlet connects the cold water tanks with storage tank with collector. It is of 1” dia. It

is made of G I. Cold water outlet connects the storage tank with collector. It is of 1” dia. It also

made of G I. The bottom of this pipe is connected to the lower header tube. Hot water inlet connects

the collector with storage tank. It also if 1” dia and made by G I. The lower end of this pipe is

connected with the upper header tube. The hot water outlet is also made by G I. and 1” dia. It is used

to turn the hot water. There are two header tubes. They are made of copper. One is upper side and

another is the low side of the collector. The copper fins are welded with the header tubes. The upper

header tube is connected with the hot water inlet pipe and the lower header tube is connected with

the cold water outlet. The outlet of the hot water tank or storage tank can be connected to any place

according to requirement by hoses or pipe lines. The collector plate is kept 1 foot up from the ground

level and it is at the level lower than the storage tank because of the thermosyphon circulation

systems.

3.4. Container

A box to hold collector components together and protect them from environmental conditions. It is

made up of steel, aluminium or fiberglass and supports the absorber plates and cover. Ideally, it will

expand and contract clearance and proper use of gaskets must be provided for the differential aperture

area should be at least 85% of gross area. The box should be well the inner surface of the water use of

a desiccant can prevent condensation on the inner surface of the cover. External pipe connections

should receive particular attention sealing components and gas cuts used should be capable of

stagnation temperatures without gassing must be capable of width standing thermal cycling.

3.5. Absorber plate

The fluid does not contact the entire absorber surface the absorber plate must have high thermal

conductivity such as copper, aluminum or steel, copper has the highest thermal and most corrosion

resistance but its expensive. In the liquid collector, tubes are spaced several inches apart with absorber

surfaces between acting as Finns, which absorb heat and convert it to the tubes. Tube spacing is

determined by finding efficiency, versus cost trade off. Tubes can be rooted through the collector in

parallel paths from inlet to outlet header or a single tube can be routed in serpentine fashion. The later

technique eliminates the possibility leader leaks and assumes uniform flow, but also increases

pressure drop. If a drain down, freeze protection system uses the flow passage system is easy to drain.

3.6. Glazing

The most commonly used cover material is glass A 1/8 in (3.2mm) sheet of window glass (0.12%)

iron content) has a transmittance to Solar Radiation (at normal incidence) of 85% (T=0.85) Water

white glass (0.01% iron) has a opaque to any long wave radiation given off by the absorber plate. If

tempered it has high durability as well. Deterioration is negligible, even over very long periods of

exposure to sunlight. Various plastic materials used for collector glazing are cheaper and lighter than

glass. Because they are used in thin sheets, they often have a higher transmittance as well, however

they often do not trap thermal radiation as well as glass and are generally not as durable. Degradation

due to sunlight or high temperature can be severe. The number of glazing used depends on the



application and on a cost versus performance trade off generally speaking, the higher the temperature

difference between the collector plate and the ambient temperature. The more covers are needed.

3.7. Insulation

Various types of insulation are used in collectors to prevent heat losses out the back and sides. An

important consideration is that the insulation not outgases under stagnation conditions. Such gases

could coat the inside of the glazing and greatly reduce transmittance. A second stationary collector

type that is coming into wider use is the vacuum type Collector. These collectors have tubes which are

essentially long concentric thermos – bottle type vacuum tubes. The vacuum tubes are arranged such

that an external reflector of solar energy mildly concentrates the sun’s ray on to the inner glass tube.

In some cases the inner glass tube and the heat transfer medium flow through the copper system

enclose a Secondary circuit consisting of copper tubing. Where the common flat plate collector is used

for temperature ranges from about 100º to 180º F, evacuated tube collectors can operate at higher

temperature.

3.8. Heat transfer media

The following are the heat transfer media,

Air,

Water,

Glycol Solutions,

Aqueous salt solutions,

Non aqueous fluids i) Paraffin Oils, ii) Aromatic oils, iii) Silicone fluids iv) Toxicity.

3.9. Working principle

The Solar energy Collector is a heat exchanger capable of using solar radiation to increase the internal

energy and temperature of a working fluid. In its simplest form it consists of a tube exposed to solar

radiation. The Solar insolation is partly absorbed by the tube, the temperature of the tube wall

increases until the heat loss from the tube to the surroundings is equal to the solar energy absorbed. To

improve the thermal performance of this simple system fins can be attached to the tube to increase the

are exposed to solar insulation and the heat losses can be reduced by placing one or two layers of

glass between the incoming solar energy and the surface absorbing it. The schematic diagram of solar

water heater is shown in figure 2.

Figure 2. Solar water heater(Experimental work)

IV. EXPERIMENTAL SETUP

Figures 3 show the schematic diagram and photographic view of the experimental setup (2D

drawing) developed for the investigation. The insulated thermal energy storage tank has a capacity of

100 litres .The table 1 shows the design specification of solar water heater.



Figure 3. 2D drawing of solar water heater

The experimental setup consists of the following

Solar flat plate collector

Tank

Frame

Copper tube

Stand. Table 1:Design specification

Material for collector Stainless steel

Length of the collector 0.75m

Width of the collector 0.25m

Area of the collector 0.1875

4.1. Methodology

Solar water heater was made with an energy storage system.

Experiments were conducted at various flow rates in solar water heater for every ten minutes

from 10.00 AM to 4.00 PM for 3 days.

All the parameters like flow rates, pyrometer readings, Glass plate, Absorber plate, ambient

temperatures and were recorded.

There is no heat loss due to proper insulation.

4.2. Procedure

Clean the glass covering of the water heater to get side of the duct.

Place it under sun radiation facing south place.

Connect the thermocouples leads from the absorber plate, glass plate and at various sections

of the collector (bottom, middle, top) to mill voltmeter.

Also, set the pyranometer properly and connect it leads to the mill voltmeter.

Absorber the reading at regular intervals (say every 30 minutes) and tabulate the reading.

4.3. Observations

The performance of solar water heater at various flow rates was compared to typical sunny days.

The experiments were carried out in the solar water heater from 26/04/2016 to 28/04/2016. The

following observation like Solar Intensity ( I ), Flow Rate, Absorber Plate Temperature ( Tp ), Glass

Plate Temperature ( Tg), Water Temperature ( Tw ), Ambient Temperature ( Ta ) have been made and

recorded. The thermal performance of solar water heater was carried out to evaluate the overall

suitability. The developed solar water heater was tested at Chidambaram. Figure 6 illustrates the

diurnal variation in ambient temperature. Figure 5 illustrates the diurnal variation in solar intensity.



Figure 4. Time Vs water inlet temperature (26.04.2016)

Figure 5. Time Vs Solar intensity (26.04.2016)

Figure 6. Time Vs Atmosphere temperatures (26.04.2016)

The developed solar water heater was tested at Chidambaram (11.3997° N, 79.6936° E). The

following measurements were taken:

Solar radiation, ambient air temperature, Inlet and outlet temperature at a regular interval. This test

was performed in order to determine the first figure of merit of the cooker and compare it with the

standard. The initial temperature and final temperature /time data pair was selected from the data of

water heating in solar cooker as per IS test code. Figure 4 shows the variation of water inlet

temperature against time. The time duration for raising water temperature from 50.0oC to 55.0oC was



about 165 minutes. The collector efficiency of the solar water heater with a porous medium against

time was shown in figure 7. The figure 8 shows the heat available against time. At 12.20 p.m the

solar intensity was very high. At the same time .ie.during 11.40 a.m the solar intensity was very low.

It is mainly due to the cloud during that time.

Figure 7.Time Vs Collector Efficiency (26.04.2016)

Figure 8.Time Vs Heat Available (26.04.2016)

Figure 9 Time Vs Heat gained (26.04.2016)

The heat gained during that day, gradually increased and decreased due to the availability of the solar

intensity as shown in figure 9.

4.4. Advantages

Heat transfer occurs easily,

It can be done using the solar power,



No need of any man power.

4.5. Disadvantages

It cannot be used in the nights,

It needs huge solar power.

4.6. Applications

It can be used for the industrial purposes,

It can be used for the domestic purposes.

In the average American home, over 25% of energy consumption comes from heating water.

This hot water is often used for cooking, washing dishes, laundry, showers, and cleaning. A solar hot

water system is an ideal solution to reduce ever rising energy costs. Solar flat plate collectors are

typically used in warmer, more temperature climates. The technology used in solar flat plates allows

them to take advantage of warmer outside temperatures to increase their production of hot water.

However, in colder climates, or areas where there are long, harsh winters, you may wish to consider

our collectors. Applications for solar flat plates are (but are not limited to) homes and residences, and

homes located in the mid to southern areas of the United States (South of the Mason-Dixon

Line).Applying a solar hot water system can give you a number of benefits.

V. CONCLUSION

A strong multidiscipline team with a good engineering base is necessary for the Development

and refinement of advanced computer programming, editing techniques, diagnostic Software,

algorithms for the dynamic exchange of informational different levels of hierarchy. This project

work has provided us an excellent opportunity and experience, to use our limited knowledge. We

gained a lot of practical knowledge regarding, planning, purchasing, assembling and machining

while making this project work. We are proud that we have completed the work with the limited time

successfully. The “performance analysis of solar water heater using porous medium and agitator” is

working with satisfactory conditions. We are able to understand the difficulties in maintaining the

tolerances and also quality. We have done with our ability and skill, making maximum use of

available facilities. In conclusion remarks of our project work. Thus we have developed a “solar

water heater using porous medium and agitator”. By using more techniques, they can be modified

and developed according to the applications.

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