experiences with ad hoc and p2p networking dr. milena radenkovic phd, computer science, nottingham,...
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Experiences with Ad Hoc and P2P Networking
Dr. Milena RadenkovicPhD, Computer Science, Nottingham, UK
Dipl Ing., MSc, Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Nis, SerbiaBA in Computer Science, American University in Bulgaria
University of Nottingham
Research Overview
Research interests centre on self-organised network architectures that support interactive multiuser applications in unstable and heterogeneous environments
Particular concern is with the design and deployment of novel mobile ad-hoc, delay tolerant network and P2P architectures for data store and query and routing protocols
Multiple applications in location based pervasive gaming, wearable medical and veterinary applications and mass environmental monitoring:
A Novel Routing Protocol for Large Scale Disconnected (PI, EPSRC),
Developing Advanced Collaborative Environments for Life Science Community (PI, EPSRC)
Participate (CI, EPSRC), myGrid (CI, EPSRC) IPERG, (WPLead, EU), MIAS (WPLead, EPSRC)
University of Nottingham
Supporting Collaborative Applications(Games) (past & current projects + PhD)
Collaborative Virtual Environments (CVEs), Inhabited TV, Mixed Reality Environments, (e.g. games and TV shows):
Merging physical and virtual worlds in mobile wireless systems
Extreme end system and network heterogeneity: convergence of media
Large number of simultaneous users and simultaneous live A/V streams but also heterogeneous sensor data
PhD concerned with the challenges for scaleable network multimedia architectures
University of Nottingham
Remote sensing with e-Science
Focus on science in the field: Scientists remote from the grid Access to grid facilities when
connections are limited or occasional
Environmental e-Science In Antarctic
Ice thickness, light intensity, water saltiness, GPS, weather info
and in the city CO and pedestrian movement
Remote Medical Monitoring Supplement medical
information respiratory, heart, blood,
temperature with physical information
Movement Location Posture
Davis Station
University of Nottingham
Distributed Partial Mixing (DPM) Approach (International Patent (WO 02/17579 A1) 2002, ACM Multimedia 2002, IEEE
Telsiks 2001, MIT Press PRESENCE, 2004)
Support for: the most natural and spontaneous verbal
communication packet loss management and delays maximal flexibility for audio tailoring at the end users heterogeneous networks and machines efficient distribution of audio/video streams in the
network congestion control: adaptability, inter-protocol fairness
LAN 2
i
j
Streams:a, b, c,d + e,f + g + h
LAN 1
a
b
e
d
c PMA
PMD
PMB
Streams:a, b, c,d + e
Streams:a, b, c, d, e
Streams:a, b, c,d + e,f + g + h
PMC
Dial-up Users
f
g
h
Streams:f + g + h
PME
LAN 2
i
j
Streams:a, b, c,d + e,f + g + h
LAN 1
a
b
e
d
c PMA
PMD
PMD
PMB
PMB
Streams:a, b, c,d + e
Streams:a, b, c,d + e
Streams:a, b, c, d, eStreams:a, b, c, d, e
Streams:a, b, c,d + e,f + g + h
Streams:a, b, c,d + e,f + g + h
PMC
Dial-up Users
f
g
h
Streams:f + g + hStreams:f + g + h
PME
Network driven
Application driven End system
resource driven
University of Nottingham
C6
C7
C3
C2C1New group
Congested link
C8
C4 C5
New group
DPM
DPM
Clients
Routers
Network Links
Self-organised, ad-hoc, fully distributed DPM
(ACM VRST 2002, MIT Press PRESENCE 2004)
Unmanaged deployment domain: frequent and severe fluctuations in link quality
DPM placed in end systems On-demand DPM initiation Distributed collaborative
controlling process: nodes continuously evaluate contribution of each node
Adaptive topology: congruent with the underlying physical network
University of Nottingham
PARTICIPATE (CI)
Continues to explore convergence in pervasive, online and broadcast media to create new kinds of mass-participatory events in which the public contributes to and accesses contextual content.
Aims to support participants’ understanding of individual impact on the environment AND to support change.
Develop an architecture that integrates diverse media, devices and networks
My Focus: How to support mass-scale sensor data capture and query
in challenged environments Investigate novel overlays that can help build applications
on the top of mobile, unstable and unreliable environments How do we support the querying of partially defined data
(i.e. range search queries)?
University of Nottingham
University of Nottingham
ScienceScope sensor and data logger, with screen shots from the
GeoMobSens application (collecting environmental audio and carbon monoxide levels).
University of Nottingham
Collected sound levels visualised on Google Earth
University of Nottingham
Carbon monoxide levels from the collected data
University of Nottingham
Mass-scale sensor data capture, route and query in challenged environments (ASWN ‘06, WONS ‘07, ICN ’08,
ICN ’09, WINET 09)
Novel locality preserving DHT overlays optimised for mobility and disconnections
New policies for forwarding and replication that utilise heterogeneity
Opportunistic utilization of locally available resources Novel DHT substrates (Layer 3 routing) optimised
for mobility and disconnections Utilises self organised caching and mobility to improve
dissemination of data (e.g. compared to other substrates) Novel mass Scale DTN Routing
Novel hybrid MANET and DTN routing protocols with DHT naming scheme
Use Bluetooth logs to indentify contact opportunities and mobility patterns in order to discover groups and profiles of users to design optimal forwarding and routing policies
University of Nottingham
A Possible Deployment Scenario
DHT overlay acrosspublicly owned infrastructure
DTN
MANET
Game Logic
WiFi
P2P Node
PSN
Mobile Phone
ContextPhone
Game Logic
University of Nottingham
7
University of Nottingham
“Time zones” of Friend, Acquaintance and Stranger Contact Clusters (digital footprint 1)
Node with the majority of “Friend” contacts considered more reliable and good to be a “data mule” or gateway
University of Nottingham
“Time zones” of Friend, Acquaintance and Stranger Contact Clusters (digital footprint 2)
Node with the majority of “Stranger” contacts suitable “ for data dissemination to a wide community
University of Nottingham
Cost Effective Mass Games in Unstable Environments
(WONS 2007)
Hybrid Pastry Exploits locality and high
knowledge about neighbours
3 types of nodes to account for heterogeneity Regular Clients (RCs) Super Clients (SCs) Application Servers (ASs)
Hybrid Pastry outperforms Pastry in terms of SR for average and low densities. Average delays are not increased.
DHT Overlay
MANET 2
MANET 1
Internet
Super Client 1
Regular Client
Regular Client
Super Client 2
Application Server
Super Client 3
Forwarding
Replication
Store(9bd546)
Application Server
Super Client
Regular Client
Query Forwarding
Comparing
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Get(9b3453)
951d57
9bc670
9b3450
9b3453
1ac678
Get(9bd546)
951d57
9bc670
9bd7219bd546
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Data Retrieval
University of Nottingham
DHT substrate to address disconnections(ASWN 2006, IEEE Multimedia 2008)
Mobile Ad-hocNetwork
Peer to Peer Internet Overlay
Sensor Node
Farm Building
Gateway Node
Mobile Ad-hocNetwork
Farm Building
Pasture
Remote User
More Powerful Node Storing
Historical Data
Mobile Ad-hocNetwork
Peer to Peer Internet Overlay
Sensor Node
Farm Building
Gateway Node
Mobile Ad-hocNetwork
Farm Building
Pasture
Remote User
More Powerful Node Storing
Historical Data
State Contains data related to
animal’s health and location Is identified by animal’s id and
timestamp Every node stores its own state
and up to k states from other nodes
Results Success ratio twice as high
as EKTA’s in the case of increased mobility and disconnections while not increasing network overhead
University of Nottingham
Delay Tolerant Mass Scale Cattle Monitoring
(ICNS 2006, ICN 2007, ICN 2008, WiNET 2009)
Identify realistic requirements Strong demands for detecting
oestrus, lameness, animal diseases
Trails with bluetooth GPS, mobile phones, video footage
Enable continuous and delay tolerant multi-dimensional parameter monitoring
Utilises existing infrastructure but also works in fully ad-hoc mode
Retention of data, in-situ and remote queries and notifications
Increases fairness and decreases energy utilization
User
Pasture
Animal
AnimalMounted
Device (Collar)
Bu
ilt-i
nA
cce
lero
me
terA
nim
al A
rea
N
etw
ork
Multi Hop Wireless
Communication
Mu
lti H
op
W
ire
less
C
om
mu
nic
atio
n
0UserUser
Farm
Not
ifica
tions
an
d Q
uery
ing
FarmServer
BusinessCounterparts
Selective Data Sharing
UserUserNotifications
and Querying
Wired Network or GSM
Ga
tew
ay
Inte
rne
t
Ga
tew
ay
Ga
tew
ay
UserUserUser
Inte
rna
l S
tora
ge
a
nd
P
roce
ssin
g
Leg Mounted Pedometer
Pasture 2
Wired NetworkConnection
Pasture 3
GSM Connection
Pasture 1
Wired NetworkConnection
DSLConnection
Message Board
Terminal Server
Farm 1Farm 2
Internet
GSMConnection
Internet User
Mobile User
Gateway
GPRS modem
Pasture 4
MobileUser
MobileUser
University of Nottingham
Energy Efficient Route Discovery(ICN 2007, ICN 2008, WINET 2009)
Low data traffic but unstable path Save energy on path discovery (i.e. having more stable paths)
Minimizing and balancing energy utilisation Adaptive control of transmitter power Passive Clustering with Delayed intelligence (flood control) Selecting routes with longest lifetime
Least number of hops, Least number of deteriorating links, Minimal total power
Delaying non urgent data exchanges waiting for acquisition of a valid route to a target node from overheard or forwarded packets
Using movement patterns less mobile => more stable paths => more forward faster animals => better message carriers
Significant energy saving compared to ESDSR, more fair energy consumption and shorter delays
University of Nottingham
myGrid(CI), (ICWI 2003, CCGRID 2003, GADA 2005, SAG 2004, AHM 2005)
Open Source Upper Middleware for Bioinformatics
Developing high level services for data intensive integration rather than computationally intensive problems Workflows, Provenance Semantic-based resource discovery and
matching. My focus on the deployment perspective
Personalised semantic driven notification service Semantic driven web portal and gateway Integration with WSRF P2P Access Grid
University of Nottingham
Data at the centre
Provenance record of workflow run that produced this data
Provenance of the data
Workflows that could use this data
People who have registered an interest in this data
Ontologies describing data
Services that can use or produce this data
Notes
Data
Literature relevant
Literature relevant
Related Data
University of Nottingham
myGrid Services
#
Communication fabric
Text Extraction ServiceAMBIT
Workflow enactment engine
Distributed Query Processor
Provenance mgt
Personalisation
Event Notification
Gateway
Service and WorkflowDiscovery myGrid
Information Repository
Ontology Mgt
Metadata Mgt
Work benchTaverna
workflow environment Talisman application
Bio Services
Soaplab
Portal
Bio Services
University of Nottingham
myGrid deployment perspective
Web browser HTTP
XML-Protocol Gateway interface
Web Portal
Client libraries
XML-Protocol, CORBA, …
Client libraries
Wireless proxy
Client libraries
Handheld wireless device
Custom protocol(s)
PSE/IDE
Client libraries
Custom clients: desktop,
immersive
Client libraries
e-Science gateway
User proxy
Client libraries
XML-Protocol User proxy interface
Notification Service
Workflow Enactment
Service
Ontology Service
MyGrid Information Repository
service
Bioinformatics Services
University of Nottingham
Future research
Infrastructure and protocols that support true convergence of pervasive, online and broadcast media on the global scale
Embrace “radically heterogeneous networking” Two end-systems should be able to communicate even if they have nothing in common: protocols, address realms, semantics (Jon Crowcroft)
P2P, DTNs, PSNs but learn from Grids and WSs
Proposals in preparation: Trust, Reputation and support for security in disconnected worlds
Self organized security in DTNs in collaboration with Watson IBM Aim to extend DTN security bundle with novel flexible and fluid trust
building, negotiation and propagation mechanisms based on behavioral modeling, anomalous behavior across disconnections and non consensus asynchronous partial trust claiming and resolving
Congestion Control and QoS in disconnected worlds Self organized congestion control in DTNs in collaboration with Watson IBM Source driven and receiver driven feedback and rate adaptation
Application domains Medical, Military, Environmental, Social
University of Nottingham
Observed Movement Patterns
University of Nottingham
Realistic Parameters
Communication parameters Infrequent in-situ queries (field trials) Delivering data to sinks every 2-4 hours (field
trials) Low amount of data (literature)
Movement patterns Typical speed 0.6 m/s (literature) Rarely faster than 0.8 m/s (field trials) Stocking density on pastures 2-7 animals/ha
(literature) Drinking, eating and milking patterns (field trials) Movement patterns difficult to predict (field trials)
University of Nottingham
Simulation Results
Beacons, sinks. selecting routes with min.transmitter power requirements considerably decrease energy usage of mobile nodes during data transfers compared to ESDSR
At the cost of the increasing the delays of delivering data to sinks and energy usage of sinks
University of Nottingham
Simulation Results
Energy consumption of the new approach up to 40% lower than in the old approach
New approach offers more fair energy consumption and shorter delays
University of Nottingham
This time its personal
my services my favourite services my opinion of those services my workflows my data my notes my queries my logs of what I did The events I care about
University of Nottingham
Notification & Personalisation
Has PDB changed since I last ran this?
Has the record I derived my record from changed?
Has the workflow I adapted my workflow from changed?
Did the provenance record change?
Has a service I am using right now gone? Has an equivalent one sprung up?
Event notification service.
Dynamic creation of personal data sets in mIR
Personal views over repositories.
Personalisation of workflows.
Personal notification Annotation of datasets and
workflows. Personalised service
registries – what I think the service does, which services can GSK employees use
University of Nottingham
Simulation Results (Hybrid Pastry)
University of Nottingham
Simulation Results (DHT substrate)
Passive caching Always increases success
ratio (as expected) Decreases network overhead
in sparse topologies (better results than expected)
Increases scalability Proactive caching
Appropriate in case of very high mobility
Anticipated long periods of limited or no query traffic.
Does not increase success ratio as much as expected
Literature informed simulation parameters (no. of nodes, velocities)