experiences of applying r&d 128, the erica tool and resrad-biota: use and ‘misuse’

PROTECT Work Package 2 Meeting (June 2007)

Institute for Sustainable Water Integrated Management and Ecosystem Research (SWIMMER)

1

Experiences of applying R&D 128, the ERICA Tool and RESRAD-BIOTA:

Use and ‘misuse’

Mike Wood

University of Liverpool



2

• Practical application of the approach(es) you are familiar with– R&D 128 (SP1a)– ERICA– RESRAD-BIOTA

• Specifically– What works?– What doesn’t work?– What extra may

be required? – etc….

Scope



3

Drigg coastal sand dunes, UK• North West of England (West Cumbria)• 10km south of Sellafield• Adjacent to the Low-Level Repository near Drigg



4



5

Why dunes?

• Protected site – NATURA 2000– Site of Special Scientific Interest (SSSI)– Lake District National Park– Local nature reserve

• Support a number of protected species• Potential to be impacted by anthropogenic radionuclide contamination• Includes a ‘non-standard’ contamination pathway (sea-to-land transfer)• Includes organisms for which few or no radioecological data exist (e.g.

transfer data for reptiles)– opportunity to test model assumptions and predictions



6

• Sampling undertaken at Drigg dunes 2005 – present– Part-funded by EC 6th Framework ERICA project, Environment

Agency and English Nature (Natural England)• Collected media and biota samples

• Sampling undertaken by UoL and analysis by CEH (with support from UoL and WSC)

Data collection



7

Data available

ENVIRONMENTAL MEDIAMedium SamplesSoil/sediment Soil/sediment from foredunes

Soil/sediment from rear of the dunesWater Pool water (Dune slacks)

Total depositionBIOTA

Organism Group Species (common) Species (latin)Amphibian Common Toad Bufo bufo

Common frog Rana temporariaGreat Crested Newt Triturus cristatusNatterjack Toad Bufo calamitaPalmate Newt Triturus helveticus

Bird Mallard Anas platyrhynchos Teal Anas crecca

Invertebrate CaterpillarMammal Mouse Apodemus sylvaticus

Vole Microtus agrestisReptile Common Lizard Lacerta vivipara

Adder Vipera berusSlow worm Anguis fragilis

Vegetation Heather Calluna vulgarisLichenMarram grass Ammophila arenariaMossRed Fescue Festuca rubra



8

Comparing the models• Measured activity concentrations in media and biota for a range of

radionuclides including Sr-90, Cs-137 and Am-241• Opportunity to compare models on the basis of

– ‘Model – Measured’ comparison for activity concentrations in a range of biota

– ‘Model – Model’ comparison for dose rate predictions• Aim to use the three models that are readily available to third parties as a

minimum– ERICA– R&D 128– RESRAD-BIOTA



9

Comparing the models• Measured activity concentrations in media and biota for a range of

radionuclides including Sr-90, Cs-137 and Am-241• Opportunity to compare models on the basis of

– ‘Model – Measured’ comparison for activity concentrations in a range of biota

– ‘Model – Model’ comparison for dose rate predictions• Aim to use the three models that are readily available to third parties as a

minimum– ERICA– R&D 128– RESRAD-BIOTA



10

R&D 128 (SP1a)



11

R&D 128 assessment• The model needs to be parameterised to enable predictions to be made

for specific organisms• R&D 128 is an

Excel-based spreadsheet tool so there are no wizards to help you do this

• Effectively need to create a new organism by modifying values in the spreadsheets



12

R&D 128 assessment• Three important decisions

– Geometry• 17 geometries for terrestrial organisms. Which do I choose?



13

Geometry• Geometries set up for particular reference organisms but….

– geometry is just a shape used to define the DPUC value• To identify geometry to use for a new organism need to know the

dimensions of the organism (x, y, z)• Can often get average or maximum length from ecological references but

rarely, if ever, get all 3 dimensions• Calculate from images has become a fairly common solution• How do you decide which of the 17 geometries (and hence DPUC values)

to select?• Comparing organism you wish to create with default reference organism

geometries on the basis of ‘surface area:volume ratio’ is the best approach



14

GeometryTritium vs. area/volume

y = 7E-13x1.0996

R2 = 0.9838

1.E-11

1.E-10

1.E-09

1.E-08

1.E-07

1.E+01 1.E+02 1.E+03 1.E+04

area/volume (m-1)

DP

UC NewtBird

Bat

Technetium vs. area/volume

y = 1E-09x1.103

R2 = 0.9953

1.E-08

1.E-07

1.E-06

1.E-05

1.E-04

1.E+01 1.E+02 1.E+03 1.E+04

area/volume (m-1)

DP

UC NewtBird

Bat

Caesium vs. area/volume

y = 0.0002x0.0736

R2 = 0.981

1.E-04

1.E-03

1.E+01 1.E+02 1.E+03 1.E+04

area/volume (m-1)

DP

UC

NewtBird

Bat

Argon vs. area/volume

Ar: y = 5E-4x 0̂.0783

r2 = 0.99

1.E-04

1.E-03

1.E-02

1.E+01 1.E+02 1.E+03 1.E+04area/volume (m-1)

DP

UC

( G

y h

-1/B

q k

g-1

)

NewtBird

Bat



15

Geometry• SP1a ranks default organisms on the basis of ‘surface area:volume ratio’

so can select the reference organism geometry to use for your new organism

• Problem– SP1a does not tell user how to calculate ‘surface area:volume ratio’

for an ellipsoid based on x,y,z• Solution

– Google it!

• BUT– An example of where guidance information could be improved



16

R&D 128 assessment• Three important decisions

– Geometry• 17 geometries for terrestrial organisms . Which do I choose?

– Concentration factors• Appropriate concentration factors to use for the species under

assessment• Where possible, used defaults for the organism type e.g. for Mallard used

bird• Where not possible, followed SP1a guidance and used CFs for similar

organism e.g. for Great Crested Newt used reptile

– Occupancy factors– In soil?– On soil?– In air?

• Information from R&D 128 defaults, ecological references and knowledge of species



17

Parameters for R&D 128 model run

Organism In soilAt soil surface In air

Marram grass (Ammophila arenaria) 1 0 0.5 Herb HerbHeather (Calluna vulgaris) 1 0 0.5 Shrub ShrubRed Fescue (Festuca rubra) 1 0 0.5 Herb HerbLichen (Non-specific) 1 0 0.5 Lichen LichenMixed herbage (Non-specific) 1 0 0.5 Herb HerbMoss (Non-specific) 1 0 0.5 Lichen LichenCaterpillar (Non-specific) 0 0 1 Caterpillar CaterpillarCommon Toad (Bufo bufo) 0.25 0.75 0 Reptile ReptileNatterjack Toad (Bufo calamita) 0.6 0.4 0 Reptile ReptileCommon frog (Rana temporaria) 0.25 0.75 0 Reptile ReptileGreat Crested Newt (Triturus cristatus) 0 1 0 Bird egg ReptilePalmate Newt (Triturus helveticus) 0 1 0 Bird egg ReptileSlow worm (Anguis fragilis) 0.4 0.6 0 Reptile ReptileCommon Lizard (Lacerta vivipara) 0.4 0.6 0 Bird egg ReptileAdder (Vipera berus) 0.75 0.25 0 Reptile ReptileTeal (Anas crecca) 0 0.25 0.25 Reptile BirdMallard (Anas platyrhynchos) 0 0.3 0.25 Reptile BirdMouse (Apodemus sylvaticus) 0.5 0.5 0 Reptile RodentVole (Microtus agrestis) 0.2 0.8 0 Reptile Rodent

Reference organism geometry selected

Concentration ratios based on which R&D128 default

organism?

(fraction of time)Occupancy



18

Parameters for R&D 128 model run

Organism In soilAt soil surface In air

Marram grass (Ammophila arenaria) 1 0 0.5 Herb HerbHeather (Calluna vulgaris) 1 0 0.5 Shrub ShrubRed Fescue (Festuca rubra) 1 0 0.5 Herb HerbLichen (Non-specific) 1 0 0.5 Lichen LichenMixed herbage (Non-specific) 1 0 0.5 Herb HerbMoss (Non-specific) 1 0 0.5 Lichen LichenCaterpillar (Non-specific) 0 0 1 Caterpillar CaterpillarCommon Toad (Bufo bufo) 0.25 0.75 0 Reptile ReptileNatterjack Toad (Bufo calamita) 0.6 0.4 0 Reptile ReptileCommon frog (Rana temporaria) 0.25 0.75 0 Reptile ReptileGreat Crested Newt (Triturus cristatus) 0 1 0 Bird egg ReptilePalmate Newt (Triturus helveticus) 0 1 0 Bird egg ReptileSlow worm (Anguis fragilis) 0.4 0.6 0 Reptile ReptileCommon Lizard (Lacerta vivipara) 0.4 0.6 0 Bird egg ReptileAdder (Vipera berus) 0.75 0.25 0 Reptile ReptileTeal (Anas crecca) 0 0.25 0.25 Reptile BirdMallard (Anas platyrhynchos) 0 0.3 0.25 Reptile BirdMouse (Apodemus sylvaticus) 0.5 0.5 0 Reptile RodentVole (Microtus agrestis) 0.2 0.8 0 Reptile Rodent

Reference organism geometry selected

Concentration ratios based on which R&D128 default

organism?

(fraction of time)Occupancy



19

R&D 128 assessment• Tool is a spreadsheet system with worksheets that cannot be modified• For each run of the tool, can only use one set of CFs and OFs for a

particular geometry• All new organisms based on reptile or bird egg geometry• Need to re-run tool a number of times

– Time consuming– Lots of copying and pasting involved



20

ERICA• Tool help file & D-ERICA• Again need to

parameterise but facilitated by ‘Add organism’ wizard

• Define geometry in tool based on x,y,z

• Enter mass• Assign occupancy factors• Define concentration ratios

– used default values– NOTE: Drigg data used

in derivation of CRs in latest version of tool so changed back to pre-Drigg CRs (avoid self-validation)



21

Parameters for ERICA model run

Organism In soilAt soil surface In air A B C

Marram grass (Ammophila arenaria) 0 1 0 0.05a 0.01a 0.01a 0.00262a Grasses & herbsHeather (Calluna vulgaris) 0 1 0 b b b b ShrubRed Fescue (Festuca rubra) 0 1 0 0.05a 0.01a 0.01a 0.00262a Grasses & herbsLichen (Non-specific) 0 1 0 0.0401c 0.00229c 0.00229c 0.00011c Lichen & bryophyteMixed herbage (Non-specific) 0 1 0 0.05a 0.01a 0.01a 0.00262a Grasses & herbsMoss (Non-specific) 0 1 0 0.0401c 0.00229c 0.00229c 0.00011c Lichen & bryophyteCaterpillar (Non-specific) 0 1 0 0.02d 0.0075d 0.0075d 0.000589d GastropodCommon Toad (Bufo bufo) 0.25 0.75 0 0.0799e 0.03e 0.025e 0.0314e AmphibianNatterjack Toad (Bufo calamita) 0.6 0.4 0 0.06 0.03 0.04 0.02 AmphibianCommon frog (Rana temporaria) 0.25 0.75 0 0.0799e 0.03e 0.025e 0.0314e AmphibianGreat Crested Newt (Triturus cristatus) 0 1 0 0.16 0.015 0.013 0.0085 AmphibianPalmate Newt (Triturus helveticus) 0 1 0 0.09 0.012 0.0135 0.004238 AmphibianSlow worm (Anguis fragilis) 0.4 0.6 0 0.4 0.02 0.015 0.034 ReptileCommon Lizard (Lacerta vivipara) 0.4 0.6 0 0.14 0.01 0.02 0.01 ReptileAdder (Vipera berus) 0.75 0.25 0 0.65 0.02 0.02 0.0725 ReptileTeal (Anas crecca) 0 0.25 0.25 0.3f 0.1f 0.0802f 1.26f BirdMallard (Anas platyrhynchos) 0 0.3 0.25 0.3f 0.1f 0.0802f 1.26f BirdMouse (Apodemus sylvaticus) 0.5 0.5 0 0.081 0.03 0.03 0.02 Mammal (rat)Vole (Microtus agrestis) 0.2 0.8 0 0.09 0.035 0.035 0.03 Mammal (rat)

Concentration ratios based on which ERICA default

organism?Mass (kg)

Dimension (m)Occupancy (fraction of time)



22

Parameters for ERICA model run

Organism In soilAt soil surface In air A B C

Marram grass (Ammophila arenaria) 0 1 0 0.05a 0.01a 0.01a 0.00262a Grasses & herbsHeather (Calluna vulgaris) 0 1 0 b b b b ShrubRed Fescue (Festuca rubra) 0 1 0 0.05a 0.01a 0.01a 0.00262a Grasses & herbsLichen (Non-specific) 0 1 0 0.0401c 0.00229c 0.00229c 0.00011c Lichen & bryophyteMixed herbage (Non-specific) 0 1 0 0.05a 0.01a 0.01a 0.00262a Grasses & herbsMoss (Non-specific) 0 1 0 0.0401c 0.00229c 0.00229c 0.00011c Lichen & bryophyteCaterpillar (Non-specific) 0 1 0 0.02d 0.0075d 0.0075d 0.000589d GastropodCommon Toad (Bufo bufo) 0.25 0.75 0 0.0799e 0.03e 0.025e 0.0314e AmphibianNatterjack Toad (Bufo calamita) 0.6 0.4 0 0.06 0.03 0.04 0.02 AmphibianCommon frog (Rana temporaria) 0.25 0.75 0 0.0799e 0.03e 0.025e 0.0314e AmphibianGreat Crested Newt (Triturus cristatus) 0 1 0 0.16 0.015 0.013 0.0085 AmphibianPalmate Newt (Triturus helveticus) 0 1 0 0.09 0.012 0.0135 0.004238 AmphibianSlow worm (Anguis fragilis) 0.4 0.6 0 0.4 0.02 0.015 0.034 ReptileCommon Lizard (Lacerta vivipara) 0.4 0.6 0 0.14 0.01 0.02 0.01 ReptileAdder (Vipera berus) 0.75 0.25 0 0.65 0.02 0.02 0.0725 ReptileTeal (Anas crecca) 0 0.25 0.25 0.3f 0.1f 0.0802f 1.26f BirdMallard (Anas platyrhynchos) 0 0.3 0.25 0.3f 0.1f 0.0802f 1.26f BirdMouse (Apodemus sylvaticus) 0.5 0.5 0 0.081 0.03 0.03 0.02 Mammal (rat)Vole (Microtus agrestis) 0.2 0.8 0 0.09 0.035 0.035 0.03 Mammal (rat)

Concentration ratios based on which ERICA default

organism?Mass (kg)

Dimension (m)Occupancy (fraction of time)



23

Sr-90 activity concentrationsActivity concentrations in biota

0.01

0.1

1

10

100

1000

Am

mop

hila

are

naria

Cal

luna

vul

garis

Fes

tuca

rub

ra

Lich

en (

Non

-sp

ecifi

c)

Mix

ed h

erba

ge(N

on-s

peci

fic)

Mos

s (N

on-s

peci

fic)

Cat

erpi

llar

(Non

-sp

ecifi

c)

Buf

o bu

fo

Buf

o ca

lam

ita

Ran

a te

mpo

raria

Trit

urus

cris

tatu

s

Trit

urus

hel

vetic

us

Ang

uis

frag

ilis

Lace

rta

vivi

para

Vip

era

beru

s

Ana

s cr

ecca

Ana

s pl

atyr

hync

hos

Apo

dem

ussy

lvat

icus

Mic

rotu

s ag

rest

is

Organism

Act

ivit

y co

nce

ntr

atio

n (

Bq

/kg

FW

)

Measured

ERICA

R&D 128



24

Cs-137 Activity concentrationActivity concentrations in biota

0.01

0.1

1

10

100

1000

10000

Am

mop

hila

are

naria

Cal

luna

vul

garis

Fes

tuca

rub

ra

Lich

en (

Non

-sp

ecifi

c)

Mix

ed h

erba

ge(N

on-s

peci

fic)

Mos

s (N

on-s

peci

fic)

Cat

erpi

llar

(Non

-sp

ecifi

c)

Buf

o bu

fo

Buf

o ca

lam

ita

Ran

a te

mpo

raria

Trit

urus

cris

tatu

s

Trit

urus

hel

vetic

us

Ang

uis

frag

ilis

Lace

rta

vivi

para

Vip

era

beru

s

Ana

s cr

ecca

Ana

s pl

atyr

hync

hos

Apo

dem

ussy

lvat

icus

Mic

rotu

s ag

rest

is

Organism

Act

ivit

y co

nce

ntr

atio

n (

Bq

/kg

FW

)

Measured

ERICA

R&D 128



25

Am-241 activity concentrationsActivity concentrations in biota

0.001

0.01

0.1

1

10

100

Am

mop

hila

are

naria

Cal

luna

vul

garis

Fes

tuca

rub

ra

Lich

en (

Non

-sp

ecifi

c)

Mix

ed h

erba

ge(N

on-s

peci

fic)

Mos

s (N

on-s

peci

fic)

Cat

erpi

llar

(Non

-sp

ecifi

c)

Buf

o bu

fo

Buf

o ca

lam

ita

Ran

a te

mpo

raria

Trit

urus

cris

tatu

s

Trit

urus

hel

vetic

us

Ang

uis

frag

ilis

Lace

rta

vivi

para

Vip

era

beru

s

Ana

s cr

ecca

Ana

s pl

atyr

hync

hos

Apo

dem

ussy

lvat

icus

Mic

rotu

s ag

rest

is

Organism

Act

ivit

y co

nce

ntr

atio

n (

Bq

/kg

FW

)

Measured

ERICA

R&D 128



26

Cs-137 Total unweighted dose ratePredicted unweighted total dose rate

1.00E-02

1.00E-01

1.00E+00

Am

mop

hila

are

naria

Cal

luna

vul

garis

Fes

tuca

rub

ra

Lich

en (

Non

-sp

ecifi

c)

Mix

ed h

erba

ge(N

on-s

peci

fic)

Mos

s (N

on-s

peci

fic)

Cat

erpi

llar

(Non

-sp

ecifi

c)

Buf

o bu

fo

Buf

o ca

lam

ita

Ran

a te

mpo

raria

Trit

urus

cris

tatu

s

Trit

urus

hel

vetic

us

Ang

uis

frag

ilis

Lace

rta

vivi

para

Vip

era

beru

s

Ana

s cr

ecca

Ana

s pl

atyr

hync

hos

Apo

dem

ussy

lvat

icus

Mic

rotu

s ag

rest

is

Organism

Do

se r

ate

(uG

y/h

)

ERICA

R&D 128



27

Am-241 Total unweighted dose ratePredicted unweighted total dose rate

1.00E-04

1.00E-03

1.00E-02

1.00E-01

1.00E+00

Am

mop

hila

are

naria

Cal

luna

vul

garis

Fes

tuca

rub

ra

Lich

en (

Non

-sp

ecifi

c)

Mix

ed h

erba

ge(N

on-s

peci

fic)

Mos

s (N

on-s

peci

fic)

Cat

erpi

llar

(Non

-sp

ecifi

c)

Buf

o bu

fo

Buf

o ca

lam

ita

Ran

a te

mpo

raria

Trit

urus

cris

tatu

s

Trit

urus

hel

vetic

us

Ang

uis

frag

ilis

Lace

rta

vivi

para

Vip

era

beru

s

Ana

s cr

ecca

Ana

s pl

atyr

hync

hos

Apo

dem

ussy

lvat

icus

Mic

rotu

s ag

rest

is

Organism

Do

se r

ate

(uG

y/h

)

ERICA

R&D 128



28

Perch Lake, Canada• EMRAS BWG scenario• Canadian shield lake• Received inputs of Sr-90, Co-60, Cs-137 and H-3 (amongst others)• AECL have activity concentration data for a range of biota in the lake• UoL and NRPA ran

RESRAD-BIOTA as ‘informed users’(experienced with other tools but not RESRAD-BIOTA)



29

Valuable exercise• Applied by people involved with development of other tools but no

previous experience of RESRAD-BIOTA

• For model intercomparisons – important distinction between applications by developers and applications by ‘informed users’

• EMRAS has compared the ‘mathematics’ and started comparing applications (mainly by developers). There is a need to direct effort towards applications by users– Tool developers may access ‘inaccessible’ parts of tool– Tests tool user friendliness and accompanying documents– Realistic application– Begin to quantify a different aspect of tool uncertainty (the user)



30

Approach• RESRAD-BIOTA 1.22 beta version• Scenario required calculation of

• Whole-body activity concentrations for key receptor species (Bq/kg FW)

• Internal unweighted dose rates (µGy/h)

• External dose rates (µGy/h)

– NOTE: RESRAD-BIOTA only gives total dose

• Application guided by– Tool + help– User guide (US DOE, 2004)– Some reference to technical reports

(US DOE, 2002)– Web-based database

(bioaccumulation factors and distribution coefficients)



31

The RESRAD-BIOTA Tool• The tool can be used for either terrestrial or aquatic (freshwater)

assessments• Four generic organisms that have been parameterised:

– Aquatic animal– Riparian animal– Terrestrial animal– Terrestrial plant

• Assessments can be run to predict doses to these organisms• Level 3 includes ‘New organism’ wizard

– possibility to create additional organisms based on one of the four generic organisms

– allows calculations to be performed for specific species



32

Organism Group Species

Aquatic Primary Producers

Free-floating (unrooted) submergentsRooted, submergent macrophytesRooted, floating-leafed macrophytesEmergent macrophytesAquatic Invertebrates

ZooplanktonMacroinvertebratesSnailsFreshwater musselsFish

Forage Fish Cyprinid sppPumpkinseeds

Benthivorous Fish Brown BullheadPiscivorous fish Yellow Perch

Northern PikeAmphibians Green frogs

BullfrogsReptiles Painted Turtle

Common Snapping TurtleAquatic Mammals Star Nose Mole

American Water Shrew



33

Level 3 Assessment• Sediment data entry – dry weight or fresh weight

– Not clear from tool, help or user guide– UoL assumed dry weight, NRPA assume fresh weight– First major decision and already the ‘informed users’ are taking different

approaches!– Another example of where assessor needs clearer guidance

• Predictions for specific biota so ‘New organism’ wizard used• When setting up new organisms need to parameterise

– UoL decided to run allometrically for all organisms that were identified as particular species in the scenario and use BiVs for the rest

– NRPA used BiVs only– UoL decision to run allometrically for everything (including a snail!) was

probably not the best! However, no clear guidance as to extent of allometric functionality when using the tool

– NRPA decision to run all with default BiVs may result in overly conservative predictions



34

Co-60 Modelled-to-measured

ratio

Freshwater Invertebrates

Model

Mod

eled

-to-M

easu

red

60C

o C

once

ntra

tion

10-5

10-4

10-3

10-2

10-1

100

101

102

103

SnailsZooplanktonMacroinvertebrates



35

Co-60 Modelled-to-measured

ratio

Freshwater Fishes

Model

AECLERICA EA

IRSNNRPA

Dmax

ECOMOD

LakeCo

RESRAD-BIOTA (UK)

RESRAD-BIOTA (NRPA)M

od

eled

-to

-Mea

sure

d 6

0C

o C

on

cen

trat

ion

0.01

0.1

1

10

100

1000

Brown BullheadCyprinidsPumpkinseedsYellow PerchMinimum Measured (bullhead)Maximum Measured (bullhead)Minimum Measured (cyprinids)Maximum Measured (cyprinids)

Minimum Measured (pumpkinseed)Maximum Measured (pumpkinseed)



36

Summary: What works?• All three tools do what they are designed to do• Predictions of measured data ‘aren’t bad’• R&D 128 is generally conservative



37

Summary: What doesn’t work?• Guidance (in tools and supporting documentation)

– R&D 128 • How do you calculate the ‘surface area:volume ratio’?

– RESRAD-BIOTA• Do you enter sediment as fresh weight or dry weight?

• When is it appropriate to run allometrically?



38

Summary: What extra may be required?• To facilitate the creation of new organisms, it would help if the R&D 128

spreadsheets could be set up to allow the same geometry to be run for a number of CF and OF combinations at the same time

• To improve decision making it would be helpful to have the dose rate report from RESRAD-BIOTA showing internal and external dose rates as well as total dose rates



39

Summary: etc……!• There are differences in predictions due to ‘mathematics’ and

assumptions behind tools• EMRAS BWG work helping to quantify and explain this

– Effectively get handle on tool ‘error’ when compared to ‘real’ values• BUT…..of potentially greater significance in terms of error is that

associated with the user• EMRAS BWG has focussed on intercomparison of tools by the tool

developers• The one scenario where two tool developers attempted to run another

organisation’s model revealed major differences in the approach and results obtained



40

Summary: etc……!• Valuable to investigate this aspect further

– Take each tool in turn and have the developer and a number of ‘informed users’ run the tool for a particular scenario

– Start to quantify the ‘error’ associated with the user– Help tool developers to identify areas of their tool and associated

documentation that could be revised to provide clearer instruction to the assessor

– Especially important for freely available tools that can be used by third parties

– Hopefully this afternoon may start this process!!

experiences of applying r&d 128, the erica tool and resrad-biota: use and ‘misuse’

Documents