expansion and reform rome in the late 3rd and 2nd centuries
TRANSCRIPT
![Page 1: Expansion and Reform Rome in the late 3rd and 2nd centuries](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022082817/56649e655503460f94b5ff91/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Expansion and ReformExpansion and Reform
Rome in the late 3rd and 2nd centuries
Rome in the late 3rd and 2nd centuries
![Page 2: Expansion and Reform Rome in the late 3rd and 2nd centuries](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022082817/56649e655503460f94b5ff91/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
The First Macedonian War (215-205)
The First Macedonian War (215-205)
Grew out of the second Punic War Philip V allied with Hannibal Rome formed a coalition of cities
Aetolian League: western Greece Pergamum League: western Asia Minor, long time enemy
of Macedon King Attalus I
Romans did not pursue the war vigourously Made peace - each keeping what they had
Grew out of the second Punic War Philip V allied with Hannibal Rome formed a coalition of cities
Aetolian League: western Greece Pergamum League: western Asia Minor, long time enemy
of Macedon King Attalus I
Romans did not pursue the war vigourously Made peace - each keeping what they had
![Page 3: Expansion and Reform Rome in the late 3rd and 2nd centuries](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022082817/56649e655503460f94b5ff91/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
QuickTime™ and a decompressor
are needed to see this picture.
![Page 4: Expansion and Reform Rome in the late 3rd and 2nd centuries](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022082817/56649e655503460f94b5ff91/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
The Second Macedonian War (200-196)
The Second Macedonian War (200-196)
Attalus and some Greek cities urged Rome to intervene
A number of Greek cities given “freedom” No foreign garrisons, no tribute, no change to
laws But, freed cities had to acknowledge the
leadership and power of Rome
Attalus and some Greek cities urged Rome to intervene
A number of Greek cities given “freedom” No foreign garrisons, no tribute, no change to
laws But, freed cities had to acknowledge the
leadership and power of Rome
![Page 5: Expansion and Reform Rome in the late 3rd and 2nd centuries](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022082817/56649e655503460f94b5ff91/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
The Syrian War (192-189)The Syrian War (192-189)
Antiochus III, king of Syria, extended power into Asia Minor and sent a small force into Greece
Rome declared war and defeated Antiochus Antiochus had to leave Asia Minor, refrain from
alliances around the Aegean, surrender ships Goal was stability in Greece and preservation of
Rome’s dominance in Greek world
Antiochus III, king of Syria, extended power into Asia Minor and sent a small force into Greece
Rome declared war and defeated Antiochus Antiochus had to leave Asia Minor, refrain from
alliances around the Aegean, surrender ships Goal was stability in Greece and preservation of
Rome’s dominance in Greek world
![Page 6: Expansion and Reform Rome in the late 3rd and 2nd centuries](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022082817/56649e655503460f94b5ff91/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
The Third Macedonian War (171-168)
The Third Macedonian War (171-168)
The son of Philip, Perseus, married the daughter of Antiochus’ successor
War ended the Macedonian monarchy Destroyed the wealthy commercial city of Corinth in
146 - head of the Achaean league Same year as Corinth Marked an end of an ear in Roman expansion and, some
say, beginning of moral decline Divided Macedonia into four regions
The son of Philip, Perseus, married the daughter of Antiochus’ successor
War ended the Macedonian monarchy Destroyed the wealthy commercial city of Corinth in
146 - head of the Achaean league Same year as Corinth Marked an end of an ear in Roman expansion and, some
say, beginning of moral decline Divided Macedonia into four regions
![Page 7: Expansion and Reform Rome in the late 3rd and 2nd centuries](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022082817/56649e655503460f94b5ff91/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
Relationship with the Conquered
Relationship with the Conquered
Plundered cities, gained much wealth Killed many when sacking a city Shared loot with everyone in the army equally Influx of wealth greatly changed the look of cities
Building programs and elaborate houses
Massive land confiscation Massive enslavement of conquered peoples
Plundered cities, gained much wealth Killed many when sacking a city Shared loot with everyone in the army equally Influx of wealth greatly changed the look of cities
Building programs and elaborate houses
Massive land confiscation Massive enslavement of conquered peoples
![Page 8: Expansion and Reform Rome in the late 3rd and 2nd centuries](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022082817/56649e655503460f94b5ff91/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
Relationship with AlliesRelationship with Allies Latium, Campania, southern Etruria, Sabinum had some
level of Roman citizenship Etruria, Umbria, Samnium, and Greek cities in the south
remained allies, but no citizenship Rome conficated massive amounts of land in Souther
Italy Sentate sent out magistrates to search for signs of
disloyalty and punish those suspected of it Hardening of the distinction between Romans and non-
Romans Shifted more burdens and less benefits of waging war to
the allies
Latium, Campania, southern Etruria, Sabinum had some level of Roman citizenship
Etruria, Umbria, Samnium, and Greek cities in the south remained allies, but no citizenship
Rome conficated massive amounts of land in Souther Italy
Sentate sent out magistrates to search for signs of disloyalty and punish those suspected of it
Hardening of the distinction between Romans and non-Romans
Shifted more burdens and less benefits of waging war to the allies
![Page 9: Expansion and Reform Rome in the late 3rd and 2nd centuries](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022082817/56649e655503460f94b5ff91/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
Politics in the mid-2nd CenturyPolitics in the mid-2nd Century Rome ruled by a few families and favored the
wealthy classes Often, success depended on support of other elites
and the senate Some politicians began to base their position in the
city more on their ability to gain popularity and mobilize crowds than on their standing with peers
Led to unconventional elections to power and reforms for the lower classes
Beginning of the decline of the power of the Senate
Rome ruled by a few families and favored the wealthy classes
Often, success depended on support of other elites and the senate
Some politicians began to base their position in the city more on their ability to gain popularity and mobilize crowds than on their standing with peers
Led to unconventional elections to power and reforms for the lower classes
Beginning of the decline of the power of the Senate
![Page 10: Expansion and Reform Rome in the late 3rd and 2nd centuries](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022082817/56649e655503460f94b5ff91/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
Scipio Aemilianus Scipio Aemilianus
Adopted by Public Cornelius Scipio, son of Africanus
Served as consul in 147 BC Not old enough, had not served as Praetor Able to win it because of the failure of the generals to
quickly win the 3rd Punic War Not supported by the senate, tried to block him Widespread support in the assembly
Assigned the war in Carthage and successfully destroyed the city
Adopted by Public Cornelius Scipio, son of Africanus
Served as consul in 147 BC Not old enough, had not served as Praetor Able to win it because of the failure of the generals to
quickly win the 3rd Punic War Not supported by the senate, tried to block him Widespread support in the assembly
Assigned the war in Carthage and successfully destroyed the city
![Page 11: Expansion and Reform Rome in the late 3rd and 2nd centuries](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022082817/56649e655503460f94b5ff91/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
Scipio AemilianusScipio Aemilianus
Ran for censor in 142 Rival was supported by the senate Scipio had support from the populace ambitiones - part of campaign in which
candidate walked through the Forum greeting citizens and asking for support
Usually surrounded by prominent men Scipio walked with men of low birth and freedmen
Won the office
Ran for censor in 142 Rival was supported by the senate Scipio had support from the populace ambitiones - part of campaign in which
candidate walked through the Forum greeting citizens and asking for support
Usually surrounded by prominent men Scipio walked with men of low birth and freedmen
Won the office
![Page 12: Expansion and Reform Rome in the late 3rd and 2nd centuries](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022082817/56649e655503460f94b5ff91/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
Tiberius Gracchus Tiberius Gracchus From a wealthy and powerful family Married to the daughter of Scipio Africanus Served as Tribune beginning in 133 BC Land Reform Law: regulated the use of public
lands (ager publicus populi Romani) Land obtained in wars Limited individual to occupy 300 acres Confiscated the rest and distributed to landless
Romans Enabled more people to be eligible for the army
From a wealthy and powerful family Married to the daughter of Scipio Africanus Served as Tribune beginning in 133 BC Land Reform Law: regulated the use of public
lands (ager publicus populi Romani) Land obtained in wars Limited individual to occupy 300 acres Confiscated the rest and distributed to landless
Romans Enabled more people to be eligible for the army
![Page 13: Expansion and Reform Rome in the late 3rd and 2nd centuries](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022082817/56649e655503460f94b5ff91/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
Tiberius GracchusTiberius Gracchus
Law met much opposition in the senate Sought reelection
Feared that his enemies would try to prosecute him when he left office
The pontifex maximus and some senators attacked Tiberius and his supporters, killing hundreds, including Tiberius
Law met much opposition in the senate Sought reelection
Feared that his enemies would try to prosecute him when he left office
The pontifex maximus and some senators attacked Tiberius and his supporters, killing hundreds, including Tiberius
![Page 14: Expansion and Reform Rome in the late 3rd and 2nd centuries](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022082817/56649e655503460f94b5ff91/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
Gaius GracchusGaius Gracchus Became tribune in 123 BC, and won reelection the
following year Electrifying speaker Wished to curb some of the excess power of the senate Made it that capital punishment must be authorized by
citizens assembly, not the senate as before Required Rome to buy and store grain, offering it at a
fixed price to Romans Authorized the foundation of many colonies Tried to pass a law that made all people with Latin
citizenship Roman citizens, and all with Italian citizenship Latin citizens - not passed
Became tribune in 123 BC, and won reelection the following year
Electrifying speaker Wished to curb some of the excess power of the senate Made it that capital punishment must be authorized by
citizens assembly, not the senate as before Required Rome to buy and store grain, offering it at a
fixed price to Romans Authorized the foundation of many colonies Tried to pass a law that made all people with Latin
citizenship Roman citizens, and all with Italian citizenship Latin citizens - not passed
![Page 15: Expansion and Reform Rome in the late 3rd and 2nd centuries](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022082817/56649e655503460f94b5ff91/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
Gaius GracchusGaius Gracchus
Tried to run again for tribune, unsuccessful Consul, Opimius, tried to repeal a number of his
laws Gaius and a number of followers attended a
meeting and confrontation followed Herald of Opimius was killed Opimius ordered an attack and thousands were killed Gaius committed suicide
Tried to run again for tribune, unsuccessful Consul, Opimius, tried to repeal a number of his
laws Gaius and a number of followers attended a
meeting and confrontation followed Herald of Opimius was killed Opimius ordered an attack and thousands were killed Gaius committed suicide
![Page 16: Expansion and Reform Rome in the late 3rd and 2nd centuries](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022082817/56649e655503460f94b5ff91/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
Optimates vs. PopularesOptimates vs. Populares
Optimates: “the best” people in Rome; sought election and power through traditional means of gaining support of fellow senators
Populares: advanced their careers and agendas by seeking the popular support of the citizen body
Optimates: “the best” people in Rome; sought election and power through traditional means of gaining support of fellow senators
Populares: advanced their careers and agendas by seeking the popular support of the citizen body