Expansion and Expansion and ConflictConflict

Missouri Compromise• Missouri entered the Union as a slave

state in 1820• Maine was carved out of Northern

Mass. And made a free state• 12 slave states and 12 free states• Any state created North of 36° 30’ N

Latitude would be free

Manifest DestinyManifest Destiny• A New York journalist John L. A New York journalist John L.

O’Sullivan coins the phrase O’Sullivan coins the phrase Manifest DestinyManifest Destiny

• It means “obvious and undeniable It means “obvious and undeniable fate”fate”

• The US should expand from The US should expand from Atlantic to Pacific Atlantic to Pacific

http://www.google.com/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&frm=1&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&docid=xGBBSCt7CRamRM&tbnid=zWnHMFrwkvXDXM:&ved=0CAUQjRw&url=http%3A%2F%2Fheckyesamericana.tumblr.com%2Fpost%2F26489459287%2Fca-1830-1880-cotton-and-wool-hand-sewn-american&ei=UFuKUeLTAcfC0AG1wYDwBA&psig=AFQjCNFl1Fkmb0nkZQKCxw9YT1P1HNWHaA&ust=1368108221540785

Mexican TexasMexican Texas• Mexico gains its independence from Spain in Mexico gains its independence from Spain in

18211821• Mexico offered cheap land to Americans who Mexico offered cheap land to Americans who

wanted to settle in Texaswanted to settle in Texas• TejanosTejanos: Mexicans living in Texas, were : Mexicans living in Texas, were

outnumbered by Americans 2-1 by 1830outnumbered by Americans 2-1 by 1830• EmpresariosEmpresarios: People who recruited new : People who recruited new

settlers and were responsible for large areas settlers and were responsible for large areas of landof land

• American Empresario Stephen F Austin American Empresario Stephen F Austin settled a Gulf Coast colony in Texas in 1822settled a Gulf Coast colony in Texas in 1822

Mexican TexasMexican Texas• 1830: 7,000 Americans living in Texas1830: 7,000 Americans living in Texas• Mexico feared an American uprising or an Mexico feared an American uprising or an

attack from the US, stopped additional attack from the US, stopped additional immigrationimmigration

• This does little, by 1835 30,000 Americans and This does little, by 1835 30,000 Americans and 3,000 slaves lived in Texas3,000 slaves lived in Texas

• General Santa Anna had been elected General Santa Anna had been elected President and assumed dictatorial powerPresident and assumed dictatorial power

• Texans began to desire independence of Texans began to desire independence of Mexico, after Austin was jailed it became Mexico, after Austin was jailed it became apparent that war would occur and the Texas apparent that war would occur and the Texas Revolution began between Texas settlers and Revolution began between Texas settlers and MexicoMexico

The AlamoThe Alamo

1.1. What is the “Alamo?”What is the “Alamo?”2.2. Who led the Mexican army and who Who led the Mexican army and who

led the Texans at the Alamo?led the Texans at the Alamo?3.3. What is the final outcome of the What is the final outcome of the

battle?battle?4.4. What was the importance of the Battle What was the importance of the Battle

of the Alamo?of the Alamo?5.5. What was the result of the Battle at What was the result of the Battle at

Goliad?Goliad?

The AlamoThe Alamo

The AlamoThe Alamo

Alamo MonumentAlamo MonumentWilliam Travis and Davy CrockettWilliam Travis and Davy Crockett

Davy CrockettDavy Crockett

Davy Crockett• Elected to Congress in Tennessee in 1826Elected to Congress in Tennessee in 1826

• His anti-Jackson political views led to his His anti-Jackson political views led to his defeat in 1834defeat in 1834

• Out of anger he leaves the US for Texas and Out of anger he leaves the US for Texas and fights at the Alamo where he diesfights at the Alamo where he dies

• Crockett is remembered more for being a folk Crockett is remembered more for being a folk hero than anything elsehero than anything else

• Many stories about Crockett are greatly Many stories about Crockett are greatly exaggerated and some are turned into plays exaggerated and some are turned into plays and even cartoons and even cartoons

• Ballad Of Davy Crockett

San JacintoSan Jacinto• Texans declared independence prior to Texans declared independence prior to

the defeats at Alamo and Goliadthe defeats at Alamo and Goliad

• Sam Houston led a surprise attack on Sam Houston led a surprise attack on Santa Anna’s troops at San Jacinto killing Santa Anna’s troops at San Jacinto killing 630 Mexicans and taking the General 630 Mexicans and taking the General prisonerprisoner

• Santa Anna surrendered granting Texas Santa Anna surrendered granting Texas independenceindependence

• Sam Houston was elected 1Sam Houston was elected 1stst President of President of the Republic of Texasthe Republic of Texas

Houston and AustinHouston and Austin

Flag of the Lone Star Republic

Life in TexasLife in Texas• The US wished to annex Texas The US wished to annex Texas

immediately but could not because of immediately but could not because of the slavery issuethe slavery issue

• French and Germans immigrated to French and Germans immigrated to TexasTexas

• White settlers rejected the existence White settlers rejected the existence of Tejanos in the independent nationof Tejanos in the independent nation

• Problems remained with Mexico until Problems remained with Mexico until 18441844

Annexation of TexasAnnexation of Texas• Texas allowed slavery which made the Texas allowed slavery which made the

issue of annexation controversialissue of annexation controversial

• Britain wanted to use Texas as a Britain wanted to use Texas as a source for cotton and a market for source for cotton and a market for goodsgoods

• Those who did not want to annex Those who did not want to annex Texas cited that it would throw off the Texas cited that it would throw off the balance in Congressbalance in Congress

Election of 1844Election of 1844• Whigs nominate Henry ClayWhigs nominate Henry Clay

• Democrats nominate James K Polk of Democrats nominate James K Polk of TennesseeTennessee

• Polk, the underdog, ran on the Polk, the underdog, ran on the campaign for annexing Texas and campaign for annexing Texas and won a slight victorywon a slight victory

Polk and TexasPolk and Texas• US votes to annex Texas on march 3US votes to annex Texas on march 3rdrd, ,

18451845

• Polk demanded that Mexico recognize Polk demanded that Mexico recognize the Rio Grande as the southern Texas the Rio Grande as the southern Texas border, he sent Gen Zachary Taylor border, he sent Gen Zachary Taylor and troops to secure the borderand troops to secure the border

• Polk antagonized Mexico into Polk antagonized Mexico into crossing the Rio Grande and then crossing the Rio Grande and then claimed they had invaded the US thus claimed they had invaded the US thus we must declare warwe must declare war

Mr. Polk’s WarMr. Polk’s War• Abolitionists opposed the war Abolitionists opposed the war

because they felt it was being fought because they felt it was being fought only to expand slavery only to expand slavery

• Abraham Lincoln didn’t support the Abraham Lincoln didn’t support the war because he felt Polk had misled war because he felt Polk had misled the countrythe country

• Southerners and westerners Southerners and westerners supported the war because they supported the war because they wanted both land and slaverywanted both land and slavery

James K PolkJames K Polk1111thth President President

The Mexican WarThe Mexican War• Gen Taylor was sent into Central Gen Taylor was sent into Central

Mexico to defeat Santa AnnaMexico to defeat Santa Anna

• Brigadier General Stephen Kearny Brigadier General Stephen Kearny occupied Santa Feoccupied Santa Fe

• Captain John Fremont led the revolt in Captain John Fremont led the revolt in CaliforniaCalifornia

• Winfield Scott Capture Mexico City Winfield Scott Capture Mexico City and becomes military governor and becomes military governor

The Bear Flag RevoltThe Bear Flag Revolt• Fremont led the revolt in CaliforniaFremont led the revolt in California

• California settlers declared California settlers declared independence and developed a flagindependence and developed a flag

• Marines captured the California Marines captured the California capital and completed the conquest of capital and completed the conquest of California in 1847California in 1847

Fremont Raising the Bear FlagFremont Raising the Bear Flag

Mexican WarMexican WarFighting in MexicoFighting in Mexico

• Taylor led troops into battle against Taylor led troops into battle against Santa Anna in Buena Vista and forced Santa Anna in Buena Vista and forced him to withdrawhim to withdraw

• Taylor did not celebrate the victory Taylor did not celebrate the victory because it came at a high cost in because it came at a high cost in soldierssoldiers

Siege of Mexico CitySiege of Mexico City• Gen Winfield Scott captured the city of Gen Winfield Scott captured the city of

Veracruz with 10,000 troopsVeracruz with 10,000 troops

• Mexican soldiers bravely defended the road Mexican soldiers bravely defended the road to the capital much to the surprise of the to the capital much to the surprise of the Americans who thought the Mexicans Americans who thought the Mexicans would surrenderwould surrender

• After months of fierce fighting the US After months of fierce fighting the US reached the capital after Santa Anna had reached the capital after Santa Anna had fled, Mexico surrenderedfled, Mexico surrendered

Treaty of Guadalupe Treaty of Guadalupe HidalgoHidalgo

• Ended the war Ended the war • Granted the US the Mexican Cession Granted the US the Mexican Cession

(land that made up the present states (land that made up the present states of California, Nevada, Utah, New of California, Nevada, Utah, New Mexico, Arizona, Colorado, and Mexico, Arizona, Colorado, and Wyoming)Wyoming)

• The US paid Mexico $15 millionThe US paid Mexico $15 million• Granted citizenship to Mexicans Granted citizenship to Mexicans

already living in new US territoriesalready living in new US territories

Gadsden PurchaseGadsden Purchase• James Gadsden, a US diplomat went James Gadsden, a US diplomat went

to Mexico to purchase a strip of land to Mexico to purchase a strip of land south of the Gila Riversouth of the Gila River

• This land made up parts of southern This land made up parts of southern Arizona and New MexicoArizona and New Mexico

Oregon CountryOregon Country• The Oregon Trail followed the Platte The Oregon Trail followed the Platte

River through the Great Plains into River through the Great Plains into the Rocky Mountains the Rocky Mountains

• Polk stunned the British by claiming Polk stunned the British by claiming the Oregon Country, the two sides the Oregon Country, the two sides reached an agreement extending the reached an agreement extending the 4949thth parallel as the Canadian boundary parallel as the Canadian boundary all the way to the Pacificall the way to the Pacific

• The British kept VancouverThe British kept Vancouver

Oregon CountryOregon Country• The Oregon Trail proved to be a difficult The Oregon Trail proved to be a difficult

journey for those who took itjourney for those who took it• The “Donner Party” led by George Donner The “Donner Party” led by George Donner

accidentally went away from Trail and were accidentally went away from Trail and were trapped in the California mountains the trapped in the California mountains the entire winter of 1846-1847entire winter of 1846-1847

• Native Americans posed a threat to the Native Americans posed a threat to the settlers heading West, the US signed the settlers heading West, the US signed the Treaty of Fort Laramie guaranteeing annual Treaty of Fort Laramie guaranteeing annual payments to the Natives in exchange for payments to the Natives in exchange for them not attacking settlersthem not attacking settlers

MormonsMormons• Some new settlers to the West joined the Some new settlers to the West joined the

Mormons in Utah’s Salt Lake ValleyMormons in Utah’s Salt Lake Valley• They used irrigation canals to make dry They used irrigation canals to make dry

land fertileland fertile• They built schools, shared land and lived a They built schools, shared land and lived a

very independent lifestyle very independent lifestyle • The US government did not like that the The US government did not like that the

Mormons elected their own officials and Mormons elected their own officials and often married multiple wivesoften married multiple wives

• President Buchanan even sent troops into President Buchanan even sent troops into Mormon territory after they aided the Native Mormon territory after they aided the Native Americans (problems were common Americans (problems were common between the two for decades)between the two for decades)

The Gold RushThe Gold Rushpage 313page 313

• Where was gold discovered in California?• What was the mass migration to California

called?• How many people went to look for gold? • What were the people called and why?• What happens to California’s population?

Life in CaliforniaLife in California• John Marshall discovered gold flakes at John Marshall discovered gold flakes at

Sutter’s Mill in 1849Sutter’s Mill in 1849

• Americans rushed to California through the Americans rushed to California through the Oregon and California Trails in huge Oregon and California Trails in huge numbers hoping to get richnumbers hoping to get rich

• Foreigners also came to CA in large numbersForeigners also came to CA in large numbers

• With the increase in population the demand With the increase in population the demand for other goods arose, people like Levi for other goods arose, people like Levi Strauss headed to CA as well to supply the Strauss headed to CA as well to supply the minersminers

ChineseChinese• The Chinese who came to CA were The Chinese who came to CA were

poor farmers, they called it “Gold poor farmers, they called it “Gold Mountain”Mountain”

• Faced extreme discrimination and were Faced extreme discrimination and were not allowed to keep the gold they foundnot allowed to keep the gold they found

• Many returned to ChinaMany returned to China

• Some stayed and work in fields, as Some stayed and work in fields, as merchants or on the railroadsmerchants or on the railroads

African AmericansAfrican Americans• Not permitted to live in mining Not permitted to live in mining

townstowns• Some struck gold and became very Some struck gold and became very

richrich• Banned from voting so that they Banned from voting so that they

would not gain powerwould not gain power

American IndiansAmerican Indians• Not allowed to own land in mining Not allowed to own land in mining

townstowns• Worked in mines but could not Worked in mines but could not

keep profitskeep profits• Attacked settlers in some mining Attacked settlers in some mining

towns, “Mariposa War”towns, “Mariposa War”• US uses the Army to stop the US uses the Army to stop the

attacksattacks

End

The Wilmot Proviso• Should slavery be allowed in territories

acquired from Mexico

• David Wilmot from PA attached a priviso to a bill that would negotiate funds for negotiating with Mexico

• The Proviso stated that no territory gained from Mexico will have slaves

• It never became a law but created a large gap between Northerners and Southerners

Mexican AmericansMexican Americans• 80,000 Spanish speaking Mexicans 80,000 Spanish speaking Mexicans

become American citizensbecome American citizens

• Many Mexican Americans faced Many Mexican Americans faced discrimination and lost their landsdiscrimination and lost their lands

• This prejudice led the Mexican This prejudice led the Mexican Americans to revolt and terrorize Americans to revolt and terrorize Americans in some southern areasAmericans in some southern areas

Conflict in OregonConflict in OregonPage 333 (blue book)Page 333 (blue book)

1.1. What problems did American settlers What problems did American settlers pose for the Natives?pose for the Natives?

2.2. What caused the Cayuse War?What caused the Cayuse War?

3.3. How does the Cayuse War end?How does the Cayuse War end?

4.4. What other tribes fought the What other tribes fought the Americans in the Oregon Country?Americans in the Oregon Country?