exotic pests of oregon’s forests - ocean connect · feb 2015 . eab –1. st. detections in 2013 ....
TRANSCRIPT
Oregon Department of Forestry
Promoting and Practicing Sustainable Forestry
Exotic Pests of Oregon’s Forests:
Wyatt Williams Invasive Species Specialist CONNECT Conference The Welches April 23, 2015
Causes, Consequences and Control
Invasive Species Specialist, ODF
Focus: All invasive species of Oregon’s non-federal forestlands. Emphasis put on preventing new invasions. Also concentrate on controlling priority existing populations.
ODF’s Forest Health Team
Jim Cathcart, Manager
Danny Norlander, Survey Specialist
Alan Kanaskie, Forest Pathologist
Jon Laine, Forest Health Technician
Christine Buhl, Forest Entomologist
What is an invasive species?
Hypothetical community
Native Non-native Pests
- Non-native origin - A pest - Tremendous negative consequences
What is an invasive species?
Hypothetical community
Native Non-native
Pests
Invaders
- Non-native origin - A pest - Tremendous negative consequences
What is a “pest”?
Hypothetical community
Native Non-native Pests
- Non-native origin - A pest - Tremendous negative consequences
Pest noun \΄pest\
: any [organism] that causes problems for people (Merriam-Webster dict.)
: any organism judged as a threat to human beings or to their interests. (Encyclopedia Britannica)
Why are the major negative consequences?
1. $120 billion/year in U.S.
2. Vectors of disease
3. Alter ecosystem functioning
4. Widespread species extinctions • Second only to habitat degradation
Nile perch has caused hundreds of extinctions
Avian malaria & island birds
Scotch broom invasion Cheatgrass & fire
How do forest invasive species get to U.S.?
1. Live plant trade (~70% of species)
2. Wood packing material (~25% of species)
Oregon situation for two international pathways
Oregon Dept. Ag.
• Nursery is #1 Ag. commodity • Oregon ranks 3rd in Nation • $700+ million in sales
• 40 million tons of cargo ($20 billion) annually on Columbia River • PDX imports in 2012: 2.8 million tons ($200 million)
Port of Portland
“Pathways” Solution Approach:
ISPM 15 – implemented 2005
Requirement to treat wood materials: • pallets, crates, dunnage, etc. • must be debarked then treated
Founded 1951
WPM Pathway: Live Plant Pathway:
Domestic pathways
• Live plant trade (interstate movement)
– Example: Sudden Oak Death and Oregon Nurseries
• Firewood, untreated wood products
– 50% of untreated firewood bundles have live insects
– Huge public outreach program: Don’t Move Firewood
www.dontmovefirewood.org General rule of thumb: Don’t move firewood more than 50 miles from its source location
Oregon Firewood import rules
2012 law: firewood sold commercially in Oregon must either be:
1) Locally harvested (ID, OR, WA), or
2) heat-treated (140°F for one hour) & certified
Use local firewood whenever possible…
Forest invaders are still arriving in the U.S.
Aukema et al. 2010. Blue = All non-native forest insects Red = Invasive forest insects and disease
Forest invaders in the U.S.:
• 2.5 exotic insect spp. arrive per year
• 1 new invasive species every 2 years
Distribution of U.S. forest invasive species
- Over 450 non-native forest insect species are established in U.S. Liebhold et al. 2013. Diversity & Distributions
What can we do about invasive species?
1. Prevention
2. EDRR
3. IPM
HISTORICAL EXAMPLE AND FUTURE THREATS
Gypsy moth (Lymantria dispar) • 1869 in Boston, $800 million in annual costs
• 200+ host trees, including DF
• Serious threat to PNW forests
• Large successful eradication efforts in 1980s
• Effective EDRR tools = successful prevention!
Why is the Gypsy Moth EDRR successful?
• The right tool for the job
• Effective management techniques
• Well-oiled machine
– ODA, ODF, USFS, BLM, APHIS, others
Emerald Ash Borer (EAB)
• First detected in 2002
• 100+ million trees killed
• All 16 native ash species at risk of extinction
EAB in North America
• First identified, Detroit, MI and Windsor, ON in 2002
• Infestation had been established since ~1992-1993
• Now in 25 states, 2 provinces
Likely introduced via infested wood packing material
Feb 2015
EAB –1st detections in 2013
Date State Means
Fall 2013 WI Infested tree, Contract arborist
Fall 2013 IN Infested tree, Forester
Fall 2013 IL Infested tree, Ag staff
Fall 2013 CO Infested tree, Forester
Summer 2013 VA EAB trap
Summer 2013 WI Infested tree, City workers
Summer 2013 NC Infested tree, Forester
In 2013, 86 new county-level detections across entire U.S.
50/86 or 58% were reported by professionals
=People on the ground are better at detection than the official EAB traps
Ex. The last few EAB detections in 2013:
ODF conducts statewide survey for EAB
Oregon Ash – A widespread and common tree in western Oregon
Risk of EAB to Oregon and Washington
EAB risk modeling conducted by: USDA Forest Health Technology Enterprise Team, 2014
Costs of Emerald Ash Borer Invasions
Federal government Expenditures
Local government Expenditures
Household Expenditures
Residential Property
Value Loss Timber
Loss Total
Total $92M $1.7B $760M $830M $130M $3.5B
Aukema et al. 2011. PLoS one.
“Emerald ash borers have become the most destructive and costly forest insect to ever invade North America.”– Deborah McCullough, Michigan State University
Projected costs of EAB in Western States
Removal: $435 M ($290/tree) Replacement: $580 M ($387/tree) New EAB invasion in Boulder, CO could cost Denver metro area ~$1 billion!
City of Portland Street Tree Inventory 4.8% or 72,000 public ash $21M removal $28M replacement $49M total cost to PDX
The effects of EAB in natural areas
Dead and dying native ash in the Midwest. Note dead crowns.
Oregon ash – important riparian plant?
A common scene in western Oregon. Stand of 100% Oregon ash surrounded by grass seed fields and vineyards.
What kind of wildlife rely upon these islands of habitat? How important is Oregon ash in hydromorphology? What would be the fuel loading for wildfires? What will replace Oregon ash if it disappears? No one knows because it hasn’t been studied!!!
Treatments – Eradication/Suppression Visual surveys by tree care professionals. If you see signs, please report!
Delimitation surveys include harvesting and peeling branches. Hard work!
Eradication includes removing host trees in urban and natural areas. Expensive, ineffective.
Treatments - Chemical
• Tree injections
• Systemic insecticides – Imidacloprid
– Emamectin benzoate
• Costly ($100-$500 per tree)
• Repeat applications – every 1-2 years.
• Not feasible on large scale
Treatments - Biological Control
• Three parasitoids introduced starting in 2007
• Tetrastichus planipennisi shows most promise
• Released in 2007-2008, follow up surveys in 2012, Michigan
• 21% parasitism rate
• Rates still rising
Duan et al. 2013
T. Murray
The crux of the problem
• EDRR has not worked in the past for EAB
• 22 eradication attempts in U.S….
• Most, if not all, were detected 4+ years after initial establishment
• We need….
– a better EDRR tool, and…
– statewide preparedness plan
Oregon Forest Pest Detector Project
Goal: Train tree care professionals to recognize and report exotic wood borers
Components: • Training modules • Reporting infrastructure • Develop ‘Invasive Wood
Borer Preparedness Plan’
Asian longhorned beetle Emerald ash borer
Amy Grotta OSU Extension forester Columbia, Wash., Yamhill Counties
Asian Longhorned Beetle – a major threat to urban and natural PNW forests
ALB (Anoplophora glabripennis)
• Broad host range
• Currently in NY, MA, OH
• Eradicated in IL, NJ
• Preferred hosts:
Lesion inside bark Genus Common name
Acer Maple
Aesculus Buckeye, horsechestnut
Betula Birch
Salix Willow
Ulmus Elm www.portlandoregon.gov/parks
! Portland Parks - 2013
Street Tree Inventory
OFPD summary
• OSU Extension program • Five online Modules Powerpoint/short videos
– Invasive Species background – EAB – ALB – Reporting – Communicating with public
• Face to face training • Field courses with simulated damage (Cathedral Park, PDX;
Clean Water Services - Hillsboro) • CEUs, pesticide credits • Kickoff: April 9, 2015 • Three training sessions, 50 professionals trained to date
Forest Pest Detector Course
Module 2 Emerald Ash Borer
(Agrilus planipennis)
Forest Pest Detector Course
• Compound leaf with 5-11 leaflets
• Opposite branching pattern
Features of Ash- Leaves, Branches
YES!
No!
Leaflet
Leaf
Forest Pest Detector Course
Life Cycle ADULT
EGGS
LARVA
PUPA
Forest Pest Detector Course
• Flat with segmented body
• Bore through bark to feed on phloem and cambium
• S-shaped tunnels
• Spend winter under bark
Life Cycle- Larva
Forest Pest Detector Course
• Adults emerge when development is complete
• D-shaped exit holes
Adult Emergence
Forest Pest Detector Course
• S-shaped galleries
• D-shaped exit holes
• Increased woodpecker activity or damage
• Adult insect or larvae
Signs of EAB
Forest Pest Detector Course
Module 3 Asian Longhorned Beetle
(Anoplophora glabripennis)
Forest Pest Detector Course
Introduction Video
Forest Pest Detector Course
• Larva consume phloem and xylem
• Trees decline slowly over time
• Over 80,000 trees lost
• Millions of dollars spent
ALB Damage
vascular tissue
(xylem)
Forest Pest Detector Course
Adult Look-Alikes
banded alder borer (Rosalia funebris)
ALB
Oregon fir sawyer (Monochamus scutellatus oregonensis)
Female Male
Forest Pest Detector Course
Where to Report? www.OregonInvasivesHotline.org
OFPD next steps
• Next training, September ISA meeting in Bend
• Continuing to recruit key professionals:
– Arborists, city foresters, natural area managers, etc
• Partners are developing “Invasive Woodborer Preparedness Plan” for public, communities
Oregon Forest Pest Detector Program is funded by USDA-APHIS and by USDA-Forest Service. Thank you to our partners and stakeholders.
Oregon Invasive Species Council http://www.oregoninvasivespeciescouncil.org
Mission Statement:
To protect Oregon’s economy and natural resources
by conducting a coordinated and thorough effort to
keep invasive species out of Oregon and to
eliminate, reduce or mitigate the impacts of
invasive species already established in Oregon.
Next meeting: June 30 – July 1, U.S. Forest Service JH Stone Nursery, Medford. All are welcome to join this public meeting.
www.oregoninvasiveshotline.org
1-866-INVADER
Summary
• Several invasive species taxa threaten forests of PNW • Besides outright prevention, Early Detection & Rapid
Response is most economical way to limit environmental and economic costs
• Oregon Forest Pest Detectors aims to train professionals on signs and symptoms of EAB and ALB.
• We encourage interested parties to enroll in an upcoming OFPD course and help detect invasions early.
Check out the OFPD online, take the course, and become an Oregon Forest Pest Detector!
http://pestdetector.forestry.oregonstate.edu
Questions?
Wyatt Williams Invasive Species Specialist Oregon Dept. of Forestry [email protected] 503-945-7472