exercises in verb pattern
TRANSCRIPT
VERB PATTERN 1In this pattern the verb has a direct object. This is either a noun or a pronoun. Examples :
Subject + Verb Direct Object1. I know2. do you want3. Who knows4. You didn’t answer5. He cut6. Don’t’ you remember7. He dug8. She laughed9. This climate doesn’t suit10. The glass contains
Your nameAny help ?The answer ?My question HimselfHer name ?A deep hole A merry laughMe Fresh milk
Notes :1. No. 5 Note the use of a reflexive pronoun as object2. No. 7 Note the object of result (a deep hole)3. No. 8 Note the cognate object (a merry laugh)
(cognate = having the same source of origin)4. All the transitive verbs may be used in this pattern
Exercise 1 : (To practice this pattern in yes-or-no questions with various tenses)Convert the statements into question. For examples :They practiced the conversations.Did they practice the conversations ?1. The teacher presents the lesson
_______________________________________________________________2. Mary had breakfast
_______________________________________________________________3. The teacher presented the first lesson
_______________________________________________________________4. The student repeat the exercises everyday
_______________________________________________________________
5. Mary passed the butter_______________________________________________________________
6. Paul has passed his exams_______________________________________________________________
7. John repeated the words_______________________________________________________________
8. We are learning Verb Pattern I_______________________________________________________________
9. The doctor examined the students_______________________________________________________________
10. The students have been discussing the lessons for hours_______________________________________________________________
Exercise 2 : (To practice this pattern in question-word questions)Ask questions first about the subject and then about the direct object of each of the following sentences. For example :
John bought a book yesterdaya. Who bought a book yesterday ?b. What did John buy yesterday ?
1. The students learned new wordsa. _____________________________________________________________b. ____________________________________________________________
2. John practiced the conversationsa. _____________________________________________________________b. ____________________________________________________________
3. Bill pronounces the difficult wordsa. _____________________________________________________________b. ____________________________________________________________
4. The tourist visited some places of interesta. _____________________________________________________________b. ____________________________________________________________
5. John and Mary will discuss the lessona. _____________________________________________________________b. ____________________________________________________________
6. George is going to visit Janet tonighta. _____________________________________________________________b. ____________________________________________________________
7. The committee has announced the results of the examsa. _____________________________________________________________b. ____________________________________________________________
8. We should learn our lessons every daya. _____________________________________________________________b. ____________________________________________________________
9. The students may have done their homeworka. _____________________________________________________________b. ____________________________________________________________
10. The secretary didn’t type the lettera. _____________________________________________________________b. ____________________________________________________________
exercise 3 : (To practice short answers, affirmative and negative statements with LIKE and WANT)answer the following questions with affirmative short answers. Then affirmative and negative statements. Use the verb WANT Then affirmative and negative statements. Use the verb WANT and the form ANY in the negative. For example :
Do you like eggs ?
Does Mary like tomatoes ?
1. Do you like apples ?
2. Does Mary like cabbage ?
3. Does John like bananas ?
4. Do you like honey ?
5. Do you like orange ?
Yes, I doI like eggs, but I don’t want anyYes, she doesShe likes tomatoes, but she doesn’t want any______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
6. Do the boys like whiskey ?
7. Does Bill like jam ?
8. Do you like peanut butter ?
9. Does he like chocolate paste ?
10. Do you like ice-cream ??
______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
VERB PATTERN 2
In this pattern the object is a to-infinitive, which may be preceded by not. Example :
Subject + Verb (not) to-infinitive etc.1. Please try2. Do they want3. Do we have4. It has begun5. It came on6. He decided7. He pretended8. Would you like9. Did you remember10. Please don’t forget
to do better next timeto go ?to change trains here ?to rainto rainnot to gonot to see meto come with me ?to post the letter?to look up the word
Notes :1. Nos. 4 and 5. The subject is impersonal it2. The phrasal verb come on mean start, begin3. What is the subject in nos. 1 and 10?4. The commonest verbs used in this pattern are :
attemptbeginceasecome oncommencecontinuedaredecidedesireendeavourexpectfearforget
guaranteehave hopeintendlearnlikelovemean (intend)needofferought (aux)plan
preferpretendpromiseproposerefuseregretrememberstartsweartrywantwish
5. There is a group of verb that takes a plain infinitive as object. These are the auxiliary verb; do, does, did (emphatic), as in : He did come yesterday; can, may, must, shall, will, could, might, should, would, need and dare.The phrases had better and would rather also belong to this the group, as in :
You’d better start at onceI’d rather not go
Exercise1 : (To contrast the use of to-infinitive and bare infinitive). Substitute the following words and make the necessary changes. For example :
HE LEARNED TO SPEAK ENGLISH triedshould Iread the lessonhaveshould trymust
He triedHe shouldI shouldI shouldI haveI should tryI must
to speak Englishspeak Englishspeak English
read the lessonto read the lesson
read the lesson
Continue :1. they2. need3. like4. try5. would6. we 7. all of us8. learn structures9. you10. ought
11. had better12. I13. hope14. expect15. write the words16. intend17. promise18. decide19. write the letter20. will
21. plan22. might 23. want24. can25. we26. should27. should start28. she29. speak clearly30. is learning
Continue and write :31. has32. would like ______________________________________33. would rather ______________________________________34. must try ______________________________________35. will36. is going to learn ______________________________________37. will attempt ______________________________________38. would like to try ______________________________________39. had better ______________________________________40. study English ______________________________________
Exercises 2 : (To practice this pattern in questions and short answers). Make questions with the following words and the infinitive READ. Use HE as the subject and give the short answers.
For example :canhave is tryingwould rathershould learn
Can he read ?Does he have to read ?Is he trying to read ?Would he rather read ?Should he learn to read ?
Yes, he canYes, he doesYes, he isYes, he wouldYes, he should
Continue :1. plan2. expect3. will4. mean5. can learn
6. intend7. need8. should9. try10. has decided
11. like12. prefer13. refuse14. might15. will promise
Continue and write :16. would like ______________________________________17. is trying ______________________________________
18. will try ______________________________________19. should promise ______________________________________20. can learn ______________________________________21. might want ______________________________________22. would rather ______________________________________23. need ______________________________________24. begin to learn ______________________________________
exercise 3 : (To practice this pattern with not to-infinitive). Listen to the statements about John. Make corresponding statements about Mary using not before the to-infinitive.
For example :John tried to speak loudly John is planning to go
Mary tried not to speak loudlyMary is planning not to go
1. John must try to work hard ____________________________2. John promised to go ____________________________3. John prefers to do it now ____________________________4. John can learn to speak loudly ____________________________5. John must promise to do it ____________________________6. John will continue to answer ____________________________7. John should try to take a nap ____________________________8. John pretended to do his work ____________________________9. John proposed to work overtime ____________________________
Exercise 4 : (To practice this pattern with the infinitive implied). Substitute the following words. Use to when necessary. For example :
He didn’t go, but he plans to.
wanted canis planningmightwould like
He didn’t go, but he wanted toHe didn’t go, but he canHe didn’t go, but he is planning toHe didn’t go, but he might He didn’t go, but he would like to
continue :1. plans2. intended3. might4. had promised5. should
6. expected7. would love8. could 9. hopes10. ought
11. hoped12. would like13. will try14. will 15. had intended
Continue and write :16. is hoping _____________________________________________17. might _____________________________________________18. will have _____________________________________________19. had decide _____________________________________________20. should _____________________________________________21. wanted _____________________________________________22. was planning _____________________________________________23. would like _____________________________________________24. will25. had expected _____________________________________________
exercise 5 : (To practice this pattern with the infinitive implied in short answers).Answer the following questions with NO, BUT and the words in brackets. For example :Does he have to go? (plan)Does he want to go ? (plan)Does they every day (have)
No, but he plans toNo, but he shouldNo. but they have to
1. Do you study every day ? (should) ___________________________2. Did you go to America ? (want) ___________________________3. Did you get the letter ? (am expecting) _________________________
4. Do you like to get up early ? (must) ___________________________5. Do you want to study tonight ? (will try) _______________________6. Do you meet the chairman ? (would like) _______________________7. Do you have to take a four-year
course ? (have planned) ___________________________8. Are you going to the movie tonight ?
(have promised) ___________________________9. Will he pay for the ticket ? (should) ___________________________10. Does Mary play tennis ? (is learning) __________________________11. Did you see the new play ? (would like) ________________________12. Did John talk to his teacher ? (could) __________________________13. Does she understand French ? (is learning) _____________________14. Do the students speak English ? (should try) ____________________15. Do you need to see her ? (might) ___________________________
VERB PATTERN 3
In this pattern the verb is followed by a noun or a pronoun and a to infinitive, so closely connected that they form unit. This is sometimes called ‘the accusative and infinitive construction’. Example :
Subject + Verb (pro) noun (not) to-infinitive etc1. I don’t want 2. Will you help3. We can’t allow4. He likes5. Didn’t I tell6. Who taught7. Did he mean8. The rain caused9. I’ve warned10. Did you advise
anyone methemhis wi feyou herusthe weedyou allyour sister
to knowto carry this box ?to do thatto dress wellnot to smoke here ?to swim ?to know ?to grow fastnot to be lateto accept the offer ?
Notes :1. Note the passive constructions :
No. 3. They can’t be allowed to do thatNo. 7 Were we meant to know ?No. 9. You all have been warned not to be late
2. The commonest verbs used in this pattern are :adviseallowask(can’t) bearbegcausechallengechoosecommandcompel
expectforcehatehelpinstructintendinvitelead (= cause)leavelike
persuadepreferpreparepress (= urge)promiseremindrequestteachtell temp
dare (= challenge)decide determineencourage entreat
love mean (=intend)obligeorderpermit
troubleurgewantwarnwish
3. Note the difference between VP 2 and VP 3 in :I want to go. (the subject of the inf. is I)I want him to go. (the subject of the inf. is him)
Exercise 1 : (To practice this pattern in statements)Substitute the following words. For example :
AskedExpectedHave breakfastWe Him
IIII
WeWe
wantedaskedexpectedexpectedexpectedexpected
youyouyouyouyouhim
to goto goto go to have breakfastto have breakfastto have breakfast
Continue :1. asked2. wanted3. they4. her5. become a nurse
6. Mr. George7. advised8. the teacher9. helps10. carry the books
11. them12. spell the words13. teaches14. practice the
pattern15. encourages
Continue and write :16. us17. advised ___________________________________________18. instructs ___________________________________________19. answer the questions ___________________________________________20. encourages ___________________________________________21. persuaded ___________________________________________
22. come to the party ___________________________________________23. invited ___________________________________________24. him25. we26. permitted ___________________________________________27. told28. to study hard ___________________________________________29. them ___________________________________________30. urged ___________________________________________
exercise 2 : (To practice this pattern in answers). Answer the following questions using the suggested words.
For example :What do you want me to do ? (come on time)- I want you to come on timeWhat did he ask you to do ? (do the homework)- He asked me to do the homework
1. What does he want her to do ? (write the letters)_____________________________________________________________
2. What did she expect him to do ? (go to the party)_____________________________________________________________
3. What does your father want from you ? (become a guide)_____________________________________________________________
4. What did Mary promise you ? (discuss the problem)_____________________________________________________________
5. What does the teacher teach you ? (speak English)_____________________________________________________________
6. What did the teacher teach you ? (speak English)_____________________________________________________________
7. What did you instruct the boys to do ? (practice their English)_____________________________________________________________
8. What does she urge you to go ? (work regularly)_____________________________________________________________
9. What did they tell you ? (learn Japanese)_____________________________________________________________
10. What do you expect from her ? (listen to my advise)_____________________________________________________________
Exercise 3 : (To practice this pattern with not to-infinitive) Listen to the negative statements about Bill. Make a corresponding positive statement about Mary using not before the to-infinitive. For example :
Bill didn’t ask me to speak loudly- Mary asked me not to speak loudly
1. Bill didn’t promise me to come early _____________________________________________________________
2. Bill didn’t expect me to go_____________________________________________________________
3. Bill didn’t want him to read the lesson_____________________________________________________________
4. Bill didn’t advise me to teach English_____________________________________________________________
5. Bill didn’t force her to tell the truth _____________________________________________________________
6. Bill didn’t force him to go to the party_____________________________________________________________
7. Bill didn’t tell the students to be late_____________________________________________________________
8. Bill didn’t compel her to study too hard_____________________________________________________________
9. Bill didn’t ask the students to speak to fast
Exercise 4 : (To practice this pattern in replies with the infinitive implied). Listen to the statements. Reply to them with the suggested words. For example :
She didn’t come to the party last night. (ask)- I asked her not to
1. They didn’t go to the movie yesterday. (advise)_____________________________________________________________
2. The students didn’t attend class yesterday. (ask)_____________________________________________________________
3. Mary didn’t come to the party last night. (advise)_____________________________________________________________
4. The children didn’t talk too much. (teach)_____________________________________________________________
5. She didn’t get up late this morning. (force)_____________________________________________________________
6. The student didn’t come late yesterday. (urge)_____________________________________________________________
7. Bill didn’t teach last week. (expect)_____________________________________________________________
8. She didn’t punish them. (expect)_____________________________________________________________
9. Janet didn’t tell me anything. (tell)_____________________________________________________________
10. She didn’t go to school yesterday. (want)_____________________________________________________________
Exercise 5 : (To practice this pattern in passive construction)Convert the following sentences into the passive construction
Remember to use TO BE + Past Participle. Leave out by phrase. For example :I asked him to come early : He was asked to come early
1. She told her to study hard_____________________________________________________________
2. They have taught her not to smoke_____________________________________________________________
3. They advised me to reach here_____________________________________________________________
4. The teacher instructs the students to answer the question_____________________________________________________________
5. I should force them to speak English every day_____________________________________________________________
6. She persuaded me to go to the party with her_____________________________________________________________
7. I allow the children to go on foot_____________________________________________________________
8. They wont allow her to go out alone_____________________________________________________________
9. The teacher encouraged the students to practice their conversation _____________________________________________________________
10. His wife always urges him to work regularly_____________________________________________________________
11. Should I ask them to come to your house every week ?_____________________________________________________________
12. You should have taught them to pronounce the words_____________________________________________________________
13. Have they instructed the students to distribute the papers ?_____________________________________________________________
14. I will advise them not to work too hard_____________________________________________________________
15. The teachers have always urged the students not to come late_____________________________________________________________
VERB PATTERN 4
Verbs used in this pattern are chiefly verb that indicate an opinion, judgment, belief, supposition, declaration, or a mental (not physical) perception. The pattern is typical of formal style. In formal style it is more usual to have a that-clause after the verb.
The direct object may be a (pro) noun or a noun clause with what. The infinitive to be is often omitted. For past time to have been is used. This cannot be omitted.
Examples :
1.2.3.4.5.6.7.8.9.10.
Subject + Verb People supposedThey provedDo you thinkI considerDo you believeThey supposed They have proved I guestWe believeThey knew
(Pro) nounhim himhimwhat he saidsuch inquiries herthemselvesheritthe man
(to be) complement etc(to be) innocent (to be) wrong(to be) a good worker ?(to be) unimportant(to be) useful ?(to be) a widow(to be) worthy of promotion(to be) about fiftyto have been a mistaketo have been a spy
Notes :1. In informal style we should say :
No. 1 : People supposed that he was innocentNo. 3 : Do you think (that) he’s a good worker ?No. 9 : We believe (that) it was a mistakeNo. 10 : They knew (that) the man had been a spy
2. Example of the passive :No. 1 : He was supposed (to be) innocentNo. 4 : What he said is considered (to be) unimportantNo. 9 : It is believed to have been a mistake
3. Note the word order in relative clauses :This costom, which I think (to be) barbarous, should be abandoned.The visitor, whom I guessed to be about fifty, came to see you.(the object, which is a relative pronoun, is shifted before the subject)
4. If in the place of (Pro) noun we have a that-clause or an infinitive phrase, we use the pattern :
That-clauseS + V + it + Complement +
Infinitive phrase
Preparatory it follows the verb and to be does not occur before the complement. Examples :Subject + Verb1. Do you
think2. I think 3. We all
consider4. Do you
think
ititititit
complement odda pitywrongunwise
clause/to-inf phrasethat I live by myself ?(that) you didn’t try harderto cheat in examinationsto climb the mountain without a guide ?
5. The commonest verbs used in this pattern are :acknowledgeconsiderdeclaredenyfeelfind
guessimaginejudgeknowproverealizereport
seesupposesuspectthinkunderstand
Exercise 1 : (To practice this pattern with various verbs and complements). Substitute the following words :For example :
I think him to be wrong
For example :
a good manfindknow
I think him to be wrongI think him to be a good manI find him to be a good manI know him to be a good man
Continue :1. believe 2. innocent3. suspected4. we5. the prisoner
6. guilty7. them8. wrong9. considered10. what he said
11. unimportant12. they13. proved14. useful15. themselves
Continue and write :16._worthy of promotion ___________________________________17._friendly ___________________________________18._her 19._a spy ___________________________________20._knew ___________________________________21._we22._a good lecturer ___________________________________23._know ___________________________________24._Mr. George (obj.) ___________________________________25._consider ___________________________________
exercise 2 : (To practice the informal style from this pattern)make a corresponding statement using the informal style.For example :
Most people supposed him to be innocent- Most people supposed that he was innocent
1. I believe her to be a good teacher ________________________________________________________
2. I think her to be innocent________________________________________________________
3. I consider what he said to be of little importance________________________________________________________
4. We find him to be very friendly________________________________________________________
5. Do you think him unkind ?________________________________________________________
6. Don’t think me jealous of your wife________________________________________________________
7. We suspect him to have been a spy________________________________________________________
8. They guessed her to be about seventeen________________________________________________________
9. Will you believe it to be true ?________________________________________________________
10. We all felt the plan to be unwise________________________________________________________
Exercise 3 : (To practice this pattern used in relative clauses). Combine the following pairs of sentences making the second a relative clauses. For example :
The prisoner should be set free. I think he’s innocentThe prisoner, whom I think innocent, should be set freeThis method should be used. I think it is usefulThis method, which I think useful, should be used
1. The girl went abroad. We supposed she was a widow. ________________________________________________________
2. A visitor came to see me. I guessed he was about fifty.________________________________________________________
3. The prisoner was punished. They considered he was guilty ________________________________________________________
4. The survey should be carried out. We believe it is useful ________________________________________________________
5. Mr. Smith is leaving for London. We find he is a good teacher________________________________________________________
6. Mr. Green has come back from Wales. We know he’s a good/lecturer.________________________________________________________
7. Jack has been converted to Islam. They declared he was a Catholic.________________________________________________________
8. I met a stranger. I judged he was about forty ________________________________________________________
9. The man was put to prison. They believed he was a spy.________________________________________________________
10. This book should be studied thoroughly. I consider it is very helpful.________________________________________________________
Exercise 4 : (To practice the passive construction of this pattern). Convert the following sentences into the passive construction. Don’t forget TO BE + P.P. Leave out by phrase. For example :
They considered him to be a good worker- He was considered to be a good worker
1. You should consider it a mistake________________________________________________________
2. We believe them to be innocent________________________________________________________
3. They suspected him to be guilty________________________________________________________
4. All the neighbours supposed him to be a widower________________________________________________________
5. I found the people to be friendly ________________________________________________________
6. They have proved the prisoners to be guilty________________________________________________________
7. Everybody reported him to be the best student in his class________________________________________________________
8. We all know Mr. Green to be a good lecturer________________________________________________________
9. We felt policy to be unwise________________________________________________________
10. They considered what he said to be a great non sense.________________________________________________________
Exercise 5 : (To practice this pattern with preparatory it).Listen to the statements. Make a corresponding statement in this pattern with the suggested words.For example :
It’s unwise to go to bed too late. (Do you think)Do you think it unwise to go to bet too late ?
1. It’s honour to serve you. (I consider)________________________________________________________
2. It’s dangerous for a girl to go out alone. (we think)________________________________________________________
3. It’s foolish to spend your money on lottery tickets. (I consider)________________________________________________________
4. It’s a great compliment that the President visited us. (We all think)________________________________________________________
5. It’s a great to cheat in examinations. (The teachers consider)________________________________________________________
6. It’s dangerous to climb the mountain without a guide. (The people believe)________________________________________________________
7. It’s a great mistake that he didn’t tell me the truth. (I think)________________________________________________________
8. It’s wise to practice your English regularly. (We all think)________________________________________________________
9. It’s stupid that they work only for the examinations. (We consider)________________________________________________________
10. It’s a pity that she didn’t come to the party last night. (John thinks)________________________________________________________
VERB PATTERN 5
In this pattern the verb is used with a (pro) noun and a bare infinitive. The verbs used in this pattern are divided into tow groups :
A : Verbs that indicate physical perceptions. These verbs can also be used with a present participle with a difference in meaning (see VP 6). Examples :
Subject + Verb (Pro) noun Infinitive etc.1. Watch2. Did you see3. Did anyone hear4. We felt5. Did you notice
the boyhimJohnthe houseanyone
jumpgo out ?leave the room ?shakecome in ?
Notes :1. In the passive construction the to-infinitive is needed.
For example :No. 2 : Was he seen to go out ?No. 3 : Was John heard to leave the room ?No. 4 : The house was felt to shake
2. The verbs used in this pattern are :feel seehear notice watchlook at observe
B : Verbs that do not indicate physical perceptions and are not normally used with a present participle
Examples :Subject + Verb (Pro) noun Infinitive etc.1. They made2. Let3. Shall I help
memeyou
do itgocarry those books ?
4. I’ve never known
5. I would have
her the students
lose her temperdo the work
Notes :1. The verb help can also be used in VP 3 (with a to-infinitive) :
No. 3 : Shall I help you to carry those books ?2. The to-infinitive is needed in the passive. Examples :
No. 1 : I was made to do itNo. 4 : She’s never been known to lose her temper
3. The verb know is used in this pattern mainly in the perfect tenses. The meaning is ‘see’, ‘hear’, or ‘have knowledge of’.
4. The verb have in this pattern means want to likeNo. 5 : I want the student to do the work
5. The verbs used in this pattern are :have know makehelp let
Exercise 1 : (To practice this pattern in statements)Substitute the following words. For example :
saw himgo out
She had madeShe sawShe sawShe saw
memehimhim
do itdo itdo itgo out
Continue :1. heard2. tell a lie3. made4. they5. let
6. the boy7. learn English8. have9. the teacher10. watch
11. notice12. make this mistake13. have known14. we15. some people
Continue and write :16. have heard ______________________________________
17. notice ______________________________________18. the student ______________________________________19. practice the
conversation ______________________________________20. observe ______________________________________21. make ______________________________________22. let 23. have ______________________________________24. have listened to ______________________________________25. look at ______________________________________
exercise 2 : (To contrast this pattern with VP 3). Substitute the following words. insert TO when necessary.For example :
MadeWantedSell
The dealerThe dealerThe dealerThe dealer
persuademadewantedwanted
memememe
to
toto
Buy the car Buy the carBuy the carSell the car
Continue :1. told2. watched3. her4. made5. asked
6. urged7. service8. wanted9. I10. saw
11. let12. encouraged13. repair14. persuaded15. noticed
Continue and write :16. heard ______________________________________17. the teacher ______________________________________18. have known ______________________________________19. advised ______________________________________20. observed ______________________________________21. had ______________________________________22. forbade ______________________________________23. helped ______________________________________
24. drive ______________________________________25. watched ______________________________________
exercise 3 : (For reproduction of bare infinitive and to-infinitive in sentences). Combine the following pairs of sentences insert TO when necessary. For example :
I asked John. He helped meI asked John to help meMary bought a hat. I saw herI saw Mary buy a hat
1. They asked me. I joined the study class________________________________________________________
2. The teacher let him. He spoke to the class________________________________________________________
3. We’ve encouraged the students. They speak English________________________________________________________
4. The participants had their picture taken. I took it________________________________________________________
5. I helped Mary. She wrote a composition________________________________________________________
6. We saw a lightning. It struck a coconut tree________________________________________________________
7. We observed the sky. It turned very dark________________________________________________________
8. We drive carefully. The police tell us________________________________________________________
9. The thief jumped out of the window. The people saw him________________________________________________________
10. The weeds grow fast. The rain has caused them________________________________________________________
Exercise 4 : (To practice the passive constructions with VP 3 and VP 5). Convert the following sentences into the passive constructions. Remember : in VP 5 the TO-INF, is needed in the passive construction. Make sure your sentences contain
BE + PASS PARTICIPLE. Leave out by-phrase
1. People saw the thief run away________________________________________________________
2. Did anyone hear him leave the room ?________________________________________________________
3. We should make the students come on time________________________________________________________
4. Will your parents allow you to go with me ?________________________________________________________
5. I’ve never known Dr. Murphy come late________________________________________________________
6. Shall we ask them to come earlier ?________________________________________________________
7. I watched the driver jump into the water________________________________________________________
8. The teachers observe the students do the test________________________________________________________
9. Has the lecturer made his students understand his lesson ?________________________________________________________
10. I’ve always encouraged the students to speak English with me________________________________________________________
Exercise 5 : (To review VP 2, VP 3 and VP 5)Use a to-infinitive or a bare infinitive for the verbs in brackets1. What caused them (fail) ………………. in their exams ?2. You shouldn’t (make) ………………….. her (cry)…… again3. Has she decided (go) ……………………. to the party tonight ?4. You have (let) …………… them (do) ………. the work by themselves5. The students should (be) ……….. made (come) ……. regularly6. Did you (hear) …………….. John (go) ……………. out ?7. She’s never been known (tell)……………… a lie8. Would he (have) …………. the student (attend)……… class tomorrow ?9. You must (try) ………… (speak) …………… English with your friends
10. He watched the men (unlock)…………… the door easily11. You’d better (tell) …………. your students (not smoke)……..in the class
rooms12. She’s made me (promise) ………… (see) …………. her again13. I’d rather (have) ………….. them (practice)………. in class14. I forgot (tell) …………….. her (not left) …………her husband (go)
……… out without her15. She might (allow) ………. You (study) ………… abroad
VERB PATTERN 6
In this pattern the verb is used with a (pro) noun and a present participle. Like in VP 5, the verbs used in this pattern are also divided into two groups :
A : Verbs that indicate physical perceptions with a difference in meaning from those used in VP 5. see the notes below.Examples :
Subject + Verb (Pro) noun Present Participle etc.1. I saw2. I heard3. Can you smell4. I could feel5. We listened to
the boyhim somethingher heartthe band
crossing the roadgiving ordersburning ?beating rapidlyplaying in the park
Notes :1. Compare the following sentences :
I saw the boy cross the road (VP 5)I saw the boy crossing the road (VP 6)
VP 5 suggests a completed activityVP 6 suggest an activity in progressThe difference may be seen by means a comparison with the simple and progressive tenses :‘I saw the boy cross the road means : the boy crossed the road, and I saw him do his.‘I saw the boy crossing the road’ means : the boy was crossing the road when I saw him.
2. The present participle remains in the passive construction :No. 1 : The boy was seen crossing the roadNo. 2 : He was heard giving orders
3. The verbs used in this pattern are :feel notice see
hear observe smelllisten to perceive watchlook at
B : Verbs that do not indicate perceptions, and cannot be used in VP . examples :Subject + Verb (Pro) noun Present Participle 1. I Found2. You Mustn’t
Keep3. You Had Better
Start4. They left5. I caught
himthemthe enginemehim
working at his deskwaiting runningwaiting outsidestealing the money
Notes :1. The passive construction is the same as for Group A :
No. 1 : He was found working at his deskNo. 2 : They mustn’t be kept waiting
2. The chief verbs in this pattern are :catch keep passfind leave setimagine meet start
exercise 1 : (For reproduction of present participle in sentences)combine the following pairs of sentences to make statements in this pattern. For example :
I heard him. He was talking to his friends I heard him talking to his friendsThe boys were playing. We found themWe found the boys playing
1. We passed an old man. He was sitting beside the road________________________________________________________
2. John watched the solders. They were marching in the street________________________________________________________
3. The students are waiting for us. We mustn’t keep them.________________________________________________________
4. I was waiting outside. They left me.________________________________________________________
5. The thief was stealing the money. The police caught him________________________________________________________
6. I heard the leaves. They were moving in the trees________________________________________________________
7. I could feel her heart. It was beating rapidly________________________________________________________
8. He left his coat. It was hanging on a hook________________________________________________________
9. Miss Jackson looked at Sam. He was jumping into the water.________________________________________________________
10. Janet was doing her homework. I found her________________________________________________________
Exercise 2 : (To contrast the use of VP 5 and VP 6)Listen to the statements. Make a corresponding statement using either VP 5 or VP 6 according to the words suggested in brackets. For example :
John left the room. (I saw)I saw John leave the roomThe students were working hard. (We found)We found the students working hard
1. Mary sang in the consert. (I heard)________________________________________________________
2. The boys jumped over the wall. (We watched)________________________________________________________
3. The teacher was talking to John. (Did you hear)________________________________________________________
4. The man came in. (Did anyone notice)________________________________________________________
5. I was wondering what happen next. (The news left me)________________________________________________________
6. He was stealing apples from my garden. (I caught)________________________________________________________
7. The students attended classes regularly. (We should make)________________________________________________________
8. The students are waiting for us. (We mustn’t keep)________________________________________________________
9. She goes out alone at night. (Will her parents let)________________________________________________________
10. Something is burning. (Can you smell)________________________________________________________
Exercise 3 : (To contrast the use of VP 3, VP 5 and VP 6)Substitute the following words making the necessary changes.For example :
made do the homeworkfound
I askedI madeI made I found
himhimhimhim
to come earliercome earlierdo the homeworkdoing the homework
Continue :1. steal the money2. the thief3. caught4. we5. say
6. run away
7. the people
8. them9. let10. made
11. The police12. wonder what
happened13. me14. the news15. caused
Continue and write :16. left17. he17. a.let _________________________________________18. fail in my exam _________________________________________19. expected _________________________________________
20. made _________________________________________21. study the lesson _________________________________________22. urged _________________________________________23. imagined _________________________________________24. him _________________________________________25. I26. have never known _________________________________________27. his father _________________________________________28. have told _________________________________________29. try to make _________________________________________30. drive carefully _________________________________________
exercise 4 : (To practices the passive, construction with VP 3, VP 5 and VP 6). Convert the following sentences into the passive construction. Do not forget : be + p.premember : in VP 5 the to-inf. is needed in the passive construction. For example :
I heard him giving ordersHe was heard giving ordersI saw the thief run awayThe thief was seen to run away
1. They caught the boys stealing oranges________________________________________________________
2. You should make the students attended classes regularly________________________________________________________
3. We expected Dr. Murphy to give his lectures________________________________________________________
4. Did you see her go out ?________________________________________________________
5. I’ve never known him smile to anybody________________________________________________________
6. You shouldn’t have kept me waiting so long________________________________________________________
7. Did you hear John sing in the concert ?
________________________________________________________
8. I found many students cheating in their exams________________________________________________________
9. She asked me to accompany her to the party________________________________________________________
10. Can you see the smoke coming out of the house ?________________________________________________________
Exercise 5 : (To review VP 2, VP 3, VP 5, and VP 6 in the active and the passive constructions)Put the verb in brackets into the correct from1. What made him (get) …………… so angry ?2. They have been made (obey) ………….. the law3. I found the girl (sleep) ………… in her bed4. When I passed his house I heard him (sing) ………….5. Mr. Smith was seen (get) ………….. of the bus6. She’s never been known (get) ………. Angry7. Can we expect her (keep) ………. Her promise ?8. We should help her (carry) ………………………. those books to the
library9. Should we let the students (study) ……… in the lab ?10. The students are not allowed (talk) ……………… during the
examinations11. Do we have (watch) ………. The students (do)
…………………………. Their exams ?12. She couldn’t (imagine) ………………her husband (drive) …….........
alone to Jakarta13. We’d better (try) …………………. (not keep) ……..……….. people
(wait) …… for us14. The syndicate was caught (force) ………………. The man (try)
……………(rob) ………… the bank15. What would you (have) .………….. the students (study) ……………
for the next examinations ?
TEST : VP 1 – VP 6
Choose the correct answer :
1. This climate ___ mea. not suitsb. doesn’t suitc. suits tod. not to suit
2. Would you like ___ with me ?a. comeb. comingc. comesd. came
3. You’d better ____ to your parents ?a. writeb. writtenc. to writed. writing
4. What caused the weeds ___ fast ?a. to growb. growingc. growd. grew
5. They all supposed him ___ innocent ?a. beingb. bec. wasd. ___
6. What made you ___ so ?a. thinkb. thought c. to thinkd. thinking
7. I cant imagine such an old man ___ the mountain a. climbb. to climbc. climbingd. climbs
8. He is known ___ a good lecturera. isb. has beenc. to bed. being
9. He’s never been known ___ his tempera. loseb. to losec. losingd. loose
10. The dress __ sent to the dry cleaner’sa. had been betterb. had be betterc. had better bed. had to be better
11. The news left me ___ what had happeneda. wonderb. to wonderc. wonderingd. wondered
12. The students are instructed ___ the exercises at homea. to dob. doingc. dod. was doing
13. Try ___ in you examinationsa. don’t cheatb. to not cheatc. learningd. learned
14. Need they ___ the examples by heart ?a. learnb. to learnc. learningd. learned
15. It would be better ___ the paper once againa. examineb. to examinec. examiningd. examined
16. Do you think ___ a good lecturer ?a. him isb. hec. he isd. is
17. The thief was seen __ out of the housea. runb. to runc. was runningd. ran
18. Watch the boys ____ !a. jumpb. to jumpc. is jumpingd. jumps
19. I met the professor ____ to the librarya. gob. to goc. goingd. was going
20. What time ___ breakfast ?a. he hasb. has hec. does he haved. does he has
21. She ___ got to do everything by herself a. hasn’t b. doesn’t havec. hasn’t tod. doesn’t
22. The Prince found her ___ soundlya. was sleeping b. sleepingc. sleptd. to sleep
23. Did you really hear him ___ the door open ?a. brokeb. to breakc. breakd. was breaking
24. The people should be made ___ by the lawa. abideb. to abidec. aboded. were abode
25. She was always urged ___ too harda. don’t workb. to not workc. not workingd. not to work
26. He was compelled by illness ___ his studiesa. to give upb. giving upc. give upd. had given up
27. He may need ___ some money from youa. borrow b. to borrowc. borrowingd. will borrow
28. He isn’t back yet. He ___ an accident a. might hadb. has mightc. may have had d. has may had
29. I was left ___ outside, cold and miserablea. to waitb. waitingc. was waitingd. was waited
30. ___ asked not to come again next week ?a. Did sheb. Did she havec. Has been shed. Has she been
VERB PATTERN 7
In this pattern the verb is followed by an object (noun of pronoun) and a predicative adjective that modifies the object. Very often the adjective denotes a state or a condition that results from the action indicated by the verb, as in the first ten examples. And sometimes the adjective indicates a condition at the time indicated by the verb, as in the last examples.
Example : Subject + Verb Object Adjective
1. Can you push 2. We had to break3. The cat licked4. We hammered (beat) 5. She boiled6. They beat 7. The sun keeps 8. You’d better pack 9. Open 10. The blister on my
heel made11. I found12. I hope I see
The door The trunk The saucerThe iron The eggsThe poor boy Us The dresses Your mouth Walking
The boxyou
Open ? OpenCleanFlat HardBlack and blue WarmFlat WidePainful
Empty Well
Notes : 1. No. 3 means : “The saucer was clean because the cat licked it” (a result)
But No. 11 means : “I found the box and it was empty when I found it.” It is not the same as” I found the empty box.” (Explain the difference!). Similarly : No. 12 means : “I hope you are well (now, when I see you).”
2. If the object is a long one, the adjective ma precede it. Compare : The governor set the prisoners freeThe governor set free all the prisoners whose of fences were merely political
3. When cut short is used, the adjective may precede even a short object, but not a personal pronoun.
He cut short the introductionBut : He cut it short
4. When the object is a that clause, a dependent question, or a to-infinitive, preparatory IT is used. It is placed between the verb and the adjective. For example :
He made it clear that he objected to the proposal. You haven’t made it clear whether I am to go or not The blister on my heel made it painful to walk
5. Examples of the passive construction : No. 2 : The trunk had to be broken open No. 4 : The iron was hammered (beaten) flat No. 8 : The dresses had better be packed flat.
6. Verbs commonly used in Vp 7 are :
Bake (eg. Bake it hard) Burn (eg. Burn it black) Drive (drive her mad) Find Keep LikeSeeTurnWipe
Beat Colour Dye Get LeaveMake Set Want Wish
Boil Cut Fill HammerLick Paint Sweep Wash
Exercise 1 : (To practise this pattern in statements) Substitute the following words. For example :
THEY WASHED THE CLOTHES WHITETablePaintedblue
They washed the tableThey painted the table
Whiteblue
Continue : 1. car 6. kept 11. busy 2. house 7. boy (obj) 12. lively 3. brown 8. happy 13. made 4. wanted 9. interested (adj) 14. program5. clean (adj) 10. class 15. interesting
Continue and write : 16. found ________________________________________17. made ________________________________________18. good ________________________________________19. shoes ________________________________________20. muddy ________________________________________21. clean (adj) ________________________________________22. kept ________________________________________23. house ________________________________________24. clothes ________________________________________25. wash ________________________________________
Exercises 2 : (To practise using this pattern from other statements). Change the following sentences to fit the pattern. For example :
The boys washed their shirts until they were clean. - the boys washed their shirts clean. I like hot coffee- I like my coffee hot. (with a difference of meaning)
1. He cut my hair. It was short when he had finished. _________________________________________________
2. Mr. Smith painted the house. He used green paint._________________________________________________
3. God created men. Men are equal. ______________________________________________
4. He pushed the door. It was open after he had pushed it. __________________________________________________
5. You have to break the trunk, so that it is open. __________________________________________________
6. The cat licked the plate until it was clean. __________________________________________________
7. The iron was flat because the blacksmith had hammered it. __________________________________________________
8. Because of the cold weather, the leaves turn yellow. __________________________________________________
9. They beat the boy until he was black and blue.__________________________________________________
10. We are warm. The sun has kept us so.__________________________________________________
Exercises 3 : (To practise using this pattern in answers to question). Answer the following questions using the suggested word. For example :
How do you like your coffee ? (black) - I like my coffee black. What colour did he paint his house ? (green) - He painted his house green.
1. How did she cut her hair ? (short) __________________________________________________
2. What colour did Mary paint her finger nail? (pink) __________________________________________________
3. When did the teacher want their work ready (by tomorrow) __________________________________________________
4. How did they find the cupboard? (full of clothes) __________________________________________________
5. How should I pack my dresses ? (flat) __________________________________________________
6. How did she boil the eggs ? (hard) __________________________________________________
7. How did they beat the boy ? (black and blue) __________________________________________________
8. How should he open the door ? (wide) __________________________________________________
9. What colour have you painted your house ? (green) __________________________________________________
10. What time do you want this work ready (by 8 o’clock) __________________________________________________
Exercises 4 : (To practise this pattern with the adjective preceding the object). Make a corresponding statement using the ceding the object). Make a corresponding statement using the suggested object, and make the necessary changes. For example :
The Governor set the prisoners free. (all the prisoners in the country)
- The Governor set free all the prisoners in the country
1. He made his meaning clear. (his objection to the proposal) __________________________________________________
2. She flung the window open. (all the windows in the house) __________________________________________________
3. She swept the room clean. (every room in the hotel)__________________________________________________
4. He slit the envelope open. (all the envelopes addressed to him)__________________________________________________
5. We packed the clothes flat. (our pyjamas, suits and shirts) __________________________________________________
6. The sun keeps us warm. (everybody in the town) __________________________________________________
7. He set the people free. (those who were proved innocent) __________________________________________________
8. She made the explanation clear. (whatever she explained to them) __________________________________________________
9. The cat licked the soucer clean. (all the dishes in the kitchen)__________________________________________________
10. They cut it short. (the introduction to the lesson) __________________________________________________
Exercise 5 : (To practise this pattern with preparatory IT). Substitute the suggested words for the object. Use preparatory IT and make the necessary changes. For example :
He made everything clear. (He objected to the proposal) - He made it clear that he objected to the proposal. The blister on my heel made walking painful. (to walk). - The blister on my heel made it painful to walk. He made the meaning clear. (Am I to go?) - He made it clear whether I was to go or not.
1. I found the lesson easy. (to do the exercises). __________________________________________________
2. He made the problems easy. (to uncerstand his lessons) __________________________________________________
3. They haven’t made the questions clear. (Should I teach her ?)__________________________________________________
4. She didn’t make the meaning clear. (What did she mean ?) __________________________________________________
5. I’ve made everything clear. (I didn’t agree to his proposal) __________________________________________________
6. She found the question difficult. (to make a decision) __________________________________________________
7. Visual aids make teaching easy. (To present the lesson) __________________________________________________
8. The teacher has made the explanation clear. (I don’t’t have to teach here)__________________________________________________
9. This program makes the lesson interesting. (to teach in the elementary school) __________________________________________________
10. Lack of vocabulary makes reading difficult. (to understand what we read)__________________________________________________
Exercise 6 : (To practise this pattern in the passive construction). Convert the following sentences into the passive construction. Remember to use : be + past participle. Omit by-phrase. For example :
The cat licked the saucer clean. - The saucer was licked clean
1. Should we have broken the trunk open ? __________________________________________________
2. They have broken the trunk open __________________________________________________
3. The governor set the prisoners free __________________________________________________
4. He made it clear whether I was to go or not__________________________________________________
5. They boiled the eggs hard __________________________________________________
6. The blacksmith has beaten the iron flat __________________________________________________
7. You shouldn’t make it difficult to understand your lesson __________________________________________________
8. She found the cupboard empty__________________________________________________
9. John has made it clear that he is not guilty __________________________________________________
10. They beat the thief black and blue__________________________________________________
VERB PATTERN 8
In this pattern the verb has and object (noun or pronoun) and an object complement (noun or noun clause). Examples :
Subject + Verb Object Adjective1. They made2. They wanted to
crown 3. They elected4. We appointed 5. He has made 6. They nominated7. The pastor baptized 8. They have named
they call 9. Call 10. They found
But they left
Suharto Caesar Mr. Grey Him The company Him The child The baby Him It The place
It
President of Ind.King(as) chairman. ManagerHat it is today PresidentJanetRichard, but Dick. What you will. A prosperous villageA ruin
Notes :1. The is normally not used in the complement as in the first examples2. With choose and elect the complement may be preceded by as or for.
For example : Who will they choose as (for) a chiefI wonder who they will elect as chairman
3. Examples of the passive construction : No. 1 : Suharto was made President Of Indonesia No. 4 : He was appointed managerNo. 5 : The company has been made what it is today
4. The Common verbs used in this pattern are :
AppointChoose Designate
BaptizeChristenDub (= nickname)
CallCrownelect
Entitle NameSelect
Find NicknameMake
Leave Nominate
Exercise 1 : (To practise this pattern in statements). Substitute the following words. For example :
THE CLASS MADE JOHN TREASURER The director The Director Made John Secretary Appointed The Director Appointed John SecretaryHim The Director Appointed Him Secretary
Continue : 1. Chairman 6. William (c) 11. Mary (s)2. Selected 7. The pastor 12. Nicknames3. Treasurer 8. Christened 13. Named4. Named 9. Calls1 14. The President5. They boy (obj) 10. Bill (c) 15. Secretary
Continue and write : 16. Appointed : ______________________________________17. The Dean : ______________________________________18. Made : ______________________________________19. Mr. Brown (obj) : ______________________________________20. Chairman : ______________________________________21. Nominated : ______________________________________22. We:23. Elected : ______________________________________24. Chose : ______________________________________25. Manager : ______________________________________
Exercises 2 : (To practise using this pattern in response to question). Answer the following questions using this pattern with the suggested words. For example :
Who did the people elect president in 1860 ? (Lincoln) - They elected Lincoln President. What do the boys call Robert ? (Bob) - They call him Bob
1. What did you name your dog ? (Boppy) __________________________________________________
2. What do call our Academy (ABA) __________________________________________________
3. Who did the people elect president at the last election? (Mr. Carter) __________________________________________________
4. Who appointed Mr. Green Head of the English Department ? (the lecturers) __________________________________________________
5. Who should they elect Director of ABA in 1981 ? (Mr. Grey) __________________________________________________
6. What do you call your father ? (Daddy) __________________________________________________
7. What do they call Richard ? (Dick)__________________________________________________
8. Who do you call Mummy ? (my mother) __________________________________________________
9. What has he made the Academy ? (what it is today) __________________________________________________
10. Who did the British crown queen ? (Elizabeth) __________________________________________________
Exercise 3 : (To practise this pattern in question). Convert the following sentences into two questions. First, ask about the objects, then ask about the complements. For example :
They elected Bani Sadr President of Iran
a. Who did they elect President of Iran ? b. What did they elect Bani Sadr?
1. They nominated Mr. Ahmad manager. a. _______________________________________________
b. _______________________________________________2. The lecturers should’ve elected Mr. Grey director.
a. _______________________________________________
b. _______________________________________________3. The Dutch have crowned Princess Beatrix queen.
a. _______________________________________________
b. _______________________________________________4. They would choose John chairman.
a. _______________________________________________
b. _______________________________________________5. They have named the baby Richard
a. _______________________________________________
b. _______________________________________________6. We are going to nominate Mr. White Director of ABA
a. _______________________________________________
b. _______________________________________________
7. People have nicknamed her Twiggya. _______________________________________________
b. _______________________________________________8. George Orwell entitled his book “1984”.
a. _______________________________________________
b. _______________________________________________9. He wanted to make Mr. Ahmad Head of Japanese Dept.
a. _______________________________________________
b. _______________________________________________10. The MPR has elected Suharto President of Indonesia
a. _______________________________________________
b. _______________________________________________
Exercise 4 : (To practise the passive construction). Convert the following sentences into the passive construction omitting by phrase. For example :
They elected Bani Sadr President- Bani Sadr was elected Predent
1. He has made the company what it is today __________________________________________________
2. They shouldn’t have appointed him president. __________________________________________________
3. Who should we elect President of Indonesia ? __________________________________________________
4. What have they called her ? __________________________________________________
5. Why did people nickname her Twiggy ? __________________________________________________
6. The students have named their organization IMABA.__________________________________________________
7. The people found the place a prosperous village. __________________________________________________
8. What do we call our Academy ? __________________________________________________
9. They are going to choose Mary secretary __________________________________________________
10. Who should we nominate chairman ? __________________________________________________
VERB PATTERN 9
In this pattern the verb is followed by an object (noun or pronoun) and a past participle as predicative adjunct. Example :
Subject + Verb Object Adjective1. He couldn’t
make 2. He made3. You must
make 4. I heard 5. WE found6. Have you
ever heard 7. Have you
ever seen 8. He had
seen 9. He felt 10. I want 11. I must have
(get) 12. We shall
have (get)13. The King
had14. She has had
His voiceHis influenceYourself My nameThe house This opera A man Towns Himself This work My hair The house His headHer purse
Heard Felt RespectedCalledDesertedSung in Indonesian ? Hanged ? Destroyed by bombingLifted up Finished quickly Cut PaintedCut off Stolen
Notes : 1. The past participle has a passive meaning. For example : No. 4 : means :
My name was called, and I heard it. In Indonesian we would say : Saya mendengar nama saya di panggil.
2. Have, as in Nos. 11 and 12, has an idea of ‘causing something to be done (by another person)’, and is inter changeable with get. This use is therefore called ‘the causative use of have and get’. Thus No. 11 means : I must ask someone (eg. The barber) to cut my hair.
And it should be noted therefore that (11) is not the same as I must cut my hair as this would imply that I cut my hair my self.
3. In Nos. 13 and 14, have has the meaning of ‘suffer’ or ‘experience’. With this meaning, get is not used.
4. In this pattern, have is a ‘full ver’, not an auxiliary, nor an anomalous verb. Therefore it can be used with other tenses :
I am having my hair cut Have had Will have Etc.
And DO is always used in the formation of negative and interrogative : I don’t have my hair cut.
Not * I haven’t my hair cut Do you have your hair cut?Not * Have you your hair cut?
5. The verbs used in this pattern are :FeelLikeSeeGet
FindMake Want Have
Hear Preferwish
Exercise 1 : (To practisethis pattern in statements). Substitutte the following words. For example :
HE WANTED THIS WORK FINISHED ON TIMELiked Done quicklyContinue :1. They2. Made
He likedHe liked
6. I7. Saw
This workThis work
Finished on timeDone quickly
11. The opera12. Sung in
Indonesian
3. Preferred4. The assignment 5. Written in
English
8. The play
9. liked 10. Mar
y
13. Her heard14. Prefer 15. The people
Continue and write : 16. wish : __________________________________17. want : __________________________________18. found : __________________________________19. have heard : __________________________________20. the song : __________________________________21. Jane : __________________________________22. had : __________________________________23. written for her : __________________________________24. the announcement : __________________________________25. read to them : __________________________________
Exercises 2 : (For production of this pattern from other statements). Change the following sentences to fit the pattern. For example :
My name was called. I heard it - I heard my name called I heard the song. It was sung for the third time - I heard the song sung for the third time
1. His influence was felt. He has made it ____________________________________________________
2. We found the village. It was deserted _______________________________________________________
3. The thief was hanged. Did you see him ?_______________________________________________________4. Towns were destroyed by bombing. He had seen them
____________________________________________________
5. English is spoken in my village. I’ve heard it. _______________________________________________________6. This work must be done quickly. The teacher wants it_______________________________________________________7. The egg should be fried. I like it _______________________________________________________8. I heard the song. It was sung in Indonesian_______________________________________________________9. We saw the corruptor when he was punished _______________________________________________________10. His voice can be heard. He has tried to make it _______________________________________________________
Exercise 3 : (To practisethe causative use of HAVE and GET). Make corresponding statements to it the pattern using the suggested words. For example :
I asked the barber to cut my hair. (have) - I had my hair cut You’d better ask the dentist to pull out your tooth. (get)- You’d better get your tooth pulled out.
1. Can I ask someone to paint my house tomorrow ? (have) ____________________________________________________
2. When are you going to print your paper ? (get) ____________________________________________________
3. The teacher wants us to do the work quickly. (have) ____________________________________________________
4. I want a builder to build my house. (have)_______________________________________________________5. He wants me to clean his room every day. (get) _______________________________________________________6. We should find someone to solve this problem immediately (have) _______________________________________________________7. Have you asked him to mend your shoes ? (have) _______________________________________________________8. Mr. John wants them to paint his house green. (get) _______________________________________________________9. We must find someone to see to it. (get) _______________________________________________________10. I didn’t ask him to clean my car yesterday. (have) _______________________________________________________
Exercise 4 : (To practisethe use of HAVE with the meaning ‘suffer’ or ‘experience’). Make a corresponding statement using HAVE For example :
Her handbag was stolen yesterday - She had her hand bag stolen yesterday.Our house has been broken into by thieves. - We have had our house broken into by thieves
1. The soldier’s left leg was amputated. ____________________________________________________
2. The King’s head was cut off. ____________________________________________________
3. The windows of the house were broken by explosion ____________________________________________________
4. my purse was stolen by a pickpocket____________________________________________________
5. Her finger was beaten by a hammer ____________________________________________________
6. The millionaire’s son has been kidnapped ____________________________________________________
7. All his teeth were pulled out ____________________________________________________
8. His house was burnt to the ground ____________________________________________________
9. My wrist was twisted when I fell ____________________________________________________
10. Their houses were robbed ____________________________________________________
Exercise 5 : (To review the use of VP3, VP5, VP6 and VP9). Combine or change the following statements to make a shorter utterance. For example :
I heard the song. It was sung twice - I heard the song sung twice I heard her. She was singing in the bathroom - I heard her singing in the bathroom I heard John. He sang in the concert - I heard John sing in the concert
1. The people saw the thief. He ran away ____________________________________________________
2. We found the students. They were having a discussion ____________________________________________________
3. They found the village. It was deserted ____________________________________________________
4. The students came on time yesterday. Did you ask them ? ____________________________________________________
5. She comes late every day. We shouldn’t let her ____________________________________________________
6. She heard me. I was talking about her ____________________________________________________
7. The plants grow quickly. The rain has caused them____________________________________________________
8. I saw the boy. He was beaten black and blue____________________________________________________
9. The students were waiting for the teacher. He shouldn’t have kept them.____________________________________________________
10. They didn’t do their homework. You shouldn’t let them. ____________________________________________________
11. The teacher observed the students. They were doing the test. ____________________________________________________
12. She didn’t come to the party. Did you persuade her ? ____________________________________________________
13. Your voice should be heard. Try to make it ____________________________________________________
14. The criminal was hanged. Did you see him ? ____________________________________________________
15. She was cheating in her exam. I’ve caught her.____________________________________________________
Exercise 6 : (To review VPs 3, 5 , 6 and 9 in various sentences and constructions). Put the verbs in brackets into their correct forms :
1. We shouldn’t allow our children (spend) ______________their money on useles things.
2. Never let them (play) ___________________any kind of games of chance for money.
3. The people should be trained (follow)__________________the regulation.
4. I will have my house (build) __________________next month.
5. She has never been known (neglect) ____________________herchild.
6. He should be made (behave) ________________________more carefully.
7. When I got into the house, I smelt something (burn)__________
8. I could feel her heart (beat) _______________________ rapidly.
9. She was about to leave the house when she heard her name (call) ___________
10. He opened the door and found the princess (sleep)_________ soundly
11. She would like to have her hair (cut)______________________short.
12. When I came, I found them (play) ______________________ chess.
13. I saw John (move) _____________________the King, and left them.
14. I’ve promised myself never (visit)____________________ her again.
15. Don’t let (slip)_________any opportunity of practicing your English.
TEST : VP 1 – VP 9
Choose the correct answer :
1. She has lived a happy _______a. live b. living c. to live d. life
2. Do we need ____ the questions ? a. write b. to write c. writing d. written
3. You _____ attend my lectures if you think it unnecessary a. don’t need b. not need c. needn’t d. no need
4. What’s made you ____ the exam ? a. Decided didn’t take c. Decide not to takeb. To decide not to take d. decide don’t take
5. I’ve always encouraged the students ___ English. a. to speak b. speak c. speaking d. are speaking
6. Have your ever heard thing song _____ in Indonesian ? a. sing b. to sing c. singing d. sung
7. John has been appointed ____a. secretary c. to be secretary b. as secretary d. for secretary
8. I had to the work ___ yesterday. a. to do b. doing c. done d. to be done
9. Since there weren’t enough lecturers I had some students ____ the classa. top supervise b. supervise c. supervising d. supervised
10. Last month they ___ their shop broken into. a. had b. got c. had have d. had got
11. ____ had your paper printed ? a. Did you have b. Did you c. Have you d. Had you
12. The princess was found ____ soundly.
a. to sleep b. Sleeping c. slept d. was sleeping
13. Please don’t keep us ____ too long.a. waiting b. to wait c. wait d. waited
14. We all consider ____ a mistake to cheat in examinationsa. it to be b. it be c. it d. to be
15. I think you’d better ____ your sentences. a. to rewrite b. rewrite c. rewriting d. rewritten
16. I have promised ___ to stop visiting her. a. me b. to me c. myself d. to myself
17. I wish I could catch him____ into the house. a. breaking b. was breaking c. to break d. broke
18. He couldn’t afford it because he was____a. breaking b. was breaking c. to break d. broke
19. You should ___ yesterday. a. come b. came c. have come d. to come
20. you have to explain the questions ____a. clear b. clearly c. with clear d. clarity
21. Can you make your statement ____ ? a. clearer b. more clearly c. with clear d. clarity
22. Your father ____ last week. a. might arrive b. may arrived c. may have arrivedd. has arrived
23. let’s ___ that.a. not do b. don’t do c. not to do d. do not
24. We ____ at all yesterday, because we found that there were no lectures. a. needn’t come c. needn’t cameb. didn’t need to come d. needn’t have come
25. The thief was heard ____ off the wall a. jumps b. jumped c. to jump d. jump
26. Did you hear her ____ all night ?
a. was crying b. cried c. to cry d. crying27. I heard the clock ____ twice before I went to bed
a. struck b. was striking c. strike d. stroke
28. _____ have they named their son ? a. who b. what c. whom d. which
29. Open your mouth _____a. wide b. widely c. widen d. width
30. It would be better ___ the paper once again. a. examine b. to examine c. examined d. examining
31. I ____ Sudanesea. don’t know you are c. didn’t know you wereb. didn’t know you are d. don’t know you were
32. We found the cupboard ____a. emptily b. empty c. emptiness d. emptying
33. The officers have been made ____ harda. work b. working c. worked d. to work
34. The students are discussing ___ the questions. a. on b. about c. for d. _____
35. I don’t think this dress suits ____ you a. on b. about c. for d. _____
36. What time ____ your dinner ? a. have you b. you have c. do you have d. had you
37. I _____ my car cleaned yesterday a. had not b. not had c. didn’t had d. didn’t have
38. Who is he ? I ___ one of our lecturersa. think he is c. think he wasb. thought he was d. thought he is
39. The criminal, ____ we considered innocent was punished a. who b. whom c. which d. that
40. Jane made it clear what ____a. did she mean c. she meanb. did she meant d. she meant
41. I Think this cupboard should be broken ____a. to open b. open c. to be open d. to be opened
42. What was he before he became president ? I _____ a soldiera. think he is c. think he wasb. thought he was d. thought he is
43. John, you’re still here ! I ___ in Jakarta now. a. think you are c. think you were b. thought you were d. thought you are
44. He’s never been known _____ his work a. neglect b. to neglect c. neglecting d. neglected
45. He’s never been known _____ his work a. neglect b. to rain c. rained d. was raining
46. He has cut his hair ______a. now b. every month c. last month d. next month
47. He has his hair cut ______a. now b. every mont c. last month d. next month
48. I must have my car ____ next month a. service b. to service c. servicinig d. serviced
49. What ____ elected ? a. he should’ve been c. should he have been b. should’ve he been d. should he has been
50. They should’ve tried not to cheat This sentence means that they _______a. tired to cheat c. didn’t try to cheat b. tried not to cheat d. tried didn’t cheat
VERB PATTERN 10
In this pattern the verb is followed by an object (noun or pronoun) and an adverbial. The verbs that may be used in this pattern are almost all transitive verbs and no list is therefore needed.
This pattern is subdivided according to the adverbial need : A. With an adverbial particle (AP)
Subject + Verb Object AP1. Put 2. Take3. They are sending4. Have you given 5. Bring
Your hat Your coatThem It Her
On ! Off !Back Away ? In !
Notes : 1. This order is used when the object is a pronoun or when the object is
relatively short. In the latter case the AP may precede the object, for example : No. 1 : Put on your hat !No. 2 : Take off your coat !But when a pronoun is used, only one order is possible :
Put it on ! Take it off!never * Put on it ! * Take off it !
2. When the object is long or when it is wished to make the object more prominent, the AP is usually placed between the verb and its object. Examples :
Subject + Verb AP Object
1. He gave 2. Your should put
3. Please bring4. She cleaned
Away On
In Out
Every penny he had The warmest clothes you haveThose chairs in the gardenEvery room in the house
5. Don’t throw Away Anything that might be useful
3. Verbs that combine with such particle are called phrasal verbs. Their meanings should be learned as a unit as very often the combination has a meaning different from its parts. To give an example :
To put = menaruh, meletakkan On = di atas To put on = mengenakan
4. The APs, as we can see from the above examples, consist of words which are identical in form with pre-positions. They differ from the latter in their functions. An AP, as the name suggests, modifies the verb, a preposition governs a noun or pronoun that normally follows it. And, phonologically, an AP is stressed, a preposition is not. Compare :
(a) He ‘turned ‘off the ‘radio. (b) He ‘turned off the ‘road.
When the object is a pronoun, an AP always follows it, while a preposition always precedes it. Thus
(a) He turned it off. (b) He turned off it.
It is not always easy to distinguish an AP from a preposition in a certain construction. Observe
(a) He looked for the book. (b) He looked up the word
The difference can be seen as soon as pronouns are substituted for the objects :
(a) He looked for it (b) He looked it up.
Then it is clear that (a) contains a preposition, as it precedes the pronoun, and (b) contains an AP, as it follows the pronoun. But how do we know that.
(a) *He looked it for (b) *He looked up it.
Are unacceptable ? An answer is that we simply have to know the patterns in which the combinations occur, such as
(a) to look for s.t.(b) to look s.t. up.
And, as we can see from the first two examples, the same combination may produce different meanings when used in different patterns. For example :
(a) to turn s.t. off = memadamkan sesuatu(b) to turn off s.t. = membelok dari sesuatu
5. In the passive construction the AP is placed after the verb. For example : (a) The house must be locked up (b) Every room in the house must be cleaned out
B. With an adverbial phrase : Subject + Verb Object Adverbial phrase
1. Please put 2. Shall we carry 3. Don’t throw 4. We took 5. I found
The book The box It The children The book
On the table Upstairs ? Out of the window !For a walk Under the table
Notes : 1. The adverbial phrase can be adverbial of place, direction, manner, result,
purpose, etc. 2. Unlike the AP, the adverbial phrase cannot normally be placed between a
verb and its object, except when the object is unusually long, or when there is a contrast between two adverbials. For example :
Please put on this table all the books from the shelves in my study and on that table all the books from the shelves in the living room.
C. With a to-infinitive or a clause : Subject + Verb Object To-inf. or clause
1. I send 2. He took 3. You must do
4. I don’t know 5. He opened6. Make
7. You mustn’t treat
8. We found
Tom The medicine What the doctor tells youHer The door The shoes
HerThe books
To buy the stampsTo please his wife In order to get well Soon To speak to For the cat to go out So that they will keep out water as if she were a servantwhere we had left them
Notes : 1. The clause can be of purpose, manner, outcome, or result. 2. When a to-infinitive is used as the adverbial, this pattern looks like
VP+3. Compare : (a) I send Tom to buy the stamps. (VP 10) (b) I want Tom to buy the stamps. (VP 3)
However the to-infinitive phrases have different functions. In (a) the to-infinitive phrase is an adverbial of purpose, while in (b) the to-infinitive phrase, together with the noun, can be considered as the object of the verb. This difference can be seen from the following :
(1) In VP 10 the implied subject of the to-infinitive phrase is identical with that of the main verb (unless otherwise specified by for as in ‘He opened the door for the cat to go out’), while in VP 3 the implied subject of the to-infinitive phrase is the object of the main verb. Thus
(a) means : I buy the stamps (by sending Todm). (b) Means : Tom buys the stamps (This is what I want)
(2) We can insert in order before the to-infinitive in (a), but not in (b) : (a) I send Tom in order to buy the stamps. (b) * I want Tom in order to by the stamps.
(3) The to-infinitive in (a) may be placed at the beginning, but not in (b) : (a) To buy the stamps, I send Tom (b) * To buy the stamps, I want Tom
(4) If we ask about the to-infinitive phrase, we have to use the question word why or what – for in (a), but what – to do in (b) : (a) Why do you send Tom ? Or What do you send Tom for ? (b) What do you want Tom to do ?
Strictly speaking, why asks about reason, what-for about purpose. But a purpose can serve well as one’s reason for doing things. Thus in
He came here to attend lectures.To attend lectures may be his reason for coming as well as his purpose to come. Hence, why and what for may be interchangeable in asking about the phrases of purpose. But, on the contrary, a reason cannot serve as a purpose. Phrases or clauses of reason therefore can never be asked with what-for. Thus from.
He came here
we can only ask
Why did he come here ? not *What did he come here for ?
Similarly ‘why is that?’ is not interchangeable with ‘What’s that for?’. The former clearly asks about reason, not purpose, the latter about purpose, not reason.
Exercise 1 : (To practisethis pattern (A) with a pronoun). Repeat the following statements substituting pronouns for the object, and make the necessary changes. For example :
They put on their old clothes. - They put them on. She took off her hat. - She took it off
1. Put on your other hat !_______________________________________________
2. Take off your overcoat!_______________________________________________
3. We must lock up the house when we go out. _______________________________________________
4. The man gave away all his clothes_______________________________________________
5. You shouldn’t put on warm clothes in summer _______________________________________________
6. Can you bring in those chairs?_______________________________________________
7. She cleaned out all the rooms of the house yesterday_______________________________________________
8. Never put off till tomorrow what you can do today. _______________________________________________
9. She tried on a nice blue gown._______________________________________________
Out of curiosity because he wanted to
10. My daughter called up all her friends_______________________________________________
Exercise 2 : (To practise the alternative pattern with the AP preceding the object). Repeat the statements substituting the suggested objects, and make the necessary changes. For example :
She called her up (all her friends) - She called up all her friends They put it on (the warmest clothes they had) - They put on the warmest clothes they had
1. Don’t throw it away! (anything that might be useful) _______________________________________________
2. We should put them on.(those old shoes) _______________________________________________
3. She tried them on. (all the dresses in the room) _______________________________________________
4. You shouldn’t put it off. (the final examination) _______________________________________________
5. Make sure that they clean them out. 9all the rooms) _______________________________________________
6. Leave that out! (all the unnecessary words) _______________________________________________
7. Has he eaten them up ? (the rest of the apples) _______________________________________________
8. Will you bring her in (the girl who’s been waiting long) _______________________________________________
9. Please pack them up! (the clothes you’ll need for a trip) _______________________________________________
10. Send them back ! (Every letter she sent us) _______________________________________________
Exercise 3 : (To practise the pattern with the adverbial phrase in questions). Ask question about the adverbial phrases. For example :
You should put this book on the table - Where should I put this book ? She regards me a a good friend - How does she regard you ?
1. He looked upon her a mother_______________________________________________
2. I found the boy in his room _______________________________________________
3. We should carry the box upstairs _______________________________________________
4. She visits her parents once a month _______________________________________________
5. The police followed them for five miles_______________________________________________
6. The landlady showed me around the house _______________________________________________
7. She regards me as a good husband_______________________________________________
8. I used to see her almost every day _______________________________________________
9. I put my clothes in my suitcase _______________________________________________
10. They can employ you as a clerk _______________________________________________
Exercise 4 : (To contrast VP 3 an VP 10 with to-infinitive in questions). Ask questions about the to-infinitive phrase. For example :
He sent Tom to buy some stamps - What did he send Tom for ? He asked Tom to come early. - What did he ask Tom to do ?
1. He took the medicine to please hi wife _______________________________________________
2. They did the homework to satisfy their teacher _______________________________________________
3. The teacher asked the students to do the homework _______________________________________________
4. I bought a paper to read during the trip _______________________________________________
5. H asked me to buy a paper _______________________________________________
6. He wanted them to discuss the problem_______________________________________________
7. I visited them to discuss the matter _______________________________________________
8. They appointed an official to superintend the work _______________________________________________
9. She wished me to stay at home _______________________________________________
10. I invited him to please my wife _______________________________________________
Exercise 5 : (To practise this pattern in the passive construction) Convert the following sentences into the passive construction. For example :
He has given the books away - The books have been given away
1. She brought in all her friends _______________________________________________
2. Have you cleaned them out ? _______________________________________________
3. We should put on the warmest clothes_______________________________________________
4. You sholudn’t have thrown them away _______________________________________________
5. The servant showed me to the door _______________________________________________
6. They treated her as if she were a servant _______________________________________________
7. She opened the door for me to get in _______________________________________________
8. He accepted the offer to please his wife _______________________________________________
9. I’ve bought the book for you to read _______________________________________________
10. I used to look upon her as a mother _______________________________________________
Exercise 6 : (To contrast APs and prepositions after verbs) Replace the objects with the pronouns and make the necessary changes.
For example : He looked at the girl - He looked at her They put off the meeting - They put it off
1. I have to look after my brothers _______________________________________________
2. Have you looked up the words in your dictionary ?_______________________________________________
3. The old lady was looking for her glasses _______________________________________________
4. My little daughter has taken my books off the shelf _______________________________________________
5. People take off their shoes when they enter the mowque _______________________________________________
6. Please put out your cigarettes!_______________________________________________
7. Did you call on Mr. George when you were in Wellington ? _______________________________________________
8. The occasion calls for prompt action _______________________________________________
9. Please think over what I said _______________________________________________
10. I can’t think of her name at the moment _______________________________________________
VERB PATTERN 11
In this pattern he verb has a that-clause as its object. The conjunction that can be, and usually is, omitted, especially after think, expect, hope, say and wish. Example :
Subject + Verb Object Adjective1. He said 2. I think 3. I thought 4. We saw 5. We felt 6. I hear 7. I wish
8. I wish 9. They
suggested
10. We demanded
(that)
that that (that)
that
that
he was always busy he is a teacher he was a teacher the plan would failyou would like to knowyou’ve been illI knew her
you had told me earlierhe should look after his wifethe work be done carefully
Notes : 1. As a general rule, when the main verb is in a past tense, the verb in the
that-clause is also in a past tense, regardless of its time reference. But when the main verb is in a present tense, the verb in the that-clause may either be in a present tense or in a past tense, depending on its time reference. To put it in a diagram form : S V that S V
Past PastPresent Present
PastFor example :
I thought she was here now* I thought she is here now I think she is here now I think she was here yesterday
2. The verbs see, hear and feel in thi8s pattern indicate nonphysical or mental perception. The verbs may res-pectively mean ‘understand’, ‘be informed’ and ‘think’. Compare with their use in VP 5 or VP 6 where they indicate physical perception.
(a) I heard him go out. (VP 5) (b) I heard (that) he went abroad. (VP 11)
(a) implies that I really heard the sounds made as a result of his going out, eg. His foot steps, etc., while (b) means that I was informed of the fact that he went abroad. Therefore we cannot normally say.
* I heard him go abroad
3. The verb wish used in this pattern indicates an unfulfilled wish. The that-clause following it therefore says something unreal, that is, contrary to fact, assumption or expectation. Hence, the verb must always be in a past tense, which indicates unreality, when the time referred to is present, and a past perfect tense when the time referred to is past. When the time referred to is future, would may be used. For example :
(a) I wish I knew her (now) (b) I wish you had told me yesterday (c) I wish she would come tomorrow
(a) implies : I don’t know her (now) (b) implies : You didn’t tell me yesterday (c) implies : She won’t come tomorrow The nearest equivalents in Indonesian would be something like (a) Sayang saya tidak mengenalnya (b) Sayang kamu tidak mengatakannya kepada saya kemarin (c) Sayang ia tidak akan/mau datang besok
4. The verbs suggest ( = put forward for consideration), in sist ( = urge in a forcible manner), propose, demand, and some other like verbs normally take should + infinitive or a subjunctive form (the same form as the infinitive) in the that-clause, regardless of the tense of the main verb :
(Note : Subjunctive is a mood of a verb which expresses a state, act or event, not as something really happening or existing, but as possible, imagined, or dependent on smoothing else).The verb suggest doesn’t take a personal object. We do not say
* I suggested him…………When needed, a personal object may be used with the preposition to :
He suggested to me that she teach English Other verbs that don’t take a personal object and can be used in the above pattern are : Admit explainConfess say
5. With the verbs believe, expect, hear, hope, notice, say, suppose and think, an affirmative that – clause can be replaced by so and a negative that-clause by not. For example :
A : The new teacher is very strict B : So I’ve heard (ie I’ve heard that he is very strict)A : It’s going to rain B : I hope not. (ie I hope that it isn’t going to rain)
So may be used either at the beginning or end of the sentence : So I believe
or I believe so.
But with see and notice, so is normally used at the beginning :
So I see (notice). not * I see (notice) so.
6. Example of the passive contruction : No. 1 : It was said that he was always busy No. 9 : It was suggested that he should look after his wife Preparatory IT is used here as the subject is a that-clause.
7. The verbs commonly used are : Acknowledge CommandDemandDoubtFearHopeIntendMind ( = take care) Prefer UnderstandWonder ( = be surprised to find)
AdmitConfessDemonstrateExpect Feel ImagineKnowNoticeProposeUrge
BelieveDeclareDeny Explain HearInsistMean Perceive Think Wish
Exercise 1 : (To practise this pattern in statements). Substitute the following clauses making the necessary changes in the tense. For example :
I thoughtThey hoped He will come
I thinkIthought They hoped They hope
He is a doctorHe was a doctorHe was a doctor He will come
1. Mary can teach English _______________________________________________
2. I wish _______________________________________________
He suggestedsuggests
That She should go.She go.
3. Do you think_______________________________________________
4. the students should practice the conversation _______________________________________________
5. they suggested _______________________________________________
6. The teacher insisted _______________________________________________
7. She should be invited _______________________________________________
8. We demanded _______________________________________________
9. They said _______________________________________________
10. We felt _______________________________________________
11. The plan would fail _______________________________________________
12. His policy is unwise _______________________________________________
13. They admitted _______________________________________________
14. I wonder_______________________________________________
15. She managed to pass her exam_______________________________________________
Exercise 2 : (To contrast VP 3 and VP 11). Make a corresponding statement with a that-clause using the words suggested. For example :
I advised him to practise his English. (suggest) - I suggested that he should practise his English I expected him not to be late. (expect) - I expected that he would not be late.
1. He wanted me to use the Direct Mthod (propose) _______________________________________________
2. My father wants me to pass the examination. (hope) _______________________________________________
3. She urged me to stop teaching in other academies. (insist) _______________________________________________
4. The teacher advised her not to work too hard. (suggest) _______________________________________________
5. The people expected the plan to fail. (see) _______________________________________________
6. She wishes me to arrive safe and sound. (hope) _______________________________________________
7. They told me to give lectures _______________________________________________
8. The doctor advised her not to fast. (suggest) _______________________________________________
9. The director wanted the plan to be carried out. (demand) _______________________________________________
10. The students want the teachers to participate in their program. (propose)_______________________________________________
Exercise 3 : (For production of this pattern with a personal object). Make a corresponding statement with the word suggested. Use the preposition TO before the personal object. For example :
She told me that she was ill. (say) - She said to me that she was ill. He told his employer that he had made a mistake. (admit) - He admitted to his employer that he had made a mistake.
1. He told hid wife that he had spent all the money. (confess) _______________________________________________
2. The author tells the reader that the subject is very important. (explain) _______________________________________________
3. They told me that I should give up the study. (suggest) _______________________________________________
4. She told her husband that she had lost the money. (admitted). _______________________________________________
5. The teacher warns the students that they should come on time. (insist)_______________________________________________
6. They informed me that the couldn’t work on Saturdays. (say) _______________________________________________
7. My father has taught me that smoking is a bad habit. (explain). _______________________________________________
8. They told us that she had broken the window by mistake. (confess) _______________________________________________
9. The students told him that they had not done the work. (admit) _______________________________________________
10. Please tell them that we can’t comply with their request (explain) _______________________________________________
Exercise 4 : (To practise this pattern with WISH). Make corresponding statements using I WISH. Make the necessary changes in the tense. Remember to change the negative into affirmative. And vice versa. For example :
He isn’t here now - I wish he were here now He came to the party last night - I wish he had not come to the party last night
1. We can’t discuss the matter now _______________________________________________
2. I don’t have anough money to have my house built. _______________________________________________
3. She always comes late for my class. _______________________________________________
4. I have to attend this course _______________________________________________
5. I haven’t finished writing this book _______________________________________________
6. The Director is always busy _______________________________________________
7. We can’t speak English like an Englishman_______________________________________________
8. I didn’t have my car serviced last month _______________________________________________
9. Prices go up _______________________________________________
10. She won’t be here tomorrow _______________________________________________
Exercise 5 : (To practise this pattern with SO to replace a that clause). Respond to the following statements using SO either at the beginning or end of your sentences with the suggested words. For example :
She is going to be late again today. (think)- I think so She is improving a lot. (notice) - So I notice
1. Its’ going to rain soon. (think) _______________________________________________
2. She has been successful in her work. (believe) _______________________________________________
3. Our economic situation is getting better. (hope) _______________________________________________
4. Some students are very good at English. (notice) _______________________________________________
5. Mr. Green is going abroad again this years. (Have heard) _______________________________________________
6. Bill will be able to speak Indonesian in one year’s time. (suppose) _______________________________________________
7. Older students are more serious in their study. (see) _______________________________________________
8. She had an accident yesterday. (heard) _______________________________________________
9. The Governments is trying to improve our economy. (see) _______________________________________________
10. We’ll get a lot of money this month. (hope) _______________________________________________
Exercise 6 : (To practise the passive construction of this pattern). Convert the following sentences into the passive construction. For example :
People say that English is important. - It is said that English is important.
1. They suggested that he should bring his family _______________________________________________
2. We hope that Dr. Jones will deliver his speech. _______________________________________________
3. The students have proposed that Mr. Green should resume his teaching in ABA. _______________________________________________
4. People suppose that he died in an accident _______________________________________________
5. The instructors expect that the participants will follow the regulation _______________________________________________
6. The participants thought that the lectures would not be boring/_______________________________________________
7. Anyone can prove that he is not guilty._______________________________________________
8. People believed that the earth was flat._______________________________________________
9. Not until the age of Copernicus that people realized that the earth and other planets moved round the sun_______________________________________________
10. No one ever thought that the solution was as simple as that. _______________________________________________
VERB PATTERN 12
In this pattern the verb is followed by a personal object and a that-clause. Examples :
Subject + Verb Object That-clause1. Did he warn 2. They told 3. Remind4. Has the
accident taught
5. We informed
6. We satisfied
You Me HimYou
The manager
Ourselves
That he might be late? That I was too earlyThat the meeting is on friday.That driving too fast is dangerous ? That we were willing to work overtimeThat all the doors and windows were secured
Notes : 1. As in VP 11, the conjunction that can always be omitted. When the main
verb is in a past tense, the verb in the that-clause is normally in a past tense, too.
2. Some verbs in this pattern can be used with a preposition and a noun in stead of a clause. Compare No. 1 : Did he warn you of the danger ?No. 2 : She told me of her father’s illness No. 3 : Remind him of his promise. No. 5 : We informed him of our willingness to help
3. Examples of the passive construction : No. 1 : Were you warned that he might be late ? No. 2 : I was told that I was too early No. 5 : The manager was informed that we were willing to work
overtime. 4. The verbs used in this pattern are :
Assure RemindTeach
InformSatisfy warn
Promise Tell
Exercise 1 : (To contrast VP 3 and VP 12). Make a corresponding statement using a clause instead of the to-infinitive phrase. For example :
Them They She was ill
He toldHe told They told They told
MeThemThem Them
That she might be late.That she might be late.That she might be late. That she was ill.
1. We 2. the time table
was changed 3. I 4. Warned 5. Reminded
6. The lecture was cancelled
7. informed 8. him 9. The teacher (subj)10. He couldn’t come
Continue and write : 11. The students (ob)
_______________________________________________12. told
_______________________________________________13. They
_______________________________________________14. The examination was on Monday
_______________________________________________15. Us
_______________________________________________16. Reminded
_______________________________________________17. Informed
_______________________________________________18. She
_______________________________________________
19. Me _______________________________________________
20. Prices had gone up again _______________________________________________
Exercise 2 : (To contrast VP 3 and VP 12). Make a corresponding statement using a clause instead of the to-infinitive phrase. For example :
He told me to study hard - He told me that I should study hard She reminded me to meet the guests at the airport. - She reminded me that I should meet the guests at the airport
1. My father taught me to speak slowly and carefully _______________________________________________
2. They told him not to be late _______________________________________________
3. Please remind him to begin to teach next week _______________________________________________
4. The teacher told us to do the exercises now _______________________________________________
5. They promised me not to come late lor my class _______________________________________________
6. Tell the students to have their papers typed _______________________________________________
7. Did you tell him to have his hair cut short _______________________________________________
8. Hasn’t the doctor warned you not to go out at night ? _______________________________________________
9. She didn’t tell me not to boil the eggs hard _______________________________________________
10. I’ve taught them not to make the same mistake twice _______________________________________________
Exercise 3 : (To practise the passive construction). Convert the following sentences into the passive construction
For example : He told me that they couldn’t finish the work - I was told that they couldn’t finish the work
1. She warned me that I shouldn’t teach too much _______________________________________________
2. I have informed them that there won’t be any lectures next week._______________________________________________
3. Did you assure the students that the lecturers will come regularly ? _______________________________________________
4. She has promised me that she will do the work for me_______________________________________________
5. They reminded the professor that the lecture was cancelled _______________________________________________
6. The doctor told her that she should have a rest for a week _______________________________________________
7. We should warn the students that thy should do the exercises for their own good _______________________________________________
8. Have I told you that she’s been ill for months ? _______________________________________________
9. She informed the Director that she wanted to have a three month’s leave. _______________________________________________
10. You have to assure your wife that you won’t leave her until she really has recovered _______________________________________________
Exercises 4 : (To review the previous patterns). Put the verbs in brackets into their correct forms.
1. Her mother advised her (not given) ___________up hope. 2. The doctor suggested that she (not work)___________too
hard. 3. I’ve never known her (give) ____________any help to the
poor 4. I wish I (can help) _____________________________her.5. The students should (be) (make) (follow) ___________the
instructions 6. He is trying (help) ______________her (finish) ________
the work7. Will you (let) _________him (keep) _______ the students
(wait) _______________ ? 8. She wanted (make) ____________her voice (hear) ______9. John intended (have) ___________his house (paint) _____
green.10. Do you have (buy) ______________many books for your
children (read) _____________?
TEST : VP 1 – VP 12
1. He was thinking a happy ______ a. think b. thinking c. thought d. thoughtful
2. _____ a permit to park your car outside your house ? a. Need you c. Are you neededb. Have you need d. Do you need
3. He was asked ____ how many cars had been manufactured a. Ascertaining c. Ascertainb. To ascertain d. Ascertained
4. We all consider it – to teach without any preparation. a. wrong b. be wrong c. were wrong d. are wrong
5. The judge asked him what made him ____ his family a. to desert b. desert c. deserting d. deserted
6. Do you see them ____ behind that big tree ? a. are hiding b. to hide c. hiding d. are hidden
7. The boys washed their shirts ______a. cleanly b. cleaning c. cleaned d. clean
8. The MPR has appointed Suharto _____a. president c. as president b. to be president d. to be come president
9. At present I’m having my typewriter ______a. Repairing b. Repaired c. Is repaired d. Being repaired
10. What did you ask her ______ ? a. For b. For doing c. To do d. In order to do
11. They say it always ______ to advertise a. To pay b. To be paid c. Being paid d. Pays
12. We informed her the clerk _____ to work overtime. a. Willing c. Willb. Is willing d. Was willing
13. ______ breakfast yesterday morning ? a. Had you c. Did you had b. Did you have d. Have you had
14. I’d rather ____ than work as a builder a. To teach b. Taught c. Tech d. Teaching
15. It would be better _______ your English regularly a. Practise b. Practising c. To practise d. Practises
16. What cause him ______ so mad ? a. to get b. getting c. get d. got
17. The visitor, whom I guessed _____ about fifty, was very polite. a. Be b. To be c. Is d. Was
18. We should make the students _______ on time a. to come b. coming c. come d. came
19. I can’t imagine such an old man ______ the mountain a. Climb b. To climb c. climbed d. climbing
20. He painted his house_____a. was green b. to be green c. green d. is green
21. _____ did the school board make Mr. Martin ? a. Who b. What c. Whose d. Whom
22. How often ______ your hair cut ? a. Do you have b. Have you c. you’ve d. you had
23. We must lock ______ the house a. In b. For c. at d. Up
24. I wish I _____ here again some day a. To come b. Can come c. Will come d. Could come
25. Have I told you that she _____ in a accident ? a. Die b. To die c. Dying d. Died
26. These things – to the students a. Should have been taught c. Should have been teachingb. Have should be taught d. Should had been taught
27. He decide that he had better ____ himselfa. Absented b. absent c. be absent d. is absent
28. He may have acted foolishly, but we don’t need ____ him. a. Insult c. To insultb. Insulting d. Insulted
29. It was considered _____ a mistake that he didn’t confess a. was b. be c. been d. _____
30. Are we really meant __ her problem ? a. Knowing b. Know c. To know d. known
31. She’s never been known ___ any offer. a. refuse b. to refuse c. refusing d. refused
32. She was caught ____ with another boy.a. To flirt b. Flirt c. Flirting d. Flirted
33. I’ve made it clear what ______a. Should he do c. Should do heb. Do should he d. He should do
34. They have crowned Elizabeth _____ of England.a. Queen b. A queen c. As queen d. Was queen
35. She _____ her house broken into by thieves last night. a. Got b. Had c. Has got d. Has had
36. _____ do you look upon him ? As a good friend. a. How b. When c. Where d. Why
37. I suggested ______ up smoking.a. Him to give c. He givesb. He give d. Should give
38. Can you tell me ______ he is in ? a. Where b. How c. If d. What
39. I ______ in learning foreign languages. a. Interested c. Am interestingb. He give d. Interesting
40. He is trying ______ his method of teaching. a. To be perfect c. To perfect b. Is perfect d. Perfected
41. They warned me ______ late a. Don’t be b. Not to be c. Wasn’t d. Be not
42. Everyone reported him _______ the best man for the job. a. Was b. Being c. To be d. Is
43. Did anyone hear John ______ the house ?
a. Leave b. Leaves c. To leave d. Has left 44. The boy was seen _____ up a tree.
a. Climbed c. Climbb. Was climbing d. To climb
45. Please don’t keep him ______ for the decision. a. waits c. wait b. is waiting d. waiting
46. The trunk had to be broken ______a. open b. to be open c. to be opened d. opened
47. _______ is the baby called ? Anne a. Who b. What c. Why d. Whom
48. Have you ever heard the song _______ in Indonesian ? a. Sing b. To sing c. Sung d. Singing
49. The bus knocked him _______a. Up b. Down c. On d. In
50. The teacher has explained ______ that verb patterns are important. a. Us b. To us c. About d. Of
51. I was told that the examinations _______a. Cancelled c. to be cancelled b. Was cancelled d. were cancelled
52. You ______ told anyone else.a. Should haven’t c. shouldn’t b. Have shouldn’t d. shouldn’t have
53. How dare he _______ such rude things about me !a. say b. says c. to say d. ___
54. Will you let ___ the explanation ? a. Advanced b. Advanding c. To advance d. Advance
55. Don’t think me ____ unkinda. Am b. be c. being d. ___
56. Will you let ____ the explanation ? a. I give b. me to give c. me give d. me giving
57. Can you help her ______ her problem a. Solving b. Solve c. Solves d. Solved
58. She likes to have the house ____ clean and tidy a. Look b. To look c. Looked d. Looks
59. She likes to have the house ____ every day a. Clean b. To clean c. Cleaned d. Cleans
60. I could feel her heart _____ rapidly.a. Beats b. To beat c. Beating d. Beaten
61. We saw the poor boy ____ black and blue. a. Beats b. To beat c. Beating d. Beaten
62. Open your mouth _____a. Wide b. Widely c. To be wide d. With wide
63. They have named ____a. Queen Mary the ship c. The Queen Mary ship b. The ship Queen Mary d. Ship the Queen Mary
64. She opened the door for the cat _____ out a. Went b. Going c. To go d. Go
65. ______ did he visit you ? Twice a week a. How many b. How often c. How long d. Doesn’t have
66. He said he _____ his car cleaned every day. a. Has not b. had not c. didn’t have d. doesn’t have
67. Remind him that the meeting _____ on Friday a. Be b. To be c. Being d. Is
68. They _____ me that I was too early. a. Said b. Asked c. Told d. Suggested
69. He died a terrible ______a. Die b. Dying c. Death d. Dead
70. Please try _____ the door. a. To not bang b. Not to bang c. Don’t bang d. Bang not
71. I have promised myself ______ visit her again. a. Will never c. Never to b. Never will d. Never
72. They proved _____wrong a. He to be b. him was c. him d. was
73. I think ______ a pity you didn’t try harder. a. To be b. It to be c. It be d. It
74. I saw ______ the room hurriedly. a. He leave c. Him leaveb. Him left d. He leave
75. That man had never been known ___ a lie. a. Tell b. To tell c. Telling d. Had told
76. They mustn’t be kept ____ too long. a. Working b. Are working c. to work d. work
77. Has she made it clear what ____ ? a. Is the aim b. The aim is c. The aim d. Aim is
78. He _____ appointed president. a. Shouldn’t c. Shouldn’t haveb. Shouldn’t have been d. Haven’t been
79. Have you heard English ____ in your village ? a. Speak b. Speaking c. Spoken d. to be spoken
80. He _____ once a month. a. Has serviced his car c. Hasn’t serviced his car b. Has his car serviced d. Hasn’t his car serviced
81. _____ had your paper typed ? a. Did you b. Have you c. Had you d. Did you have
82. She called ____ a. Them up b. Up them c. Them to d. To them
83. What did you buy a magazine ____ ?a. To do b. for doing c. For d. To
84. The instructor suggested her speech before delivering it. a. Her to write b. Her write c. She write d. She should
85. I wish I ___ writing all the manuscripts. a. Have finished c. Had finishedb. Haven’t finished d. Can finish
86. She ____ to him that she would keep her promise. a. Told b. Promised c. Said d. Informed
87. I wish she ____ here tomorrow. a. Was b. Were c. Will be d. Would be
88. Do you think ____ rain ? a. It will b. Will it c. It to d. Is it
89. You had better ____ your work at once. a. Done b. To do c. Do d. Did
90. It would be better _____ he letter at your earliest convenience. a. Answer b. To answer c. Answering d. Answered
91. “I think she is a student of ABA” This sentence implies that ____a. She is a student of ABAb. She is not a student of ABA c. The speaker is sure she is not a student of ABA d. The speaker is not sure she is a student of ABA
92. “I wish the teacher could explain everything about structures”. From this sentence we knoe that the teachera. Managed to explain it c. Wouldn’t explain it b. Could explain it d. Can’t explain it
93. “I thought he had been to the States” a. Hasn’t been to the States b. Is still in the States c. Was in the States d. Has been to the States
94. “He wished he had not come to the party,” This sentence informs us that he _____a. Didn’t come to the party b. Wanted to come to the party c. Couldn’t come to the party d. Did come to the party
95. “We all wish all English teachers were qualified and competent”.From this sentence we may understand that ______ qualified and competent. a. All English teachers are b. All English teachers were c. All English Teachers are not d. Not all English teachers are
96. “I’d rather stay at home” a. Had stayed at home b. Had to stay at home c. Prefers to stay at home d. Doesn’t like to stay at home
97. “It came on to rain” This means the same as _____a. It went on raining b. It started raining c. It stopped raining d. It left off raining
98. “He has decided not to go to the meeting”. This sentence implies that he ____a. Will not go b. Didn’t decide to go c. Doesn’t like to go d. Doesn’t want to go
99. “We believe it to have been a mistake”. From this sentence we understand that ______a. It is a mistake b. It was a mistake c. It will be a mistake d. It must be a mistake
100. “I don’t know her to speak to”From this sentence we may conclude that the speaker ____a. Spoke to herb. Didn’t speak to herc. Didn’t want to speak to her d. Didn’t want to know her
VERB PATTERN 13
In this pattern the object of the verb is a conjunctive and a to-infinitive. The term conjunctive is used for interrogative adverbs, adjectives or pronouns such as how, how many, how much, how long, ho often, where, when, why, who, whom, whose, which, and whether ( = apakah) or if ( = whether). Examples :
Subject + Verb Conj. + to-infinitive1. I wonder 2. Do you
know 3. I forget 4. She didn’t
know 5. He didn’t
know 6. We must
find out 7. Do you
know 8. Remember 9. I’ll inquire 10. Have you
settled
How to get there How to do it ? Where to turn off the road. Which one to buy Whether to go on our turn back.What to do next What to look for ? When to turn!Who to consult Where to go?
Notes : 1. This pattern is mainly used when the subject of the main verb is identical
with the logical subject of the to-infinitive :
Do you know how to do it ? Means : Do you know how you should do it ?
2. The commonest verbs used in this pattern are : AskDiscover Forget
Consider Explain Guess
Decide Find out Inquire
Know Remember Tell ( = explain) Wonder ( = be curious to know )
Learn See ( = know )Think ( = consider)
Observe Settle Understand
Exercise 1 : (To practice this pattern in statements). Substitute the following words. For example :
I KNOW WHERE TO GO. How I know how to goHow far I know how far to go.
Continue : 1. Ho
w often 2. To
practice 3. Whe
n 4. Wha
t 5. Ho
w much
6. Where 7. Do you
know 8. Which
exercises 9. What 10. To buy
11. How much paper
12. I’ll inquire
13. Which books
14. To read 15. Do you
remember
Continue and write : 16. What :17. Did they find out : ________________________________18. To take : 19. How many students : ________________________________20. What : 21. To do : 22. They should know : ________________________________23. Not to do : 24. To consult : ________________________________25. Who :
Exercise 2 : (To practice this pattern in answers to questions). Answer the following questions in this pattern beginning with I don’t know, He doesn’t know, etc. For example :
What would you do ? - I don’t know what to do Where should he go ? - He doesn’t know where to go.
1. Who should the students go to for advice ? ____________________________________________
2. What should she do next ? ____________________________________________
3. What will they give the children for Christmas ? ____________________________________________
4. Where will John go for his holiday ? ____________________________________________
5. When will you start writing the next volume ? ____________________________________________
6. Will you go on or give up your study ? ____________________________________________
7. Which books should the students buy ? ____________________________________________
8. How long should we practise every day ? ____________________________________________
9. How should we learn verb patterns ? ____________________________________________
10. Why should they learn mathematics ? ____________________________________________
Exercise 3 : (To practise this pattern in questions). Ask question in this pattern using the correct conjunctives. For example :
He will bring a number of books.
- Has he decided how many books to bring ?
1. The lecturer will come at the right time. Will he remember ____________________________________________
2. The students have to learn certain lessons for the exams. Have they found out _________________________________________
3. They should pronounce these words correctly. Do they know________________________________________
4. People should get off the bus at the right place. Do they ask___________________________________
5. Mary should consult someone for her paper. Does she know________________________________________
6. Some students will practise their conversation several times a week Have they decided _____________________________
7. We should give the driver a certain amount of money. Do you know_________________________________
8. The students have to visit places of interest. Have they decided______________________________________
9. We should press one of these buttons.Do you know_________________________________
10. They should attend lectures regularly for some reason. Do they understand____________________________
VERB PATTERN 14
In this pattern the verb is followed by a personal object and a conjunctive + to-infinitive phrase. For example :
Subject + Verb Object Conjunctive + to-infinitive
1. I showed 2. Please tell 3. They told 4. Will you advise 5. Show 6. Ask 7. Please intorm 8. Don’t tell
9. Who taught
10. Tell
ThemMe The girl Me Him Your teacherMe People
Jane
Me
How to do it. Which to take. Where to start Which to buy ? Where to put it. How to pronounce the wordWhere to get ticketsWhat to do and what not to doHow to manage her husband ?Whether to trust him or not
Notes : 1. In this pattern the logical subject of the to infinitive is the object of the
main verb : I showed them how to do it.
Means I showed them how they should do it.
2. In this pattern the personal object may be either direct or indirect object. Compare :
(a) I showed them how to do it. I showed them my books (I.O.)
(b) Will you advise me which to buy ? Will you advise me on this question ? (D.O.)
3. Examples of passive constructions :The girls was told what to do They were taught how to use the verbs
4. The commonest verbs used in this pattern are.Advise ask informShow tell teach
Exercise 1 : (To parties this pattern in statements). Substitute the following words. For example :
I TAUGHT JOHN HOW TO PLAY FOOTBALLShowed I showed John how to play football.Where I showed John where to play football.Practise I showed John where to play football.
Continue : 1. golf 2. swimming3. go 4. when 5. shopping
6. told 7. where 8. skiing9. how 10. fishing
11. enjoy 12. baseball 13. the program 14. prepare 15. why
Continue and write : 16. Mary (obj.) :17. When : 18. asked :19. leave : 20. advised : 21. Will inform : 22. How :
23. Plan : 24. taught : 25. A book : 26. Write : 27. Told :
28. Where : _____________________________ 29. A letter : _____________________________ 30. How often : ______________________________
Exercise 2 : (To practise this pattern in a conversational situation). Answer the following questions in this pattern. Use the following formula with a correct conjunctive. For example :
Do you think Bill will buy enough plates ? - I think he will. I told him how many to buyDo you think Jack will come at the right time ? - I think he will. I told him what time to come.
1. Do you think he will meet us at the correct place ?____________________________________________
2. Do you think they will pronounce the words correctly ? ____________________________________________
3. Do you think Bill will buy enough books ? ____________________________________________
4. Do you think Mary will take the right plane? ____________________________________________
5. Do you think she will come at right time ? ____________________________________________
6. Do you think he will take enough money ? ____________________________________________
7. Do you think he will speak at the right time ?
____________________________________________8. Do you think she will give the money to the right man ?
____________________________________________
9. Do you think he will send the letter to the right address?____________________________________________
10. Do you think he will do the work we want him to ? ____________________________________________
11. Do you think she will get off at the right place ? ____________________________________________
12. Do you think the students will study the right lessons ? ____________________________________________
13. Do you think she will bring enough books ? ____________________________________________
14. Do you think the cooks will buy enough flour ? ____________________________________________
15. Do you think she will pay the right amount of money ? ____________________________________________
Exercise 3 : (To production of the passive construction). Convert the following sentences into the passive construction.
For example : I told him what to do - He was told what to do
1. They showed the students how to operate the machine. ____________________________________________
2. We have to inform our children why not to smoke ____________________________________________
3. You should’ve informed your teacher when to give additional lectures. ____________________________________________
4. Have you advised them what department to choose ____________________________________________
5. They will teach you how to develop the film. ____________________________________________
6. Haven’t they informed you what time to start work ? ____________________________________________
7. We should tell the students what to prepare for their examinations____________________________________________
8. In the beginning of the lessons Mr. Green usually teaches the freshmen how to study in an academy. ____________________________________________
9. Did you advise Janet which plane to take ? ____________________________________________
10. They might not have informed the builder whose house to build first.________________________________________________________________________________________
Exercise 4 : (To review the previous patterns). Put the verbs in brackets into their correct forms :
1. Did you see them (do) _________________________the work ? 2. Did you show them how (do) _____________________the work?
3. Tell them (find) ___________________out where (get) _______ off the bus.
4. I don’t know how (make) _______________them (come) ______regularly
5. Please advise me how (teach)________________________them (use) _____________ this pattern.
6. Let them (try) _____________________(inquire) ____________Where (buy) _______________tickets.
7. He left me (wonder) ________________how (get) ____________To the place
8. They suggested that she (have) _________________the students (decide) _______________when (have)__________a discussion with her
9. Did you remember (tell) _____________________her which taxi (take) __________________?
10. I forgot (tell) ____________________the students which lessons (study) ________________ for the next examinations
11. I wish I (remember) ________________how (answer) _________all the questions in the last test.
12. He said he (understand) ________________how (use) _________this construction
13. I (not know) _________________that he (teach) ___________hischildren how (learn) ___________(speak) _____________Arabic.
14. Do you think it’s better (inform) _______________________him
what (not do) _____________ ? 15. I’d rather (let) ______________him (decide) ____________what
(read) _______________ and what (not read) ______________
VERB PATTERN 15
In this pattern the object of the verb is a conjunctive + a clause, which together forms a dependent questions. For example :
Subject + Verb Conjunctive + Clause1. I wonder 2. I don’t know 3. The captain decides 4. They knew 5. Do you know 6. Few people know 7. She has found out 8. I will ask 9. Do you know 10. The tribunal has decided
Why she hasn’t comeHow he should get there Who shall play in the teamWho wanted to see her What her name is ? How hard he works Why they didn’t come Who they want to see Who Mary is looking for ? Who the lands belong to.
Notes : 1. This pattern is mainly used when the clause has a subject different from
that of the main clause. Otherwise VP 13 is to be preferred. Compare : (a) I don’t know how he should get there (b) I don’t know how I should get there Instead of (b), we should prefer (c) I don’t know how to get there (VP 13)
2. The conjunctive + clause is derived from an independent question with a question word. Observe (1) I wonder why she hasn’t come. (1b) Why hasn’t she come? (4) They knew who wanted to see her(4b) I’ll ask who they want to see. (8b) Who do they want to see ?
As we can see from the above examples, the word order of dependent questions is the same as that of statements, and no question mark is needed for the dependent question.
3. When an independent question has no question word, whether ( = apakah) or if ( = whether) is used as the conjunctive, when the question is converted into this pattern.
4. The chief verbs used in this pattern are : Ask Decide Determine Imagine Say Tell (= ascertain)
Believe Discover Doubt Know Show Understand
Debate Discuss Find out Reveal Suggest Wonder
Exercise 1 : (For production of this pattern from other statements). Combine the following sentences. For example :
He sent books to you. I know how many. - I know how many books he sent to you
1. He wants a book. I don’t remember which __________________________________________________
2. Something was on the table. I don’t know what __________________________________________________
3. A pen was on my desk. I don’t know whose. __________________________________________________
4. Some students came here. Do you remember how many?
__________________________________________________5. His friends had money. He explained how much.
__________________________________________________
6. The doctor helped many people. I can’t guess how many. __________________________________________________
7. One car is the best. I don’t know which __________________________________________________
8. Someone called me up last night. I can’t find out who __________________________________________________
9. He visited a girl. I discovered who __________________________________________________
10. This umbrella belongs to someone. Please ask. __________________________________________________
Exercise 2 : (For production of this pattern from questions). Change the following questions into indirect (dependent) questions to complete the following sentences. For example :
What’s her name ? - I’ll find out what her name is.
1. Why didn’t John come ? He asked __________________________________________
2. Who does that book store belong to ? Do you know ______________________________________
3. What time does the train leave ? Please find out _____________________________________
4. How did you solve such a difficult problem ? I wonder __________________________________________
5. Would she be able to overcome the difficulties. I don’t know _______________________________________
6. Will she allow him to continue his study ? She hasn’t decided__________________________________
7. What will he do if she finds out ? Can you imagine____________________________________
8. Are there any questions ? The teacher always asks______________________________
9. Who wants to see the doctor ? I’ll find out________________________________________
10. How busy are you at the moment ? I understand________________________________________
Exercise 3 : (To elicit direct questions from indirect questions contained in this pattern). Give the direct questions from the following sentences. For example :
I know where he comes from - Where does he come from
1. I know who he saw last night __________________________________________________
2. She wants to know how old he is.__________________________________________________
3. Please find out where the new student is from. __________________________________________________
4. I don’t remember what he said __________________________________________________
5. She has discovered how he came __________________________________________________
6. I wonder why the lawyer lost the argument. __________________________________________________
7. The teacher asks if the students understand.__________________________________________________
8. I don’t understand what the professor explained. __________________________________________________
9. They haven’t found out whether Bill is willing to come. __________________________________________________
10. They doubt how well the students learn this lesson. __________________________________________________
Exercise 4 : (To practise this pattern in answers to questions). Answer the following questions in this pattern beginning with I don’t know. For Example :
Is he from Chicago or New York ? - I don’t know where he is from
1. Is this answer correct or is that answer correct ? __________________________________________________
2. Is this answer right or wrong ? __________________________________________________
3. Was John here or was Paul here ? __________________________________________________
4. Is he a doctor or is he a lawyer ? __________________________________________________
5. Did she meet John’s father or Paul’s father ? __________________________________________________
6. Was the doctor at his house or at his office ? __________________________________________________
7. Did he see her yesterday or last week ?
__________________________________________________
8. Did ten people come or did fifteen people come here ? __________________________________________________
9. Was it 3 o’clock or was it 4 o’clock ? __________________________________________________
10. Does he want to see John or Mary ? __________________________________________________
11. Will the meeting last for one hour or two hours ? __________________________________________________
12. Is her name Jane or Janet ? __________________________________________________
13. Did she want to take a course in English or French ? __________________________________________________
14. Does she teach here once a week or twice a week ? __________________________________________________
15. Did John come by plane or by bus ? __________________________________________________
VERB PATTERN 16
This pattern is the same as VP 15 in both construction and usage, except that the verb is followed by a personal object. Which is either a direct or indirect object. For example :
Subject + Verb Object Conjunctive + Clause1. Can you tell 2. I’ll ask 3. Please show 4. She has advised 5. Can you inform 6. I asked 7. I’ve taught
Me Him Me Him Us
HerThem
Where the station is ? Why he didn’t comeWhere you used to live Whether he should go If this book is available now?What here name was Why verb patterns are important to learn
Notes : 1. The conjunctive + clause constitute a dependent (indirect) question.
Observe : (1 ) Can you tell me where the station is ? (1a) Where is the station ? The question mark in (1) does not belong to the dependent question.
2. Like in VPs 11, 12, and 15, the past tense sequence is normally observed. Compare :
(6 ) I asked her what her name was (6a) Ask her what here name is
3. Examples of the passive construction : (4a) He has been advised whether he should go(7a) They have been taught why verb patterns are important to learn.
4. The chief verbs used in this pattern are :
ask advise informshow tell teach
Exercise 1 : (For production of this pattern from other statements) Combine the following sentences
For example :
They saw a girl. I asked them whoI asked them who they saw
1. He didn’t go to Malang. He told me why
________________________________________________________
2. He visited a friend yesterday. I asked him who
________________________________________________________
3. John wanted to got to New York. I asked him why
________________________________________________________
4. The doctor has helped many people. He can’t tell me how many
________________________________________________________
5. He put his money somewhere. Can you tell me where ?
________________________________________________________
6. He learned French quickly. He informed me how.
________________________________________________________
7. I should teach a lesson in the course. Please advise me what
________________________________________________________
8. Janet decorated the room. She showed me how
________________________________________________________
9. Verb patterns are important to learn. The teacher has taught the students
why
________________________________________________________10. Mr. Grey will continue his study. He has told us when
________________________________________________________
Exercise 2 : (For production of this pattern from questions)Change the following questions into indirect (dependent) question to complete the following sentences. For example :
Where did he go ?Can you tell me where he went ?
1. Where is she from ?Have you asked her ___________________________________
2. Do they usually attend lectures regularly ?Will you ask the teacher ___________________________________
3. When is he leaving ?Has he informed us ___________________________________
4. What is the population in Indonesia ?Can you tell me ___________________________________
5. Whose is this type writer She has informed us ___________________________________
6. What should they study for the next courseTell me ___________________________________
7. Is the Dean in today ?Can you tell me ___________________________________
8. How do you pronounce this word ?Has your teacher taught you _________________________________
9. Which course should she take ?I advised her ___________________________________
10. How did he make this deviceHe showed me ___________________________________
11. How often did he use to visit her ?Did he tell you ___________________________________
12. Has he finished writing his paper ?The teacher always asks him _________________________________
13. Why should we learn verb patterns ?He always shows everyone __________________________________
14. Why did he decide to give up his study He didn’t tell me ___________________________________
15. What made you think so ?She asked me ___________________________________
Exercise 3 : (To elicit questions from direct questions contained in this pattern) Give direct questions from the following sentences. For example :
Tell me what time she came last nightWhat time did she come last night
1. Tell me what your name is
________________________________________________________
2. Ask him when the next plane leaves
________________________________________________________
3. Can you tell me how tall the National Monument is ?
________________________________________________________
4. They asked me if I had ever been there before
________________________________________________________
5. Show me where you used to live
________________________________________________________
6. She told me why she had come
________________________________________________________
7. She asked whether I took sugar in my tea
________________________________________________________
8. Can you tell me how many people are likely to come ?
________________________________________________________
9. They have informed me who the land belongs to.
________________________________________________________
10. Tell me who visited Mary last night
Exercise 4 : (For production of the passive construction of this pattern) Convert the following sentences into the passive constructionFor example :
They told me why he couldn’t comeI was told why he couldn’t come
1. Did you ask her when would come ?
________________________________________________________
2. I should’ve taught the students how the verbs were used
________________________________________________________
3. They inform the tourist which places are worth visiting
________________________________________________________
4. Have you advised them whether the book should be printed ?
________________________________________________________
5. We’ll show the students how the method should be applied
________________________________________________________
6. We have to tell the artist what time the performance should be held
________________________________________________________
7. I usually teach them why those forms should be memorized
________________________________________________________
8. The teacher has informed them why regular attendance is required
________________________________________________________
9. We should tell the audience why the delay is inevitable
________________________________________________________
10. We’d better inform the manager how many people will joint the party
________________________________________________________
VERB PATTERN 17
In this pattern the verb has a gerund (verbal noun) at its object. Some of the verbs can be followed by a to-infinitive in a different pattern with some difference in meaning. With a few verbs the gerund has a passive meaning.
Accordingly, the verbs may, for the sake of convenience, be divided into three groups :A. verbs which are always followed by a gerund (ie when another verb
follows)B. verbs which may be followed by a to-infinite, and C. verb which are followed by a gerund with a passive meaning
Group AThe commonest verbs are :admitappreciatedelaydiscontinueexcuseforbid(can’t) helpleave off (=stop)misspermit(can’t) stand
adviseavoiddeny fancyforgiveinsist onmind (in negative & interrogativeput offpracticesuggest
allowconsiderdislikeenjoyfinishgive up (=stop)
keep (on)postponeriskunderstand
Examples :
Subject + Verb Gerund, etc.1. Has it left off2. Have you finished3. Please excuse4. She enjoys5. Don’t give up6. She couldn’t help
raining yet ?talkingmy being lateplaying tennistrying laughing
7. Would you mind8. Do you mind9. You should practice10. I’ve always tried to avoid
coming earlier next time ?my staying out late ?doing the exercises regularlymeeting her
Notes :1. Leave off means stop
Compare :Has the rain left off yet ?
The opposite of leave off, come on (= begin), used as an impersonal verb, is never used with a gerund. Instead, a to-infinitive is always used :
It has come on to rain2. The verb help is used in this pattern only in the phrase can’t (couldn’t)
help (tidak dapat menahan diri dari),3. Compare the use of VP 3 with some of the verbs :
VP 3 : The librarian doesn’t allow us to talkVP 17 : The librarian doesn’t allow talking
4. A gerund is also used with the phrase to look like (=tampak seperti), and to feel like (=merasa suka, mempunyai keinginan)
Lovely morning, isn’t it ?Yes; doesn’t look like lasting, though I don’t feel like going for a walk
Group B :The commonest verbs are :(cant) bear commenceforgetintendmean (signify)proposestart
begincontinuego onlike neglectregretstop
ceaseendurehatelovepreferremembertry
Examples :Subject + Verb Gerund, etc
1. He can’t bear2. He began3. Don’t start4. I’ll never forget5. I remember6. We must go on7. I hate8. She likes9. On the whole I prefer10. Having a party tonight will
mean11. I regret12. Please stop13. Try
being disturbedtalking borrowing money hearing you singseeing her when she was a little girlworkinghaving to refuse every timeswimmingwalking to drivingworking extra hart tomorrowhaving said it wasn’t truesmoking cleaning it with petrol
Notes :1. To bear : when it means endure (= tahan), either the gerund or the to-
infinitive may be used :He can’t bear being disturbedHe can’t bear to be disturbed
2. To begin and to start : may be followed by either a gerund or a to-infinitive with approximately the same meaning :
He began borrowing moneyHe began to borrow money
When the verbs are used in the progressive tense, however, the to-infinitive is preferred to avoid the repetition of-ing :
It’s beginning to rainNot * It’s beginning rainingWhen the verbs are followed by such no-action verbs as
understand, see (= understand), and realize, the to-infinitive is always used :
He began to understand how it was done. * He began understanding how it was done.
3. The verbs cease, commence, continue, endure, intend, neglect and propose are also used with either gerund cr to-infinitive with approximately the same meaning, but the to-infinitive is more frequently used than the gerund.
4. To remember and to forget : after these verbs, the to-infinitive refers to the future, the gerund to the past. Compare :(a) I remember to meet her tonight.(b) I remember meeting her last night.The difference in meaning between (a) and (b) may be expressed in Indonesian approximately as(a) Saya (ter)ingat untuk (harus) bertemu dengan dia
nanti malam.(b) Saya (ter)ingat (terkenang) bahwa saya bertemu
dengan dia tadi malam.We may also contrast the use of the verb forget :(a) Don't forget to post the letter.(b) I won't forget being treated so kindly.
In Indonesian we might say something like :(a) Jangan lupa (untuk) memposkan surat tadi.(b) Saya tidak akan lupa (selalu terkenang) diperh-
kukan sebaik itu.Thus (b) implies that I was treated kindly, and I won't forget the event.
5. To go on : Compare the following sentences .(a) He went on talking.(b) He went on to say that he needed some money.
(a) means that he continued the talking, while
(b) means that he continued and next said that he needed some money.
In Indonesian we might say something like :(a) la terus berbicara.(b) Terus (lantas) dia mengatakan bahwa ia perlu uang.
6. Verbs indicating likes and preferences : like, love andprefer : the gerund is used for general statements, the to- infinitive for statements about a particular occasion, especially when the verb is used with would or should ('d). Compare :(a) Do you like swimming? (general) (b) Would you like to go for a swim this afternoon? (particular)
7. To mean : with the gerund it means to signify ( = berarti), with the to-infinitive to intend (~ bermaksud).Compare :(a) Refusing their present will mean insulting them.(b) I didn't mean to insult them-.
8. To regret with the gerund it refers to something thatprecedes, with the to-infinitive to something that follows.Observe :(a) I regret having followed his advice.(b) I regret to inform you that you failed.
(a) means ; I regret that I've followed his advice.(b) means : I regret that now I must inform you that you failed.
9. To stop : to stop doing s.t. means to stop whatever he is doing; to stop to do s.t. means to stop (whatever he is doing) in order to do s.t. Compare.;
(a) 1 asked them to stop talking.(b) On my way home I stopped to talk to Mary.
(a) implies that they were talking and I asked them to stop it; (b) implies that I stopped (walking, driving, etc) in order to talk Mary.
The verb phrases may be expressed in Indonesia as (a) berhenti berbicara(b) berhenti untuk berbicara
10. To try : with a gerund it means to make an experiment (= mencoba-coba); with a to-infinitive is means to make an effort (= berusaha untuk). Observe :
(a) Knowing he was a foreign, I tried speaking English to him(b) Please try to speak English with your friends
11. Final remarks on the choice between gerund and to-infinitive :As we may notice from the examples above, there seems to be a general rule governing the choice between the gerund and the to-infinitive. The gerund usually refers to something that has been done or has been going on, while the to-infinitive refers to something that has not been done, at the time expressed by the verb.Thus
Gerund
Gerund
rememberforgetregretstopgo ontrymeanlikeloveprefer
to infinitive
Compare also the following(a) He was paid for translating the book(b) He was paid to translate the book
In (a) he was paid after he had translated the book, in (b) before the translation was done. And since the gerund is in noun, this form is also used after a preposition, which always govern a noun :
Preposition + N V – ing (gerund)
Observe :(a) He objected to your proposal
your coming late(b) He is used to this climate
accustomed working hard
this should not be confused withhe used to work hard
where to is not a preposition, but part of the to-infinitive of work. Therefore we cannot say :
* He used to something
Group C :The verbs usually used in this pattern are :deserve need requirewant won’t/wouldn’t bear
Examples :Subject + Verb Gerund, etc
1. His brave action deserves
2. My shoes want
3. Your work needs
4. The young girl will require
5. His language won’t bear
rewardingmendingcorrectinglooking afterrepeating
Notes :1. The gerunds are equivalents to passive infinitives :
(a) My shoes want mending(b) My shoes want to be mendedNevertheless, the gerund after those verbs seems to be commoner than the passive infinitive
2. The gerund is also used after the phrase to be worth (=layak, patut). For example :Anything worth doing is worth doing well
3. To bear as used in this pattern means to be fit forExercises 1 : (To practice this pattern in statements). Substitute the following wordsFor example :
BETTY ENJOYS DANCINGkept onworking
Betty Betty
kept onkept on
dancingworking
Continue :1. insisted on2. stopped3. the boys4. avoided5. studying
6. finished7. eating8. enjoy9. kept on10. laughing
11. started12. the baby13. crying14. cant’ help15. went on
Continue and write :16. The girl : _____________________________________
17. talking : _____________________________________
18. I :
19. smoking : _____________________________________
20. gave up : _____________________________________
21. don’t mind : _____________________________________
22. coming earlier : _____________________________________
23. wouldn’t mind : _____________________________________
24. speaking English : _____________________________________
25. should practice : _____________________________________
26. We:
27. like : _____________________________________
28. should start : _____________________________________
29. prefer : _____________________________________
30. tried : _____________________________________
Exercise 2 : (To practice this pattern in answers to questions)Listen to the statements and answer the questions that follow.For example :
He opened the windowWhat didn’t he mind doing ?He didn’t mind opening the window
1. The students have don’t their homeworkWhat have the students finished doing ?________________________________________________________
2. The boys play footballWhat do the boys like doing ?________________________________________________________
3. They wanted to climb the mountainWhat did they insist on doing ?________________________________________________________
4. She never speaks to a boyWhat does she avoid doing ?________________________________________________________
5. The teacher explained the lessonWhat didn’t the teacher mind doing ?________________________________________________________
6. The girls were singing in a choir.What did the girls enjoy doing ?________________________________________________________
7. Mary stays at homeWhat does Mary prefer doing ?________________________________________________________
8. We should speak English every dayWhat should we practice doing ?________________________________________________________
9. The little boy began to learn to walkWhat did he begin doing ?________________________________________________________
10. They were laughing at himWhat did they keep on doing ?________________________________________________________
11. The lady didn’t attend lectures any moreWhat did she give up doing ?________________________________________________________
12. He used the new method of teaching English________________________________________________________
13. He met the girl in the partyWhat does he remember doing ?________________________________________________________
14. She heard her husband singing in the concertWhat will she never forget doing ?________________________________________________________
15. He followed his adviseWhat does he regret doing ?________________________________________________________
Exercise 3 : (To reinforce the choice between gerund and to-infinitive). Listen to the statements. Make corresponding statements using the suggested words.
For example :He is going to paint his houseHe wants to paint his houseHe is going to paint the houseThe house wants painting
1. I’ve heard the novelI enjoyed _______________________________________________
2. She will tell us the whole story She wouldn’t mind ________________________________________
3. Will you go for a walk ?Would you like ___________________________________________
4. Please read your composition to your friend !Would you mind __________________________________________
5. They laughed at himThey couldn’t help ________________________________________
6. She never goes out alone at nightShe hates _______________________________________________
7. I’ll stay at home this eveningI’d prefer _______________________________________________
8. Please post the letterDon’t forget ______________________________________________
9. You met her last night Do you remember _________________________________________
10. They don’t buy flowers any moreThey have stopped ________________________________________
11. We want to drink some coffeeWe’ll stop _______________________________________________
12. You should make your voice heard loud and clearTry _______________________________________________
13. It began rainingIt’s beginning ____________________________________________
14. You should have your hair cutYour hair needs ___________________________________________
15. They should look after the children The children require _______________________________________
Exercise 4 : (To contrast the use of gerund and to-infinitive).Put the verbs in brackets into their correct forms. Use either gerund or to-infinitive :
1. I had (ask) _________ the boy (stop) ____________ (play) ___________
2. Don’t start (try) _________________________ (learn) _____________ geometry before you have finished (learn) ____________________ (do) __________ simple things in arithmetic
3. We can’t consider (buy) ______________________ a new house before (sell) _____________ the old one
4. If you can’t unscrew the lid, try (hit) _______________ it with a hammer
5. I appreciate your (want) _______________________ (help) _________ my friend, but it’s time he learnt (practice) _______________________ (do) _______________ his work alone
6. I can’t understand his (want) _________________ (marry) __________ a girl like that
7. The policeman suspected him of (try) ____________ (sell) __________ stolen goods.
8. I remember (hear) __________ him say that his grass needed (cut) _________
9. Can you manage (finish) ___________ (pack) __________ these parcels alone ?
10. We didn’t fancy (live) ____________ in that house and regretted (move) ___________ from our old one.
11. I’ve always loved (act) ___________ I’d love (see) __________ you act this time
12. I can’t help (ask) _____________ her why she was trying (avoid) _______ (meet) ____________ me
13. I should like (start) _____________ (take) ______________ more English lessons
14. If you dislike (peel) ____________ onions, try (hold) _________ them under water while doing so.
15. “Did you remember (post) _______________ my letter on your way home ?”“I remember (go) ___________ into the post office for some stamps, but even then I’m afraid I forgot (post) ___________ it.”
16. Has it come on (rain) _______________ ?17. I don’t mind (go) ___________ our when it has left off
(rain) ___________18. Anything worth (do) ______________ is worth (do) ______________
well19. I don’t feel like (go) ______________ out tonight. I’d prefer (stay)
_________20. “Wouldn’t you like (go) _______________ for a swim such a fine day
as this ?”“Yes, I’d love (go) _______________, but I’m afraid it doesn’t look like (last) __________________
VERB PATTERN 18
In this pattern the verb is followed first by a Direct Object (DO) and then by a preposition governing an Indirect Object (IO). Thus : S V DO Prep 10. this pattern is subdivided into three groups.In the first two groups the pattern has an IO which is human and can be converted to VP 19 : S V 10 DO. The two groups are distinguished by the preposition used :
A. with the preposition toB. with the preposition forThe third group © constitutes the pattern which cannot be converted
to VP 19. the prepositions used are of different kinds (including to and for). Both the DO and IO may be animate or inanimate.
Group A :
Examples :
Subject + Verb DO Prep IO1. He read2. He sold3. He offered4. I don’t lend5. He
promised6. Please take7. Will you
hand8. She told9. Don’t
show10. Bring
the letterhis carsome my booksthe moneythese bookthese letterthe newsthe letterthe box
to tototototototototo
all his friendsa man from Leedseverybody thereanybodyme, not to youyour brotherthey secretary ?everybody in the villageany of your friendsme, not my sister
Notes :1. This pattern is used when the IO is longer than, DO, as in
(a) below. Otherwise VP 19 is preferred, as in (b). compare :(a) He read the letter to all his friends(b) He read me the letter(a) He offered some to everyone there(b) He offered me some(a) He sold his car to a man from Leeds(b) He sold me his car
2. This pattern is also used when IO is phonetically heavier, that is, when it is stressed. Observe :(a) He promised the money to me, not you(b) He promised me a good birthday present(a) Bring the box to me, not your sister(b) Bring me the box
3. When the IO is not human (inanimate), the pattern cannot be converted to VP 19. compare :
(a) Take the book to her(b) Take her the book
But (a) Take the book to the library (b) * Take the library the book
4. Examples of the passive construction :(1) The letter was read to all his friends(2) His car was sold to a man from Leeds
5. The verbs usually used in this pattern are :allot bringfetchgrantofferpayreadrendersendteachwrite
allowdenygethandowepermitrecommendrestoreshowtell
awarddo (good, harm)give lendpasspromiserefuseselltake throw
Group B :
Examples :
Subject + Verb DO Prep IO1. She
bought2. Have
you left3. She
has made4. She
ordered5. We
must choose6. Can
you cash7. Will
you do8. Please
boil9. I
bought10. Bill
called
a dictionary any foodcoffeea new dresspresentsthis chequea favourenough rice a good novela taxi
forforforforforforforforforfor
her brotheryour sisters ?all of usherselfour friendsme ?a friend of mineten peoplemy wifeMrs. Green
Notes :1. This pattern is also used when the IO is relatively long or given emphasis.
Otherwise VP 19 is preferred. Compare the first four examples above with the following sentences, which are VP 19 :(1) She bought me a dictionary (2) Have you left me any food ?(3) I’ll make you come coffee(4) She ordered herself a new dress
2. When the IO is inanimate, the pattern can not be converted to VP 19. Observe :(a) We must buy a new carpet for this room(b) * We must this room a new carpet
3. The commonest verbs used in this pattern are :boilbuychoosefetchmake
playspare
bringcallcookgetorder
reachwrite
buildcashdo (a favour)leavepaint
save (a prescription)
Group C :Examples :
Subject + Verb DO Prep IO1. We
congratulated2. Th
ey accused3. I
have spent4. Do
n’t waste5. W
hat prevented6. Th
ank7. Ex
cuse8. I
must remind9. Sh
e reminds10. I
explained11. Sh
e speaks12. Co
himhera lot of timeyour timeyouyoumehimmemy difficultEnglish the copy the hearta trick onthe letter
onofononfromforforaboutoftotowithtoonfor
his successtaking the moneythis questionuseless thingscoming earlier ?your kind helpbeing lateither motherhimher husbandthe originala pumphis young sistermy mother
mpare13. He
compared14. He
played15. I’v
e written
Notes :1. Verbs in this group are not used in VP 19
The sentences I explained my difficulty to him
Cannot be converted to* I explained him my difficulty
2. The preposition and its object may occasionally precede the DO when we need to avoid ambiguity or when the DO is much longer than the prepositional object.
For example :We heard from Jones all about his sister’s escape. If the sentence
is put in the normal order, thus We heard all about his sister’s escape form Jones. It suggests that
his sister escaped from Jones and that we heard all about the incident Similarly in
She expressed to her husband her conviction that economy was essential
In the normal order, to her husband might be taken as going with the adjective essential, thus :… that economy was essential to her husband
3. The prepositions used in this pattern are closely associated with the verb, so that they must be learned as an invariable combination having a certain meaning. For example :
Co congratulate s.o. on s.t.To accuse s.o. of (doing) s.t.To thank s.o. for (doing) s.t
4. Some of the verbs are used with two or more different prepositions with some differences in meaning. For example :
to compare s.t. with. S.t. (of the same kind)to compare s.t to s.t. (of different kind)
5. The verbs used in this pattern are too numerous to list here. The verbs that combine with a preposition in this way are called prepositional verbs. Their combinations and meanings can be found in dictionary entries.
6. The proposition for may be used in this pattern with almost any transitive verbs with the meaning to do s.t. for s.o. (mengerjakan sesuatu untuk orang lain). So it is the action, not the object, which is meant for some one. So in.
Please write the letter for me
(I’ve broken my right wrist)It is the writing, not the letter, which is meant for me. Similarly in
Can you open the door for me, please ?Will you bring this bag for me ?
Therefore, there is a potential ambiguity inHe bought a present for his aunt
This sentence may mean(1) He bought his aunt a present,That is, the present is for his aunt. But it may also mean(2) He helped his aunt to buy a present.So it is possible to have two prepositions for in a sentence : one belonging to group B, and the other to group C, A doctor may say to his assistant :
Will you write a prescription for me for me, please ?Meaning
Will you help me to write a prescription for me, please ?
Exercise 1 : (To practice this pattern with the preposition to or for). Substitute the following words
For example :
HE BOUGHT A DICTIONARY FOR HERbrought tothe letterwrote
He broughtHe broughtHe brought He wrote
a dictionarya dictionarythe letterthe letter
fortototo
herherherher
Continue :1. read2. the
announcement3. the students (ob)4. the book5. sold
6. promised7. me8. the money9. she10. him
11. a present12. brought13. for14. chose15. ordered
Continue and write :16. bought : ___________________________________17. coffee : ___________________________________18. made : ___________________________________19. some food : ___________________________________20. left :21. some money : ___________________________________22. a note : ___________________________________23. wrote : ___________________________________24. to :25. brought : ___________________________________26. the cheque : ___________________________________27. for :28. cashed : ___________________________________29. wrote : ___________________________________30. the paper : ___________________________________
Exercise 2 : (To reinforce the choice between the preposition to and for). Listen to the statements. Make corresponding statements including the IO suggested. Use either to or for.for example :
John. I read the letterI read the letter to JohnShe. I bought a birthday presentI bought a birthday present for her
1. My parents. I have to write a letter
________________________________________________________
2. The students. Please announce the results
________________________________________________________
3. All of us. She has cooked a nice dinner
________________________________________________________
4. I. My ordered a pair of shoes
________________________________________________________
5. She. We have to leave some food
________________________________________________________
6. They. We have made coffee
________________________________________________________
7. Everybody in the room. He offered his cigarettes
________________________________________________________
8. She. Not he. I have promised the present
________________________________________________________
9. Your brother and sister. Please save some
________________________________________________________
10. The teacher. I’ve written a letter
________________________________________________________
11. The secretary. Please hand this letter
________________________________________________________
12. A friend of mine. I’ve promised to lend the book
________________________________________________________
13. Anybody. We shouldn’t do any harm
________________________________________________________
14. My students. I’ll choose good questions
________________________________________________________
15. I will you do a favour ?
________________________________________________________
Exercise 3 : (To practice this pattern in the passive construction). Convert the following sentences into the passive construction.
For example :I wrote a letter to himA letter was written to him
1. They’ve chosen a good birthday present for me
________________________________________________________
2. We have to announce the results to the students
________________________________________________________
3. Will he explain this mystery to us ?
________________________________________________________
4. Did they accused her of flirting with him ?
________________________________________________________
5. You should compare your answers with the key
________________________________________________________
6. She offered the cake to everybody in the room
________________________________________________________
7. He has chosen difficult questions for the students
________________________________________________________
8. Mother has made coffee for those guests
________________________________________________________
9. We can’t excuse you for doing such a foolish thing.
________________________________________________________
10. They protect the country from the enemy
________________________________________________________
11. People have spent a lot of money on useless things
________________________________________________________
12. Has he prevented them from writing their papers ?
________________________________________________________
13. Many people still prefer Translation
________________________________________________________
14. Can you distinguish Indonesia people from Malaysia ones ?
________________________________________________________
15. I have written many letters to her
________________________________________________________
Exercise 4 : (To reinforce the use prepositional verbs). Fill in the blanks with suitable prepositions :
1. What prevented you ___________ coming regularly ?2. Could you pass this letter _________ the secretary ?3. The students are comparing the English structures _________ those of
Indonesian.4. I heard _________ Mary that he failed __________ his final examination5. He devoted all his time ________________ studying English.
6. I’d like to thank you ______________ writing the letter ________ me7. He never lend his money ________________ his friends8. I’m going to borrow some money ___________ the bank 9. Who is to blame _____________ starting the fire ?10. Many English people prefer coffee ____________ tea11. This place reminds me __________ my village12. We should remind him _____________ our visit to him tomorrow13. Can we compare human brain _______________ a computer ?14. He explained ________________ the students the importance of learning
verb patterns15. Nothing will stop the boys ___________ doing it
VERB PATTERN 19
The verbs used in this pattern have two objects : an Indirect Object (IO) followed by a Direct Object (DO). The verbs can also be used in VP 18 with the preposition to or forExamples :
Subject + Verb IO DO1. They offered2. They gave 3. Have they paid4. Please pass5. Show6. I wrote7. Will you buy8. Mary cooked9. Can you get10. Mary will make
Mr. Greenhimyou memehermehimme John
the position of directorthe first prizethey money ?the saltthe books !a lettersome food ?a pound of sausagea copy of that book ?a cup of tea
Notes :1. This pattern is preferred when the DO is longer than the IO. Otherwise
VP 18 is used. Compare the examples with the following :(3a) Have they payed the money to the workers ?(7a) Will you buy some food for the children ?
2. Examples of the passive construction(1a) Mr. Green was offered the position of director(2a) He was given the first prize
3. With the verb write the passive construction is not used :(6a) * She was written a letter
4. For the verbs used in this pattern see VP 18 A & B5. There are a small number of verbs that have two objects which cannot
easily be distinguished as direct or direct object. These verbs are rarely used in VP 18
Examples :(1) I asked him several questions(2) I envy you your charm(3) That will save me a lot of trouble(4) I struck the door a heavy blow
6. There are other constructions similar to this pattern on the surface, but in fact very different in meaning. Observe the following sentences :(1) Mary will make John a cup of coffee(2) Mary will make John a good wife(3) Mary will make John a good husbandIn (1) and (2) John is the IO, as both (1) and (2) can be converted respectively to (1a) Mary will make a cup of coffee for John(2a) Mary will make a good wife for JohnNevertheless, (1a) differs from (2a) in that the NP after make in (1a), a cup of coffee, is the DO, while that in (2a), a good wife, is the subject complement. The latter can be compared with (2b) Mary will make a good secretarywhich mean(2c) Mary will become a good secretaryIn (3), on the other hand, John is the DO, and a good husband is the object complement. This can be compared with(3a) Mary will make John chairman of the teamThe three sentences, (1), (2) and (3), may contrast clearly in the following table
S V IO DO SC OC(1) Mary will make John coffee(2) Mary will make John wife
(3) Mary will make John husband
Exercise 1 : (To practice this pattern in statements). Substitute the following wordsFor example :
MY FATHER BOUGHT ME AN UMBRELLAgaveher theya dictionary
My fatherMy fatherThey They
gave gavegavegave
meherherher
ananana
umbrellaumbrellaumbrelladictionary
Continue :1. the
money2. paid3. He4. passed5. the salt
6. A New Dress
7. Bought8. She9. made10. herself
11. a cup of coffee
12. him13. ordered14. brought15. left
Continue and wrote :16. some eggs :17. cooked :18. them :19. got :20. a letter :21. wrote :22. sent :23. him :24. a bouquet :25. made :26. a good wife : ______________________________________27. chose :28. a present :29. showed :30. gave :
Exercise 2 : (For production of this pattern from VP 18)
Listen to the statement. Substitute a pronoun for the IO. Use the pronoun immediately after the verb
For example :
I bought some sweets for my children- I bought them some sweets
She wrote a letter to her lover- She wrote him a letter
1. Please read the story to the students________________________________________________________
2. We must choose a present for John and Mary________________________________________________________
3. Can you spare a few minutes for my friend and me ?________________________________________________________
4. They have offered the position to Mary’s husband________________________________________________________
5. She’s going to buy a nice toy for her daughter________________________________________________________
6. I’m going to order a good dinner for my life________________________________________________________
7. Will you lend some money to your friends ?________________________________________________________
8. He denies nothing to his friends________________________________________________________
9. The pupils wish “Good morning” to the teacher________________________________________________________
10. Will you do a favour for Jane ?
________________________________________________________
Exercise 3 : (To produce this pattern from a passive construction). Convert the following passive statements into active. Use the word They as subject of each statement
For example :
George was given the jobThey gave George the job
1. The students were bought good dictionaries________________________________________________________
2. Professor Green was given a compliment________________________________________________________
3. Mr. Grey was given the name Anne________________________________________________________
4. The baby was given the name Anne________________________________________________________
5. John Smith was offered the position of manager________________________________________________________
6. Their baby was given a bath________________________________________________________
7. Richard was promised a book________________________________________________________
8. Her hair was given a washing________________________________________________________
9. Fred was given a pair of shoes________________________________________________________
10. Her blue coat was given a cleaning________________________________________________________
Exercise 4 : (To preview the previous patterns). Give the correct form of the words in brackets.1. You ought (know) __________ how (use) ____________ various patterns
by now
2. If you (not remember) _______________ how (use) ___________ a
certain verb you’d better (have) __________ a look at your notes
3. Although you needn’t (memorize) _____________ the numbers of the
patterns. I would (suggest) ___________ (you know) __________ them
4. In the Advanced Learner’s Dictionary you will find the verbs (mark)
_______ P1, P2, etc
5. It would be better for you (know) ___________ what the marks
(mean)_______
6. What, for example, (the mark P2 mean) __________ (know)
___________ the correct constructions
7. P2 (mean) __________ that the verb may (use) __________ with a to-
infinitive
8. Knowing the patterns would (mean) __________ (know) _________ the
correct constructions
9. You need (learn) __________ the pattern until your English doesn’t need
(correct) ___________
10. Only then will you (find) _________ it (easy)____________________
(write) ___________ and (speak) _____________ English
Exercise 5 : (To review the passive constructions of the previous patterns). Convert the following sentences into the passive constructions :
1. The teacher has given many English lessons
________________________________________________________
2. He always urges the students to practice their English ________________________________________________________
3. We all know him to be a good lecturer________________________________________________________
4. You should make them understand the importance of verb patterns. (Remember : inf to-inf)________________________________________________________
5. He has kept the people waiting for the decision________________________________________________________
6. We have to break the door open________________________________________________________
7. Who should we elect president ?________________________________________________________
8. We heard the song played again and again________________________________________________________
9. You’d better leave out the unnecessary words________________________________________________________
10. They left all leave out the unnecessary words________________________________________________________
11. They have done their work to satisfy their boss________________________________________________________
12. People suggested that certain measures should be taken to save the country________________________________________________________
13. They have informed the manager that they will strike________________________________________________________
14. We advised them what to teach ________________________________________________________
15. Nobody ever knows for certain how language fist came into existence ________________________________________________________
16. Will you inform us when they will arrive ?________________________________________________________
17. He never lends his books to anybody________________________________________________________
18. I’ve bought a dictionary for my daughter________________________________________________________
19. People accused him of shooting the student________________________________________________________
20. They are going to offer him the job
TEST : VP 1 – VP 19Choose the correct answer :1. ____ tea of coffee for breakfast ?
a. has he b. he has c. does he has d. does he have2. We were about to leave when it came on ________
a. to rain b. raining c. rain d. rained3. Can you tell me if it has left off _____ yet ?
a. to rain b. works c. rain d. rained 4. He has definitely refused ___ at our office
a. working b. works c. to work d. work5. What prevented you ____ regularly ?
a. to work b. to working c. on workingd. from working
6. Would you mind ____it once again ?a. to explain b. explaining c. at explaining d. explain
7. I’d rather you ____ composition in this coursea. taught b. teach c. to teach d. teaching
8. Would you mind if I ___ you ?a. not to accompany b. didn’t accompanyc. not accompanying d. not accompany
9. This house had better ___ painted greena. been b. was c. be d. to be
10. Would you have the students ____ all the verbs by heart ?a. learn b. to learn c. learned d. learning
11. When …. Your hair cut short ?a. have you had b. had you c. did you haved. did you had
12. My car will need ____ every montha. servicing b. to service c. to be serviced. to be servicing
13. I wonder what caused him ___ in his final exama. to fail b. fail c. failed d. failing
14. I’m sorry I forgot ____ the door before I left a. locking d. to lock c. lock d. locked
15. Did you turn the radio off before you left ?a. I think I do c. I think I didb. I thought I did d. I thought I do
16. I ____ still sleeping nowa. think you are c. think you wereb. thought you are d. thought you were
17. He said he ____ his room cleaned every daya. hasn’t b. not had c. had not d. didn’t have
18. I heard ___ during World War IIa. him died b. he died c. him die d. him dead
19. He didn’t meet her, although he’d very much ______a. liked b. to like c. like to d. liked to
20. The professor didn’t come because he’s been asked ______a. shouldn’t come c. not tob. to not com d. needn’t to
21. H’s proved himself _____ of doing his joba. capable b. is capable c. be capable d. been capable
22. Mr. Smith, whom we all know _____ a good lecturer, is leaving for Londona. him is b. him to be c. to be d. him
23. The students should always be made ___ regularlya. work b. to work c. working d. worked
24. Would you let me ____ first before you explain it ?25. I could hear her heart ___ rapidly as she drew closer to me
a. beat b. beating c. to beat d. beaten
26. We were sorry to see the boy____ black and bluea. beat b. beating c. to beat d. beaten
27. The thief was seen _____ out of the back doora. run b. to run c. ran d. had run
28. He looks much younger after his hair has been a. black dyed b. black dyeing c. dyed black d. dyeing black
29. You must keep the baby ____a. warm b. warmly c. is warm d. to be warm
30. I want her to boil _____a. hard the eggs c. the eggs hardb. the hard eggs d. the eggs hardly
31. The cupboard was ______a. emptily found c. found emptilyb. found emptily d. founded empty
32. The Minister appointed him ____ of the institutea. rector c. the rectorb. a rector d. as the rector
33. ____ did the Smiths name their baby ?a. Who b. whose c. what d. why
34. The Indonesians have named _____a. Jakarta their capital cityb. Jakarta as their capital cityc. Their capital city Jakartad. Their capital city as Jakarta
35. The teacher wants this test __ in not more than one houra. to finish b. finish c. finished d. finishes
36. This house ____ four large bedrooms and two bathroomsa. gets b. got c. is getting d. has got
37. She ___ her handbag stolen last weeka. got b. had c. has got d. had got
38. Will you ___ at 6 o’clock tomorrow ?a. call her on c. call up herb. call her up d. call to her
39. What did you visit them __ ?a. to do b. to c. at d. for
40. __ did you buy that dictionary ?a. what for b. for what c. why d. which
41. I suggested that she __ giving private lessonsa. stopped b. stop c. stops d. to stop
42. I saw __ dogsa. him hate b. him hated c. he hated d. him hating
43. Can you help me to invigilate tomorrow ?a. I’m afraid so b. I’m afraid notc. I’m so afraid d. I’m not afraid
44. I wish I ___ hera. will never meet b. never meetc. had never met d. have never met
45. She confessed ___ that she had spent all the money a. me b. to me c. for me d. at me
46. I wonder how __ such a difficult problema. to solve b. solvec. should I solve d. should be solved
47. Do you know where __ the umbrella ?a. did she put b. should she putc. she put d. has she put
48. You have to practice __ English all the timea. to speak b. speaking c. is spoken d. speak
49. I’ll have the students __ what to discuss in the next lessona. to decide b. decided c. decide d. deciding
50. Do you know – It takes to go to London by plane ?a. how long b. how far c. how much d. how many
51. I haven’t been informed where ___a. is he from b. he is fromc. he from is d. from he is
52. Please tell me__ the Dean is in todaya. where b. what c. how d. if
53. Do you remember who __ the prisoner ?a. did visit b. visited c. to visit d. visiting
54. I’d prefer __ at home tonighta. to stay b. staying c. stayed d. to staying
55. She prefers walking ___a. to cycle b. cycling c. cycles d. to cycling
56. I would never permit __ during wan examinationa. to talk b. talking c. talked d. to talking
57. I don’t feel like __ anything todaya. doing b. to do c. will do d. won’t do
58. I did go to his home, but I failed __ hima. in meeting b. meeting c. to meet d. to meeting
59. So he has succeeded __ his job downa. in holding b. holding c. to hold d. held
60. She explained __ that she couldn’t possibly accept the joba. me b. for me c. to me d. with me
61. She is so motherly that I’m sure she will make Johna. a good husband b. a good wifec. for a good husband d. for a good wife
62. My brother wrote the letter __ my mother, as she couldn’t write herselfa. for b. to c. of d. off
63. That reminds me ___ how I once won a competition a. that b. about c. of d. when
64. Will you___ that dictionary, please ?a. take me b. bring mec. take to me d. bring to me
65. I asked __ , but she remained silenta. a question to her b. a question for herc. her a question d. to her a question
66. I heard __ again for the third timea. her fail b. she failedc. her to fail d. her failing
67. Many English people prefer coffee__ teaa. than b. from c. to d. with
68. Why does she always avoid __ me ?a. meeting b. from meeting c. for doing d. meets
69. Nothing will stop the boy ___ ita. to do b. to doing c. for doing d. from doing
70. She offered the cake __ everybody in the rooma. to b. for c. at d. around
71. That will save me ___ a lot of troublea. from b. with c. for d. around
72. I don’t think it will do any harm __ anybodya. for b. to c. at d. towards
73. Will you____ a favour for me ?a. do b. make c. take d. bring
74. Very few os us find English ___a. easily b. easy c. easiness d. at ease
75. The people of the States have elected ___a. President Reaganb. The President Reaganc. Reagan presidentd. Reagan the President
76. He denies her ___a. nothing b. for nothing c. at nothing d. to nothing
77. Never put ___ till tomorrow what you can do todaya. on b. off c. away d. aside
78. It’s better for you ___ exactly what she meansa. know b. knowing c. to know d. should know
79. They begin__ how important English isa. to realize b. realizingc. should realize d. realize
80. They left the door ___ on purposea. opening b. openly c. to be open d. open
81. Mr. Green was offered __ of directora. the position b. to the positionc. for the position d. in the position
82. Those children will need ___ aftera. should be looked b. being lookedc. looking d. looked
83. The students kept on __ in spite of the teachera. talking b. to talk c. talked d. were talking
84. I wish I __ to give a test todaya. haven’t b. don’t havec. haven’t got d. didn’t have
85. She couldn’t help ___ when she saw the clowna. laugh b. to laugh c. laughing d. laughed
86. She couldn’t help me ___ this piece of worka. finish b. for finishingc. finishing d. finished
87. I enjoyed __ your article on the subjecta. read b. readingc. to read d. when read
88. Nobody will believe __ difficult this work has beena. what b. why c. how d. whether
89. Will you advise me which __ ?a. should I buy b. should buyc. to buy d. be bought
90. It’s beginning ___ again nowa. raining b. rained c. has rained d. to rain
91. When I entered the room they stopped talking. This means that they___a. kept on talkingb. began talkingc. stopped to talkd. were no longer talking
92. I would like to have been at the party. This means that he ___a. enjoyed the partyb. didn’t like the partyc. wasn’t at the party d. had been at the party
93. I’ll never forget being treated so badlyThis means that he___a. will be treated as suchb. wont forget to be treated as suchc. will always remember the eventd. will always remember to be treated that way
94. I wish I could help herFrom this sentence we know that the speaker___a. didn’t want to help herb. managed to help herc. expected to help herd. can’t help her
95. He has decided not to visit her againWe may know from this sentence that he ___a. doesn’t want to visit herb. doesn’t decide to visit herc. won’t visit herd. can’t visit her
96. I thought she wasn’t marriedThis sentence implies that ___a. she is marriedb. she is marriedc. the speaker is not sure is marriedd. the speaker is sure she is not married
97. He regretted following her adviseFrom this we know that he___a. doesn’t like to follow her adviseb. followed her advisec. was supposed to follow her advised. couldn’t follow her advise
98. I couldn’t help telling them offThis means that I ___a. told them offb. couldn’t tell them offc. couldn’t help themd. didn’t help to tell them
99. She promised me not to comeThis sentence means that___a. she asked me not to comeb. she didn’t promise me to comec. I shouldn’t comed. She wont come
100. I want to have my car servicedThis means the same as ___a. I want to have serviced itb. I want to service it myselfc. I want to have someone serviced itd. I have serviced it