exercises in forex
DESCRIPTION
Useful for MBA financeTRANSCRIPT
pgkrd
FOREX MARKET
• EXCHANGE RATE• DOMESTIC
CURRENCY• DIRECT QUOTE• INDIRECT QUOTE• LINK BETWEEN
DIRECT&INDIRECT QUOTE
• AMERICAN TERM• EUROPEAN TERM• BID• ASK• TWO WAY QUOTE• SPREAD• CONVERTING
TWOWAY QUOTE• Arbitrage
pgkrd
FOREX MARKET
• CROSS RATE• SPOT RATE• FORWARD RATE• APPRECIATION• DEPRECIATON• COMPUTATION OF
APPRECIATION AND DEPRECIATION
• SWAP POINTS• FORWARD RATE,
PREMIUM AND DISCOUNT
pgkrd
EXCHANGE RATE
• THE PRICE OF ONE CURRENCY VIEWED IN RELATION TO ANOTHER CURRENCY IS CALLED EXCHANGE RATE.
• EXAMPLE- Re/$ 44.76 means 44.76=1USD
pgkrd
3. DIRECT QUOTE
• X UNITS OF DOMESTIC CURRENCY EQUAL ONE UNIT OF FOREIGN CURRENCY.
• EXAMPLE- Rs44.20 per USD IS A DIRECT QUOTE FOR USD IN INDIA
pgkrd
4. INDIRECT QUOTE
• THE DOMESTIC CURRENCY IS THE COMMODITY WHICH IS BEING BOUGHT AND SOLD.
• COMMODITY COMES FIRST AND PRICE NEXT.
• EXAMPLE- Re1=.02 USD
pgkrd
5.CONVERTION (D TO I)
Q1.If $1 =INR 49.3180 ; then Rs 1= ? $
Q2.If £1 =INR 77.8435; then Rs 100=? £
Q3.If INR 100= €1.5301 then €1= ?INR
Q4.If 100 ¥ =INR 63.5600 then INR 1=? ¥
Q5.How many $ = £1; from above rates
Q 6: How many € =$1; from above rates
Q7: How many ¥ = £1; from above rates
pgkrd
6. AMERICAN AND EUROPEAN TERMS
• AMERICAN TERM IS DIRECT.• EUROPEAN TERM INDIRECT.• EXAMPLE-THE RATE $ 1.5 PER POUND IS AN
AMERICAN TERM.• THE QUOTE $1= INR 45 IN EUROPEAN TERM.• ? AMERICA OR EUROPE.• (a) 3.419$ PER QUWAITI DINAR- IN USA IT IS
A DIRECT MODE- AMERICAN TERMS.• EUROPEAN TERM- 1/AMRICAN TERM : .2925
KWD PER USD.
pgkrd
7. SOLVE
• (a) 7.760 HKD PER $ in USA, Comment.
• Express in American term
• 1HKD=0.128$ European term
• 0.128 $ =1HKD Indirect quote
pgkrd
ANSWERS
• (a) PERSON IN AMERICA THE QUOTE IS FOREIGN CURRENCY PER UNIT OF HOME CURRENCY. HENSE IT IS INDIRECT MODE- EUROPEAN TERM
• THE AMERICAN TERM: 1/EUROPEAN TERM IS 1/7.760= .13 $ PER HKD(HONG-KONG) DOLLAR.
• (b)THE QUOTE IS NEITHER EUROPEAN NOR IN AMERICAN TERM SINCE DOLLAR IS NOT ONE OF THE PAIR OF CURRENCIES.
pgkrd
BID AND ASK
• THE BANK’S QUOTE OF BID AND ASK IS FROM THE BANKER’S PERSPECTIVE.
• BID= BUY• ASK=SELL• IF THE BID RATE FOR USD IS 40 IT MEANS
THAT THE BANK IS READY TO BUY 1$ FOR Rs.40
• IF THE ASK RATE IS FOR USD IS 41, IT MEANS THAT THE BANK IS (ASKING IF SOMEONE WILL BUY) SELLING 1$ FOR Rs.41.
pgkrd
Three tier architecture
• A) bottom tire- Money changers licenced by RBI
• B) Second tire-cooperative and Commercial Bank licenced to maintain accounts for NRI
• C) TOP TIER- Authoried dealers-Scheduled Banks-full-fledged foreign exchange business.
pgkrd
Two way quote
• BID QUOTE AND ASK QUOTE• Ex: Re/$- 40.42 – 41.63• Rs.40.42-bid(buying)-( Bank point of view)• Rs.41.63-ask(selling)• Rs.40.42=1$ means the quote is in india • Yen33= Re.1 means the quote is in Japan• If you want to buy, if you have $, you will get
Rs.40.42• If you want to sell Rs. and buy $ you part with
Rs.41.63.
pgkrd
Spread
• ASK MINUS BID=SPREAD• EX. 40-41
SPREAD=
Rs.41-40=Rs.1
Factors:a) Stability of the exchange rate
b) depth of the market-volume of transaction
High volume(deep market)-narrow spread
Low volume (thin market)-wider spread
pgkrd
Problem
• Indian would like to have travelers cheques: GBP-STERLING 72.70-73.25
• A) explain the quote• B) compute the spread• C) how much would you pay for purchasing 250
pounds in TCS?• D) If you have a balance of pounds 23 in
travellers cheques , how many rupees would you receive if the bank in india quotes 73.65-73.92?
pgkrd
Answer
• A)Bank buys at 72.70and Ask rate is 73.25
• B)Spread=.55
• C) 250*73.25=Rs.18312.50
• D)Rs.23*73.65=Rs.1693.95
• Note: in practice all forex transactions are rounded off to a rupee ie Rs.1694
pgkrd
Converting two way quotes
• Formula
• Bid(Rs/$)=1/Ask($/Rs)or
• Ask(Rs/$)=1/Bid ($/Rs)or
• Take the inverse of each rate (bid and ask) and switch them around.
• Ex:INR/USD 40.25-41.35
• 1/40.25 1/41.35• USD/INR =0.0248 =.02418
pgkrd
PROBLEM
• CONSIDER THE FOLLOWING QUOTATIONS IN MUMBAI
• Rupee/UAE Dirham(AED)=12.69• Rupee/Swedish kroner(SEK)=5.49• Rupee/New Zealand Dollar(NZD)=25.35• Euro/INR=0.0198• Compute a)The quote for SEK/AED• b) Euro/NZD
pgkrd
Solutions
• A)SEK/AED=SEK/INR*INR/AED=.18*12.69
• =1 AED
• B) EURO/NZD=EURO/Re*Re/NZD=.0198*25.35=.50
pgkrd
SPOT RATE
• RATE OF EXCHANGE FOR IMMEDIATE SETTLEMENT
• IT IS SETTLED ON THE SECOND WORKING DAY
• SATURDAY AND SUNDAY ARE HOLIDAYS• EX:SPOT RATE:Rs./$40.35-41.36 SUPPOSING
YOU HAVE 124000 DOLLAR RECEIVED ON THURSDAY THE BANK WILL SETTLE 124000*40.35=50,03,400 ON THE FOLLOWING MONDAY.
pgkrd
FORWARD RATE
• RATE CONTRACTED TODAY FOR EXCHANGE OF CURRENCIES AT A SPECIFIED FUTURE DATE
• THERE IS A FORWARD BID AND FORWARED ASK
• CASH DELIVERY-ON THE SAME DAY
• TOM DELIVERY-ON WORKING DAY ON THE FOLLOWING DAY
pgkrd
APPRICIATION AND DEPRECIATION
• IF F>S IN A DIRECT QUOTE THE FOREIGN CURRENCY IS APPRECIATING
• Home depreciate• Indirect quote: Foreign depreciates and HOME
APPRECIATES• Ex: 1. SPOT: SGD .O370=Re 1• IN SINGAPORE ; FORWARD RATE THREE MONTHS
HENCE 0.0360• SGD APPRECIATES OR DEPRECIATES?• SPOT USD 1.5865= 1 POUND IN UK. FORWARD 1
MONTH 1.5833 .• ?DEPRECIATE OR APPRICIATE
pgkrd
SWAP POINTS
• DIFFRENCE BETWEEN SPOT BID AND FORWARD BID OR SPOT ASK AND FORWARD ASK
• ?DIFFRENCE BETWEEN SPREAD AND SWAP POINTS
pgkrd
FORWARD RATE, PREMIUM AND DISCOUNT
• IF SWAP ASK> SWAP BID-FOREIGN CURRENCY IS APPRECIATING HENCE ADD SWAP POINTS
• IF SWAP ASK <SWAP BID FOREIGN CURRENCY IS DEPRECIATING. HENCE DEDUCT THE SWAP POINTS.
pgkrd
Arbitrage
• Act of buying currency in one market at lower prices and selling it in another at higher price.
• It helps the arbitrageurs in the market to earn profit without risk
• It is a balancing operations that do not allow the same currency to have varying rates in different forex markets.
pgkrd
Types of arbitrage
• Geographical
• Triangular arbitrage
pgkrd
Geographical arbitrage
• Different prices quoted in two geographical markets for the same currency
• Tokyo and London• 1.Observe the following:• Rs/US $• London Rs.: 42.5730--42.61• Tokyo $: 42.6750 -- 42.6675• Can make money out of it?
pgkrd
• Buy at London market at 42.6100 and sell the same at Tokyo market for Rs.42.6350.
• Suppose you buy from London for 100 million Rupees you can get 100 million /42.61=$2,346,866.932
• Sell $ 2,346,866.932 in Tokyo market at Rs. 42.6350 gives Rs.100,058,671.16
• There are transaction costs involved.• Note: selling price of one market should be
higher than buying price of another market.
pgkrd
Exercise-2
• The following are three quotes in three forex markets
1$=Rs.48.3011 in Mumboi
1pound=Rs.77.1125 in London
1Pound=$1.6231 in Newyork.
Are there any arbitrage gains possible? Assume there are no transaction costs and the arbitrageaur has $1,000,000.
pgkrd
Answer-2
• The cross rate between Mumboi and London with respect to$/pound=77.1125/48.3011
• =$1.5965/pound• But in newyork the price is quoted $1.6231• There is an opportunity to earn by buing indian
rupee in in Mumboi market and convert them into pounds in London Market
• Then convert pounds into dollors in NewYork market.
pgkrd
Answer-2 continues
• Rs.48.3011X 1 million dollor=Rs.48,301,100
• Pounds=48,301,100/77.1125=626,371.8592
• Dollors=626,371.8592X1.6231
=$1,016,664.164.
The gain=$16,664.164.
pgkrd
Exercise-3: arbitrage in forward market
• Determine arbitrage gain from the following data:
• Spot rate Rs.78.10/pound
• 3 month forward rate Rs.78.60/pound
• 3 month interest rates:
Rupees: 5%; British pound :9%
Assume Rs10 million borrowings or pound 200,000 as the case may be.
pgkrd
Answer-3
• Since forward rate is higher than the spot rate pound is at a premium.
• Percentage premium = (78.60-78.10)X12X100/(78.10X3)=2.56%
• Interest rate differential =9%-5%=4%
• This helps to borrow from Indian market and invest today in pounds in the spot market
pgkrd
Method -2
• 1.Borrow in Uk and invest such pounds after converting them into rupees in India
• 2.After three months re convert the rupees including the interest into pounds at forward rate
• 3.Deduct the loan including interest from step –2
• If step-2 is more than step-3 there is a gain.
pgkrd
Exercise-4
• Spot rate=78.10; interest rates India-5%; interest rate in UK-9% (pounds); At what forward rate the arbitrage is not possible?
pgkrd
Answer-4
• Spot rate =78.10
• Add: 4% premium for three month period(78.10 X 4/100) X3/12=0.781
• Forward rate= 78.10-0.781=77.319
• What is the principle used?
pgkrd
Principle
• The arbitrageur earns 4% extra interest to pay 4% forward premium yielding him no gain.
pgkrd
Exercise-5
• Spot rate-78.10; forward rate for three months-Rs.77.50; rate of interest for pounds-6% for three months.Rate of interest in India-5%. Is there any arbitrage ?
pgkrd
Answer-5
• The British pound is at a forward discount of 3.073% ie.(78.10-77.50)x 100/78.10x (12/3)100
• Interest rate differential is 6%-5%=1%• There are arbitrage gain possibilities.• Borrow in UK 2,00,000 pounds at 6% and
convert them into Indian currency and invest them in India at rate of 5%
• The total amount is converted into pounds at the forward rate
• Net gain =1067.7419 pounds.
pgkrd
Exercise-6
• A Ltd is planning to import a multipurpose machine from Japan at a cost of 3400 lakh Yen.The company can borrow at the rate of 18% per annum with quarterly rests.However there is an offer from Tokyo bran of Indian Bank extending credit of 180 days at 2% per annum against the opening of an irrevocable letter of credit. Other information is as follows:
• Spot rate for Rs.100=340 yen; 180 days forward rate for Rs.100=345 yen; commission charges for letters of credit are at 2% for 12 months.
• Advise the company which mode of purchase is better?
pgkrd
Answer-6
• Borrowing 3400 lakhs yen• Borrowing in Indian rupee=Rs.1000 lakhs• Interest for the first 3 months= 45• Interest for the second quarter=47.025• Total cash outflow at the end of 6 months equals
to Rs.1092.025 lakhs.• If letter of credit is followed:Borrowings 3400 lakhs yenInterest for 6 months 34 yenCommission charges 3400 x .02 x6/12=34
pgkrd
Answer-6 continues
• Total payments =3468 lakhs yen
• Conversion into indian rupees=1005.217
• Conclusion:- Avail overseas offer
pgkrd
Exercise-7
• Spot Rs.48/$ ;6 month interest rate: India-7.5%Per annum; US interest rate-2% per annum.what forward rate will no arbitrage gain be possible?
pgkrd
Answer-7
• Difference in rate-7.5%- 2%=5.5%p.a.
• Spot rate $48
• Add: 5.5% premium for three months
(48x (5.5/100) x 3/12) =0.66
Forward rate = 48.66/$
pgkrd
Exercise-8
• Spot rate- Rs.48.5/$ ; 6 month forward rate-Rs.48.90/$ ; Annualised interest on US 6 month treasury bill –2.5%; annualised interest on Indian 6-month treasury bill-6.0%; what are the transactions the trader will execute to receive arbitrage gain?
pgkrd
Answer-8
• Interest rate differential=6%-2.5%=3.5%pa
• Premium of forward rate=(48.90-48.5)/48.5x100 x(12/6)=1.65%
• Since interest diferential is more than premium forward arbitrage gain is possible.
pgkrd
Exercise-9
• Calculate cross currency rate between Euro/pound(bid as well as ask)
Rs/Us $ Rs 48.35-48.90
Rs/Euro Rs.51.90-52.30
$/ Pound $ 1.49-1.50
pgkrd
Answer-9
• Euro/Pound(bid)=Rs/Us $ x $/Pound x Euro/Rs=48.35 x1.49 x 1/51.90
• Euro/Pound(ask)=48.90 x 1.50 x1/52.30
pgkrd
Exercise-10
• You are required to fill in the missing figures and complete the table
US dollar
Pound
Canadian
Yen Euro
1USD
1 pound
1Canadi
1 Yen
1 Euro
1.0
-
-
-
-
o.6161
1.0
-
-
-
1.5259
-
1.0
-
-
------
-
-
1.0
-
0.9287
-
-
-
1.0
pgkrd
Answer-10
US dollar
Pound
Canadian
Yen Euro
1USD
1 pound
1Canadi
1 Yen
1 Euro
1.0
1.623
0.65530.0085
1.0767
o.6161
1.0
.4037
.0052
.6634
1.5259
2.4767
1.0
0.0129
1.6430
118.08
191.655
77.3838
1.0
127.145
0.9287
1.5074
0.6086
0.0078
1.0
pgkrd
Exercise-11
• The following quotations are available to you:
by a bank in New York $ 1.6012/Pound
By a bank in Paris FFr4.9800/$
By a a bank in London Pound 0.1350/FFr
Is any triangular arbitrage possible?
pgkrd
Answer-11
• From a direct quote of New York and Paris, the cross rate for Pound/FFr is Pound/FFr= Pound/$ x $/FFr= 1/1.6012 x1/4.9800
• Or Pound/FFr =0.1254
• Since in the direct quote the FFr in London is pound 0.1350/FFr(different from 0.1254), triangular arbitrage is possible.
pgkrd
Answer-11
• 1/1.6012 x 1/ 4.9800=0.1254=Pound/FFr
• Since in the direct quote the FFr in London is 0.1350/FFr different from 0.1254, triangular arbitrage is possible.
pgkrd
• Borrow in the country where the rate of interest is low and invest in the country where interest rate is high.
pgkrd
Exercise-12
• On 1st April 3 months interest rate in the US $ and Germany are 6.5% and 4.5% per annum respectively.The USD/DM spot rate is 0.6560. What would be the forward rate for DM, for delivery on 30th June?
pgkrd
Answer-12
• Spot rate is US $ 0.6560/DM• Interest rate parity relationship
S0=[1+imA]/[1+inB• S0= Spot rate; S1= Future exchange rate• inA=Nominal interest in country A(USA)• inB= Nominal interest in country
B(Germany)• S1=0.6560{1+(0.065 x3/12)/1 +(0.045 x 3/12)} = 0.6560 x (1.01625/1.01125) = USD 0.6592
$/DM
pgkrd
Exercise-13
• Spot rate 47.88/$
• 3 month forward rate 48.28/$
• 3 month interest rates Re.7%
$ 11%
Is there any arbitrage gain?
pgkrd
Answer-13
3 month forward rate of dollar is higher than spot rate implies that the dollar is at premium.
• Premium(percentage)= (48.28-47.88) / 47.88x(12/3) x 100=3.34% per annum.
• Interest rate differential=11%-7%=4%
• Since interest rate differential is more than premium percentage there are arbitrage gain possible.
pgkrd
Exercise-14
• On 1st April, 3 months interest rate in the US and Germany are 4.5% and 6.5 % per annum respectively. The $/DM spot rate is 0.6560. What would be the forward rate for DM for delivery on 30th June?
pgkrd
• S1=0.6560{1+(0.045 x3/12)/1 +(0.065 x 3/12)}
= 0.6560 x ( 1.01125/1.01625)
= USD 0.652772 $/DM
pgkrd
Exercise-15
• In International Monetary Market an international forward bid for December, 15 on pound sterling is $ 1.2816 at the same time that the price of IMM sterling future for delivery on December,15 is $1.2806. The contract size of pound sterling is 62,500. How could the dealer use arbitrage in profit from this situation and how much profit is earned?
pgkrd
Exercise-16
• ABC Co. have taken 6-month loan from their foreign collaborators for US Dollars 2 millions. Interest payable on maturity is at LIBOR plus 1.0%. Current 6-month LIBOR is 2%.
Enquiries regarding exchange rates with their bank elicit the following information:
Spot USD 1 Rs. 48.52756 months forward Rs.48.45751.What would be their total commitment in rupees, if they
enter into a forward contract?2. Will you advise them to do so? Explain giving reasons.
pgkrd
Exercise-17
• The United States Dollar is selling in India at Rs.45.50. If the interest rate for 6 month borrowing in India is 8% per annum and the corresponding rate in USA is 2%.
1.Do you expect US dollar to be at premium or at discount in the Indian forward market?
2.What is expected 6 month forward rate for United States Dollar in India?
3. What is the rate of forward premium or discount?
pgkrd
Answer
• Borrow in US at 2% and invest in India
• Differential interest rate =8%-2%=6%
• Since US interest rate is low dollar is at premium.
• Forward rate=45.50(1+[.04 x6/12)]=Rs.46.41
pgkrd
Exercise-18
• A company operation in Japan has today effected sales to an Indian company, the payment being due 3 months from the date of invoice. The invoice amount is 108 lakhs yen. At today’s spot rate, it is equivalent to $30 lakhs. It is anticipated that the exchange will decline by 10% over 3 months period and in order to protect the Yen payments, the importer proposes to take appropriate action in the foreign exchange market. The 3-months forward rate is presently quoted as 3.3 Yen per rupee. You are required to calculate the expected loss and to show how it can be hedged by a forward contract.
pgkrd
Exercise-19
• The following table shows interest rates for the United States dollar and French francs. The spot exchange rate is 7.05 franks per dollar. Complete the missing entries:
3 months 6 months 1 year
Dollar interest rate
(annually compounded
Frank interest rate
(annually compounded)
Forward franc per dollar
Forward discount on franc per cent per year
11 ½%
19 ½%
?
?
12 ¼%
?
?
6.3%
?
20%
7.5200
?
pgkrd
Exercise-20
• In march 2008, the multinational Industries makes the following assessment of dollar rates per British pound to prevail as on 1.9.08.
1) What is the expected spot rate for 1.9.2008?
2) If , as of March,2003, the 6 month forward rate is $1.80, should the firm sell forward its pound receivables due in September, 2008?
$/pound Probability
1.6
1.7
1.8
1.9
2.0
0.15
0.20
0.25
0.20
0.20
pgkrd
Exercise-21
• X Ltd. an Indian company has an export exposure of 10 million(100 lacs) Yen, value September end. Yen is not directly quoted against Rupee. The current spot rates are-USD/INR=41.79 and USD/JPY=129.75.
• It is estimated that Yen will depreciate to 144 level and rupee to depreciate against dollar to 43
• Forward rate for September, 2008 USD/Yen =137.35 and USD/INR=42.89.
You are required
i) To calculate the expected loss if hedging is not done. How the position will change with company taking forward cover?
ii) If the spot rate on 30th September, 1998 was eventually USD/Yen=137.85 and USD/INR=42.78, is the decision to take forward cover justified?
pgkrd
Exercise-22
• A company operating in a country having the dollar as its unit of currency has today invoiced sales to an Indian company, the payment being due three months from the date of invoice.The invoice amount is $13,750 and at today spot rate of $0.0275 per Re.1, is equivalent to Rs.5,00,000.
• It is anticipated that the exchange rate will decline by 5% over the three month period and in order to protect the dollar proceeds, the importer proposes to take appropriate action through foreign exchange market.
• The three month forward rate is quoted as $0.0273 per Re.1
• You are required to calculate the expected loss and to show, how it can be hedged by forward contract.
pgkrd
Exercise-23
• Shoe Company sells to a wholesaler in Germany. The purchases price of a shipment is 50,000 deutsche marks with term of 90 days. Upon payment, Shoe Company will convert the DM to dollars. The present spot rate for DM per dollar is 1.71, whereas the 90-day forward rate is 1.70.
• You are required to calculate and explain:
1) If Shoe Company were to hedge its foreign –exchange risk, what would it do? What transactions are necessary?
2) Is the deutsche mark at a forward premium or at a forward discont?
3) What is implied differential in interest rates between the two countries?(Use interest rate parity assumption)
pgkrd
Answer-23
• Spot rate DM/US $ =1.71
• If company receive payment then
• 50,000 x 1.71=
pgkrd
Exercise-24
• A customer with whom the Bank had entered into 3 months forward purchase contract for Swiss Francs 10,000 at the rate of Rs.27.25 comes to the bank after 2 months and requests cancellation of the contract. On this date, the rates prevailing are:
• Spot CHF 1=27.30 27.35• One month forward Rs.27.45 27.52• What is the loss/gain to the customer on
cancellation?• (loss to the customer $2700 due to exchange
difference)