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Quality Management – Prof. Schmitt Exercise 01

Tools of Quality Management E 01 page 0© WZL/IPT

© WZL/Fraunhofer IPT

Exercise Quality Management01 Tools of Quality Management

Dr.-Ing. Wolf Reißiger

Dr.-Ing. Wolf ReißigerGroup Business Excellence & DevelopmentDepartment Quality ManagementChair of Metrology and Quality ManagementSteinbachstr. 25 (ADITEC), D-52074 Aachen, Tel.: +49 (0)241 80-27111Fax: +49 (0)241 80-22293 Email: [email protected]: http://www.wzl.rwth-aachen.de



Seite 1© WZL/Fraunhofer IPT

Content

Teamwork and quality circle

Brainstorming, Brainwriting and Osborn-Checklist

The „Seven K-Tools“

The „Seven Q-Tools“

The „Seven M-Tools“

The „Seven D-Tools“

The 5 W-Method

Literature:Pfeifer, T.: Qualitätsmanagement Strategien, Methoden, Techniken; Carl Hanser Verlag; München, 2001, ISBN 3446215158 Pfeifer, T.: Quality Management, Strategies, Methods, Techniques; Carl Hanser Verlag; München, 2002, ISBN 3446220038 Pfeifer, T.: Praxisbuch Qualitätsmanagement Aufgaben, Lösungswege, Ergebnisse; Carl Hanser Verlag; München, 2001, ISBN 344621508Masing, W.: Handbuch der Qualitätssicherung; Carl Hanser Verlag; München, 1988, ISBN 3446175709 Theden, P, u.a.: Qualitätstechniken, Werkzeuge zur Problemlösung und ständigen Verbesserung, PocketPower; Carl Hanser Verlag, München, 1996, ISBN3446186190DGQ: DGQ-FQS-Band 15-45; Qualitätsmanagement in der Fertigung; Hrsg.: Deutsche Gesellschaft für Qualität e.V., Frankfurt, Beuth Verlag GmbH, Berlin, Wien, Zürich, 2003, ISBN 3-410-32905-6DIN: Deutsches Institut für Normung, Sinnbilder und ihre Anwendung; DIN 66001; Beuth Verlag GmbH, Berlin; Dez. 1983, Preisgr. 12ASQ: http://www.asq.org/learn-about-quality/new-management-planning-tools/overview/overview.htmlQUA: http://quality.dlsu.edu.ph/tools/index.htmlBrandt, A.: http://209.85.135.104/search?q=cache:LI3bpMmhPa8J:www3.psychologie.hu-berlin.de/arbpsy/studenten/qualman_docs/ss2004/08_dl7_a.doc+Qualit%C3%A4tstechniken+Dienstleistungen+Alexandra+Brandt&hl=de&ct=clnk&cd=1&gl=de&lr=lang_de&client=firefox-a; read: 21.06.2007N.N.: http://www.projektmagazin.de/glossar/gl-0727.html?pmSession=; read: 21.06.2007




Teamwork and -building

stronggroup

coherence

strongcommunity

spirit

mutualrelationships

collective objectives

Teamwork Teambuilding

4 stages of teambuilding:

Stage of orientation (Forming)

Stage of disenchantment (Storming)

Stage of departure (Norming)

Stage of achievement (Performing)Quelle:Winkelhofer, G.: Methoden für Management und Projekte, 1997

TeamworkPeople working together as a team can often accomplish tasks faster than working seperatly. In certain cases Teamwork is even inevitable. This often makes Teamwork the ultimate goal for many organisations. So called “team building events” are used in attempts to get people to work as a team rather than as individuals. A further differentiation can be made between Group- and Teamwork. In contrast to Groupwork Teamwork holds common objectives, a strong group coherence, mutual relationship, collective objectives and a strong community spirit within the team. The relation between the members of a group is more lose than by a team.Group- and Teamwork is an essential part of Quality Management. They are the basis for most methods and tools. A special form of Teamwork is the Quality Circle.The process of Teambuilding is divided into four chronological steps. The specific characteristics of each phase depend on the team members themselves. The period of time in which the team members get in touch with each other for the first time is called the Stage of orientation (Forming).During the Stage of disenchantment the team members recognize that their prospects concerning workprogress and result quality fall below their expectations. The initial team harmony becomes unstable (Storming).In the Stage of departure the main topic is to reflect the collaboration and the current situation within the team. Certain rules – the so called Norms – are set up and seen as binding for upcoming work (Norming).Positive experiences that were made during the Norming are transferred to the Stage of achievement (Performing).




Quality Circle

Staff

CompassLeader

Coordinator

control group

Staff

CompassLeader

organisational model postulation

- guarantee flow of information top-down - guarantee flow of information bottom-up- self information and self training- systematization & coordination of circle work

- advice of the management- organisational preparation of the meetings- suggestion of the circle leader

- voluntarily willingness to cooperate- willingness to improve

- establish a time schedule- aims- guarantee information to all participants- nomination of the coordinators

A Quality Circle is a team composed of five to twelve standard employees who meet regularly to discuss improvements for their own workplace. The meetings will be guided and moderated by a colleague or team leader. The meetings will be scheduled weekly for one or two hours. During those meetings weak points or problems, often quality assurance items, specified by team members, will be discussed and systematically investigated. Realisation of solutions and suggestions for improvements will be started after acknowledgement and permission from the management. Realisation and controlling is done by the quality circle.




Content







The 5 W-Method




Tools of Teamwork

Brainwriting Brainstorming

Creativitytechniques

Osborn-checklist

Creativity techniques - Tools of TeamworkBrainstorming is a method to generate ideas. Basic rules such as -no idea is a bad idea- are typical. During the first phase (creative phase) new ideas, thoughts and associations will be made by the team members referring to a special question. Any evaluation of the ideas during the process is forbidden. Benefit of brainstorming is the ability of deriving ideas from the ideas of others. In the second phase (evaluation phase) the ideas will be sorted, structured and evaluated.Brainwriting is particularly useful with a group of people who are somewhat incommunicative and would be uncomfortable offering ideas in an open group session such as Brainstorming. It is also useful when everyone has different problems that they want to solve. It also works well with large groups – because there is no real limit to the group size. The Osborn-checklist includes nine standards to work creatively with already known and developed ideas and problem solutions. Standard examples are: Copy (to search for something similar), Scale up (to add something) or Scale down (to leave s.th. out)




Content







The 5 W-Method




The „Seven K-Tools“ - Introduction

K

Mind-Mapping Method 635

Morphologic boxHauptfunktion:

Auto antreibenAlternative 1

Energiebereitstellen:

Teilf

unkt

ione

n

Alternative 2 Alternative 3

...

Kraft übertragen:

...

Verbrennungs-motor

...

...

...Kardan-welle

Turbine

Kette

E-Motor

Drehzahlwandeln:

Hydraulik-pumpe

StufenlosesGetriebe

Schalt-getriebe

Drehzahlwandeln:

Hydraulik-pumpe

StufenlosesGetriebe

Schalt-getriebe

Kraftschlussherstellen:

Fliehkraft-kupplung Schaltkupplung Viskose-

kupplung

Controversial term analysisControversial term

Progressive Abstraction

Solution

Problem

Critics

Solution

Problem

Critics

Synektik-meeting

Image level

Reality

SolutionProblem

Visual Synektik

Seven K-ToolsMind-MappingA mind map is a generic term used to describe a pictorial representation of a semantic network or cognitive map. The form of the map can involve colour or monochrome images, words and lines and can be arranged intuitively according to the arrangement of concepts in the mind or organized into groups, branches or areas. Visual SinecticsThe work with pictures activates the right brain hemisphere. After defining the problem, the participants examine certain pictures to find solutions for the problem.Sinectics-meetingThe problem will be solved by transferring external structures to the problem. The origin of external structures can lie in the personal experience of the participants or in the nature.Morphologic boxThe problem will be divided into smaller problems. Afterwards possible solutions for those smaller problems are searched. By combining them, the overall problem can be solved.Progressive abstractionThe definition of the problem is checked with the question: „What is really essential?“. This way every possible upcoming solution is checked again to enhance new thoughts.Controversial term analysisAfter the definition of the problem, words are found, which do not refer to the problem. By building a relation between these words and the problem, solutions are approached.Methode 365Procedure for the Method 365: 6 team members write down 3 ideas. Those are passed on to ones neighbour who tries to further develop them. This passing on is done 5 times.




Content







The 5 W-Method




The „Seven Tools“ - Introduction

Q

Process DiagramStart

Aktivität 6

Aktivität 1

Aktivität 5

Aktivität 4 Aktivität 3Aktivität 2

Cause-Effect-Diagram

Man Machine Material

Method Manage-ment

Measur-ability

-

Effect

Tally SheetProduct: Date:Failure Frequence Sum

Sum

0

10

20

30

40

60Histogram

Failure Types

Freq

uenc

y

AB CDEF Rest0

10

20

30

40

60

0

20

40

60

80

100

Pareto- Analysis

Failure Types

Freq

uenc

y Percent

Correlation Diagramno

Control Chart

Zeit

upperboundary

lowerboundaryQ

ualit

y C

hara

cter

istic

Seven Q-ToolsThe Seven Q-Tools are a set of basic quality tools to support processes of problem solving. They are used for the registration and the analysis of failures.In the phase of failure registration, tools like the tally sheet, the histogram and the control chart are used to get information about types, location and frequency of failures and to visualize them.In the phase of failure analysis the Pareto Analysis, cause-effect diagram, correlation diagram and process diagram are used. They allow statements about the importance, the cause and the interdependency between failure effects and the order of complex process flows.




The „Seven Q-Tools“ - Tally Sheet

Product: Date:Tester:

Failure Frequence SumABCDEFSum

610583739

Product: Date:Tester:

Failure Frequence SumABCDEFSum

610583739

Tally SheetWith the aid of tally sheets frequent reappearing failures can be recognized easily and the character and frequency can be represented in a clear form. In that way a preparation of an explicit failure catalogue is possible.Besides failure types also classes for measured values can be documented in a clearly arranged way. Later on those classes can be used to visualize the distribution of the measured values in a histogram (see next page). Procedure:First the problem, which will be analyzed, has to be determined. Afterwards the possible types of errors are listed one below the other – sorted by specified criteria. It is advisable to leave some lines open for unpredictable failures. Now failures concerning the analyzed object can be listed and tallied in the according line.




The „Seven Q-Tools“ - Histogram

minmax xxR -=

kR

H =

formula:

10

20

30

50

40

Freq

uenc

y

Failure Types (Class)

B C D FEA

nceilk =

HistogramWith a histogram, collected data can be displayed graphically sorted by classes. Types of classes are failure types or a range of measured values. The classes are displayed as columns, whereas the height of the column corresponds to the classes’ value. Frequency allocations and thereby derived legalities can be visualized easily that way.Procedure:A list of determined single dates is the basis for the histogram. The amount of displayed classes is k can be derived from n, it has to be rounded up. The difference R of the highest value xmax and the lowest value xminof the total number of determined dates n is determined. The class width is calculated by H=R/K.




The „Seven Q-Tools“ - Exercise to Tally Sheet / Histogram

Product: Fender W124 date: 2004/06/01Lacquer: X5Z-Y8 colour: silvernumber: 20 employee: Le Grand

9:00 a.m. 11:00 a.m. 2:00 p.m. 4:00 p.m.Mo 1,25 1,42 1,27 1,30Tu 1,44 1,35 1,31 1,25We 1,32 1,30 1,45 1,39Th 1,18 1,19 1,33 1,31Fr 1,33 1,29 1,43 1,26

In the following list values of sprayed lacquer portion for an assembly are displayed. First create a tally sheet, as it can be used for a histogram. Then draw the histogram based on the tally sheet.




The „Seven Q-Tools“ - Histogram

Quantity

Class




The „Seven Q-Tools“ – Tally Sheet/ Histogram – Model Solution

Product: Fender W124 date: 2004/06/01Lacquer: X5Z-Y8 colour: silvernumber: 20 employee: Le Grand

9:00 a.m. 11:00 a.m. 2:00 p.m. 4:00 p.m.Mo 1,25 1,42 1,27 1,30Tu 1,44 1,35 1,31 1,25We 1,32 1,30 1,45 1,39Th 1,18 1,19 1,33 1,31Fr 1,33 1,29 1,43 1,26

27,018,145,1minmax

===

RR

xxR--

547,420

====

kkk

nk

⇒ 054,0527,0

=

=

=

H

H

kR

HQuantity

EDCBA

Range

EDCBA

Class2

824

4

––––

1,18 –

––––

1,18 –

<1,3421,342 <1,3961,396

<1,2881,288 1,234

<1,234

1,45




The „Seven Q-Tools“ - Tally Sheet/ Histogram – Model Solution

Quantity

054,0527,0

547,420

27,045,118,1

20

max

min

==

===

===

=

H

k

Rxxn

2

4

6

8

A B C D E 42842

Quantity

EDCBA

Class

1,397 – 1,451,343 – 1,3961,289 – 1,3421,235 – 1,2881,18 – 1,234

Range

42842

Quantity

EDCBA

Class

1,397 – 1,451,343 – 1,3961,289 – 1,3421,235 – 1,2881,18 – 1,234

Range




The „Seven Q-Tools“ – Histogram - Interpretationbell shaped

two peaks

rectangle distribution

two or more runaways

After creating a histogram the trend can be interpreted. For this several types of allocation can be used (see diagram) so that problems within the process can be identified. If a mixed allocation occurs two single processes might overlay each other. The reason for this can be e.g. a shift change or the use of a new tool according to abrasion after a certain period of time. If abnormalities are discovered in a histogram a time analysis has to be done to point out the reasons for data layering. Further problems can be:

1. Bell shaped:- Symmetric, data appears to be distributed normally- Analysis of the time course necessary is a systematic deflection recognizable?

2. Two peaks / rectangle distribution:- Trend process or measuring with different operating conditions- Analysis of the time course necessary search for factors concerning data layering

3. Two or more runaways:- Special cause or measuring fault- Indentify cause if measuring fault: exclude result




The „Seven Q-Tools“ – Histogram - Interpretationone-sided steep

large frequency of one top value

large frequency of a certain value

4. One-sided steep:- Attribute is not normally distributed- Search for a suitable distribution and use of data transformation - No usage of methods that demand a normal distribution

5. Large frequency of one top value- Measuring device cannot collect the whole range or data was not collected regularly above a certain border- Optimize measuring system, overcome “timidity” concerning “bad data“ recording

6. Large frequency of a certain value- Damaged measuring device, hard to read or inspector tends to certain values- Optimize measuring system




The „Seven Q-Tools“ - Pareto-Analysis

10

20

30

50

40

Freq

uenc

y


BC D FE20

40

60

100

80

Per

cent

A

Pareto-AnalysisThe Pareto-Analysis is used to display failures weighted by their frequency. The principle of the Pareto-Analysis shows that the most eminent effects of a problems can be reduced to a small number of causes. The Pareto-Analysis is displayed by columns, which assort the importance of a call for action for problem-solving.Procedure:After listing possible production failures and their frequencies, the number of occurring failures and their percentaged frequencies are listed in a chart. Then the possible failures are stated in a diagram, sorted by their frequencies – beginning with the most often occurring failure. Optionally a sum-curve, that accumulates – beginning on the left side – the percentage frequencies of occurring failures can be added for clarification.




The „Seven Q-Tools“ - Exercise to Pareto-Analysis

Failure

Above upper tolerance A

Below under tolerance B

Missing screw C

Edges not completly

trimmed D

Lacquer failure on the

surface E

Mo

3

1

6

4

3

PercentTue

2

2

6

6

2

We

2

2

7

4

4

Thu

2

1

5

3

1

Fr

4

2

8

5

4

Sum

Exercise to Pareto-AnalysisAbove a list of failures from a housing cover bracket is shown, that has been created within a week. Please create a Pareto diagram that refers to this chart.




The „Seven Q-Tools“ - Pareto-Diagram

Quantity

failure type(class)

10

20

30

50

40

20

40

60

100

80




The „Seven Q-Tools“ - Pareto-Analysis – Exemplary Solution

Failure



Missing screw C

Edges not completly

trimmed D


surface E

Mo

3

1

6

4

3

PercentTue

2

2

6

6

2

We

2

2

7

4

4

Thu

2

1

5

3

1

Fr

4

2

8

5

4

Sum

13,0

8,0

32,0

22,0

14,0

14,6

9,0

36,0

24,7

15,7

The chart shown above and the faults that occurred in a production during one week are given. Only the frequency of failures is taken into consideration, but not the costs resulting from them.

Procedure:A Pareto-Analysis can be done by hand. Failures and their sums are plotted into a prepared diagram (see next page). It starts with the highest value. The single percent share of each failure of the total failure sum is calculated. The accumulated shares are also calculated and plotted into the diagram by using a sum-curve.




The „Seven Q-Tools“ - Pareto-Analysis – Model Solution

Quantity


Percent, added up

10

20

30

50

40

20

40

60

100

80

36,0 %

60,7 %

76,4 %

91,0 %

32

100,0 %

22 14 13 8

Failure



Missing screw C

Edges not completly

trimmed D


surface E

Mo

3

1

6

4

3

PercentTue

2

2

6

6

2

We

2

2

7

4

4

Thu

2

1

5

3

1

Fr

4

2

8

5

4

Sum13,0

8,0

32,0

22,0

14,0

14,6

9,0

36,0

24,7

15,7




The „Seven Q-Tools“: Pareto-Analyse - Minitab®

Count 32 22 14 13 8Percent 36,0 24,7 15,7 14,6 9,0Cum % 36,0 60,7 76,4 91,0 100,0

Coun

t

Perc

ent

Fehler

Unterm

aß

Überm

aß

Lacki

erun

g

Entgr

atung

Kante

n

fehlen

de Sch

raub

en

90

80

70

60

50

40

30

20

10

0

100

80

60

40

20

0

Pareto Chart of Fehler

Another possibility to create a Pareto-Analysis is to use certain software tools. The figure above shows the procedure with the help of Minitab®.The Analysis indicates that missing screws form the largest failure class. Accordingly those faults should be eliminated first.Annotation:A Pareto-Analysis has to be evaluated carefully. It only provides an approach of rating faults. In this example the most frequent faults are observed without looking at the costs. If faults and costs are multiplied with each other a new Pareto-chart is generated and again it has to be evaluated carefully.




The „Seven Q-Tools“: What if Pareto-Principal does not work?Frequency per 1000

working hours for each dep.June - September

Loss of working time due to problems for each dep.

June - September

Amount of problemsfor each problem-type

June - September

Amount of computerbasedproblems for each departement

June - September

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

1 2 3 4 5 6

If the analysis creates some sort of flat chart, which means that one bar does not exceed above the other one significantly, an appropriate sequence of types of failures can‘t be created. So another possibility of categorizing the collected data has to be found. Therefore the category with the highest difference in fault frequency is taken.




The „Seven Q-Tools“ - Cause-Effect-Diagram

Man Machine Material

Method Manage-ment

Measur-ability

Effect

contem-poraries

Cause-Effect DiagramThe Cause-Effect diagram – also known as Ishikawa-diagram –fractionises a problem into its possible causes. Doing this a cause can be fractionised in main and auxiliary causes. Finally all causes merge together and result in an effect.Procedure:First of all categories for the possible causes have to be defined. Usually these causes can be allocated to the “ 7M” (not necessarily). These causes are being applied above arrows, which show to the problem via a main arrow. Afterwards causes are collected e.g. by brainstorming and assigned to the categories. Each cause is applied to one new arrow. For solving the problem it is important to choose an adequate branching factor.




The „Seven Q-Tools“ – Cause-Effect-Diagram

The„Seven Q-Tools“ - Exercise to the Cause-Effect DiagramA laser printer provides a poor printing quality. Possible reasons could be:- wrong printer settings at the printer- low toner status- defect heating element- dirty transport rolls- poor paper quality- machine is overloaded- wrong toner type- printer options are wrong at the pc- fixer is too oldCreate the Ishikawa diagram and sort these reasons by the categories man, material, method and machine.




The „Seven Q-Tools“ - Cause-Effect-Diagram – Model Solution

Bad print results

Man Material

Method Machine

Wrong settings at printer

Wrong print options at the pc

Machine is overloaded

Low toner status

Dirty rolls

Defect heating element

Poor paper quality

Wrong toner type

Fixer is too old




The „Seven Q-Tools“ - Correlation Diagramtypical question: „Which connection exists between attribute X and Y?“

x

y

x

y

x

yr = 0,7 > 0 r = 0 r = -0,7 < 0

positive correlation negative correlationno correlation

Pearson‘s correlation coefficient:

valuation: -1 ≤ r ≤ 1

⎟⎟⎠

⎞⎜⎜⎝

⎛⎟⎠

⎞⎜⎝

⎛−⋅⎟

⎟⎠

⎞⎜⎜⎝

⎛⎟⎠

⎞⎜⎝

⎛−

−=

⋅

⋅=

∑∑∑∑

∑∑∑

∑∑

∑

====

===

==

=

2n

1ii

n

1i

2i

2n

1ii

n

1i

2i

n

1ii

n

1ii

n

1iii

n

1i

2i

n

1i

2i

i

n

1ii

y)(ynx)(xn

yx)y(xnr

)y-(y)x-(x

)y-(y)x-(xr

concrete meaning:

axes ratio of eclipse:r = ±(1-a/b); a/b [0, 1] for b>a

a b

Correlation DiagramThe correlation diagram is used to display data pairs. In a diagram they are displayed as dots. A statistical correlation can be made from the pattern of these dots.Procedure:After having determined at least 30 data pairs (better 50 – 100) they are registered in a X-Y-coordinate system. The X-axis refers to attribute 1, the Y-axis refers to attribute 2. If data pairs appear repeatedly, they are assigned with numbers of circles according to their frequencies. Then a straight line has to be drawn through the dot accumulation. If a dot is positioned near to the straight line we talk about a strong correlation, otherwise of a weak correlation. If the drawn dots appear as scatter plot there is no correlation at all. If the value of attribute 2 grows as while increasing attribute 1 we talk about a positive correlation, otherwise about a negative correlation. To calculate the connection between the correlation the Pearson’s correlation coefficient can be used. An approximate value can be calculated by drawing a eclipse over the plot and then calculate the axes ratio (r).




The „Seven Q-Tools“ – Correlation Diagram - Examples

Example positive Correlation (r>0):

The more food, the fatter the cow

r = 0,7 > 0 positive correlation

r = -0,7 < 0 negative correlation

Example negative Correlation (r<0):

increasing sales of umbrellas, decreasing sales of sun cream

The value of the correlation coefficient is between -1 and 1:-1 ≤ xr ≤ 1The value of r can be:IrI = 1: Complete explanation, so a complete correlation is given.




The „Seven Q-Tools“ – Correlation Diagram - Anmerkungen

But: Be careful with „fake-correlationen“

r = 0 no correlation

In contrast to the proportionality, thecorrelation is only a stochasticconnection.

The results have to be evaluated carefully!

Example no Correlation (r=0)

r=0: No existing correlation, the two characteristics have no linear interdependency.

Beware of „fake-correlation“:There can be a mathematic correlation between the decline of the number of the storks in the Burgenland and the decline of newborns.Of course, logically speaking, these incidents are not linked.

In contrast to proportionality the correlation is just a random combination. It is only possible to predict an approximate increase or decline:A 200% increase of the cattle feed amount may cause a weight gain of about 10% or 20%.With a constant acceleration a duplication of the hammer weight always causes a doubling of the force. Here a proportional context is given.




The „Seven Q-Tools“ – Correlation Diagram - Exercise

BIPQuelle: Statistisches Bundesamt Schweiz, http://www.bfs.admin.ch/bfs/portal/de/index.html

Jahr BIP Dieselpreis1993 358,3260 1,241994 367,7291 1,221995 372,2503 1,191996 373,9927 1,241997 380,5932 1,291998 390,1909 1,211999 397,8936 1,242000 415,5288 1,442001 422,4853 1,402002 431,0637 1,332003 433,3658 1,36

Mittelwert 394,8563 1,2873Streuung 26,8993 0,0830

360 400 440

1,28

1,20

1,24

1,32

1,36

340 380 420

Die

selp

reis

1,40

1,44

1,48

A table with collected data from Switzerland, covering the years from 1993-2003, is given:- Diesel price in SFr. - GDP in billion SFr.

The interdependency of these characteristics shall be determined with the help of a correlation diagram.

Procedure:1. Calculate the mean value2. Calculate covariances3. Calculate variance4. Calculate standard deviation 5. Calculate correlation r 6. Verification of the statistical statement

Interpretation: An increase of the GDP correlates with an increase of diesel price. A larger sample would probably lead to a more definite result.




Die „Seven Q-Tools“ – Correlation Diagramm - Exemplary Solution

Streuungsdiagramm

1,16

1,20

1,24

1,28

1,32

1,36

1,40

1,44

1,48

340,00 360,00 380,00 400,00 420,00 440,00

BIP undDieselpreise in Fr.Linear (BIP undDieselpreise in Fr.)

R=0,7854

The points are near the straight line and show a positive correlation.

The correlation diagram shows that a GDP increase is associated with an increase of the diesel price.The diagram is especially useful for displaying possible non-linear correlations.




Types of Control Charts> Variable Attributes

variable attributes

small control sample size with median,

normally 3 or 5 pieces

great control sample size,

normally more than 10 pieces

small control sample size,

normally 3 or 5 pieces

Median/range

mean value/standard-deviation

mean value/range

~X/R-card X/s-card X/R-card

Control ChartThe control chart is a graphical tool to clarify possible existing variations of quality characteristics. The quality characteristics are listed in a variable mode (e.g. length) or as attributive characteristics (good/bad) – depending upon the type of control chart – against the time. To detect non-coincidental occurrences there is a certain number of test criteria. Three of them are described exemplarily.




Types of Control Charts: Attributive Attributs

attributive attributs

failures per unit incorrect parts

constant samplesize, in general> 5

c-card ~

variable samplesize

u-card ~

constant samplesize, in general≥ 50

np-card ~

variable samplesize, in general≥ 50

p-card

no consideration in the exercise

Attributive attributesQualitative attributes are considered if it is to expensive to consider variable attributes. The controlled samples will therefore be divided in „incorrect“ and „correct“.




Quality Control Charts

mean value

X

range

R

median

X

range

R

mean value

X

range (variance)

S

median / original value

X, X1

III

IIIIII

II

III

II

II

original value

X

floating range

R1

cumulative sums

Cusum




The „Seven Q-Tools“ – Control ChartStandard Tests

exceeding of boundary value

more than 7 values at one side of the centre line (run)

more than 7 values with the samegradient´s sign (trend)

Additional Tests

1s2s3s

4 of 5 valuesmore than 1s onone side of centre

1s2s3s

2 of 3 values onthe same side morethan 2s of thecentre

Procedure:The upper and lower tolerance limit and action control limit are plotted against the Y-axis. The action control limit value is calculated by a formula depending on the control chart type. Then the measured quality characteristics are listed against the time and connected by lines. If some values exceed the action control limit there are systematic failures in the production line. Measures have to be taken to eliminate them.




Identification of boundary values for mean value/ range value cards

OEGR

UEGR

Zeit

R

OEGX

UEGX

Zeit

x

x

R

R = xmax- xminRange

Process mean value

boundary valuemean value

boundary valuerange value

xx

x =x1 + x2 + ... + xm

mR1 + R2 + ... + Rm

mR =

OEG =x + A2 * R

UEG =x - A2 * R

OEGR = D4 * R

UEGR = D3 * R

n A2 D3 D42 1,880 - 3,2673 1,023 - 2,5744 0,729 - 2,2825 0,577 - 2,1146 0,483 0,076 2,0047 0,419 0,136 1,924




The „Seven Q-Tools“ - Control Chart Exercise

∑= kxk

X 1

kR

kR ∑=

1

XTime Diameter [mm] Time Diameter [mm]8:00 AM 18,49 1:00 PM 18,638:30 AM 18,48 1:30 PM 18,629:00 AM 18,44 2:00 PM 18,499:30 AM 18,43 2:30 PM 18,4110:00 AM 18,40 3:00 PM 18,4010:30 AM 18,42 3:30 PM 18,4511:00 AM 18,49 4:00 PM 18,4511:30 AM 18,62 4:30 PM 18,4312:00 PM 18,64 5:00 PM 18,4312:30 PM 18,65 5:30 PM 18,48

Mean Value of Diameter (Lot 7 parts)

Boundary values

Process average

(lotcount n <10)

XCard type /R-Card

RAXOEG ⋅+= 2

RAXUEG ⋅−= 2

RDOEG ⋅= 4

RDUEG ⋅= 3

Control Chart ExerciseAverage values of five samples of a shafts diameter are given in the list below. The samples have been taken every 30 minutes.Please create a control chart for the mean value according to this list as described above. The values are inside the action control limits.R isn’t considered, because only the mean value of the ranges are available.




The „Seven Q-Tools“ – coordinate system for Control Chart

Time

Qua

lity

Cha

ract

eris

tic

2,101 D0,239 D0,419 A

:Here

ValuesBoundary

1

1average Process

5)-3=ncount (Lot Card-/RX Typ Card

4

3

2

3

4

2

2

∑

∑

===

•=

•=

•=

•+=

=

=

RDLBV

RDUBV

RAXLBV

RAXUBV

Rk

R

Xk

X

k

k

-




The „Seven Q-Tools“ – Control Chart – Exemplary Solution

Minimum: 18,40

Maximum: 18,65

Qua

lity

Cha

ract

eris

tics

time mean value [mm]08:00 18,4908:30 18,4809:00 18,4409:30 18,4310:00 18,4010:30 18,4211:00 18,4911:30 18,6212:00 18,6412:30 18,6513:00 18,6313:30 18,6214:00 18,4914:30 18,4115:00 18,4015:30 18,4516:00 18,4516:30 18,4317:00 18,4317:30 18,48

mean value ofdiameter

minmax

1

xxR

xn

X i

-=

= ∑

RconstXLBV

RconstXUBV

Xn

X i

•=

•+=

=

.

.

1

-

∑

18,4925

18,7425

18,2425419,0.

7nspot check=

=const




The „Seven Q-Tools“ – Control Chart – Exemplary Solution

Time

Qua

lity

Cha

ract

eris

tic

Minimum: 18,40

Maximum: 18,65




The „Seven Q-Tools“ - Process-Diagram

Process 1

Process 4

Process 2

Process 5

Start

End

Pro-cess 3

Input A

Input B

Input C

Input D

Method A

Method B

Method C

Method D

Output A

Output B

Output C

Input D

...

...

...

...

Process Diagram Process diagrams originally come from the information processing and serve the clear, graphical description of tasks. Their function is to display complex actions in a simple and logical way. Thus a complicated description can be spared. The DIN 66001 gives information about notations of data flow plans etc.Procedure:To draw a process, information given by the preceding to the subsequent processes is necessary. In columns left and right to the process drawing the responsible employees, the necessary instruments and used methods, the exhibits and process results as well as information about the work implementations are associated. Depending on the range of the needed information it can be referred to a work instruction.




Content







The 5 W-Method




The „Seven M-Tools“ - Introduction

M

Affinity DiagramUnbefriedigende

Situation

SchlechteArbeitsmoral

Unzufrie -denheit hoher

Krankenstandmangelnde

Disziplin Unpünkt-lichkeit

SchlechteArbeits-

ergebnisseSchlechte

Termintreue hoheKosten

Nacharbeit

VielAusschuss

UnzufriedeneKunden

ReklamationenKaumWiederverk äufe

Entt ä uschteErwartungen

UnbefriedigendeSituation

SchlechteArbeitsmoral

Unzufrie -denheit hoher

Krankenstandmangelnde

Disziplin Unpünkt-lichkeit

SchlechteArbeits-

ergebnisseSchlechte

Termintreue hoheKosten

Nacharbeit

VielAusschuss

UnzufriedeneKunden


Entt ä uschteErwartungen

Portfolio Diagram

AB

Preis

Leistung

D

C

eigenes Unternehmen

Wettbewerber

AABB

Preis

Leistung

DD

CC

eigenes Unternehmen

Wettbewerber

Matrix DiagramDatenDatenDaten

Urs

ache

n

Dat

en

Dat

en

Dat

en

Dat

en

Dat

enDaten

Daten

Daten

Daten

Daten

Pro

blem

eK

orre

ktur

maß

nahm

en

X

X

XX

WechselbeziehungenstarkmäßigschwachX

DatenDatenDaten

Urs

ache

n

Dat

en

Dat

en

Dat

en

Dat

en

Dat

enDaten

Daten

Daten

Daten

Daten

Pro

blem

eK

orre

ktur

maß

nahm

en

X

X

XX



Tree Diagram

Angst um den Arbeitsplatz

Mangelnde Fachkompetenz

Bequemlichkeit

Mangelnde Sozialkompetenz

Imageverlust

Wollens-barrieren

Kö nnens-barrieren

Mö gliche Widerstä ndegegen die Einfü hrung

von GruppenarbeitAngst um den Arbeitsplatz


Bequemlichkeit


Imageverlust





Bequemlichkeit


Imageverlust

Bequemlichkeit


Imageverlust

Wollens-barrieren

Kö nnens-barrieren

Wollens-barrieren

Kö nnens-barrieren

Mögliche Widerständegegen die Einführung

von Gruppenarbeit

Network Diagram

Projekt-start

Projekt-start

Projekt-ende

Ereignis

Ereignis

Ereignis Ereignis

Ereignis

Ereignis

Ereignis

Ereignis

Ereignis

Process Decision ProgramChart

Ziel

MittelMittel Mittel

Störung StörungStörung

Gegen-maßnahme

Gegen-maßnahme

Gegen-maßnahme

Gegen-maßnahme

Gegen-maßnahme

ZielZiel

MittelMittelMittelMittel MittelMittel

StörungStörung StörungStörungStörungStörung

Gegen-maßnahme

Gegen-maßnahme

Gegen-maßnahme

Gegen-maßnahme

Gegen-maßnahme

Gegen-maßnahme

Gegen-maßnahme

Gegen-maßnahme

Gegen-maßnahme

Gegen-maßnahme

Problem

1. Ursache

3. Ursache

2. Ursache

2. Ursache

1. Ursache

1. Ursache 1. Ursache

2. Ursache

3. Ursache3. Ursache

1. Ursache

2. Ursache

2. Ursache

3. Ursache

ProblemProblem






1. Ursache 1. Ursache1. Ursache1. Ursache 1. Ursache1. Ursache


3. Ursache3. Ursache 3. Ursache3. Ursache3. Ursache3. Ursache





Relations Diagram

Seven M-ToolsThe Seven Management Tools, also called the Seven New Management and Planning Tools are a branch of methods to illustrate a problem solving process through the breakdown of information.In contrast to the „Seven Q-Tools“ their aim is to sort a huge amount of (most likely verbal) information.These Tools can be used in the planning and research phase.The Seven M-Tools support the problem recognition, the finding and evaluation of solutions as well as their realisation.




The „Seven M-Tools“ – Affinity DiagramBrainstorming

disaffection

high number of illnesslack of discipline

not on schedule

unpunctuality

high costs

rework

many scrabrework little resales

disappointed expectations

structuredillustration inthe Affinity

Diagram

mangelndeDisziplin Unpünkt-

lichkeit


EnttäuschteErwartungen

rework

not on schedule

highcosts

manyscrap

badworking-results

un-punctuality

high numberof illnesses

dis-affection

lack ofdiscipline

bad employeemorale

unsatisfiedsituation

littleresales disappointed

expectations

complaints

unsatisfiedcustomers

Affinity DiagramThe Affinity Diagram organizes a large number of ideas under certain topics and titles. It is possible to find unknown and unrealised ideas and interdependencies within a topic and to identify and work out new approaches to solve a problem. When to Use:- When you are confronted with many facts or ideas in an apparent chaos - When issues seem too large and complex to grasp - When group consensus is necessaryProcedure:The theme is being described in an understandable sentence.Randomly spread notes on a large work surface so all notes are visible to everyone. Look for ideas that seem to be related in some way. Place them side by side. Repeat this until all notes are grouped. It’s okay to have “loners” that don’t seem to fit in a group. Combine groups into “super groups” if appropriate.




The „Seven M-Tools“ – Affinity Diagram

What represents a successful

bicycle courier?

The „Seven M-Tools“ – Exercise to Affinity DiagramA bicycle courier is very successful.Reasons are amongst others:- carefulness with sending- simple payment- appropriate price- small queue time- transport insured- fast order acceptance- telephonic availability- fair billing- adequate amount of drivers- small transport time- long trading hours- no loss of sendingArrange the reasons and name the categories.




The „Seven M-Tools“ – Affinity Diagram – Model Solution

What represents a successful

bicycle courier?

smalltransport time

fast order

acceptance

small queuetime

no lossof

sending

carefulnesswith

sending

Trans-port

insured

simplepayment

fair billing

appropriateprice

adequateamount of

drivers

longtradinghours

telephonicavailability

highavailability

absolutereliability

fasttransport

pricing




The „Seven M-Tools“ – Relations Diagram

Problem

3. cause 2. cause

2. cause1. cause 1. cause

1. cause 1. cause

2. cause1. cause 2. cause

2. cause 3. cause

3. cause 3. cause

Relations Diagram The Relations Diagram shows cause-and-effect relationships. Just as importantly, the process of creating a relations diagram helps a group analyze the natural links between different aspects of a complex situation. Procedure:Write a statement defining the issue that the relations diagram will explore. Write it on a card or sticky note and place it at the top of the work surface. Brainstorm ideas about the issue and write them on cards or notes. For each idea, ask, “Does this idea cause or influence any other idea?” Draw arrows from each idea to the ones it causes or influences. Repeat the question for every idea. Analyze the diagram: Count the arrows in and out for each idea. Write the counts at the bottom of each box. The ones with the most arrows are the key ideas. Note which ideas have primarily outgoing (from) arrows. These are basic causes. Note which ideas have primarily incoming (to) arrows. These are final effects that also may be critical to address.Draw bold lines around the key ideas.




The „Seven M-Tools“ – Relations Diagram - Example

informationmaterial

support byupper mana-gement further

education

take awayemployeesfear

Definegoals

Building anlaunchteam

increaseknowledge of employees

Successfuluseof M7

individualaspectHin / Weg

main effect

main cause




The „Seven M-Tools“ – Relations Diagram – Exemplary Solution

informationmaterial

0/3

support byupper mana-gement

0/5furthereducation

3/3

take awayemployeesfear 3/1

Definegoals

2/1

Building anlaunchteam

1/3

increaseknowledge of employees

2/1

Successfuluseof M7

6/0

individualaspectHin / Weg

main effect

main cause




The „Seven M-Tools“ - Portfolio

AB

Price

Efficiency

D

C

own company

competitor

PortfolioIn a Portfolio many objects are being contrasted. The objects are evaluated in two dimensions. Through this illustration possible developments and objectives can be derived.Procedure:Firstly all objectives which should be compared have to be defined.After this choice two criteria have to be defined which evaluate the objectives. For those the units as well as the way of calculation have to be specified.There is the possibility to draw a third criterion into the Portfolio with the help of differing the symbol size in the portfolio.




The „Seven M-Tools“ - Portfolio - Example

engine-performance

Price

1

2

A

ED

C

BF

G

A-G: competitors1: status of own company2: aspired status of own companyThe size of the circle shows the sales volume of each company




The „Seven M-Tools“ – Matrix Diagram

1. Dim.

2.D

im.

2. D

im.

1. D

im.

3. Dim.

1. Dim. 2. Dim

.

3. D

im.

1. D

im.

3. D

im.

4. Dim.

1. D

im.

2. Dim.

3. D

im.

L-Matrix T-Matrix Y-Matrix X-Matrix

strong

middle

weakcooperation

information

implementation

responsibility

+++

---

very positive

positive

neutral

negative

very negative

Matrix DiagramThe Matrix Diagram shows the relationship between two, three or four groups of information. It also can give information about the relationship, such as its strength, the roles played by various individuals or measurements. Procedure:At first it has to be defined which dimensions of a theme should be compared. Up to 4 dimensions can be chosen. Each dimension is described through individual attributes. These can be gathered with the help of Brainstorming or Tree Diagrams.Each cell shows a possible relationship between two attributes. For each it has to be checked, if a relation exists.




The „Seven M-Tools“ – Matrix Diagram in T-Form - Example

…aims

functional area

development

production

production planning

quality control

distribution

…

DOE Q7 M7

fulfilment of customer requirementsanalysis of possible failures in the forefrontcontrolled procedure toabolish failuresimprovement ofdocumentation

quality-techniques

QFD FMEA SPC

QFD:FMEA:SPC:

Quality Function Deploymentfailure mode and effects analysis Statistical Process Control

DOE:Q7:M7:

Design of Experimentsseven quality tools seven management tools

cooperation

information

implementation

responsibility

weak

middle

weak




The „Seven M-Tools“ – Tree Diagram

cause 2.1

cause 1.2

cause 1.3

cause 1

cause 2

incidence/

problem

cause 1.1

cause 2.2

Tree DiagramThe Tree Diagram starts with one item that branches into two or more, each of which branches into two or more, and so on. Afterwards it looks like a tree, with trunk and multiple branches. It is used to break down broad categories into finer and finer levels of detail. Developing the tree diagram helps to move the thinking step by step from generalities to specifics. Procedure:Develop a statement of the goal, project, plan, problem or whatever is being studied. Write it at the top (for a vertical tree) or far left (for a horizontal tree) of your work surface. Ask a question that will lead you to the next level of detail. Brainstorm all possible answers. Show links between the tiers with arrows.




The „Seven M-Tools“ – Tree Diagram - Example

for of loosing the workplace

lack of professional competence

comfort

lack of social competence

lost of imagePossible oppositions against introduction of

group work

motivationbarrier

skillbarrier




The „Seven M-Tools“ – Network Diagram

Project-start

Project-end

incidence

incidence

incidence incidence

incidence

incidence

incidence

incidenceES

earlieststart

EF earliestfinishLF

latestfinish

LSlateststart

lengthCalculation:

ES = EF-lengthLS = LF-length

Network DiagramThe Network Diagram shows the required order of tasks in a project or process, the best schedule for the entire project, and potential scheduling and resource problems and their solutions. The network diagram lets you calculate the “critical path” of the project. This is the flow of critical steps where delays will affect the timing of the entire project and where addition of resources can speed up the project. Procedure:List all the necessary tasks in the project or process. In the first step all tasks which can happen at the beginning of the project, without finishing another task, are identified. These are placed one below the other next to the project start.In the following step all tasks are detected which can start when the previous and already pinned tasks are finished. This step is repeated until all tasks are placed.In the next step two tasks are linked, when one task can only start when the other one has ended.




The „Seven M-Tools“ – Exercise to Network Diagram

Develop a Networking Plan with the help of the information given in the table!Which activities are on the critical path?

activity description length predecessor sucessor

turn a shaft turning 5 - S-harden

Milling a gear-wheel milling 7 - Z-Härten

found the housing founding 3 - grinding

harden the shaft S-harden 10 turning sub assembly

harden the gear wheel C-harden 11 milling sub assembly

grinding the housing grinding 5 founding final assemblyinstall shaft and gear-wheel sub assembly 8

S-harden,C-harden final assembly

Final housingassembly Final assembly 5

grinding,sub assembly -

cycle time productionalcombination

Calculate the earliest times each task can start and finish, based on how long preceding tasks last. These are called earliest start (ES) and earliest finish (EF). Start with the first task, where ES = 0, and work forward. For each task: Earliest start (ES) = the largest EF of the tasks leading into this one Earliest finish (EF) = ES + task time for this task Calculate the latest times each task can start and finish without upsetting the project schedule, based on how long later tasks will last. These are called latest start (LS) and latest finish (LF). Start from the last task, where the latest finish is the project deadline, and work backwards. Latest finish (LF) = the smallest LS of all tasks immediately following this one Latest start (LS) = LF – task time for this task With the help of the critical path analysis shortages can be avoided.




The „Seven M-Tools“ – Network Diagram

Start

Ende




The „Seven M-Tools“ – Network Diagram – Model Solution

0 5 5 15 18 26

0 7 7 18

0 3 3 8 26 31

3 8 8 18 18 26

0 7 7 18

18 21 21 26 26 315

final assembly

8

11

5

7

3

5

sub assembly

C-harden

grinding

milling

founding

turning S-harden

10

Start

Ende

Criticalpath




The „Seven M-Tools“ – PDPC - Process Decision Program Chart

objective

resourcesresources resources

disturbance disturbancedisturbance

countermeasure

countermeasure

countermeasure

countermeasure

countermeasure

Process Decision Program Chart The Process Decision Program chart systematically identifies what might go wrong in a plan under development. Counter measures are developed to prevent or offset those problems. By using PDPC, you can either revise the plan to avoid the problems or be ready with the best response when a problem occurs. Procedure:Obtain or develop a tree diagram of the proposed plan. This should be a high-level diagram showing the objective, a second level of resources and a third level of broadly defined tasks to accomplish the resources. For each task on the third level, brainstorm what could go wrong. Review all the potential problems and eliminate any that are improbable or whose consequences would be insignificant. Show the problems as a fourth level linked to the tasks. For each potential problem, brainstorm possible counter measures. These might be actions or changes to the plan that would prevent the problem, or actions that would remedy it once it occurred. Show the countermeasures as a fifth level, outlined in clouds or jagged lines. Decide how practical each counter measure is. Use criteria such as cost, time required, ease of implementation and effectiveness.




The „Seven M-Tools“ – Problem Decision Diagram - Example

shipment process

automaticcombination

doublecount

separate storageof defect products

control ofbarcodes

clear markof

defect products

wrongproduct chosen

defect productschosen

wrong amountof products

shipmentrequest isprocessed

shipmentrequestreceived

Compilegoods forshipping




Content







The 5 W-Method




The „Seven D-Tools“ - Introduction

DSequentialApproach

Ziel

MittelMittel Mittel

Störung StörungStörung

Gegen-maßnahme

Gegen-maßnahme

Gegen-maßnahme

Gegen-maßnahme

Gegen-maßnahme

ZielZiel

MittelMittelMittelMittel MittelMittel

StörungStörung StörungStörungStörungStörung

Gegen-maßnahme

Gegen-maßnahme

Gegen-maßnahmeGegen-

maßnahmeGegen-

maßnahmeGegen-

maßnahmeGegen-

maßnahmeGegen-

maßnahmeGegen-

maßnahmeGegen-

maßnahme

ServQual Service FMEA

Service BlueprintingOberste Stufe

Aktivität 6

Aktivität 1

Aktivität 5


Complaint Blueprint

Frequency-relevance-analysis

Preis

Leistung

D

Frequenz

Relevanz

D

AA

Vignette techniqueDatenDatenDaten

Urs

ache

n

Dat

en

Dat

en

Dat

en

Dat

en

Dat

en

Daten

Daten

Daten

Daten

Daten

Pro

blem

eK

orre

ktur

maß

nahm

en

X

X

XX


DatenDatenDaten

Urs

ache

n

Dat

en

Dat

en

Dat

en

Dat

en

Dat

en

Daten

Daten

Daten

Daten

Daten

Pro

blem

eK

orre

ktur

maß

nahm

en

X

X

XX



Seven D-ToolsServices feature themselves by a number of specific characteristics. They are immaterial (not sizable), integrative (the customer is always connected to a service), indivisible (production and consumption happen simultaneously) and fading (not superposable). To create more efficient and customer-oriented services a list of quality techniques is provided. They are summarized by the so-called „Seven D-Tools“.




The „Seven D-Tools“ – Vignette technique

DatenDatenDaten

Cau

ses

Dat

en

Dat

en

Dat

en

Dat

en

Dat

en

Daten

Daten

Daten

Daten

Daten

Pro

blem

sC

orre

ctiv

eac

tions

X

X

XX

Wechselbeziehungenstrong

X

Wechselbeziehungen

X

Wechselbeziehungen

Xmediumweak

Vignette-TechniqueScenarios (Vignettes) of new services are created systematically and introduced to a certain customer group. With them the actual customer requirements can be determined and checked.Procedure:After setting up an idea and a target group, several criteria are determined and evaluated by the help of a preliminary interview. Afterwards the single parameter values are displayed in a Morphological Box, from which different Vignettes can be combined. The Vignettes are presented pair wise to the target group for rating them. The favoured one receives two, the other Vignette zero points. In case of a draw each Vignette receives one point. After several interviews some trends can be anticipated.




Die „Seven D-Tools“ – Service Blueprinting

Oberste Stufe

Aktivität 6

Aktivität 1

Aktivität 5


Service BlueprintingBeing some kind of workflow diagram the blueprint is used for visualizing the sequence of a certain service.

Procedure:With the help of a Brainstorming certain activities referring to the customer are focused. After that the sequence of those activities is plotted.




The „Seven D-Tools“ – Sequential Approach

dicturbance

aim

device device device

disturbance dicturbance

measure measure

measure

measure

measure

Sequential ApproachThe Sequential Approach focuses the spots of contact, that were created during the Blueprinting, from a qualitative point of view. This works in a sequential way which means along the process of the service delivery.Procedure:The customer has got the opportunity to express positive or negative experiences concerning the single contact spots. The information is classified along a single path and compared to further customer information. During an evaluation the single statements are displayed below the sequence of services to visualize problems.




The „Seven D-Tools“ – ServQual

benchmark

Dimension1 2 3 4 5

averagepart

dimensionstotal

reliabilitydeadline

possibility to express requirementsinterest to satisfy requirements

cooperationexplanation of the admission procedure

employees were not to busysouvereignity

cordialitysafe transactions

empathyindividual attention

material environmentZPA attracts attention

employees were properly dressedjudgement

5 5 44 5 11

7 10 914 9 4

8 8 86 16 5

5 10 7

5 10 7

2,5513 6 2 6 3 2,35 9 81 13 11

7 1 2,663 2 2,7

13 3 3,139 1 2,93

4 0 2,73 0 2,93

6 0 2,43 0 2,13

7 1 2,63

7 1 2,55

2,63

2,26

2,28

3,03

ServQualServQual is put together by the words „service“ and „quality“. With the help of a questionnaire the strengths and failings of a company are collected. Procedure:The 22 questions have to be modified for each single company. The customer has to rate those questions by following a given pattern.




The „Seven D-Tools“ – Service FMEA

Company

Process

descriptionof process

Name

Date

possiblefailures consequence cause measure effect

evaluationof risk

appearance

importance

risk

evaluationof risk

appeanance

importance

risk

Service FMEAThe Service FMEA includes an Analysis of potential failures, a risk evaluation, measures, suggested solutions as well as an evaluation.




The „Seven D-Tools“ – Frequency-Relevance-Analysis

Relevance

Frequency

Frequency-Relevance-AnalysisThe Frequency-Relevance-Analysis displays the frequency and the relevance of problems that were determined e.g. during ServQual.Procedure:The detected problems are rated by the customer with the help of a questionnaire. Afterwards the results are illustrated in a portfolio. The further a problem occurs to the upper left, the more immediately it has to be solved.




The „Seven D-Tools“ – Complaint Blueprintcustomercomplaint

registration

- identification of the parts- type of reclamation- date of manufacture

treatment of incorrect units

1. final check

- mechanical, visuelle control- electrical control- temperature testsThe examination allegations depend on the product.

continous function controletc.Return of the ok-parts to thecustomer

2. detailled analyis-- x-ray control- dissection control

mechanical damage/ improper use. customerresponsability

3. Ermittlung der Fehlerursache4. measuresplanning and enforcement

modelling of statisticy/ detection of reclamationcosts control of

success

statement to thecustomer. denial oracceptation

transfer to searching groups

beschädigtErgebnis i.O.

Ergebnis n.i.O.

Complaint BlueprintThe complaint management offers the opportunity to learn and grow from criticism.




Content







The 5 W-Method




The 5W-Method: How can it be used?

Designof new processes

Optimationof existing processes

5W-Method

The 5W-MethodApplications are at any situation, where it‘s necessary to understand the failure's origin e.g. during the design of new processes and to optimise existing processes. Purpose:- CIP (continuous improvement process) in production and administration- Planning of new processes- Problems and issues of any kind




5W-Method- Example – montage of a frame

First W:Why had there been difficulties during the assembly of the shelf- unit ?

Answer:The wheelhouse was at the wrong position!

Second W:Why was the wheelhouse at the wrong position ?

Answer:Because the distance in the assembly appliance had been adjusted incorrectly!

Third W:Why was the distance in the appliance faulty adjusted ?

Answer:Because the sub-assembly used the wrong appliance!

Fourth W:Why did the sub-assembly use the wrong appliance?

Answer:The sub-assembly can hardly distinguish similar looking appliances!

Fifth W:Why are similar devices not well-defined in the sub-assembly?

Answer :There have been no numbers given by the fixture construction.

Identifying the causal problem – clearing faults !

Situation:During the equipment of a truck, a shelf-unit could not be mounted. The foreman now uses the 5W-Method during a CIP-meeting:

Problem:No possibility to identify fixtures

Solution:Fixture construction assigns fixture numbers to be placed with the work instructions




Anmerkungen zum Format

Thanks for your attention!

Small cause – big effect!

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