exercise book focus on fce
TRANSCRIPT
MIDDLE EAST TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY
DEPARTMENT OF BASIC ENGLISH
EXERCISE BOOKfor
FOCUS ON FIRST CERTIFICATE
ANKARA1 993
Revised Edition
CONTENTS
UNIT 1AUNIT 2 AUNIT 3 ACONSOLIDATION
UMT 4AUMT 5AUN]T 6 ACONSOLIDATION
UNIT 1 B
UNIT 2 B
UMT 38CONSOLIDATION
1A-3A
4A - 6A
1B-3B
UNIT 4BUNIT 5 B
UNIT 6 BCONSOLIDATION 4B-68
GENERAL REVISION
I9
L7
23
28
35
43
50
il&75
83
89
98
109
r23
138
FOREWORD and ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
The material in this book, which comprises 16 units, isintended to serye as review and/or supplementary material forthe structures covered in Focus on First Certiflcate. Inaddition to the 12 units that correspond to the units in thebook, there are 4 consolidation units and a final GeneralRevision unit geared to provide exam practice material.
We would like to thank our testers Gulsima BAYI(AL, QrnarEVCAN and Figen CUISBN, whose previous exams have beenincluded in the book, and Gaye TOLUNGUQ, who producedand compiled most of the material.
We woutd like to fonvard our special thanks to Naz OIIUO forinitiating and coordinating the project and for revising theexercises and organizing them according to the units in thebook. Guler MENGUQ was responsible for entering thematerial in the computer.
We are grateful to Mebrure iUaN and Anita AIffiA$ for theiruseful suggestions which \Mere incorporated in this revisededition and for their meticulous proofreading of the finalversion.
Banu BARUTLU
Chairperson
Department of Basic English
T'NIT I AI RELIITTVE CLI\T'SES
A Note how relative clauses can be reduced:
1. Omit the relaUve pronoun and the 'be' form of the verb.
The man who is talking to the students is from China.
The man talking to the students is from China
Last night he gave a lecture which was on the technologicaldevelopments in his country.
Last nlght he gave a lecture on the technological developmentsin his country.
The essays that are wrttten in his book are very interestin$.
The essays written tn his book are very interestin$.
2. In relative clauses that do not contain a form of 'be' it is oftenpossible to omlt the relative pronoun and change the verb toits -ing! form.
Thts llbrary does not contain any books which deal with thepsycholoStcal effects of war.
This library does not contain any books dealing with thepsychological effects of war.
3. It is also possible to reduce relative clauses containing a nounwith modifiers (pronouns, adjectives , etc.)
History, which is my favorite subject, has always fascinatedme.
History, my favorite subject, has always fascinated me.
4. Relative clauses with who/whom/which/that as the objectcan also be reduced. However, only the relative pronoun itselfis omitted; the subject and verb remain.
5. Only relative clauses having WHO, WHICH, or THAT as thesubject can be reduced. That is, relative clauses beginningwith whose/where/when/why are never reduced in any way.
Exercises:
Which parts of the following could be omitted?
Ex: Dr. Smith is the professor who is teaching Chemistry 1O1 thissemester.
Dr. Smith is the professor teaching Chemistry lOl this semester.
1. Chemistry, which is a difficult subject, can be enjoyable.
2. The students who are taking Dr. Smith's class this semesterare enjoying it.
3. Dr. Smith, who has written several chemistry books, is one ofthe most popular professors at the university.
4. Dr. Smith, whose chemistry books are used in manyuniversities, is also a well-known science fiction writer.
5. Bill Smith, who was the top graduate student in Dr. Smith'sadvanced chemistry course last semester, helped with theresearch for this report.
6. The students that have been in his classes consider it aprivilege to study with him.
7. He has also written several articles which comment on theeffects of chemicals in our food.
2
8. These articles, which were written several years ago, havebeen published in several popular magazines.
9. Last year he also wrote a government report which was onthe disadvantages of using preservatives.
10. The report which he wrote is on reserve in the library.
11. He believes that we should avoid all foods which containchemical preservatives.
L2. That's the reason why he encourages people to eat'fresh foodsrather than packaged ones.
13. I heard that his wife, who is a very nice person, is writing a
book which is on cooking with only natural ingredients.
14. By the way, the girl who is behind you, is his daughter.
15. You are fortunate to be in a class which is taught by such a
respected scholar.
(Refer to G.S.M.E. p. 161 for further exercises.)
B. Note the use of prepositions in relaUve clauses.
1. a) The composer who(m) I'm listening to is BrahmsThe composer to whom I'm listening is Brahms.
b) The country which he was born in is Germany.The country in which he was born is Germany.The country where he was born is Germany.
c) He managed to lift thekilos.He managed to lift the
2. Words like all, each, none, some , etc. also come before therelative pronoun. Life is full of mysteries, many of which willnever be explained.
3. The relative pronouns WHO and TFIAT cannot be used after apreposition.
4. Prepositions are placed before the relative pronoun:a) h formal style of writingb) if the relatirie clause is i-ong
Exercises:
Combine the follo\Ming using relative pronouns.
1. The roads were crowded with refugees.wounded.
Many
suitcase, the weight of which was 7O
suitcase, whose weight was 70 kilos.
of them were
man fwhwounded.
2. They gave me four tyres. One of them burst before I had drivenfour miles.
3. The bar was soother end of the
noisy that I couldn't hear the person at theline. I was telephoning from this bar.
4. Selfridges is the best department store in London. I boughtthis dress there.
5. When you go toYou can see the
Dallas, don't forget to visit the Wax Museum.wax figures of famous people there.
4
6. Red Indians inhabited North America long before the arrival ofEuropeans. Many Red Indians are living on specialreservations.
7. The Australian pop group Men at Work ne'eded a lot ofpromotion to achieve success. Their record Down Underbecame a hit a year after its original release.
8. Tim Haskins has now retired from politics and has beenreplaced by John Underside as the local candidate. Fewpeople voted for Haskins in the recent election.
9. Tom Wood knows a considerable amount about pyffmies. He
lived among them for a year.
10. The students found their classes highly entertaining. Theywere from Thailand.
11. The Mayor stood up to deliver his speech. After his speechthere was a cocktail par$.
12. This vast lake is in a remote part of the country. Its depth hasnot yet been measured.
13. The inscriptions are to be found at the base of the monument.None of them can now be deciphered.
14. Catalans are very fond of something called "botifarra". This isa large sausage.
15. That politician, made some very important statements. Anumber of them are recorded in his autobiography.
I PRESENT: SIMPLE & CONTIITOUS
Use each verb twice, once in Present Simple and once inContinuous, to complete the sentences.rX: have
He has four cars, all of them Rolls-Royces.
am having lunch with my mother tomorrow.
L thinkWhat of StephenyouSpielberg's latest film?
You're day-dreaming. What you
-
about?
Z expect
an important phone call from America.Could you tell me when it comes?
you're bored sitting here. Shall we go to thecinema?
e appear
He to understand what you say to him, butwhen you ask him a question, he isn't so sure.
Roy Pond at Her Majesty's Theatre in therole of King lear.
+ smell
Somethingcooking?
good in the kitchen. What's
why you the meat? Do youthink it's gone ofI?
5. weigh
I need to know how much the meat to decidehow long to cook it for.
Why you yourself?
6
Do you think you've put on weight.
6 see
I
She
what you mean, but I don't agree.
a solicitor about her aunt's will.
7. have
I usually pick up languages quickly, but Idifficulty leaming Chinese.
He more clothes than a department store.
as if it's going to rain.
What are you doing on your hands and knees?you for something?
9. guess
That isn't the answer! You lThink before youspeak!
I you're wondering what I'm doing here.
IIt PREPOSITIONS
Fill in the blanks with the correct preposition.
1. I was delighted the present you sent me.
2. The people next door are annoyed little things .
3. I was surprised the way he behaved. It was quiteout ofcharacter.
4. Jill starts her new job today. She's quite excited it.
5. Bill has been doing this Job for too long. He's bored it.
6. Are you stfll upset what I said to you yesterdap
7. I'd rather not go to an Indian restaurant. I'm not very keenIndian food.
& look
It
8. Ann is very fond her younger brother.
9. They looked bored. I don't think they were very interested.what I was saying.
1O. The man we intewiewed for the job was quite intelligent but weweren't very happy his appearance.
IV. PHRASAL VERBST (Catch, Ltve)
Fill in each blank \Mith the correct form of one of the phrasal verbsfrom the list below.
catch on
catch up with
live on
live through
live up to
1. When the authorities finally her, she hadspent all the money.
2. A: How much do the Johnsons get each month from welfare?
B: They four hundred dollars per month.
3. A IVe heard that Spielberg's latest film is very good.
B: Oh, I've seen it and it didn't my expectations.
4. X. Does John understand the assignment ?B: Yes, he finally
5. A large percentage of the population had great difficulty inthe period of economic depression.
6. I had first thought the play would become very popular amongteenagers, but it seems that it hasn't very well.
7. N Did you run to catch the bus?
B: Yes, of course I did! I ran fast but I couldn't it.
8. She has stopped eating meat and started tovegetables.
8
T'NIT 2 A
I SPECIAL I'SES OT AI'VERBS
A Adverbs are used:
1. to modiff verbs:She sang beautifully.I did badly in the exam.
2. to modi$r adjectives:I'm [email protected] exam was surprisingllr easy.
3. to modi.$ other adverbs:He spoke incredibly quicklY.
She speaks English perfectll'z well.
4. to modify a whole sentence:Actually, I can't come.
Strangellz enough, I won first prize.
5. before past participles:
The meeting was badly organized.
The driver was seriously injured in the accident.
B. Some adverbs have two forms. Here are a few examples:
hard and hardly (= almost not)
He works hard.
Your handwriting is terrible. I can hardly read it.
Jill was unfriendly at the party last night. She hardly spoke to me.
I
late and lately (= recently)
He came late.
Have you seen Jane lately?
wide and widely (- in many different places)
He opened the door wide.
He has travelled widely.
high and highly (= very much)
He can jump really high.
I highly recommend his new book.
She is highly paid.
just and justly (= in accordance with justice or the law)
He has j6t arrived.
He was justly punished for his crimes.
close and closely (= carefully)
Come close. I want to tell you something.
She's closely related to us.
Study this closely . It's very important.
IO
kercises:
a) Adjective or adverb? Circle the corect form:
1. There is a (slight/slightly) difference between the original and thereproduction of that painting but only an expert can tell.
2. Most wild animals fight (hard/hardly) when they are attacked.
3. My brother is a (high/highly) paid engineer.
4. After choosing which college to attend, she felt (good/well) about herdecision.
5. The area before the explorers was (vast/vastly) and covered withflowers.
6. Real (good/well) ice-cream is now available in over fifty flavours andat (reasonable/reasonably) cost.
7. Teams that work (close/closely) are usually very successful.
8. Every applicant performed (good/well) on the exam.
9. George's mother is (serious/seriously) ill in hospital.
10. Bill's such a (friend/friendly) young man that everybody likes him.
11. The play we saw last night was very (professional /professionally)acted.
12. Everything had (complete/completely) changed when I returned homeafter twenty years.
13. The economists found it was not (possible/possibly) for themto predict interest rates.
L4. The doctor performed the operation in (careful/carefully) plannedsteps.
15. The accident we had last night wasn't very (serious/seriously). Thecar was only (slight/slight$ damaged.
16. The children are (normal/normally) very lively but today they are(unusual/ unusually) quiet.
11
t7. Dawson works (real/really) slowly, so you need to be patient to workwith him.
When I spoke to him on the phone, Tom sounded(furious/furiously).
I don't read newspapers any more because there's(hard/hardly) anycheerful news in them.
(Late/lately) arrivals will not be allowed to enter the buflding.
Journalists should be (certain/certainly) of the facts before they havethem printed.
EVerybody at the party was very (colorful/colorfully) dressed.
He sat (close/closely) to the door so he could leave early.
A lot of things went (wrong/wrongly) during our holiday because itwas (bad/badly) planned.
The (new/newly) opened shopping centre will (eventual/ eventually)provide emplo5rment for 16.000 people.
b) Circle the corect form.
I could hear the guard blowing his whistle (impatient/impatiently),so I ran onto the platform and up to the train. (Luctcy/Luckily)someone saw me, a door opened and I jumped on while the trainwas (slow/slowly) moving out of the station. "Phew!" I thought."That was (hard/hardly) work". I was (pretty/prettily) sure theother passengers could hear my heartbeat, it was so (loud/loudly)and I was in a (cold/coldly) sweat.
After a while, I recovered (slight/slightly) and had a (quick/quickly)look at the other passengers. The compartment was (complete /completely) (full/fully) and I was the only one standing. Thepeople in the compartment turned their eyes away(immediate/immediately) as they noticed me looking; all exceptone, a beautiful woman sitting in the corner. She was watchingme (close /closely) in the mirror. (Automatic/Automatically), Iadjusted my tie. Maybe, this was my (luclry/luckily) day after all.I prepared to say hello.
18.
19.
20.
2r.
22.
23.
24.
25.
L2
She spoke (first/firstly), however, "'Would you like my seat?" sheasked (sweet/sweetly). "You look rather (faint/faintly)". That wasthe day on which I realised (sudden/suddenly) that I was gettingmiddle-aged!
c) Circle the comect word.
(Late/Latety) yesterday afternoon, when I was getting (tense
/tensely) and feeling quite (bad/badM, I went (straight/straightly)
to a (lone/lonely) spot in the park (near/nearly) my apartment. As
I became (calm/calmly), I (sudden/suddenly) heard a (timid/
timidly) voice (gentte/gently) speaking to me. I (quick/quickly)
turned and said (harsh/harshly), "IS there anything (wrongl/
wrongly) \Mith being lonesome?"
I stopped (abrupt/abruptly) when I realized that I was speaking to
a tiny girl with curly black hair. I stared at her (blank/blankly) for
a moment.
"Please sir," she said (sweet/sweetly), handing me a pencil and a
piece of paper, " draw a picture of a sheep."
"But I can't draw very Eood/well)," I replied.
The child seemed unconvinced, for she (1oud/loudly) repeated her
request. (Real/Really) amused by then, I decided to humour her. Imade a sketch for her very fast. But she didn't like it and shook
her head, "Do it again" she commanded. I (slow/slowly) drew a
picture of a box. 'Your sheep is (deep/deeply) inside," I explained,
intending to be (humorous/humorously). To my surprise, the girl
looked (high/highly) satisfied. She thanked me (warm/warmly)
and said I had done (exact/exactly) what she had wanted. After
the child's departure, I discovered that I was feeling quite (good/
well) again, the world no longer appeared (horrible/horribly).
13
I PAST: SIMPLE & CONTINruOUS
a) Underline the corect verb form.
Ex The flight (bted/was lasting ) three hours.
1. It was 8:OO in the morning. A lot of students (stood/werestanding) at the bus stop, waiting to go to school.
2. A magnificent oak tree (stood/was standin$ in the middle ofthe garden.
3. I (studied/was studyrn$ politics at universrty.
4. He (studied/was studying) the effects of radiation when hesuddenly died.
5. When I woke up this morning it (rained/was raining.)
6. It (rained/was rainin$ every single day of the holidays.
7. I asked him what he (thought/was thinking) about.
8. I (thought/was thinking) the play was extremely good.
9. A: What (did you do/were you doing) \Mith that electric drill?
B: I was putting up some book shelves in my bedroom.
10. A: What (did you do/were you doing) with that electric drill?
B: I put it back in its box in the tool cupboard.
11. The poor chap (died/was dying): all we could do was comforthim.
12. The poor chap (died/was dyin€) early next morning.
L4
b) Put the verb in brackets in the correct past tense: Simple orContinuous.
Last year I (go) to Greece for my holidays. I(decide) to fly because it is much quicker than
going overland. On the morning I left London, it(rain), but when I (step) off the plane in Greece, itwas a beautiful day. The sun (shine), and a coolwind (blow) from the sea. I (take) ataxi to my hotel. As I (sign; the register,someone (tap; me on the shoulder. I(turn) round. It was a friend I hadn't seen for ten years. He
(stay) at the.same hotel.
That evening we (go) for a walk. The town was stillvery busy. Street traders (sell) souvenirs, and theforeign tourists (try) to bring down the price \Mith
the aid of a Greek phrase book. We (listen) to theirchatter for a while, then returned to our hotel.
lt PHRASAL VERBS (Put)
a) Replace the verbs in these sentences with phrasal verbs made upof the verb 'put' and one of the following:
away through aside up off on out up with
b) Then replace the underlined words with a pronoun.
Ex: He placed the monelz on the table.
a) He put the money down on the table.
b) He put it down on the table.
1. It is difficult to extinguish electrical fires.
a)
b)
15
2. I don't lorow how you can tolerate so much noise.
a)
3. I'm saving 5O pounds every month so I can buy some newfurniture.
a)
4. We have postponed the meeting until next week.
5. Could you please tidy all your clothes?
b)
b)
a)
b)
a)
b)
6. It's cold outside. Why don't you wear )rour coat?
7. The latecomerswere given rooms in a small hotel, about 25 ki-lometers outside the city.
8. The general director's secretary would not connect me when Icalled.
a)
b)
16
TJNIT 3 A
L PRESEIIIT PERFBCT: SIMPI,E & @NTINUOUS
u) fut the verb in brackets in the corect tense. Present Perfect Simpleor Present Perfect ConUnuous.
1. I'm exhausted. I(not finish) yet.
(visit) many countries in the last five years.
3. Someone (take) my books. I
them , but I can't find them anywhere.
(look) for
(shop) all morning but I
2. I
4. I(not bry) anything yet because I
(not see) anything I liked.
5. The best book I ever
One Hundred Years of Solitude by Gabriel Marquez.
6. A: You're filthy! What(do)?
B: I
(work) all day, and I
you
(read) is
(work) in the garden. I
(plant) all the vegetables for next year.
(wait) for two hours, but nobody(arive) yet.
b) Put the giving verb in the corect tense. Choose from the PresentPerfect Simple/Continuous, or Present Simple/Continuous.
Ex: I have been learning (learn) Italian for the past three years, butthere's still a lot I don't understand (not understand)
1. A Oh dear! Look out of the window. It (rain).
B: Oh, no. I (not bring) my umbrella.
2. My uncleHe
(know) everything about roses.
Girow) them for 35 years. Now he(try) to produce a blue one.
3.r (listen) to you for the past half anhour, but I'm afraid Iword.
(not understand) a '
7. I
t7
c) Put the verbs in this dialogue in the correct tense. Use PresentPerfect simple/continuous or Present Simple/continuous.
Ex I've been learning (learn) Italian for three years, but I still don'tunderstand (not understand) very much.
What are you doing?
(write) a letter.
You (sit) at the desk for hours. Is it a
(decide) to resign from my job.
You onlydo you know you don't like it?
B: I do like it. But Ibetter one, and I'm going to accept it. It's iir Brazil, andalways (want) to go to Brazil. I
(not like) living in cold climates.
But how you
there? You
(know) if you'll like it(never be) out of England
before.
That doesn't matter. Some friends o[ mine (live)
there at the moment. They'll look after me.
You're very luclry, really. I
for months. I
(try) to find a job(be) to endless interrriews, and
(turn down; passive) each time, but you got
two jobs in a week.
Well, obviously you
wrong kind ofjob.(apply) for the
4. A: What's the matter, Jane?
B: Ivery good, so Ireally hurting.
difiicult letter?
Yes. I
(read) in my room and the light isn't(have) a headache. It's
(do) it for a week, so how
(offer; passive) a
AB:
A
B
A
,Don't woryr.
(hope ) so.
18
A: I
You'll find one soon.
I MODAIS
Put the correct form of can ,@-, or to be able to in the blanks.The forms may be positive or negative.
1. In my country you get married when you are 16.
2. Women vote in England until L922.
3. Last night I get into my house because I hadforgotten my key.
4. I phoned the Gas Board because I thought Igas, which is very dangerous.
5. Hello. Is that the dentist? I make an appointment tosee you , please?
6. I'm learning car mechanics because I wantmy own car. It costs a fortune if you send it to the garage.
7. Many night animals see very well, but they have ahighly A9y=e-!9n€ sense of smell.
8. If you do this exercise, you're very clever!
smell
to service
19
IIt COMPOUND ADJECTTVES WITH NI'MBERS
Plural expressions with numbers are found in the singular when theyare used as adjectives.
Rewrite the following as in the example:
Ex: A lecture that lasts two hours.A two-hour lecture.
1. a walk that lasts for three hours
2. a house that would cost fifty thousand pounds
3. a programme that lasts for twenty-five minutes
4. a delay which means a wait of five hours
5. a hotel with five stars
6. a cassette that lasts sixty minutes
7. a bulb of sixty watts
\
I
20
TY. PREFOSTIIONIS
a) Complete the sentences using one of the following words with thecorrect preposition
retypay
dependlisten
concentratedisapprove
apolog?ecomplain
Ex: When she realized that she had taken the wrong umbrella,she immediately apologized for her mistake.
1. Don't try to do too much at once.at a time.
one thing
2. A: Are you playing termis tomorroul?
B: I hope so, but it
3. You must
the weather.
this record. You'll love it.
4. He's always his j ob.
5. When you went to the theater with Paul, who it?
6. It's not a very good bus service. You can't it.
7. Most parents their children smoking.
b) Complete each of the following sentences with an appropriatepreposition.
Ex: A football team consists of l1 players.
1. She was described the best player on the team.2. Our neighbours complained _ us the
noise we made last night.
3. She hasn't got a job. She depends her parents formoney.
4. You were very rude to Tom. Don't you think you shouldapologize _ him what you've said?
2r
5. I don't approve the way he dresses, so I'll try topersuade him get some new clothes.
6. He decided to give up sport in order to concentratehis studies.
7. Don't listen what he says. He's stupid.
8. The accident was my fault, so I had to pay
damage.
the
9. You can always rely me if you need any help.
10. He always does the opposite _ what I tell him to do.
11. Do you see that girl over there? Does she remind you
anyone you knoul?
L2. Remind me the meeting tomorrow night. I'm sure toforget otherwise.
13. Before he came to Britain, many O.oOr. had warned himthe weather. So he was prepared for plenty of rain.
22
coNsoLrDATroN (rA - 3A)
I RI:VIEW OF PITRASAL VERBS : TJNITS 1A.3A
Match the most suitable endings (a-J) with the beginnings (1-10)
1. The forest fire was put
2. You go now, and I'I1 catch
3. One moment please. I'm trying to put you
4. He always puts his tools
5. Your behavior is unacceptable! I w.itl never put
6. I don't know how you can live
7. I'm putting some money
8. His bad luck put me
9. The match was put ?
10. If you need somewhere to stay, we can put you
a) away when he's finished using them.
b) up for a night or two.
c) aside each week for my holiday.
d) off from Saturday to the following Monday.
e) off starting my own business.
0 up with you later.
d out before too much damage was done.
h) through to the General Director.
i) on such a small salary.
j) up with it.
23
MISCEIJANDOUS E,I(ERCISES
a) Write the correct form of the verbs following the blanks.
Martin (1) (speak) five languages very well. Heowes this mainly to his parents. His mother is Hungarian and hisfather is English. Martin, however, was born in Spain. At thetime, his parents were working as engineers for a Spanishcompany. They sent Martin to a French School, for which thecompany paid. Martin (3) (live) in Spain for manyyears until he moved to Rome, where(4) (stay )
with his girlfriend, Angela. He then (5) (start ) tolearn Italian. TWo years ago, they decided to move to Sicily, andthey did.
Martin and Angela (6) (live) there happily sincethen. They (7) (think) it's a lovely place. Martin'sparents (8) (visit) them twice so far. They likehearing their son speaking Italian. They (9)
fiust/apply) to work for an Italian company, in Sicily. They(10) (be able) to do that if they can get permissionfrom the Italian government.
a) Sheila to marr5r
D to marryr Sheila
c) if Sheila had married
d) to Sheila if she would marry
a) more beautiful houses I've ever
b) most beautiful houses I've never
c) more beautiful houses I've never
d) most beautiful houses I've ever
1.
2.
a) such
b) so
c) a such
d) aso
4. a) good work
b) well work
c) goodjob
d) well job
24
5. a) enough rich
b) rich enough
c) too rich
d) so rich
a) a€reed
b) argued
c) admitted
d) promised
a) IVe been offered
b) They've been olfered me
c) I have offered
d It's been offered me
Mark the best choice
1. He was furious
4. He went to India toAnglo-Indian literature.
6. a) who he owns
b) who owns
c) owns itd) who owns it
8. a) for buying
b) for to buy
c) that you buy
d) to buy
1O.a) there
b) them
c) these
d) it
himself for not
7.
9.
realizing hismistake sooner.
a) about b) at c) with
2. Elizabeth has been complainingheadaches, but she won't Eo to the doctor.
a) about b) of c) from
He is extremely
a) upset
3.
d) to
of Bernard Shaw's plays.
b) keen c) attracted d) fond
d)\f
having bad
some research on
a) make b) do c) ignore d) resist
5OO pounds ayeafl5. How do you expect me to
a) live on b)catch on c) live through d) catch up with
25
Write the correct form of the verbs in brackets .
1. Please don't turn the radio off. I (listen) to it.
(normally, go) to see a film on Monday2. Sheevenings but this Monday she won't because she
(study) for her English exam.
3. A knife is an object that is used for
4. As soon as Iknow about
Mark the best choice.
I come from Oldfield,ago. All the houses,
(cut) things.
(receive) the letter, I'11 let you
a very dirty tovrn a few yearsnext to the factories in the
it.
5. I can't answer your question now.about it:
(think)
Mark the best choice.
Three weeks ago I asked I me and she said she would. A few
days later, she saw her dream house. It's one of the 2 seen,
Sheila said. It was in the middle of 3 lovely countryside that Ihad to admit I liked it, too. "Sheila", I said, " I've got quite a 4
but I'm not 5 to buy a house like that". "'Well, we can askthe man 6 how much he wants for it," she said. Themore we 7 , the more determined she became. So wewent to see the owner. "I'm afraid you've come too latethe house," he said I 3O,OOO pounds for it and I've alreadyaccepted it.' Sheila was a bit disappointed but she said, "Never mind,Gary. There must be a lot of nice houses round here." That's right," Isaid, "and we'll go and look at 10 But first we'll go to abuilding society and ask for advice."
nineteenth century, were black because of the smoke from the factorychimneys. The only green space in the town was Nelson Park, 3
I used to play when I was a child. But now everything haschanged. My boy-friend Roger, owns one of the biggestfactories, said that they paid a million pounds to put in clean-airequipment. His father, 5 rather old-fashioned, didn'twant to do it and neither did the other factory owners. But theCouncil insisted and now even Roger's father agrees it was a good
thing.
26
I. a) where it was 2. a) where they buildb) which wasc) which it wasd) where was
3. a) whichb) wherec) whend) that
5. a) that he isb) isc) who isd) whose is
b) which they buildc) which were builtd) where they were built
4. a) whose fatherb) that his fatherc) where his fatherd) who is his father
27
TINIT 4 A
t MODAI.S
Put an appropriate modal of obligation IES!, have to, had to, shouldneed to, should .in its corect form into each gap. The forms used maybe positive, negaUve, simple or gerund (in$ forms.
1. I really do think you get your hair cut.
play with matches. They're too2. Careful, darling. Youdangerous.
3. My wife suddenly became ill in the middle of the night andI call the doctor.
4. I'm overwelght. The doctor said Isweets or potatoes.
eat a lot of
5. I like Saturdays because I get up early.
6. A W.hy have you got so much money on you?You keep it in the bank.
B: I l,oeow. But today's the day I pay my employees.
7. It's my mother's birthday next week. I
buy her a present and a card.
8. No one likes
9. You
remember to
work at weekends.
come with me if you don't want to. I don't mindgoing on my owrr. You stay here if you like.
10. I have a really bad memory for phone numbers. I alwayslook them up in the book.
11. When I was at school, we wear unlforms. Everyonehated them.
L2. You touch electrical appliances if you've got wethands. You could kill yourself.
13. She has a private income. She has never do a day'swork in her whole life.
28
IL PARTICIPT.ES
a) Join the following using the structure I-IAVING DONE.
Ex First they found a hotel. Then, they looked for somewhere tohave dinner.
Having found a hotel. thelr looked for somewhere to havedinner.
1. We barricaded the windows. We assembled in the hall.
2. He found no one at home. He left the house in a badtemper.
3. The criminal removed all traces of his crime. He left thebuilding.
4. He had spent all his money. He decided to go home andask his father for a job.
5. He escaped from prison. He looked for a place where hecould get food.
6. She didn't want to hear the story again. She had heard itall before.
7. They found the money. They began quarreling about howto divide it.
8. We visited the museum. We decided to have lunch in thepark.
29
9. He found his revolver. He loaded it. He sat down facing thedoor.
10. He fed the dog. He sat down to his own dinner.
b) Study the examples and rewrite the other sentences replacing theunderlined part \Mith a suitable participle.
1. As/Since/Because he is an engineer, he ought to know howthe machine works.
Being an engineer, he ought to know how the machine works.
2. After/When she had done all her shopping, she went home.
Having done all her shopping, she went home.
3. While he was writing the novel, he remembered his ownchildhood.
Writing the novel, he remembered his own childhood.
4. I shouted and ran out of the house.
I ran out of the house shouting.
5. She was sitting on an armchair and she was reading.
She was sitting on an armchair reading.
6. They changed the end of the film, which turned it into acomedlr.
They changed the end of the film, turning it into a comedy.
7. I didn't know his address so I couldn't contact him.
Not knowing his address I couldn't contact him.
8. When he had paid back the money he owed. he felt muchbetter.
30
9. She fell asleep while she was watching TV.
fO. I was feeling very tired so I went home.
11. He took a key out of his pocket and opened the door.
12. He finally arrived home. He had spent the whole night out.
13. She needs a visa to stay in this country because she is a
foreigner.
14. Jill was lying on the bed and she was crying.
15. John got high grades on his exams, which made his parentshappy.
c) Write the correct form of the words.
1. (use) a sharp knife, he cut the flowers.
2. (be) an only child, she was spoilt by herparents.
3. The (steal) car was found the next day.
4. (push) the door open, he saw her studying.
5. I've got a brother (study) in London.
6. A few days after the interview I received a letter(offer) me the job.
7. The child woke up (terrify) and ("ry)
because he had a very (frighten) dream.
8. The man slipped (get) off the bus.
9. He is a well (know) designer. His clothes are notonly well _ (cut) but also long (last).
31
badly timed
poorly paid
well-written
bitterly disappointed
officially authorised
colorfully illustrate d
recenfly engaged
freshty made
happily married
widely known
d) Use each of the following phrases once only to complete thesentences below :
1. It's a account of his life, much betterthan the
2. I'm a
biography.
man. I don't want to get involved
apple pie. Let's go in4. They're advertisingand have some.
5. Everyone wanted to take photographs of thecouple.
6. It's a
3. The
in anything that could upset my maria$e.
program caused a lot of confusion.
fact that workers willnot increase production without some kind of reward to workharder.
7. Although it's a book, the quality of some
of the pictures is not very good.
8. Thousands of holidaymakers complainedwhen they heard their flights had been cancelled.
e) Underline the correct participle.
Ex: He told us a (fascinating / fascinated ) story.
1. That was a really (disgusting/disgusted )meal.
2. I've always been (interesting/interested ) in wild life, especiallybirds.
3. My husband has the (annoying/annoyed ) habit of eatingtoast in bed.
32
I was (horri$ringlhorrified ) to learn that my jewels were gone.
It was a very (embarrassing/embarrassed ) situation. I wishedthe floor could have swallowed me up.
He said he was quite (satisSing/satisfied ) with my progress.
You look (confusing/confused). Haven't you understood whatI'm talking about?
Your behaviour was (shocking/shocked). You should beashamed of yourself.
My exam results were rather (disappointin8/disappointed). I'vegot to retake the exams in September.
10. I've just seen a wonderful film about life in space. The specialeffects were (amazed/ arrrazur$l
PHRASAL VERBS (Break, Gct)
Fill in each blank with an appropriate phrasal verb from the listbelow.
1. A: How will you survive when you
B: We'II have to
are unemployed?
on my unemployment chec^,.
2. That political partylosing the elections.
3. The news
into four rival parties after
, and there were always plenty of
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
IIt
break downbreak inbreak outbreak throughbreak up
get backget at.get away withget byget across
get downget awayget (a)round
visitors at the exhibition.
33
5. The telephone communication systemheavy rainfall and floods.
4. Why don't the baby's parents scold her when she plays with herfood? They let her it. They don't care.
6. Some of the crowd attempted tocordons during the demonstration.
due to the
the police
7. A fire on the third floor, and in no time spread
throughout the building.
8. The audience were aware of what the speaker was , so
they started to leave the conference hall.
9. The police and arrested everyone in the building.
10. I'11 probably never the money I loaned him.
11. He is an inexperienced manager and has troublethe difficulties of the job.
L2. I was under enorrnous pressure for about 2 years before Iand was put under medical treatment.
13. After my father died, loneliness really started tomy mother and she came to live with me.
14. I hope I'll be able to early tonight so we can go to thetheatre.
15. He was able to his message . Everyoneunderstood him clearly.
v
TINIT 5 A
L COI\IDITIONNS
A" PROVTDED /PROVTDING (TrrAT), AS/SO rpNG AS
a) Rewrite using the given expression.
1. The game will begin at 3 o'clock, unless it rains. (provided)
2. If you don't dr'lnk too much, you won't get a headache.
(as long as)
3. You won't get cold if you don't throw the blankets off.
(as long as)
4. The police will leave you alone unless you cause trouble.
(providing)
5. We'll end the meeting now unless you have any questions.
(provided)
B. UNLESS
a) Answer using UNLESS:
1. A How can I lose 20 pounds?
B: Well. ]rou can't lose rveight unless you go on a diet an{exercise everv dav.
2. A: How can I get a driver's licence?
B:
3. A How can I open a bank account?
B:
4. A How can I learn a new langua$e?
B:
5. A How can I get into a good university?
B:
35
b) Rewrite using UNLESS:
l. Joe can hear only if you shout.
Joe can't hear unless you shout.
2. You can't go abroad if you don't have a passport.
3. You are allowed into the club only if you are a member.
4. You must speak slowly or he won't be able to understand
you.
5. I may have to work tomorrow. I won't be able to come in
that case.
6. Don't tell Ann what I said if she doesn't ask you.
7. I'm going to the party only if you go too.
8. She must apologise to me or I won't forgive her.
c) Underline the correct word or expression.
l. You can use my car unless/as Long as you drive carefully.
2. I'm playing tennis tomorrow unLess/proutding it gets cold.3. We're having a picnic tomorrow unless/prouided it's not
raining.
4. You can smoke in here unless / as long as you leave a
window open to let the smoke out.
5. George doesn't trust anyone. He won't lend you any moneyunless / as Long as you promise in writing to pay him back.
6. The children can stay here unless / prouidtng they don'tmake any noise.
7. I'm going now unless / proutded you really want me tostay.
36
IL corrcEssroN
A. Although / In spite of, I Despite / EYen though
a) Study the examples and rewrite the following using the given
words.
It rained a lot but in spite of this, we enjoyed our holiday.
In spite of
Despite the rain, we enjoyed our holiday.
A.lthough
In spite of the fact that
Despite the fact that
'it rained a lot, we enjoyed our holiday.
1. Although he's got an English name, he is in fact German.
Despite
2. In spite of her injured foot, she managed to walk to the
village. Although
3. I decided
In spite of
to accept the job although the salary was low.
4. We lost
Despite
the match although we were the better team.
5. In spite of not having eaten for 24 hours, I didn't feel
hungry.
Even though
37
b) Rewrite the following using ALTHOUGH or IN SPITE OF
1. He looked very scruf[r, but he still got the job.
2. Compact discs are expensive, but lots of people are buyingthem.
3. Her parents objected, but she still insisted on getting
ma:ried.
4. Beethoven was deaf, but he continued composing until hisdeath.
5. The acoustics in the hall are poor, but it is still used forconcerts.
6. 'We've known each other for a long time, but we still calleach other by our surnames.
7. Hammerfest is a long way north of the Arctic Circle, but the
sea never freezes there.
8. He was very popular, but he didn't win the election.
9. It rained heavily, but the crops weren't destroyed.
10. She was 85 years old, but she still lived a very active life.
38
B. In Splte of / Because of
a) Match the beginning of sentences 1-9 with an appropriate
ending (a-i)
b) Rewrite the sentences using 'because of or 'in spite of &making all necessary changes.
1. The weather was cold .
2. He was ill ...
3. There's a meat shortage
4. His book was successful
5. There was ice on the roads
6. The cost of living in Britain is high
7. There were large crowds
8. He has a foreign accent
9. The house was in bad condition
a. couldn't see what was going on
b. there are fewer tourists here this year
c. he was asked to appear on TV
d. we have no problem understanding him
e. we kept the fire on all day
f. he managed to come to work
g. there were a lot of accidents
h. they enjoyed living there
i) we have become vegetarians
39
C. IN CASE
I don't want to go out tonight IN CASE Jane phones.(= because it is possible that she will phone)
I gave him my address IN CASE he came to london.(- because it was possible that he would come to London one dry)
a) Write sentences using IN CASE.
1. I'm going for a walk. Perhaps I'11want to take photographsso I'll take my camera with me.
2. Perhaps you won't be able to find our house so I'll draw amap for you.
3. It was possible that they hadn't received my first letter, so Iwrote them a second one.
4. I'll take your letter with me. I'm not sure but I might seeAnn.
5. Please write down the name of the street. I might forget it.
6. My parents might be worried so I'd better give them aphone call.
7. It was possible that they hadn't heard the bell so I rang thebell again.
8. You might have an accident so you should wear a crashhelmet when you ride a motorbike.
b) Complete these sentences
1. Go to the dentist regularly in case
2. Buy some candles in case
N
3. Have lunch early in case
4. Take a pullover with you in case
5. Take an extra roll of film on holiday with you in case
6. Take a book with you to the doctor's in case
7. Tell your parents where you are going in case
8. Put the car keys on the table in case
9. Set the alarm clock in case
10. Book seats for the theatre in advance in case
c) Study the examples and fill in the blanks with IN CASE or IF.
We'll buy some more food if Tom comes.(= Perhaps Tom will come. We'll buy more food lf he comes. If he
doesn't come, we won't buy any.)
We'll buy some more food IN CASE Tom comes.
(= Perhaps Tom will come but we'llbuy some more food no\M whetherhe comes or not. Then we'll already have the food if he comes.)
1. Could you give this book to Tom you see him?3*
2. I hope you'll come to London sometime. you corne,
you must visit us.
3. I've just painted the door. I'11 put a Wet Paint notice next to itsomeone doesn't realise the paint is still wet.
4. We have fitted the house with a burglar alarmsomebody tries to break in.
5. The alarm will ring somebody tries to break into
the house.
4l
6. Write your name and address on your bag you lose it.
7. Go to the lost property office you lose your bag.
8. I was advised to arrange insurance I neededmedical treatment while I was on holiday abroad.
9. Dry your hands before you do electrical repairs youget an electric shock.
m PHRASAL VERBS (Set, Wear)
Fill in each blank with an appropriate item from the list below. Oneof them will be used twice.
set up wear out out of sightset out wear off out of controlset down on foot out of reachset inset off
1. After the revolution, everything in the country went _ andthere was chaos.
2. The old man prefers going almost ever5rwherebecause he thinks it will be good exercise for him.
3. Two bombs were by someone in the crowd.
4. As soon as the effect of the aspirin she started tosuffer great pain.
5. As soon as his father was he lit a cigarette.
6,Soonerorlater,thesolesofyourexpensiveshoes\Mi11-.7. After resigning from the company, he to establish
his own business.
8. when the famous surgeon retired, he he story of hiscareer.
9. Before they on the round-the-world tour, they madesure a1l the bookings had been confirmed.
10. Keep all medicine of children.11. He has to find a place to live before the cold weather
12. A monument was in memory of the soldiers who died
during the war.
42
T'NIT 6 A
t FI,JTURE TEI\ISE
a) Complete the following sentences using 'will 'or 'going to'.
Sometimes both are possible.
1. A Did you hear the weather forecast?
B: Yes. It be cold at first, then it get a
little warrner this afternoon, and this evening there
be some light showers.
2. A: Why did you buy a house in such terrible condition?
B: It was cheap. We modernize it from top
to bottom, and we make it into a restaurant.
What do you think of our plans?
3. A If you are elected, what your party
do about unemployment?
B: We have carefully considered this issue. When we are
elected, as we most certainly be. we
create half a million new jobs.
4. A What are you doing here? Annie's expecting you for
lunch.
B: I completely forgot! I
her I
5. A: How will the proposed tax increase on petrol affect your
business?
B: To be perfectly honest, we haven't thought about it yet. We
give her a ring, and tell
be late. Thanks for reminding me.
cross that bridge when we ge
43
6. A When is your baby due?
B: Next month.
A What call it if it's a bofl2
B: Thomas.
b) Corecting mistakes in future formsIn the following dialogues approximately half of the future formsare wrong. Find the mistakes and correct them. Sometimes morethan one form is possible.
Ex: A What are you doing this weekend?B: Nothing. I stay at home. Nothing. I'm stalring at home.
1. A I'm terribly sorr5r! I've spilt coffee on your carpet. It'llstain.
B: Don't worry. I'm getting a cloth to wipe it off.
2. A: What do you do when you've finished this course?
B: I'm going back to Spain.
A Have you got a job in Spain?B: No. I'll go back to university. I have to finish my
final year.
3. A: Am I disturbing you if I ring tonight?
B: Not at all. I won't be doing anything important.
4. A: What time does your train get in?
B: At 1 1.OO. If it's late, I'm going to miss my appointment.
5. A: Have you decided what you'Il do if you don't get thejob?
M
B: I look for another one.
Recognizing correct future forms
Underline the future form which is most appropriate.
A Hello, Henry. How are you?
B: Fine. And you?
A Not so bad, thanks. Listen I'm ringing to try to arrange a
meeting with you. (I'11 be coming/I'm coming/I come) to
London next Wednesday to see some customers. ( I'm going to
see /I'll see/I'm seeing ) them in the morning. twill you belare
you/are you going to be ) free any time in the afternoon?
B: (I won't be/I'm not/I' m not going to be) in Iondon, I'm afraid.
( I'm/I'm going/ I'11 be going ) abroad for a few days on
business.
A Oh, where (do you golwill you go/are you going?)
B: To Germany. I have a meeting in Bonn. My company (witl
open/is opening ) a new office there next year.
A Mmm. Sounds exciting. When (do you go/are you going/will
you go)?
B: On Monday evening, and (I'm not/I won't be/I'm not going
to be) back until Thursday morning.
A Oh, well. I could stay overnight and see you then. What time
(is your plane getting/does your plane getlwill your plane get)
in?
1O:40, so if I get a taxi, (I'll be/I arn/I could be ) in my office by
12:OO.
On second thoughts don't do that. (I'11 see/I'll be seeing/I'm
going to see) you at the airport. We can talk there. (We finish/we're finishing/we'll have finished) by 2:OO, probably, so then
we can have something to eat and I can get the 3:OO shuttle
back to Manchester. How does that sound?
Fine. We'll sort it all out then. Thanks for ringing. Bye.
Cheerio. ( see you/I'll be seeing you/I'll see you ) on Thursday.
Have a good trip.
B:
A
d) Degrees of certainty about the futurePut the verb in brackets in the correct tense. Choose from thefollowing forms.
willmightmaycouldwon't
dobe doing
1. There's no point in phoning him this afternoon. He
(work) in his garden, and he
(not hear) the phone.
2. Don't forget your umbrella. you never know, it(rain).
3. A Ihopewe (not disturb) Pat when we
drop in tonight.
B: Don't wornr she (not work). She told
me yesterday she never works in the evening.
4. It's a craztjr idea but it (work).
5. A: I've invited Jane to the party on Saturday.
B: She (not come). She hates parties.
6. A I've bought ten kilos of cheese for the party.
B: That's rather a lot, isn't it? They (not
like) cheese.
7. A why haven't you gone to the airport? I thought you were
flyrng to Rome today.
B: I'm sure the plane (delay-passive). The
weather's quite bad.
8. Be careful with the dog. she turns a bit nasty sometimes, and
M
(bite) you.
9. I don't know why I bother with my girlfriend. I knowexactly what (happen) tonight. I
(go) round to her house to pick her up, she(have) a bath or (do) her hair
as always, and I (have to) wait three hoursfor her to get ready.
10. I have nothing to wear for this party. All I've got is this oldblack dress, and Suzy (wear) somethingspectacular, as usual.
e) Future continuous and future perfect.
The leaders of two countries (a president and a prime minister) aregoing to meet next week. Look at the following schedule of thepresident 's activities for Monday, and answer the questions thatfollow in complete sentences.
Ex: On Monday morning at 8:OO what will the president be doing?
At this time. he'll be talking / conferring with his advisors. By
9:OO what will already have happened?
By 9:OO. he will already have met with his advisors.
MONDAY8:OO-8:5 Conference with presidential advisors
9:OO-9:5O Breakfast meeting with the prime minister, thepresident and their interpreters
1O:OO-1O:5O Television speech by the president on peace relations
between the two countries
11:OO-11:5O President and prime minister and their wives willvisit automobile factory
12:OO-1:OO Private lunch with presidential advisors
1:OO-3:OO
Discussion of import-export needs of the two countries: president, primeminister, and ministers of trade
3:OO-3:3O Signing ceremonies for new trade treaty
3:35-4:OO Meeting with television and newspaper reporters:president and prime minister
4:O0-6:0O Rest period in hotel
6:0O:7:0O Get ready for formal dinner at 7:3O
47
1. What will the president be doing at 9:OO?
2. With whom will he be meeting at 9:OO?
3. By 1O:OO what will the president and prime minister already
have done? (give two actions).
4. At what time will the president be making his speech on
television?
5. What will be happening at 11:OO?
6. What will the president already have done by 1:OO? (give four
or five actions).
7. Why will these officials be meeting from 1:OO to 3:OO?
8. By 4:OO what important document will they have signed?
9. When will the president and prime minister be meeting with
reporters?
10. Will the president be touring the city from 4:OO to 5:OO?
11. By what time (approximately) will the president have gotten
ready to go to dinnet'?
12. Before the day is over, how many meetings will the president
have had?
48
I PHRASI\L VERBS (L€t, Cut)
Put a suitable phrasal verb from the list below in each blank.
let down
let inlet off
let out
cut in
cut off
cut up
cut across
cut down on
cut down
1. He will have toof hts clothes.
2. Tbejudge the thiefhad never stolen before.
3. The consequellces of the rain forests beingbe noUceable immediately.
eating because he can't fit into any
easy because
will not
4. That patient has a broken arrn so all his food isfor him.
5. I'm sure my friends wouldn't me _ in such a badsituation because they know I rely on them.
6. Economic aid to that country has been because ofits aggressive attitude towards other nations.
7. I can't stand the way the secretary constantlyour administrative meetings.
during
8. We are planning to the park to save time.
9. My boots have holes in the soles so they water. I
need to buy a new pair.
10. He was of prison early because he saved a guard'slife during the riots.
49
CoNSoLTDATTON (4A - 6A)
I REYIEW OF PHRASAL VERBS
a) Match the most suitable ending (a-m) with the beginning (1-13)
1. The injured climber was slowly let
2. Pat was able to buy a new car by cutting
3. All of her money was invested in setting
4. The electricity was suddenly cut
5. Mrs. Jones carefully cut
6. The explorers set
7. Teachers do not always let
8. After she loaded her car, she set
9. The factory fire set
10. After a change in management, new rules were set
11. In late October cold, rainy weather usually set
12. After Billy said he was sorry, his mother let him go
13. The screaming man cu
a) out to play with his friends.
b) off an explosion which destroyed everything in the warehouse.
c) in late students who come after the door is closed.
d) down the mountain by rope.
e) in the line while we were all waiting for our tickets.
0 in for the next two to three months.
g) down in a new employer's handbook.
h) off during the bad wind storm.
i) down on his entertainment expenses.
j) up a new business to produce farming equipment.
k) up the pie into equal pieces.
1) o{f on her holiday.
rrr) out to find the hidden city.
5(,,
2.
3.
4.
b) Complete the following sentences choosing the correct expressionfrom the following list. Do not forget to use them in the correctform.
get down
get by
get away withget back
get away
get across
1. If you lend him your book, he'll lend it to someone else and you'll
never itAfter the robbery last night the thieves through the
garden. They my grandmother's silver tea set and
all my Beatles records.
It isn't just the work that
has got lots of other problems.
The miners can't on such low wages. They will go
on strike to their message
Complete the following sentences choosing the correct expressionfrom the following list.
let out cut off set out
let off cut down set up
When we for the pub, it was raining
heavily so we had to rLln.
Since his article was too long, the teacher asked John to
it
He opened the door and_ the dog
A programme has been to train newly-hired
employees. If it's unsuccessful, funds for it will be next
year.
She apologized for shouting at the policeman, so the judge
her . She
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
5t
her _ with just a $ fO fine.
I MIS@,III\NEOUS E)@RCISES
a) Rewrite the following sentences using the given words andwithout changing the meaning:
1. The recent changes both excited and worried me.
(not only ... but also)
2. There is a decrease in sales these days as a result of the highrate of inflation.
The reason for
3. Although the weather was terrible, they travelled 53O Isn. tohave a ski-holiday.
(in spite ofl
4. They will never meet again so he won't be able to learn hername.
If
5. Jack may get the job. If he does, he'Il get married.
Unless
6. There are twenty litres of water in that tank.
(contain)
7. May I borrow your pen?
(wonder)
8. Being ocposed to loud noise constantly may cause deafness.
(due to)
9. Cardboard cartons are being used instead of the old milkbottles.
52
(replace)
1O. My leather handbag has became useless; I must get a new one.
; I must get a new one.(wear out)
11. It is not necessary for you to visit her in hospital.
You
12. She lived in London for five years, so she misses it a lot now.
Having
b) Mark the best choice.
1. The little boy watched the plane till it passed out of
and then asked his mother if it was a bird.
a) control b) sight c) reach d) doors
2. If she were of all the facts, she would immediately
change her mind.
a) awake b) accused c) aware d) confessed
3. John is so he needs to wear glasses.
a) left-handed
b) kind-hearted
c) short-sighted
d) well-behaved
4. This perfume is really I put it on this morning and
it still smells good.
a) well-behaved
b) long-lasting
c) middle-aged
d) short-sleeved
53
TTNIT I B
t GERI,'NDS (STTTOY GTIIDE)
A Gerunds [V-ING) are used after many verbs.
1. These verbs take gerunds.
admit excuse * miss* appreciate explain pardon
avoid *fancy * postpone* celebrate finish practise* consider forgive put off* delay give up * prevent
deny can't help * resent* detest *imagine resist* dislike involve risk* endure keep suggest* enj oy mention * understand
escape *mind * can't stand / bear
VERB + V.ING
I really appreciate having time to relax.
Have you considered getting a job?
She kept talking all night.
Would you mind opening the window?
VERB+ OBIDCT+V-ING
* The asterisked verbs often take objects as in the following:
Fancy you/your noticing the mistake!
I can't understand John/John's making such a fuss.
Do you mind me /my making a suggestion?
Can you imagine your mother's approving what you've done?
#
B. Gerunds are used after all prepositions.
PREPOSITION + V-ING
He left without saying goodbye.
He finished the job brworking 16 hours a day.
Before going out, I phoned Ann.
This lorife is only for cutting bread.
What are the advantages of living in the city?
She went to work in spite of feeling ill.
I bought a new house instead of going away on holiday.
How What about sending them a card?
As well as getting on everybody's nen/es, he's got a habit or[
borowing money and forgetting to pay it back.
The model was so detailed that it was just like being in a real
spaceship.
I enjoy riding more than walking.
AI\IDCTIVE + PREFOSITION + V.ING
afraid of fond of responsible for
angry with good at soryr for
bored \Mith happy about sure of
capable of interested in tired of
excited about keen on (be) used to
I'm interested in acting
He's good at skiing.
I'm quite fond of living in a big city.
I'm used to working hard.
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VERB + PREPOSITION+ V-ING
apologise for insist onapprove of look forward todream of object todecide on / against think of / aboutfeel like succeed in
I don't feel like studying
She doesn't approve of gambling
He insisted on buying me a drink.
Bill has finally succeeded in finding a job.
VERB + OBIECT + PREPTOSITION + V-ING
accuse ......... of stop ..... (from)
congratulate . ... on suspect ..... offorgive .... for thank ....... forprevent .. (from)
They accused me of telling lies.
I congratulate ]rou on passing the exam.
Please forgive me for not writing to you
What orevented him from coming to the wedding?
The police stopped everyone (from) leaving the building.
Did they susoect hirn of being a spy?
Thank you for being so nice.
The follouring expressions are also followed by Gerunds.
It's no use/good worrying about it.
Do you think this book is worth reading?
You'll have no difficulty (in) passing the exam.
It's a waste of time /monelz going there.
She soends/wastes a lot of time day-dreaming.
How often do you gB shopping?
C.
56
I[ RETIIEW OF PASIT PERTECT
a) Past Perfect Slmple & ContinuousUnderline the corect verb form.
Ex: Everybody lcrew he (had stolen / had been stealing )from hisemployer for years.
I. I knew the facts of the case because I (had read/had beenreadin$ the report.
2. My eyes ached because I (had read/had been reading )forthree hours.
3. The children were filthy. They (had played/had beenplayng) in the garden, and they were covered in mud.
4. I was very nervous at the beginning of the match. I (hadnever played / h,ad never been plairng ) with her before, andI dldn't know how good she was.
5. Donald excelled himself as a cook. He (had cooked / hadbeen cooking ) a wonderful Spanish dish.
6. Donald was very cross. (He had worked / had been working )
ln the kitchen all morning, and no-one (had offered /hadbeen offering) to help.
b) Past Slmple and Past Perfect
started (already start) when we arriued (arrive).
1. I (not recognl.z,e) my old teacher because we
(not see) each other for filteen years.
2. After they (finish) their work, they
(go) for a drink.
3. When I (arrive) at her house, her mother
told me that she (EIo) out.
4. My brother (eat) all the cake before we
(get) home.
5. I was surprised to hear that she (award) an
honors degree when she (be) only sixteen.
6. When Elizabeth I _(die) in 1603, she
(reign) for over forty years.
57
After the burglary, nothing (touch) until the
police (look) for fingerprints.
I (write) to the shop to ask why my books
(not arrive) yet.
9. Henry (come) home from holiday to tind that
his house
10. He
hreak) into.
(refuse) to admit that the accident(be) his fault.
Past, Past Perfect, and Present Perfect: Simple & ContinuousPut the verbs in brackets in the correct past form.
"W'ell, you see, Officer, I (drive) down the du al
carriageway, when this huge lorr5r (overtake) me. I
(travel) at 70 miles an hour, so I've no idea what speed
the lorry Go). I (never see) a lorry travelling
so fast. TWo miles further down the road I (see) flames
and smoke rising. That crazy driver (crash) into the
(swerve) to avoid a boy on his bicycle.
(speak) to the boy yet? I think
he's all right. When you (arrive), I (try) to
free the lorry driver. I could smell alcohol on his breath. I think he
(drink). He _ (break) one of his legs, but
apart from that he's not too bad.
7.
roundabout. He
you
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10.
VERBS OF PERCEPTION
Write the correct form of the verbs in brackets. Say if you think bothforms are possible.
1. Can you smell something burning? (burn)
2. I've never seen him dance/dancing (dance)
3. Nobody saw the two cars collide. (collide)
4. I could see a man (sit) on the balcony(read) a newspaper. Then I saw him (get) up and
(go) indoors.5. I turned round and saw a snake slowly (slither)
towards me.6. I could hear a car (come) fast along the main road.
I heard the driver (brake) hard.7. I thought I heard someone (break) a window in the
next room.B. I heard the bomb (explode), and felt the whole
building_ (shake).
I heard them (talk) in a low voice, and then suddenly Iheard someone (shout) 'Help!'
There was a fire in our street yesterday morning. I woke up early.
I pulled the curtains and suddenly saw smoke (pour)
out of the house opposite. Then I heard the fireengines (ring) their bells and saw the first one
(turn) the corner and (stop) outside the
burning house. I saw a woman (stand) at the
upstairs window. I watched her (open) the window
and could see her (wave) at the fireman. As soon as I
opened my bedroom window, I could hear more fire engines
(arrive) and smell the smoke (come) from the
burning house. Then I saw the firemen (carry) a large
blanket into the front garden and (get) ready to catch
the woman. Then I heard the chief fireman (shout)
'Jump'. For a long time I watched the woman(hesitate) before she decided to"jump. When she landed safely, I
heard the firemen and the neighbours (shout) 'Hurray'.
59
TY. ARTICI.ES
A The indefinite article (a/ari is used:
a) when the noun is mentioned for the first time.
You can llet an applicaUon form from the Post Office.
b) with nouns (including professions) after the verbs be andbecome when the'noun has indefinite reference.
I'd like to be a doctor.
It's an interesting book.
c) in emphatic expressions after what and such(before signular count hours).
What an incredible story!
She's such a kind person.
d) in expressions of ratio (price, speed, frequency, etc.)
ten pence a box, fifty miles an hour, twice a day.
e) with certain numbers and expressions of quantity.
a dozen, a hundred, a thousand.
a lot of, a few, a little.
NOTE: a few apples = a small amount (neutral meaning)a little water
BUT: few apples = hardly any (negative meaning)
little water
(The indefinite article can norrnally only be used with singularcountable nouns. Indefinite reference with plural or uncountablenouns is indicated by zero article .)
B. The definite article (the) is used:
a) before a noun which has become definite because it hasalready been mentioned, or when the reference is obvious.
Then fill in the form, and send it off at once.He turned on the lights.Pass the sugar.
60
b) before nouns which are defined by a phrase or clause.
The men with guns were police officers.Where's the milk I bought?It led to the invention of photography.
c) before singular nouns to represent a class of things.
The typewriter was invented in 1829.
d) before superlatives, and ordinal numbers.
the oldest man, the first president, the third of JuneBUT: First, let me welcome you.
e) before names of rivers, seas, and plural names of countries. the
Nile, the Mediterranean, the United States, the USSR, the
British Isles.
0 before musical instruments.
He plays the trumpet.
d in the following phrases:
I'm going to the cinema /theatre / opera/b allet / office.
C. kro article. No article is used:
a) before plural, uncountable and abstract nouns when they areused in a general sense. (Compare definite article b.)
Women live longer than men.
Milk contains lots of vitamins.
Necessity is the mother of invention.
b) before the names of most countries, towns and streets.
I bought it in New York, near Fifth Avenue.
BUT: the Congo, the Sudan, the Hague.
c) in emphatic expressions with what/such before mass nouns &plural count nouns
What beautiful shoes!
She has such pretty hair.
d) before the names of languages and subjects.
I'm taking Spanish and History.
61
e) in certain idiomatic phrases, e.g.
prison (prisoner)
hospital (patient)
He went to school (pupil)
University (student)
bed (tired Person)
BUT: He visited the hospital.
They couldn't find the school.
She put her suitcase on the bed.
I came by
kt's have
Exercises:
FiIl in the
1.
buscartubeboattrainplane
breakfastlunchteasupperdinner
It happened at
dawnnoonmiddaysunsetnightmidnight
blanks with the definite or indefinite article, if necessary.
neighbours have j ust bought themselves
new car.
2. What lovely weather!
3. Could you turn on television?
4. In my opinion, Penicillin is
most useful medicine ever invented by man.
5. We had to wear uniforms at school
I went to.
6. I've been learning English for six years now.
7. Shall we open bottle of wine you bought?
62
8. At school he was always interested indrama and now he's actor.
9. It's lovely house but did you see how small
kitchen was? How can anyone cook in such
small kitchen.
1O. John is student who sits in front of the door.
V. PHRASAL VERBS (Brtng)
Fill in each blank with the correct preposition.
1. Bringing children is not as easy as some people think it
is.
2. Going to the circus brings -
the child in me.
3. The smog brought -
by car exhaust fumes is one of
main contributors to pollution.
4. Although the team were playing their third game that day, they
managed to bring it5. The firm has just brought a three-shift system in order
to increase production.
6. After the operation, it took the doctors a long time to bring the
patient
63
TINIT 28
rNFrNrTrvEs (sTIrDY GITTDE)
A An infinitive \Mith 'to' is used after many verbs.
1. These verbs take infinitive with 'to'
propose
refuse
regret
remember
seem
startswear
troubletry
*want
wish*would like
VERB + II\IFINTTIVE
I want to leave now.
We can't afford to buy a new car.
Hope to see you soon.
He decided to go away this weekend.
Tom offered to lend me some money.
I wouldn't dare to speak to him now.
*The asterisked verbs can be used with or without an object beforethe infinitive.
VERB + (OBIBCT) + II\IFIMTWE
I don't want you to leave.
She asked me to pay for the meal.
He would like us to come.
We expected him to be late.
afford
agree
appear* ask
attemptbear
* bqg
begincare
* choose* dare
decide
determine* expect
failforget
happenhatehelphesitatehope
intend
learnlikelove
manage
meanneglect
offer
prefer* prepare
pretend* promise
M
2. With some verbs it is necessary to use an object before theinfinitive.
VERB + OBIDCI + INFII\IITIVE
advise encourage order request
allow forbid permit teach
cause force persuade tellenable invite remind warn
Remind me to phone Jane tomorrow!
Who taught you to drive?
He warned us not to touch anything.JO
3. After certain verbs it's possible to use a question word with the
forget
knowremember understand
I don't know who to invite.
Can you tell me how to get to the station?
Show us what to do.
Ask him where to park the car.
Did you find out when to pay?
I don't lorow whether to answer his letter (or not).
5. A flew verbs like FIAPPEN, APPEAR and SEEM can take all forms ofthe infinitive.
Juan happens to own a castle in Toledo. (Simple)
He appears to be studying. (Continuous)
They seem to have finished. (Perfect)
The chairs appear to have been painted. (Past Passive)
The work seems to be finished. (Present Passive)
infinitive.
ask
decide
explain
tellshow
65
B. Many adjectives can be followed by an infinitive with 'to'
ADT. + II\FIMTIVE
I am pleased to meet you.
She was upset to hear that her sister was ill.
He is difficult to understand.
It is_rmpossible to invite everybody to the party.
It was kind of her to help us.
My mother's getting too old to travel.
Would you be kind enough to open a window?
C. We can use TO, IN ORDER TO or SO AS TO to refer to purpose.
He got a job to earn money for his holiday.
I got up early in order to have time to pack.
She went to France so as to learn French.
D. 1. LET and MAKE are followed by an object+infinitive without'to'
I won't let you ride my bike.
The teacher made the boys stay in after school.
2. HELP is followed by an infinitive with or without 'to'.
Mother helned me (to) do my homework.
I E)@RCISES ON GERIJNDS AND INFIMTIIIES
a) Gerund or Infinitive? Underline the correct form.
1. I'm planning (to flylflying) to Chicago next week.
2. The Porters' house is too small. They're considering (to buy /buyrng) a bigger house.
3. We discussed (to golgoin$ to Colorado for our vacation.
4. He happens (to belbein$ the best student in the class.
5. The Millers can't afford (to buy/buying) a car.
6. Tommy doesn't like green vegetables . He refuses (to eat/eating)them.
66
7. Keep (to talk/talking). I'm listening.
8. Bob doesn't like his job. He's talking about (to getlgetting) anew one.
9. You seem (to be/being) in a good mood today.
10. When you finish (to clean/cleaningl), can you help me in thekitchen.
11. George intends (to belbeing) a doctor when he grows up.
12. Ann offered (to look/loohrg) after our children while wewere out.
13. He pretended not (to hear/hearin$ me but I'm sure he did.
14. We managed (to getlgetting) to the airport on time in spite ofthe traffic.
15. The boss was very strict. Nobody dared (to contradict/contradictin$ him.
16. It was cold and rainy yesterday, so we postponed (to visit/visiting) the zoo.
17. Jack promised (to come/comin$ to my party.
18. Our neighbour threatened (to call / calling) the police if wedidn't stop the noise.
19. She can't stand (to sleep/sleeping) in a room with no windowopen.
20. I can't imagine George (to ride/riding) a motorbike.
21. He denied (to give/giving) away the secret.
22. Hisjob involves (to work/working) all sorts of hours.
23. Mary admitted (to be/being) rude to the new girl.
24.When I'm on holiday, I enjoy not (to have/having) to get upearty.
25. Soon after (to take/takin$ off, the plane crashed.
26. I'm quite excited about (to start/startin$ the new project.
27. He left the room without anyone (to see/seein$ him.
28.I was really delighted (to getlgetting) your letter last week.
29. rt was careless of Jack (to leave /leaving) his apartment doorunlocked when he went on holiday.
3O. You must practise (to answer/answerin$ this sort of questionsfor the exam.
b) Rewrite the following
1. Having good friends is important.
It is
2. It's not a good idea to travel at night.
It's better to avoid
3. He's sorry that he didn't lock his car.
He regrets
4. Please don't tell anyone that I'm leaving my job.
I don't want
5. My father said I could use his car.
My father allowed
6. Don't work if you don't need the money.
There's no point
7. Would you like to have dinner with me?'
Bill invited
8. The driver of the car said it was true that he was drunk.
The driver of the car admitted
9. I think you've made a mistake.
You seem
1O. Could you turn down the radio, please?
Would you mind
11. I was surprised that it rained.
I didn't expect
12. "I think it would be best if I told the police about the
accident".
She advised
13. The night guard told the police that he hadn't taken the files.
The night guard denied
14. Don't smoke. It's a waste of money.
It's a waste of money
15. Learning a second language takes a long time.
It takes
68
16. It is quite easy to answer those questions.
Those questions
17. I think they are argui4g.
They appear
18. If you have got a car, you're able to travel around more easily.
Having a car enables
19. I told you that you shouldn't tell him anything.
I warned
20. 'I'll drive you to the station, Ann' Tom said.
Tom insisted
21. You aren't payrng attention to me' the teacher said to the boy.
The teacher accused
22. l'd visit the museum if I were you.
The museum is worth
23. George took more exercise and so lost weight.
By
24. Tom finds it difficult to talk about his problems.
Tom has
25. He translated the article. He didn't use a dictionary.
He translated the article without
26. At first I didn't
Bill persuaded
want to go out but Bill persuaded me.
27. Sally wanted to get my attention so she touched my shoulder.
Sally touched my shoulder so as
28. A good restaurant is hard to find in this town.
It is
29. Jane is a very good cook.
Jane is good at
3O. He was seriously hurt in the accident but he managed torecover.
In spite of
69
IIt INF'IMITTIESWTTTIOIJT'TO'
A) MAKE / LET
Rewrite each sentence using either IVIAKE or LET without changing
the meaning.
1. This rainy weather causes me to feel depressed.
2. Tom wasn't allowed to take the exam.
3. We couldn't smoke in Mr. Osborne's office.
4. Their mother forced the children to drink milk every night butthey didn't have to finish their meals.
For further exercises refer to 'Grammar Supplementary Material
and Exercises'p. 265, exercise I.
b) WOULD RATHER
1. WOULD RATHER DO
Shall we go by train? Well, I'd rather go by car. (- I'd prefer to)
Do you want to go out this evening? I'd rather not.
I'd rather stay at home tonight than go to the cinema.
2. WOULD RATHER SOMEONE DID SOMETHING.
I'd rather you cboked the dinner now. (= I want you to)
I'd rather he didn't tell anyone what I said. (= I dont want him to )
a) Answer using WOULD RATHER.
1. Shall we play tennis? Well. I'd rather go for a swim.
2. Will you phone Tom? Well. I'd rather )zou phoned him.
3. Shall we watch TV?
4. Shall we leave now?
5. Will you do the washing-up?
6. Will you go to the bank?
70
7. Do you mind if I smoke?
8. Do you want to eat now?
9. Can I use the phone?
10. Will you tell him what happened?
b) Answer using tfre correct form of the verbs in brackets.
1. A Do you mind if I leave this job till tomomor/'?
B: I'd rather gslicl (do) it today.
2. A Can we open our presents nou?
B: I'd rather_ (not open) them until your father
gets home.
3. A Do you mind if I go home earffiB: Well, there's a lot of work to be done. I'd rather
(stay) until 4 o'clock.
4. A Is he getting better?
B: I'm not sure. In any case, I'd rather (not
mention) it when you see him.
5. A Why don't you want me to go out with him?
B: I don't think he's the right kind of boy foryou. I'd rather(not go out) with him. That's all.
6. A Didn't you like her perforrnance in the play?
B: Yes, but I'd rather (concentrate) her
energies on serious work.
7. A Don't you think you're being a bit old-fashioned?
B: I'd rather_(not call) me that.
c) I{AD BETTER
Read each situation and write a sentence with FIAD BETTER
1. You're going out for a walk with Tom. You think it might rainso you should take an umbrella. What do you say to Tom?
2. Tom doesn't look very well. You don't think he should go towork today. What do you say to him?
7l
3. Ann suddenly begins to feel ill. You think she should sit down.What do you say to het?
4. You and Tom are going to the theatre. You've just missed thebus. You think you should take taxi. What do you say to
Tom?
5. Ann wants to play the piano late at night. You know thatshe'll wake up the people next door. What do you say to her?
6. You and Ann are going to a restaurant for a meal. You thinkyou should reserve a table in case the restaurant is crowded.What do you say to her?
7. Tom has just cut himself. You think he should put a plasteron the cut. What do you say to him?
8. You are going to drive your car on holiday. You think youshould have it serviced before you go. What do you say (toyourselfl?
9. You are by a river. It's a very warrn day and your friend suggestsgoing for a swim. You don't think you should do this becausethe river looks very dirty. What do you say?
IIY. DOI'BI,E COMPARATIVES
Rewrite the following sentences in the same way as in the example
given. Use the given words.
Ex As I get older, I become more irritable. (older)
The older I get. the more irritable I become.
1. As the game went on, the players became more exhausted (longer)
72
2. When I ttrink about the situation, I feel less happy. (more)
3. If you go on eating so much, you wifl get fatter. (more)
4. If you continue to drive so fast , you are likely to have an accident.(faster)
5. If we get there early, we will have a good chance of getting seats.(earlier)
V. PHRASAL VERBS (Look, C.et)
a) Fill in each blank with an appropriate phrasal verb from the listbelow. Put them in the correct tense.
look afterlook forlook inlook intolook outlook throughlook uplook up to
get offget onget on withget out ofget over
get round to$et through
1. The students did everything possible to work.They certainly didn't want to do it.
2. The administration will the applications and pickout the applicants that seem promising.
3. The newly engaged couple realized that they wouldn't be able to
each other and decided to split up.4. My mother is very old and can't live alone. She needs someone to
her.
5. I'm Tom. Have you seen him?6. I fell asleep on the bus, so I had to a stop later than I
had intended to.
7. -Ihe students you and admire you. you are an idolfor them.
8. The children are very well in school.
73
9. He needs his dictionary toword 'apotheosis'.
the meaning of the
10. " ! There's a dog standing in the road!"
11. It took us a long time to the shock.
L2. My mother is ill. I think I'l toni$ht on my wayhome and see if she needs anything.
13. I've been trying to to you for over an hour. Wherehave you been?
L4.It took her two years tothough she needed one.
buying a car, even
15. They wanted an independent financial controller to
the city's accounts.
b) Complete these sentences with the verb 'look' in an appropriateform, and choose the correct preposition or adverb.
after for out forward to uP
1. Baby-sitters are people who
2. I wonder what 'scratch' means. I'lldictionary.
3. A : What are you doing on your hands and knees?
B: I my glasses. Have you seen them
anywhere?
! That box is going to fall on your head!
in the
4.
5. It's a great pleasure to meet you. I've heard a lot about you and
meeting you for a long time.
74
T'NIT 3 B
t ExPRESSTNG gUANTTTY & NUMBER
a) Rewrite the sentences usinS one of the following forms :
a few / few / a little / littleMake the necessary changes.
Ex Not many people know the answer to that question.
Few people lorow the answer to that question.
1. Help yourself to a biscuit. There are one or two left in the tin.
2. My days are so busy that I don't have much time for reluration.
3. She's exceptionally generous. Hardly anyone gives more money
to charity than she does.
4. There's a tiny bit of butter left, but not much.
5. He keeps trying, although he doesn't have much chance ofSUCCCSS
6. "I'm afraid you need three or four fillings," said the dentist.
7. He must have made a hundred clocks in his life, but only oneor two of them have ever worked properly.
8. She wasn't very hungry. She just had some soup.
75
b) Compare the following sentences. There are different ways ofsaying 'Uohn doesn't know the answer to the question, and Marydoesn't, either."
John doesn't know the answer to the question, and neither/nordoes Mary.
Neither John nor Mary knows the answer to the question.
Neither John nor the girls know the answer to the question.
Note that the verb is determined by the noun closest to it.
Now change each of the sentences below twice, using twoalternative forms, as in the examples above.
1. Neither Jones nor Smith stole the money.
2. Sally didn't win the race, nor did Anne.
3. Paul doesn't want to play and Susan doesn't either.
4. The Democratic Nationalists won't win the election andneither wfll the Nationalist Democrats.
5. Neither Bob nor his fathelr has ever done a day's work in hiswhole life.
6. James didn't arrive on time, nor did Gerald.
7. Robin hasn't got any money and Angela hasn't either.Neither Robtn
8. Neither she nor I care what you say. (Note the verb form.)She doesn't care what you say
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Complete each sentence \ rlth a word/ phrase from the list below.
muchmanya lot (o0
plenty (o0
Itttlea llttle
fewa few
E:<: At the party, there weren't many people I had seen
before.
1. It cost me money to furnish this house.
2. We'll have to hurry. We haven't got time.
3. He's got no financial problems. He's got money.
4. He doesn't speak English, only words.
Would you like some wine?' 'Yes, but only
We didn't take photographs when we were onholiday.
Thts town lsn't very well-known and there isn't much to see,
so tourists come here.
There is a shortage of water because there has been veryrain recently.
I can't believe you're still hungry. You've had to eat.
It's not a very lively town. There isn't to do.
Choose the appropriate words to complete these sentences aboutthe British Isles and its languages.
both (...and) / neither (...nor) /either (...or) /none/also/no.
In England, a person who measures 1.83 meters is said to be
-(1)- 6 feet (2)- 6 foot tall. A horse, however, ismeasured (3)-- in feet, like a person,(4)- infingers, like whislcy: it is measured in hands.
In Scotland, (5)_ English (6)_ Scottish banknotesareused.Thereare(7)-ScottishcoinS,though.Three Scottish banks have the right to issue banknotes.(8)- of the English banks (other than the Bank of
7.
5.
6.
9.
10.
England) has that right.In Wales, although some people speak only Welsh, and others onlyEnglish, many speak (9)- English (1o)- welsh.(l l)_ languages are taught in schools.
(12)_ Northern Ireland (13)_ the southern part ofIreland (a republic known as Eire) are included in what is calledGreat Britain. Northern Ireland, however, is considered to be partof the United Kingdom. The traditional language of Ireland is
Gaelic; another form of Gaelic is(14)_ spoken in parts ofScotland.
I NOI,'N CLI\USFS
A The use of noun clauses.
1. Noun clauses are used in the same way as single-word nouns,as the subject or the object of a sentence.
His house is beautiful.Where he lives is beautifulI don't know the answer.I don't know what the answer is.
2. Subordinators like what, who, how, etc., whether / if, thatintroduce noun clauses.
Why she's angry hasn't worried me.
What she said was excellent.I was worried about how sick he was.I'm sure (tha!) he'Il succeed.
I don't know whether he'll be here on time(or not)
Exercises:Rewrite the following with noun clauses as the subj ect orthe object.
1. We're doing something. It's not very easy.What we're doing is not very easlr.
2. You said something to Mary at the party. It made her angry.
3. You wrote something to me in a letter a week ago. I'veforgotten it.
78
4. I'm saSringi something. Can you understand it?
5. She's holding something in her hand. Can you see it?
6. You want to go somewhere. Does everybody loeow it?
7. They are going somewhere tonight. I'm not interested in it.
8. She dresses in an unusual way. It doesn't concern me.
9. She refused the present. The reason is a mystery.
10. She spends ail her money on clothes. The reason is not ourbusiness.
[t E)PRESSIONS \trITH TISED TO '
A. Used to + Infinitive
1. This form (used to do/used to smoke etc.) is used to say thatsomething regularly happened in the past but no longerhappens.
2. There is no present form of 'used to'. It is always past. Youcannot say 'I use to do'. For the present, use the present simple(I do). Compare the present and past.
PAST PRESENT
he used to smoke
we used to live
there used to be
he smokes
we live
there is
3. The normal question form is did ..... use to .....?:
- Did you use to eat a lot of sweets when you were a child?
The negative form is didn't use to ..... (or 'used not to')
- Jack didn't use to go out very often until he met Jill.
B. BelGet Used to + Noun/Gerund1. I'm used to something = it is not new or strange for me:
- Frank lives alone. He doesn't mind this because he has livedalone for 15 years. So he is used to it. He is used to living
79
alone. - My new shoes felt a bit strange at first because Iwasn't used to them.
- Our new flat is on a very busy street. I e:rpect we'll get used tolhg noise but at the moment we find it very disturbing.- Fred has a newjob. He has to get up much earlier -at 6.30.He finds this difficult at present because he isn't used togettjng up so early.
2. Notice that we say'She is used to driving on the left.' (not'sheis used to drive'). In the expression the 'to' is a preposition'be/get used to', not a part of the infinitive . So we say:
- Frank is used to living alone. (not 'is used to live')
- Jane had to get used to driving on the left. (not 'get used todrive')
3. Do not confuse I am used to doing (belget used to) with Iused to do. They are different in structure and in meaninS.
I am used to (doing) something = Something isn't strange for me:
- I am used to the weather in this country.
- I am used to driving on the left because I've lived in Britain along time.
C. Exercise with 1Jsed to' expressions:
Write the corect form: USED TO DO or BEIGET USED TO DOING
1. These days I usually stay in bed until late. But when I hadajob, I (get) up early.
2. It took me a long time to3. Bill
(wear) glasses.
(be) very fit. Now he's in terriblecondition.
4. I (drive) on the left when I moved toEngland.
5. In spite of the large audience,he wasn't nervous, because he
(give) lectures.
6. When I was a child, I (go) swimmingweryday.
7. You'll have to change your. habits andless if you want to lose weight.
8. Ron gets tired quickly because he
80
(run) fast.
(eat)
9. Tom (drint<) a lot of coffee when he was atschool. Now he only drinks tea.
10. I 0ike) Ann but now she gets on my nerves.11. There (be) a cinema on this corner but it
was knocked down.12. When he first came to London, he (wash)
his own clothes because his mother had always done it for him.Finally he (tve) alone and now he
(take) care of himself, like other youngbachelors.
13. when Jack went to the Middle East from England, he had greatdifficulty because he
14. You'll have tobe a nurse.
15. People
criticizcs her.
16. Julia couldn't
the heat.(work) nights if you want to
her strange clothes so nobody
(see) blood so she gave upherjob in the hospital.
L7. Mr. Jenkins (drink) a lot when he was ayoung man. Luckily, he gave it up later.
18. Mary (run) a few kflometres every day butshe hardly has any time forjogging now.
IV. PHRASI\L VERBS (Come)
Rewrite the following sentences, substituting the verb come in thecorect tense and the correct preposition for the underlined words :
1. I found this old diary quite by chance in my desk.
2. Inok! The spring flowers have started to bloom.
3. We seem to have encountered an insoluble problem.
4. I don't know if this experiment will succeed, but it's worth trying.
5. A: How is the patient?B: Unfortunately, he is still unconscious.B:
81
yet.
V. VERB + PREPOSITION
df Rewrite each sentence without changing its meaning.
1. I don't mind pop music but I prefer classical music.
I prefer
2. He has enemies but he has a bodyguard to protect him.
He has a bodyguard to protect
3. I got all the information I needed from Tom.
Tom provided
4. I bought a pair of shoes this morning . They cost 4O pounds.
This morning I spent
5. There are three main parts of the skeleton; the skull, the spinalcolumn and the limbs.
The body consists
6. There is very little difference between the original and thereproduction of the painting.
Only an expert can distinguish7. You say good things about this company but I do not agree.
I disagree
b) Fill in each blank with a suitable preposition.
I. Nearly 1OO people have appliedcalls for only 2O employees.
the job which
2. Yesterday I heard John arguing my fatherwho was going drive the car.
3. The teacher had to complain the behaviour of herstudents the director of the school.
4. No one believed us or what we were doing.
5. Seventy-five percent of that country's population suffersmalnutrition.
6. The only way to stay a winner is to surround yourselflosers.
7. The fee is low, compared that at any other private
school.
8. Most of the students have confused the words'satin' 'satire' in their papers.
his enemies.
82
9. The rain discouraged us Soing out.
CONSOLIDATION 1B - 38
L ARTICX,ES
Each of the sentences on the right might logically follow one of thoseon the left. Find the connections and write the appropriate letter onthe line before the member it goes with.
1. I don't like the coffee. a) You'llgetusedto itonceyouget in.
2. I don't like coffee. b) It's better for you, though.3. Ofl has gone up by 5 cents a barel. c) That's because it's
imported.
4. The oil is low. d) No, it's not very good, isit?
5. Did you know that you can only e) Up goes the cost of livinglive without water for four days? again.
6. The water isn't very hot. 0 I'll get some put in at thenext garage
7. Brown rice takes longer to cook g) Some more meat, too?
than white rice. h) Tea, then?
8. Could you pass the rice? i) Did you try it as a drink,.with water and a little
9.The yogurt was terr'rfic. I miss it saltj) It depends where you are
lO.Yogurt's expensive there. and what you're doing,sure\/.2
II. TENSES
a) Present and Past tenses
Not all students of English are hardworking. What do you thinkthe teacher and students actually said in this conversation? Usethe Present Perfect, Past Simple or Past Perfect.
TEACHER
STUDENT 1
TEACHER
STUDENT 2
Right, I'll collect your homework now.
I 1) (leave) it at home, sir.
And yours?
Sorry, sir. I 2) (not have) time to do it.
83
TEACHER
STUDENT 3
TEACHER
STUDENT 4
TEACHER
STUDENT 5
TEACHER
MEHMET
TEACHER
ALI
TEACHER
ALI
TEACHER
ALI
TEACHER
AHMET
TEACHER
SERAP
TEACHER
STUDENT 6
u
What about you?
r3) (not do) it either, sir.
And you?
| 4) (forget) to take my book home,
sir.
You haven't done it either, I suppose?
I 5) (not be) here yesterday, sir.
I see. Get out your books and do it now. What
is it, Mehmet?
r6) ( lose) my book.
Well, share with Ali, then. Where's your pen,
Ali?
:I can't find it, sir. I think someone 7)
(steal) it.
Use a pencil, then.
I 8) (lend) my pencil to someone.
Well, get it back.
I 9) (forget) who 10) _ (lend ) itto.
Someone lend him a pen, please. Now, Ahmet,
what's your answer to the first question?
I can't read it, sir. I (11) (break) my
glasses.
All right, all right. Emine, then. Where's Emine,
Serap?
I (12) (not see) her, sir.
Has anyone seen Emine today'?
Yes, sir. She (13)____ (say) she
(14)_ (leave) her homework on the
kitchen table. She (15)_ (go) home to
get it.
b) Put the verbs in brackets into the Past Simple or Past Perfect.
1. He (realise) he (forget) his key afterhe (shut ) the door.
2. Someone (steal) his motorcycle just after he(buy) it
3. The Fire Brigade (arrive) after the house(burn down).
4. As soon as they (get) home, Joanna(feel) quite flI.
5. It wasn't until she (taste) the casserole that she
(understand) it (be) a complete
disaster.
6. They fust begin) to enjoy the drive when one of
the tyres (burst).
7. The builders (start) the alterations to the house
as soon as the materials (arrive).
8. Someone (crash) into our car before we(had) it for two months.
9. They (find) out about the changes thecompany_ (plan) to make long before the officialannouncement (appear) in the press.
10. Just after she . (leave) the supermarket she
(realise) she (leave) her cheque-book behind.
IIt REPORTED SPE,ECH
When reporting statements or questions we often mention the waythey were said or asked, or the intention behind them.
Ex: 'nV\Ihen you see Mrs. Anderson, don't forget to thank her," Mrs.
Smith said to her son. (remind)
Mrs. Smith reminded her son to thank Mrs. Anderson.
Rewrite these sentences in the same way, using the words in italics.
1. '"UVhy don't we go to the new Indian restaurant tonight," she said.(suggest)
85
2. 'You must come and have dinner with us," she said. (insist)
3. 'Would you like to go with us to the football match on Thursday?"he asked. (invite)
4. "If you want tickets for next week's show you'd better book now""he said. (warn)
5. "If I were you, I'd go to the police immediately and tell themeverything," she said. (advise)
TY. VERB + PREFOSIUON
a) Complete the sentences with suitable prepositions.
(Young woman to friend)
AIdon'tblameyou1)-wantin$togiveupyourjob.Butyouwouldn'tbeabletoconcentrate2)-yourpaintingif you were worried about money.
B: You're right, of course. Thanks 3)_ the advice.
(Bookseller to customer)
A The complete set consists 4)_ twelve volumes.
B: I'm not sure. It depends 5)_ the payments.
A You needn't decide straight away; think 6)- it.
b) Complete these questions with suitable prepositions.
1. Do you suffer migraine?
2. Do you ever worry money?
3. Do you spend a lot of time homework?
4. Do you approve heart transplants?
5. Do you often quarrel your relatives?
6. Do you believe ghosts?
86
7. Do you succeed everything you attempt?
8. Have you ever saved anyone dangef9. Are you fairly independent, or do you rely a lot
other people?
10. Are you fairly flexible, or do you always insisthaving your own way?
V. ATIIDCTIVE + PREFOSITION
Complete these sentences, with suitable prepositions.
1. She was so angry me.
2. She said she was afraid dogs.
3. I felt really ashamed myself
4. After all, I was told to stay close him.
5. I was responsible _ him.
6. I just got tired sitting in that awful room.
7. The room was small and dark and full empty bottles
and dirty dishes.
8. I felt sorry him, when I heard about his accident.
9. I didn't think he would be capable doing anything.
10. Obviously, I was wrong him.
11. I still don't know how he was able get away.
L2. I don't think I'm very good this kind of thing.
13. I'm sorrlr the fight we had.
87
Vt PHRASALVERBS
Choose a word or phrase (.-p) which could replace the underlinedwords. Write the letter after the sentence .
Ex: Why don't you look uo those words in a dictionary. E)
a was finally able i appearedb recovering j regain consciousnessc admires k foundd blossom I avoidse took care of m make progress
f be careful n investigatingg search for o is faced withh return p examining
I. Look out! You're going to drop the plates.
2. When all the flowers come out, the garden will look beautiful.
3. While I was painting the cellar, I came across this old vase.
4. The police are looking into last week's robbery at the school.
5. She was very ill for for a while, but she is getting over it now.
6. The nurses looked after me very well when I was in hospital.7. She is looking through the schedule carefully to see if she can
find a plane to Paris after 7 prr,.
8. After the accident the injured boy didn't come to until after he
was taken to the hospital.
9. Sally looks up to her aunt because she's a very successful
criminal lawyer.
10. Some new students always Aet on better than others.
11. My little brother gets out of washing dishes by crying and
saying he's tired.
L2. Gradually, the company got round to paying its employees last
month's wages.
13. When there is no water, everyone comes up against theproblem of keeping themselves and their clothes clean.
14. The moon suddenly came out from behind the clouds"
15. John plans to come back on Saturday.
88
T,NIT 48
L DXPRES}SING TIME
a) Complete the sentences using one of the time expressions or words
in the box.
previously
afterwards
meanwhile
during
at first
in last
until
while
before
AS
for
since
1. The phone rang he was in the bath.
2. Mary had a stomach-ache the night.
3. Everybody got up and left the film ended.
4. I haven't seen him we were in high school.
5. She told us she had lived in Paris.
6. The plane's arriving in an hour. , let's have a cup
of tea.
7. She insisted on staying
though it was awful.
tomer arrived.
10. IVe been jogging two years.
8. Why don't we go to the parlf , we can visit Lucy.
9. Just he was leaving the office, an important cus-
the film ended even
I wasn't
able to run very far without getting tired, but my body got used
to it
89
b) By + Untilo UNTIL is used to talk about a situation or state that continued
or will continue uP to future time.
€. In most countries, women were not permitted to vote until the
twentieth century.
He has to work until midnight.
He will practise until he learns the song.
o BY is used for an action that will (or will not) happen on or
before a certain moment.
€. I had to be home by 10 o'clock every night'
Exercises:
Now try to decide for yourselves whether to use until or bv.
1. I won't be coming to see you the 7th of July.
2. Make sure that you have finished painting the house
next Wednesday.
3. Keep on doing exercises your stomach is flat.
4. I had finished my brealdast the time you got up.
5. Make sure you have lost two pounds
-
weigh-in tonight.
6. Don't come home you have learned Some manners.
7. You have the end of the month to PaY the rent
8. Pay the rent the end of the month or else you're out.
9. I'll be home 5:OO. Make sure you come by then.
1O.I'll be home 5:OO, so come after that.
c) Use of tenses after certain conjunctions.oNotice that a future form is not used after these words:
if, when, as soon as, until, before, after, and unless'
€. I'll tell you when I am ready. (not: when I \Mill be ready)
Make sure you tidy up before the guests come. (not: will come)
.present Perfect can be used to show that an action is completedbefore the next one begins.
q. when you have read my book, could you give it back to me?
of course, as soon as I've finished it, I'11 give it to you.
90
Exercises:
Put the verbs in brackets in the correct tense: Present Simple, Present
Perfect, or Future .
1. I (not be) in touch unless there (be)
something urgent to tell you.
2. The children (not go) to bed until they
(have) a glass of milk.
3. You (phone) me before you (go) away,
won't you?
4. k When ( you go) to the pub?
B: When I (finish) this work. It (take)
about another hour.
5. If you (not hurry) up, we (be) late.
6. I (come) to London as soon as you (find)
somewhere for us to live.
7. I'm sure you (feel) a lot better after you _ (take)
your medicine.
8. We (have) dinner as soon as all the guests
(arrive).
9. You (not forget) to lock the door if you (go) out,
will you?
10. I (not let) you go until you
truth. Which one of you did it?
(tetl) me the
I MODALVERBS
a) Rewrite the following using the correct form of one of these:
can't /couldn't, lgay / might (not). must.
1. I'm sure he's working. He mustbe usorktno.
2. Perhaps he's going to ask me. He might ask me
3. I'm sure he's not French.
4. Perhaps he was listening.
5. I'm sure she wasn't at work.
91
6. Perhaps he went home.
7. Perhaps she's not coming.
8. I'm sure they weren't camping.
9. Perhaps they haven't linished.
10. Perhaps he was tired.
11. I'm sure she was feeling ill.
12. I'm sure the snow's melted.
13. I'm sure they haven't been waiting long.
14. I'm sure he took the receipt.
b) Write a sentence for each situation using the corect form of these
modals: should(n't) / needn't
1. A man stepped out in front of Joe's car. Joe wasn't
concentrating on his driving, so he hit the man.
Joe should haue been driuino carefullu
2. Colin and Janice are playing football in a busy road.
3. The lake in the park is quite deep but there is no notice saying'Danger'nearby.
4. I drove my car because I didn't l,oeow you lived so near.
5. There's no need for you to go to the library. I have an extracopy of the book.
6. The baby has picked up a worrn. Jane isn't watching the
baby.
7. Dick was smoking in bed. He fell asleep.
8. I had a large dinner before going to the party because nobodytold me food would be provided.
u2
c) Change the following into passive using the corect form of these
modals: can't /couldn't. rr^a:r / might (not). should (not).
needn't, must.
1. They must have stolen the money.
The moneLt must haue been stolen
2. It is not a good idea to turn down the offer.
The offer
3. I'm sure the police didn't arrest Jack at the demonstration.
Jack
4. Perhaps they'll send the letters soon.
The letters
5. It wasn't necessary to call the doctor.
The doctor
6. It was wrong of them to put the matches where the children
could reach them.
The matches
7. I'm sure someone cleaned your room while you were away.
Your room
8. Perhaps
Your bag
someone took your bag by mistake.
9. I'm sure they haven't reported the accident to the police yet.
The accident
93
IIr grrEsTroN TAGS
Here is how to make the question tag:
Take the original sentence. She comes from Spain.
Make it negative/positive. She doesn't come from Spain.
Invert the subject and the auxiliary. doesn't she?
Add it to the original sentence. She comes from Spain,
doesn't she?
Now make tags of your own.
1. It's freezing,
2. We need some milk,
3. She bought one,
4. You've growrr,
5. We'd better take a taxi,
6. She always plays tennis on Sundays,
7. Be careful,
8. I'm so stupid,
9. Let's go out,
10. He never smiles,
Practise salnng these sentences with a falling intonation.
Look round the classroom for someone you do not know very well.
Make some guesses about them: whether they are married, what they
do for a living, and so on. Decide whether you are sure or unsure and
then ask your questions. Practise both intonation patterns.
2
gL
IY. IN CASE & SO TIIAT1. tn case
We use ln case to talk about things we do in advance to help us ifthere is a problem later.
Jan Little carried a stick ln case she met any wild animals.precautton she something unpleasanttook in aduance or unu)elcome that
might happen. We can use ln case + the simple present tense to talk about the
future.q. "Take an umbrella so (that) you won't get wet" means the same as
"Take an umbrella in case it rains".
o We can use ln case + the simple past tense to talk about any timein the past.
eg. "She took an umbrella in case it rained" means the same as"She took an umbrella so (that) she wouldn't get wet."
2. so thatJan used rope and pteces oJ cloth to mark the tuag so that shetuouldtt't get Lost.
We use so that to show a first action is performed to prepare forand help achieve a second action.
She prepared a map because she didn't want to get lost.She prepared a map so that she wouldn't get lost.She prepared a map in case she got lost.
Exercises:
Join the following sentences using either in case or so that. Make 1
any changes that are necessary.
1. You should insure your house. You may have a fire.
2. The film star wore dark glasses. He didn't want anyone torecognize him.
95
3. She packed the glasses carefully. She didn't want them to get
broken in the post.
4. You should always carry a jack and a spare tyre in the boot.
You may have a puncture.
5. Take this serum with you. There are snakes in the forest and
you might get bitten.
6. The thief wore gloves. He didn't want to leave any fingerprints.
7. The notices in the hotel are in seven languages. The manager
wants everyone to understand them.
8. You had better take traveller's cheques. If they get stolen, you
can get some new ones.
V. PHRASALVERBS
Fill in each blank with (a) suitable preposition(s).
1. The probability of a nuclear weapon going by
accident is slight.
2. We should go the whole project and see if there are
any problems.
3. How long can you go sleep?
4. I was feeling tired and ill and finally went gastric flu.
5. I need to buy shoes to go my new red dress.
6. He went Guy's books to find something about Poland.
7. Last year over 2OOO competitors went the Olympic
Games.
8. The BAA argues that air traffic is increasing and will go
96
doing so.
VL PREPOSITIONAL PHRASES
Complete the sentences with a preposition and the correct form of
the verb.
1. I apologized Ann on her toe. (step)
2. I thanked Sam me fix my car. (help)
3. His parents didn't approve
late. (stay)
4. Please forgive me your birthday. (forget)
5. My friend insisted
6. Please excuse me
me to the airport. (take)
late. (be)
7. In my old job I was bored the same thing everyday. (do)
8. I'm not very good things. (repair)
9. I'm sure you're capable the exams. (pass)
10. We stayed at home because Ann wasn't very keen
out in the rain. (go)
11. The police are responsible law and order. (maintain)
12. Let's go. I'm tired . (wait)
13. After a long time, we succeeded a flat. (find)
14. He's been talking for a new job. (look)
15. I wonder what prevented him to the party. (come)
16. I'm hungry. I'm looking forward dinner. (have)
17. I don't feel today. (study)
18. The man was suspected into a house. (break)
19. Have you ever been accused a crime? (commit)
20. IVe always dreamed in the country. (live)
him out so
TINIT 5 B
THE PASSTVE VOIC.E
Write the corect form of the given verbs in the spaces provided.
Probably the most successful of all artificial languages is Esperanto,
which 1) (create) by Ludwik Zamenhof in L887.
Esperanto 2) (be made up o0 several thousand
Indo-European root words. From these roots approximately 2O,OOO
words 3) (form) by the addition of various affixes.
Today, several million people around the world 4) (speak)
Esperanto as a second language. Many books and journals
5) (write) in it. Almost all international exhibitions use
Esperanto 6) (advertise) in foreign countries because it(understand) easily, even by those who do not know
it. The language 8) (use) successfully at hundreds of
international conferences since the 195O's.
INFINITM or GERLII\ID: SPECIAL CASES
Some verbs can be followed by an infinitive or a gerund. Sometimes
there is little or no change in meaning: sometimes there is.
I. With LOVE, FIATE & PREFER there isn't much difference between
the two structures.
I love lying / to lie on my back and staring / to stare at the sky.
Some people hate working / to work early in the morning.
Personally, I prefer working / to work in the morning.
*Note the other uses with PREFER
Tom prefers driving to travelling by trainTom prefers to drive rather than travel by train.
I usually prefer drinking coffee without sugar but tonight I'd prefer
to have some sugar.
7)
IL
98
2. BEGIN, START CONTINUE can be followed by either the gen:nd or
infinitive.
The baby_begag crying / to cry.
It has started raining / to rain
He continued working / to work after his illness.
3. Like + gerund = enjoy
I like walking in the rain.
Like + infinitive = choose to be in the habit of or think it right to.
I like to get up early so that I can do a lot of work before lunch.
I heard you talking and I didn't like to disturb you so I went away.
Note that there are no meaning differences between the two forms
in American English, so you can use both forms to express the
same meaning.
4. There are two possible structures after ADVISE, RECOMMEND,
ALLOW, PERMIT, ENCOURAGE, although there is no meaning
dilference.
VERB + GERUND
We don't allow smoking in here.
I wouldn't advise taking the car.
He doesn't recommend stayr'ng at that hotel
VERB + ORIECT + INFINITWE
We don't allow people to smoke in here.
I wouldn't advise you to take the car. (
He doesn't recommend us to stay at that hotel.
99
5. with REMEMBER, FORGET and REGRET the difference isconnected with time. The gerund refers to the past; the infinitiverefers to an action in the future (or to a 'future' action as seen from
the past).
A Remember + gerund= Remember what one has done or what
has happened.
I'11 always remember meeting you for the first time.
t remember paymg the bill. (=I paid the bill and I remember the
action.)
Remember + infinitive = Remember what one has / had to do.
Remember to post the letters, (-Don't forget to.. .......)
I remembered to water the flowers before we left. (=I didn't forAet
to....)
B. Forget + gerund= forget what one has done or what has
happened.
I'll never forget seeing the Queen.
Have you forgotten meeting BiIl? (You met him)
Forget + infinitive = forget what one has / had to do.
Don't forget to give her my letter.
I forgot to ask Tom. (=I didn't ask him)
C. regret + gerund = be sorry for what has happened.
I regret leaving the firm after 2O years.
regret + infinitive - sorry for what one is / was going to say.
I regret to tell you that we can't offer you a job.
100
6. The infinitive and gerund have different meanings when used after
STOP, GO ON, TRY.
D. Stop + gerund- stop what one does / is doing.
I re ally must-Stop-qUoking..
When he told the story, we just couldn't stop laughing.
Stop + infinitive = make a break or pause in order to do
something else.
Every half hour I stop (work) to smoke.
On the way to the station, I stopped to buy a newspaper.
E. Go on + gerund = continue what one has been doing.
How long do you intend to go on plalring those terrible records?
Go on + infinitive = change/ move on to something new
He welcomed the new students and went on to explain the
school regulations.
F. trv + gerund = make an experiment/do something to see what
will happen.
I tried sending her flowers, but it didn't have any effect.
Tr:v putting in some sugar that might make it taste better.
try + infinitive = mak€ an effort/attempt to do something
difficult.
Please try to understand!
I once tried to learn Japanese.
7. 'Ihe gerund after NEED is used in a passive sense.
NEED + GERUND : need to be done.
Your hair needs cutting.
The garden needs watering.
NEED + INFINITME : refers to necessity.
I need to take more exercise.
He needs to work harder.
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8. Verbs of perception (FEEL, HEAR LISTEN TO, LOOK AT, NOTICE,
OBSERVE, PERCEIVE, SEE, SMELL, WATCH) are followed by an
object + the gerund or the infinitive without TO'
I watched a pavement artist draw a portrait in crayons.
(i.e. probably from start to finish/a complete action.)
I watched him drawing a portrait.
(i.e. the action was in progress when I arrived /only part o[ the
action.)
Exercises:
a) Write the correct form, and discuss the different meanings.
1. a) fry (hold) your breath to stop sneezing.
b) You really must try (overcome) your shyness.
2. a) That's strange! I don't remember (lend) you any money.
b) When you see Tom, remember (give) him my regards.
3. a) Does this job need (do) now or can I leave it until later?
b) I've got an extra bed, so when you come to stay, you won'tneed (btngl your sleeping bag.
4. a) You forgot (phone) Ann, didn't you? Now she'll be worried.
b) I'll never forget (visit) your old farm house.
5. a) I don't need (come) to the meeting, do I?
b) Do you think the grass needs (cut)?
6. a) We went on (talk) till after midnight.
b) After approving the agenda, we went on (discuss) finance.
7. a) Mt. Thomas doesn't allow anyone (enter) his office withoutknocking first.
b) They don't allow (smoke) in the cinema.
8. a) Where would you recommend me (go) for my holidays?
b) I don't recommend (eat) in that restaurant. The food's awful.
9. a) Someone must have taken my bag. I remember (leave) it bythe window and now it's gone.
b) I remembered (lock) the door before I went out but I forgotthe windows.
ro2
1O. a) He tried (reach) the shelf but he wasn't tall enough.
b) Molly needed some money. She tried (ask) John but he
couldn't help her.
f t. a) I wouldn't advlse you (go) out. It's very cold.
b) Would you advise (phone) now or shall I wait a bit longer?
L2. a) It stopped (raln) a few minutes ago.
b) We all stopped (look) at the newcomer when the dooropened.
13. a) We regret ((ell) you that your account is overdrawn.
b) I don't regret (te11) her what I thought, even if it upset her.
t+. a) I asked them to be quiet but they went on (make) noise.
b) He paused for a moment and then went on (explain) thenext problem.
b) Complete the sentences with a suitable question word and aninfinitive.
1. Do you know trow to get to John's house?
2. Can you show me the washing machine?
3. Do you know if there's a fire in the buildingB
4. You'll never forget a birycle once you've learned it.
5. I was really astonished. I didn't know
6. Have you decided
7. I don't know
for your holidays?
to Tom's party or not.
the film in this camera?8. Can someone show me
103
Itr. PASSIVE FORIIIS OF GERT'NDS AND INHNITIVES
Note how we use tnftrritives and gerunds tn the passlve form.
I dldn't orrpect them to invite me.
I dldn't expect TO BE lnvited.
Would you like to mention ]rour uncle in your will?
Would you like your uncle TO BE mentioned ln your will?
I hate people criticizing me.
I hate BEING criticized.
I regret telling them.
I regret their/them BEING told.
Exercises:
a) Change the underlined parts tnto passive.
1. They want to reolace the manager.
2. I think we should tell everyone about it.
3. I'm not responsible for giving that information to the press.
4. He had nothing to do with changing the plans.
5. She would like them to invite her.
6. I wasn't conscious of anlrone following me.
7. The strike caused the airoort authorities to cancel the flights.
8. There's nothing new about boys breaking windows in this
neighbourhood.
104
- 9. I want Vou to complete this on time.
10. Susan attended several interviews before they offered her
the job.
b) Complete the sentences with the active or passive infinitive form of
the given verbs .
1. play
a) I expect you in the match tomorrow, in spite
of your injury.
b) I expect the match tomorrow, in spite of the
bad weather.
2. bother
a) We don't want customers
b) We don't want you
3. take
a) I'd like you
b) I'd like them
4. hold
b) They've allowed us
5. add
a) I asked
b) I asked him
a) TheyVe allowed the meeting
customers.
them to the airport.
to the airport.
the meeting.
to the invitation list.
me to the invitation list.
105
c) Complete the sentences with the acUve or passive gerund form
of the given verbs .
1. discuss
a) There's no way to avoid
b) There's no way to avoid the matter
2. bother
a) I'm tired of him me.
b) I'm tired of
3. beat
a) Can you imagine anyone him?
b) Can you imagine him
4. talk
a) I don't mind it about.
about it.b) I don't mind you
5. mention
a) I can't remember her ever
b) I can't remember it ever
IIY. IIAVE SOMETHING DONE
A Intentional
I had my house painted (= someone painted it for me)
I'm going to have my car washed (= someone will wash it for rne)
B. Unintentional
I haCl_my watch stolen last week. (= My watch was stolen .. .. .. . ..)
He had his nose broken in a fight (= His nose was broken.......... )
C. 'Get something done' is often possible instead of 'have somethingdone' (mainly in informal spoken English).
I think you should get your hair cut.
I &! my house painted.
He got his nose broken in a fight.
the matter.
it.
106
E><ercises:
a) Write down what you say at these places
1. At the opticians (test my eyes) I'ue come to haue mu eues
tested.
2. At the dressmaker's (alter this skirt)
3. At the tJping agency (tJpe this report)
4. At the post office (register this parcel)
b) Complete the sentences usin$ these words: mend, replace, cut,
decorate, dry-clean, wash, serwice, repair.
I. The house needs painting. I thtnk t'll haue it decorated
2. The plumbing leaks.
3. The car isn't runnin$ well.
4. My hair's too long.
5. This computer's out of date.
6. The car needs cleaning.
7. My suit's very dirty.
8. There's a hole in my shoe.
c) Complete the sentences usin$ the given words.
1. We are hauino the house painted (the house / paint) at the
moment.
2. (yo, / your hair / cut) last week?
3. The Baileys (already / the roof / repair) when the
rains started.
4. Tom
5. Why don't you (that coat I alter)?
6. Your hair is too long. I think you should . (itlcut).
7. How often (you / your car / service)?
8. The engine in Tom's car couldn't be repaired, so he had to
fust / a telephone / install) in his flat.
(a new engine / fit)
to7
9. 9o, / your newspaper / deliver) or do you go
to the newsagent's yourself to buy it?10. A: What are those worlonen doing in your garden?
B: Oh, I (a swimming pool / build).11. A Can I see those holiday photographs you took?
B: I'm afraid not. Iyet.
(not / the film / develop)
12. Is it true that many years ago he
paint) by a famous artist?
(his portrait /
d) Rewrite the phrases in parentheses using 'have'.
Last week colin's team went to play rugby against another team.
They were tough players. In the first few minutes of the game, @had his shrt tom (his shirt was torn). when he was lying on theground, (his head was kicked). Colin was very
angry. He started a fight but (his nose was broken
He was taken to theand two of his teeth were knocked out).
changing room and found that (his wallet had been
taken). 'what a terrible place!' he said. well, I suppose nothingworse can happen now'. He was wrong. while he was in hospital
(his car was stolen).
108
TTNIT 6 B
L EEPRESSING WISHES AI\ID REIGRETS
Uses of wtsh
Answer the questions which follow each example.
1. I wish I had a milion pounds.
A Is he talking about the past, present, or the future?
B: Does he think he's likely to have a million pounds?
2. I wish I had blue eyes
A Is she talking about the past, present or future?
B: Is her wish unlikely or impossible?
a) We use wish + past simple when we want something in
the present to change or to be different. Such a change
is either unlikely or impossible.
3. I wish I had worn gloves.
A Did he wear gloves?
B: How does he feel now? What do you think happened to
him?
b) We use wish + past perfect when we regret in the
present what we did in the Past.
4. She wishes he would stop smoking that awful pipe.
A Is she talking about the present, the future or both?
B: Does she really believe that he will stop?
C: How does she feel about the situation?
D: Can we use this construction to talk about ourselves?
5. I wish the train would come. l'm freezing to death.
A: Is he talking about the present, the near future or both?
B: Does he want the train to hurr5r uP?
C: Does he really believe the train will arrive soon?
c) We normally use wish + would either when something
is annoying us and we would like it to stop, or when we
want sornething to happen sooner rather than later
r.09
6. I wish I could swim.
A Can he swim.
B: Would he like to?
d) We use wish + could when we want to talk aboutability.
Note: We can often use lf only instead of wlsh; e.g. If only I'dworn gloves.
Exercises:
What might you say if you were the people in the following
situations? Make sentences using one of the forms of wish we
have just looked at.
1. Liz is unhappy because she has got a small flat.
2. AIex has been trying to lose weight but his diet hasn't made
any difference.
3. Thieves have stolen Candy's fur coat. It wasn't insured.
4. You work with someone who whistles horribly all day long.
5. Sally drank too much again last night. She has got aterrible hangover.
6. She wants to take the top off a bottle of aspirin but she
can't open it.
7. Katie is sitting by the telephone. She is waiting impatiently
for Angus to ring.
write some sentences about yourself using each of the formswe have looked at.
110
REVIEW OF CONDTUONAIS
a) Respond to the following situations using as many of the different
types of conditional responses as possible. Be careful of meaning
and time reference. Sometimes only one tSrpe may be possible.
1. You have a friend who wants to work in Spain next year, but
he doesn't speak Spanish. What would you say to him?
2. Your alarm didn't go off, so you got up late and missed your
final exam in grammar. What would you say to your teacher?
3. You were invited to AIi's party, but you stayed home. Three
days later a friend tells you that it was really a good party.
What would you say to him?
4. You are going to go to a party with a friend next Saturday
night. He wants you to introduce him to some girls when you
get there. However, you do not know for certain if you will see
anybody you know. What would you tell him?
5. You arrive at the party, and you discover that you don't know
anyone there, but your friend is still begging you to introduce
him to some of the girls. What would you tell him?
6. The party is over. You are on your way home. Your friend is
angry with you because you did not introduce him to any girls.
What would you tell him?
111
b) Put the verbs in brackets in the correct forms.
1. If you (go) away, you- (write) to me, won't you?
2. If house plants_ ---(not/water) regularly, they(die) quite quickly.
3. What noisy neighbours you've got! If mine (be) as
bad as yours, I-(gol craql4. You're late again! If you (be) late again tomorrow,
your pay-(stop)!5. The passengers at the front of the plane were all killed, but
Alice, who was sitting at the back, survived. If she
(sit) nearer the front, she (kill).
6. I eat meat once or twice a day, but I (not like) it ifit (undercook).
7. Eat your soup. If you
it (gget) cold.
(not hurry) up,
8. There are mice in your kitchen. If you lget) a cat,
the mice (disappear) immediately.
9. The style of that dress is lovely, but I'm not so keen on the
colour. If the blue--(be) a bit lighter, it(look) better.
10. A We're penniless. Did you know that?
B: It's because our holiday cost so much. You should have
listened to me. If we (go) where I wanted to go,
it ----(be)
a lot cheaper. And we --(have) some money in the bank now.
11. If my wife (be) as violent as yours, I
(leave) her.
L2. I have to work about 8O hours a week. If I (have)
more time, I (take up) a sport like tennis.
13. It he (be) taller, he (can) be a policeman,
but he's too short.
L4. She was badly hurt when the car in which she was apassenger hit another car. If she (wear) her seat
belt, she (not hurt) so badly.
tt2
15. Give me that message for Peter. If I (see) him thisa.fternoon, I lgive) it to him.
16. Mmm! This meal's delicious! If I (can) cook as well
as this, I (open) a restaurant.
17. My wife and I met on a cruise. I was on it because I was
recovering from an illness, and she was the ship's doctor. Just
think! If she (not be) the doctor, we
(not meet), we
children
(not get) married, and our(not be) born! What a thought!
18. If you (be able) to do this exercise, you
he) very clerzer!
19. Jody's engagement, which was announced last week, came as
a bit of shock. If it (announce) earlier,nobody-(be) so surPrised.
IIt A. ST'PPOSED TO'We're supposed to turn out the lights at 1O (=It's a rule.......)
He's supposed to clean the rooms (=It's his duty....)
The train was supposed to arrive at 1 1:3O (=According to the
timetable, it should have arrived already but it hasn't.
I'd better hurry! I'm supposed to be meeting Jane in 10 minute.
(=I arranged to.....)
B NOT SUPPOSED TO
You are not supposed to park here (=You aren't allowed to.....)
Bill is much better after his illness but he is still not supposed to
do any heavy work (=it isn't advisable)
Exercises:
Fill in the blanks with (not) supposed to and a suitable verb:
1. Peter, you're smoking. But you know you in this room.
2. Why are the windows still dirty? You them.
113
3 What are the children doing at home. They at school.
4. He _ at home in the evenings but he always goes out.5. Don't put sugar in your tea. Remember what the doctor said?You
sugar.
6. Oh dear! I Ann but I completely forgot. Now she'll be
furious with me.
7. They arrived very early-at 2.OO. They until S.SO.
8. Visitors the hospital in the evenings so we can't visitJohn now.
rlr. uN[,Ess/ pRovIDED TrrAT/ SuppOSE/ IN CASE
Restate the following sentences with unless, provlded that, suppose,
or ln calie.
l. The energy shortalfe will get worse if everyone doesn't begin to
conserve fuel.
2. I'll be happy to drive you to Mexico if you promise to help me pay
for the gas.
3. what will happen if we run out of fuel in the middle of the
desert?
4. Don't worry. If we nrn out of fuel, I'll have some extra gas in the
trunk of my car.
5. If you don't remember to put an extra can of gas in the trunk, we
could be stranded in the middle of nowhere.
6. Stop worr5zing. If that happens, we can call for help on my CB
radio.
114
7. That's a good idea if someone is around to hear our call.
8. What would have happened if we had not had the CB last year
on our way to Alaska?
9. If you don't stop worrying. I'll cancel the whole trip.
10. All right, but if you discover that you can't make such a long trip.I'm going to find out about the bus schedule.
11. If Tom decides to go with us, we should agree on what to charge
him for gas.
L2. He can So with us if he promises to leave his dog at home.
13. You know that he won't leave his dog if he can't find a
responsible person to take care of him.
L4. That's not our problem. We will simply tell him that he can't go
with us if he insists on taking his dog.
v. If 's TfME.... / l, D RATHER....
a) Look at these two sentences and answer the questions.It's time we left.I'd rather we went to that film than any of the others.Which tenses are used?Are they talking about the past /now /the future?
Study these two groups of sentences and decide which ones arecorect.
1. A It's time to leave for the airport.
B It's time for us to go to the airport.
C It's time that we go to the airport.
D It's time we went to the airport.
115
2. A I'd rather go to the theatre.
B I'd rather that we go to the theatre.
C I'd rather we went to the theatre.
In pairs work out a rule for fd rather......and It's time......
b) What would you say in the following situations?
1. You feel tired. You think you need a holiday.
2. A friend suggests going to a party. You would like to go to adisco.
3. You're looking after a small child. It's 11 o'clock.
4. It's raining. Your friend suggests walking home. You want totake a taxi.
5. Your favourite pop singer is coming to your town. Your friend
thinks there will be lots of tickets left. You think you should
buy them now.
6. You've been to a party with Bill and Simon. Bill has had a lot
to drink. What would you say if he offered to drive.
7. You and your friend are both hungry. Your friend suggests a
Chinese meal. You prefer Thai food.
8. This exercise is getting boring!
116
vt QUESTION \TORDS + EVER
Question words like urhat, utho, ushen, ushere and hou are used withthe suffix-ever in two different ways.
1. With the sense of any and euery.
There's no school uniform. ?he pupils can wear uhateuer theylike.
I don't care who comes to the party. You can bring ushoeuer youlike.
You must take your passport tuheneuer you travel abroad.
You must carqr your identity papers uhereuer you go.
You'll neverjump 16 metres totueuer hard you try.whatever = it doesn't matter what
anythingeverything
whoever = it doesn't matter whoanyoneeveryone
whenever = it doesn't matter whenany timeevery time
wherever = it doesn't matter where
anyvhere
ever5nvhere
however = it doesn't matter howin any wayin every way
2. As an emphatic way of expressing shock, anger, confusion orastonishment
Whateuer made you do such a stupid thing? (whatever=what)
Whoeuer wrote this nonsense? (whoever=who)
WTeneuer did you listen to my advice? (whenever=when)
W\ereuer did you buy that awful shirt? (wherever=where)
Houseuer did he manage to escape? (however=how)
rt7
Notes:
1. When ttoueuer=tt doesn't matter t1oto, the next word is often an
adjective (houseuer rich, howeuer poor) or an adverb (houseuer
quickLg, lauseuer slou:fu),
2. If houseuer is followed by a comma or a full stop, the meaning
changes to neuertheless, euen so or ur spite oJ the Jact that.
It's the most expensive restaurant in New York. Houseuer, it's
packed every night and if you want a good table you have to book
weeks in advance.
3. whgeuer can mean it doesn't matter whg but it is more commonly
used as an emphatic form of why to express shock, anger or
disbelief.
Whgeuer did you tell him the secret?
You can't come to work todaflz Whgeuer not?
a) Complete the following sentences with WHOEVER, WHATEVER,
WHYEVER, WHENEVER, WHEREVE or HOWEVER.
1. She causes problems _ she goes.
2. He starts stuttering-he is neryous.
3. I was very spoilt as a child. My parents gave me-Iwanted.
4. You must wear a tie in that restaurant_ you are.
5. did you open the cage?
6. I'll still love you you do.
7. I am determined to do it_ long it takes.
8. He always wears three vests, two jumpers and a
jacket_ hot it is.
9. Ill think of you_I wear this bracelet.
10. I'll wear this bracelet_I go.
118
b) Fill in the blanks wtth WHOEVER, WHEREVER, HOWEVER,WHICHEVER, WFIATET@R or WHENEVER.
1. A What should I do about my problem?
B: Do wlutetsq seems best.
2. A Can I leave now'?
B: Whetteuer you want to leave is fine with me.
3. A I'm getting tired of this party. Are you ready to go?
B: I'm having a good time, but _ you are ready is finewith me.
4. A What should I tell our hostess?
B: Tell her_ you think is best.
5. A I'm hungry. Do you want a hamburger or some chicken?
B: I don't care. We can get _ you prefer.
6. A Tell me. Should we go to Burger King or to Kentuclry Fried
Chicken.
B: It really doesn't matter fo me. Let's go to you likebest.
7. A What's the matter with you tonight? Can't you make adecision?
B:Nothingisthematter.-youwanttogoisal1ri$htwith me.
8. A How do you want your hamburger, with or withoutonions?
B: she prepares it is all right with me.
9. A Whom should we invite to our party next week?
B: I don't know._ you invite will have fun.10. A By the way, who called at 12:OO last night?
B: I don't know because called hung up before Ireached the phone.
11. A It's really late, and I'm getting tired. Let's not get anydessert.
B: O.K._ you say.
12. A Are you angry because I wanted to leave the party early?
B: Angry? Of course not. It's your car, so you can do
you like. Just don't ask me to go anywhere withyou again.
119
VIL REFI.iEIilIIE PRONOI'NS
You have been asked to look after Jane, the nine-year-old daughter of
some British friends. You are looking forward to a quiet evening
reading and watching television.
What might you say? Complete these sentences with one word.
YOU
PARENTS
JANE
YOU
JAI{E
YOU
JANIE
YOU
JANIE
YOU
JAI{E
YOU
JAI{E
YOU
1. Enjoy
Thanks. See you later.
Why didn't they take me with them?
2. Parents sometimes like to go out by
Who said you could have a piece of cake?
3. Your mother told me to help
Arryway, that cake's horrible.
4. Your mother said you liked it. She made itI want a drink of orange juice.
5. Well, get one for
I don't like your sweater. Where did you buy it?
6. I made itI'm bored. Read me a story.
7. You're 9 years old now. Surely you can read to
What? Go to bed at 10? I'm going to tell my Dad.
8. Your father told me 10 o'clock
Mum and Dad are here. Open the door.
9. They've got a key. They can open it _.How was Jane?
10. Fine. She amused
Iater in the evening:
JANE
YOU
JANIE
YOU
PARENTS
YOU
r20
VItr PHRASAL VERBS (Give, Take)
a) Using the phrasal verb entries for 'glver in your dictionary,substitute the underlined words with a suitable phrasal verb.
Ex: After my father quit exercising, he put on a lot of weight.
After mlr father gave up exercising. he put on a lot of weisht.
1. Can you distribute the books to the class, Claudia?
2. Before she died, she lett all her money to the dogs' home.
3. When the plastic caught fire, it produced a terrible smell.
4. Joanna offered her seat to the man',vith the walking stick.
5. They had to stop the climb when it started snowing.
6. Stop! Stop! You win. Don't hurt me any more!
7. She talked in her sleep and said where the money was hidden.
8. If I were you, I'd stop drinking whisky.
9. He never returns the books he bor:rows.
L2L
b) Look at the following selection of phrasal verbs formed with '
take' and their meanings:
take after
take intake offtake on
take over
take totake up
resemble an older relative
understand/graspi deceive
leave the ground; remove
accept (responsibility, etc.)
take control oflike instincUvely
adopts as a hobby; occupy space/time
Now choose the appropriate phrasal verb to complete the following
sentences:
1.Heonly-golfbecausehisdoctortoldhimhewouldhave to get more exercise.
2. When I first heard the announcement, I was too busy cooking
to--it-properly.3. Our local pub hasn't had the same atmosphere since it was
by one of the big breweries.
4. Doing homework a lot of my time.
5. My daughter's not a bit like me. She seems to __ her
father in the way she acts.
6. Don't let him you _ urith his hard luck stories.
The truth is that he's never done an honest day's work in his
life!
7. However keen you are to make a success of the business, it's
important not to _ more work than you can reasonably
manage.
8. When our in-laws first met they each other
immediately and they've been friends ever since.
L22
CONSOLIDATION 48 - 68
T USE OF ENGLISH
A. Finish each of the following sentences in such a way that it meansexactly the same as the sentence printed before it.
1. After making some colfee for himseff, he started studying.
Before he
2. We last sang that song when we were at school together.
We haven't
3. 'Please learn lots of English,' my parents told me.
My parents wanted
4. They won't allow her to wear a mini-skirt.
They won't let
5. It isn't necessary for Paul to come to the meeting tonight.
Paul
6. I advise you to stay at home tomorrow.
You
7. Can you come to the party on Saturdafr
Will you be
8. Mary was offered a cheap seat on a flight to Hong Kong hy hercousin.
Mary's
9. Diana missed the train because she bought a Coke on the wayto the station.
If10. She bought a lot of food because she was expecting guests.
She was expecting
11. It would be advisable for Mary to meet her boss at the airport.
Mary had
L2. They are going to produce the new play next month.
The new
13. Jo swims better than everyone else in his class.
Jo is the
r23
L4. I'd like to have lived in the 19th century.
I wish
15. Despite the fact that he was late, he still didn't hurry.
Even though
16. Why didn't Jim study last night?
Jim ought
17. "I'm terribly sorry that I foqgot to ring you,"Roger said to Maggie.
Roger apologised
18. Kim asked Ted why he had forgotten to go to her house theprevious evening.
Kim: Ted,
19. Stella's parents did not let her go out alone late at night.
Stella was
20. We should mend the window before we go on holiday.
The window
21. Despite her hard work she didn't earn much money.
Although
22. I'm very pleased that I'm going to have a holiday soon.
I'm looking
23. We were
They let
allowed to smoke during the conference.
24. Someone stole all her belongings while she was on holiday.
She had
25. I like travelling by train more than going by air.
I'd rather
26. The remark was so shocking that she didn't know what to say.
It was such
27. It wasn't easy to persuade her to come.
We had difficulty28. I had to work very hard in my old job.
They made
29. You used to drive better than you do now.
L24
Now you don't drive
30. 'Did you go out last night?' she asked.
She asked
31. Someone stole her wallet while she was shopping.
She had
32. She refused to marry him because she didn't like his mother.
If33. He'll speak to you only if you ask him a question.
Unless
34. Tom is usually a patient person. However, he could notcontrol himself during the debate.
In spite of
35. Why does she keep five cats? It's her business.
why
36. Air is a mixture. TWenty-five percent of it is oxygen.
(which)
37. People began translating Agatha Christie's books into differentlanguages fifty years ago. They still do.
Agatha Christie's books
38. Helen doesn't know how to cook. She regrets it.
Helen says: "I wish
39. We are able to treat many illnesses because we have penicillin.
IfN. Scientists have developed a new plant which grows very fast.
A new plant
4L. Laura is almost certain that Jim has forgotten to lock the door.
Laura says: "Jim
42. Why did you bother to buy this cake?
You
43. You shouldn't have left the milk bottle in the sun.
The milk bottle
M. Why didn't I accept his offer to help me?
If only
125
45. The secretary finished the reports on time so the meetingwasn't delayed.
If the reports
M. Remember to take some extra money with you. It could beuseful.
It's worth
47. It would be a good idea for you to stay in bed today.
You'd
8. He doesn't want you to buy him anything expensive.
He'd rather
49. They don't let us listen to music in the dormitory.
We are not
50. The deaf girl sits at the window every afternoon. She can seethe river from the window.
The deaf girl sits at the window
(which)
51. I wish I had taken my umbrella with me.
why
52. She spends all her time in the library. It doesn't interest me.
Where
53. They have published the article in several popular nagazines.
The article
54. We all enjoyed the walk even though it rained heavily.
In spite
55. The train left at 6 o'clock and we arrived just after that.
When we
56. That woman's dog bit the postman the other day.
That's the woman
57. They expected twenty guests but forty arrived!
There were twice as
58. It's possible
The burglar
L26
that the burglar put his gun in a litter bin.
59. I threw away the receipt so I couldn't get my money back.
Having
60. I'll give you a doorkey because I may not be in when you gethome.
In case
61. We learn what is going on from newspapers. They are one ofthe maln sources.
Newspapers are one of the main sources(which)
62. I wlsh we hadn't eaten in that restaurant.
why
63. Somehow he found the treasure. It's a mystery for us.
How
64. They have sent the book by express-mail.
The book
B. What do you say in the following situations? (Use the given clues.)
1. Your friend often leaves his car unlocked. Someone might tryto steal it so you think he should lock it.
"I think you should lock the car in case
2. At the cinema, you asked for a seat in the front but you findyourself in a seat at the back.
"Oh, excuse me. I think there seems
I asked for a seat in the front."
3. Your friend is going to England for some time. He cannot
decide where to stay--in a student hostel or with an English
family. Write a suggestion for him.
"I would recommend ."
4. You haven't written down your friend's address and now you
regret it because you can't find his house.
"If only
r27
Your friend suggests that you buy a red scarf for your mother.
You know your mother hates red, so you reject his suggestion.
"I don't think ."
6. Burglars brokewindow .
(ever)
into your friend's home through an open
(should)
C. Put the verbs in brackets into the correct tense.
a) I 1) (arrive) in England in the middle of July. I2)- (be told) that England 3) (be) covered
in fog all the year round, so I 4) (be) quite surprised tofind that it was merely raining. I 5)_ (ask) anotherpassenger, an Englishman, about the fog and he 6)
(say;thatthere7)-(notbe)anysincethepreviousFebruary. If I 8) (want) fog, he said. I 9)
(come) at quite the wrong time. However, he 10)
(tell) me that I could buy tinned fog at a shop inShaftesbury Avenue. He 1 1) (admit) that he 12)
_(buy/never) fog there himself but 13)
(assure) me that they 14) (sell)
good quality fog and that it 15)___ (not be)
expensive.
b) When the old lady 1) (return) to her flat she
5.
2) (see) at once that burglars 3) (break) induring her absence because the front door 4) (be)
open and everything in the flat 5) (be) upsidedown. The burglars themselves 6)_ (be) no longerthere,butprobab1ythey7)-(just/1eave)becauseacigarette was still burning on an ornamental table. Probablythey 8)______ (hear) the lift coming up ande) (run) down the fire escape. They
r28
Io)--(help) themselves to her whisky too but there
(find) a place soon.
PHRASAL VERBS
a) gtue / take
Complete the sentences below using an appropriate form of 'give'or'take' followed by a prep. or adv.
Ex: The teacher qaue out the exam papers when all the studentswere seated.
1. The students willend of the hour.
2. She kept asking her parents for permission until they
11) (be) stitl a little left, so she 12)-(pour)herself out a drink. She 13) (wonder) if they14) (find) her jewellery and 15) (hope)
that they hadn't. The jewellery 16) (be given) herby her husband, who 17)
Since his death she 18)
(die) some years before.(not have) the heart to
wear it, yet she 19) (not want) to sell it.
Yesterday I saw Henry after so many years. He said he was
sharing a flat with some friends and since he couldn't pay therent, he 1) fiust/ask) to leave the flat. He
didn't know where 2) (helstay). I suggested
3) (have) dinner first so that we could talkand try to find a solution. I wish I 4) (give) himsome money but I myself was short, too. I don't expect he
5)
their exam papers at the
He all his money to the poor before he died.
I've decided to skiing this winter.
businessmenA group of Americancompany last year.
Don't worrSr, I'11 all the money next month.
The flight to London6:15.
from the airport at
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
the
L29
8. The old lady was
-
by the child's sweet smile.
9. After calling her four times without success, I _trying.
10. With my red hair and green eyes, I _ _ mygrandmother.
11. When the company offered him $SO.OOO more he
the extra responsibility.
L2. She
-
her identity
-
as soon as she spoke.
b) put
Match the answers with the questions.
1. What might you put off doing? a) A deposit
2. If you eat too much, what might b) Bad teeth
you put on? c) Homework
3. who might you put up with? d) 16 hours'work a day4. what might put you off someone? e) central heating
5. If you were self-employed, what 0 A friend
might you put in? d your best friend's
6. If you want to buy a house, what little brothermight you put in? h) Weight
7. If you had the money, what
might you put in?
8. Who might you put up for the
night?
130
c) take
There is usually a purpose behind what we say. Match thesentences with these purposes :
(a) admitting (b) advising (c) complaining (d) informing
(e) regretting (f) warning (g) requesting (h) stating
intention1. I'd like you to take ur this skirt.2. Let me take up that last point.
3. They were taken ouer by an engineering company.4. He promised to take me out for a drive last night. I waited till
1O p.m.
5. I wish I'd never taken up smoking.
6. I find it very difficult to take this in.
7. Take that back or I'll never speak to you again.
8. You needn't take this dou.rn.
Now give the meaning of each of the phrasal verbs.
O golcome
Choose the correct verb: go or come.1. with = match, suit2. _round = change one's point of view (accept
another)3._on = continue4. _across = meet by chance, find5. _off = start to smell
e) go / come
Find the correct meaning for each verb.l. come in for2. go in for3. come off4. go oft5. come on6. go on7. come out8. go out9. come through1O. go through
a) open (e.g. flower)b) receive (e.g. criticism)c) survived) suffere) take place (successfully)
0 enter (e.g. competition)g) explodeh) appear (e.9. on stage)i) burn no longer(e.g. fire)j) happen
131
0 Use expresslons from d & e.
1. How long have you had that fish? I think it's going
2. What's all the shouting about? What's going _out there?3. Have you noticed? The dalfodils are coming
-
.
4. Don't worry. I'm sure he'lI come if you give him a littletime.
5. After what she's gone , it's not surprising she looks tenyears older.
6. I don't think these trousers go the jacket.7. No wonder it's cold in here; the fire's gone
8. It was a risk; fortunately, it came
g Eet
Choose the response that most logically follows these remarks.
1. I'm a bit worried about these exams.
2. I thought you were going to give me a ring last night.
3. You want to give up your job? How are we going to manage?
4. I'll be in Edinburgh next weekend.
5. Hello!
6. I haven't really got enough money.
7. What's the mattef8. You were alone, I suppose?
9. My girlfriend has just left me.
Responses
a) This place is getting me down.
b) We'll get by.
c) You'll get over it.
d) I don't know what you're getting at.
e) I'm sure you'll get through.
0 I couldn't get through.
d Why don't we get together, then?
h) You can easily get round a little problem like that.
i) Hi. How are you getting on with the new job.
L32
h)
A What might you .
1. take off
2. pull off
3. put off
4. let off
5. call off
6. turn off
7. break off
8. carry off
a) the gas
b) fireworks
c) your pullover
d) a pnzn,
e) an engagement
0 a decision
d a (successful) robbery
h) a meeting
B. Who or what might do each of the following? Explain why.
1. come off 5. wash off
2. go off 6. wear off
3. move oIf 7. droP off
4. stop off 8. hold off
i) Which word completes all these expressions?
catch upgo downdo awaykeep up
oet awav
put upget along
rLln awav
Use the above expressions to complete these sentences.
1. You'll never it. The police will catch you.
2. Nobody really thought she'd leave her children and
him.
3.
4.
5.
7.
8.
We'll never
He
Don't wonlr. He'S very easy to
them: they're too flar ahead.
flu three times this year.
I won't your complaints any more.
Every week there are new instructions" I can't them.
r33
J llffxed phrasal verts
Match the answers to the questions.
t. What might you run out of?
2. Who might you stand up to?3. What might you try to get out oI?
4. What might you want to make up for?5. What might you not get round to?6. Who might you stand up for?7. What might you find it dilficult to live up to?8. What might you not feel up to?
a) Writing a letterb) A serious discussion at midnightc) Petrold) People'sexpectations
e) Your boss.
0 Forgetting someone's birthday
d A friend who was being criticisedh) Spending an evening with someone you didn't like
[t RETIIEW OF ARTICI.ES
a) Gap fillingPut a, the or ( - ) into each gap.
Lovesick Teenager Snatched From Cliff
(1)- lovesick teenager, threatening to jump seventy feet from
(21--_ cliffs at (3)___ seaside resort, was saved by(4)_ human chain of (5)_ policemen today.
(6)--- eighteen-year old had driven from his home in(7)-_-__ Lake District to Langhorn, near (8)_____
Bournemouth, to talk his girlfriend out of breaking off theirthree-month romance. He threatened to jump off (9)_ balcony
atherhouSe,butwhenshedialled(1o)-999hedashedto(11)_ edge of (I2)_cliffs below (13)_ Metropole
Hotel.
134
(14)_ police found him sitUng on (15)_ edge. They
chattedtohimfortwentyminutesin(16)-darkness,thenclung together and grabbed him. He was later released after (L7)_treatment by (18) hospital doctor. (19)_policespokesmansaid,',TherewaS(2o)-highwind,itwaspitchdarkatabout2a.rn.,and(2L)graSSorL(22)-cliff top was wet and slippery. It was (23)- brave rescue. Itwas (241___ case of (25)___ unrequited love. The
youngster was upset after his romance broke up, but he has now
recovered his senses."
(unrequited = unreturned)
b) Expressions \Mith or without articlesUnderline the correct version in each sentence.
Ex I've got some cigarettes but I haven't got light / alight.Light / the light travels faster than sound / the sound.
1. We're having lamb / the lamb for lunch.2. The sheep gave birth to lamb / a lamb early this morning.'3. Would you like cake / a cake?4. No, thanks. I don't like cake / a cake.
5. This suit is made of very fine cloth / the very fine cloth.6. Can you get cloth / a cloth, please? I've just spilt tea / a tea
on your carpet.
7. I went to a talk / talk on Russian revolution / on the Russianrevolution last night. It was very interesting.
8. There has been a talk / talk of redundancies at the BritishShipping Company.
9. Serrrice / a seruice in restaurants isn't as good as it used to be.
10. The Health Service / Health Service is suffering from severecutbacks.
I 1. The Times / Times is one of Britain's oldest newspapers.
L2. Time / the time and tide / the tide wait for no man. (proverb)
13. I don't usually like poetry / the poetry.14. But here's a poem / poem I do like.15. Do you want an ice / ice in your whisky?
16. Ice / the ice at the North and South Poles is said to be meltinglittle by little.
135
c) Put a, the or ( - ) into each gap.
1. Excuse me. Is there post oflice near here?
2. A We haven't got any money.
B: It's all right. I'm going to bank.
3. My wife and I went out for meal last night.
-
food
was o(cellent. I don't usually like
-
Chinese food, but
duck was superb.
4. When she looked behind her, she saw strange man
following her.
5. Has
-
postman been yet? I'm expecting parcel.
6. We've moved to lovely house in
-
country. It's got
views of fields and hills, and there's garden at
back.
7. Do you want to speakto Jack? I'lljust go and get him. He's in
garden.
8. government without
-strong
leader will not
produce good policies.
9. government has introduced
-
law to ban
sale of air-guns to
-
people under age of
eighteen.
10. My brother joined
-
Army because he likes playing with
guns.
d) Correcting mistakes of articles
Correct the mistakes in the following sentences.
1. Jane, has anyone ever told you that you've got some lovely
fingers?
2. I'm very interested in the history, especially the history of
Western Europe.
3. What a lovely weather we're having ! It's such a nice day !
136
4. We're trying to sell our house. People came to see it onSaturday, and they were quite interested, but some people whosaw it on Sunday morning were very rude and said they didn'tlike it at all.
5. Did you remember to buy a bread while you were out at someshops?
6. Crossing the English Channel can be quite unpleasant in thebad weather.
7. People who live on the floor above ours work in a governmentministry.
8. What's the government going to do about the unemployment?
e) There are many expressions with either a, the or no article.
Put a, the or ( - ) into each gap.
1.Inmyjob,Ido-businesswithpeoplefromallovertheworld.
2. I'm going to do shopping. Do you want anything?
3. I was late for_ work this morning.
4. Can you keep secret? I'm getting married.
5. He got sack because he was caught stealing money.
6. It isn't easy, but I think we're making progress.
7. I lost control of the car and crashed into a wall.
8. Make _ love, not _ war.
9. If you make_ promise, you must keep it.
10. When buying a house, you should take intoconsideration how near it is to public transport.
11. He set fire to his factory so that he could claim the
insurance.
12. You must make effort to get to know yourneighbours.
13.I'vebeentoallthecountriesofEuropewit-exceptionof Albania.
14. If you're in Paris, take opportunity to visit the I,ouwe.
r37
GENERAL REVISION
t Mark the best choice.Last summer we decided to go to Panar, a Spanish town, for ourholidays.Whenwe(1)-atthehote1wewereallverytiredandwe were sure we (2) a peaceful night there. I (3)_ourroom before we left London, (a) we immediately went to ourroom,hadashowerandwenttobed.Thechildren(5)-tosleep when the disco below us started. We all got up, of course. Iimmediately went down to speak to the manager. I told him thal we(6)-twochildrenaged2and4addedthatthey(7)-inthat room. Then I (8) us a quieter room but the managersaid:''I'mverySorry.Thelastroom(9)-toayoungcouple.''The children kept on (lo)_that night and the next morning wewere on the road again, back home.
1. a) were arriving 2. a) were going to haveb) have arrived b) were havingc) had arrived c) went to haved) arrived d) have had to have
3. a) was booked 4. a) butb) had booked b) whenc) have booked c) ifd) had been booked d) so
5. a) went 6. a) had hadb) have just gone b) hadc) had to go c) would haved) had just gone d) are having
7. a) would sleep 8. a) was asking him to giveb) can't sleep b) asked him to givec) couldn't sleep c) have asked him to gived) are sleeping d) would ask him to give
9. a) is going to give 10. a) cryb) can't be given b) to cryc) has just been given c) criedd) has just given d) crying
138
Read the text first, then mark the best choice:
CONTRASTS IN TRAIVSPORT
Life today is (1)- life in previous times in almost every
respect-oneofthemostobviousbeingtransport.(2)-centuries man travelled for days and weeks on foot or on the backs ofanimals (3)- horses or camels. Today the reverse is true: we
can fly from one continent to another in a matter of hours. In thepast, the streets used to be crowded with slow horse-drawn carriages,(4) they are now packed with motor vehicles (5)
Possibly , the horses were (6) noisy, (7)- they did notpollute the atmosphere with exhaust fumes.
(8)-, we may have our owrl private helicopters. (9) ,
the opposite might happen and we shall use simpler methods of
transport. (1O)-, we might use bicycles rather than cars, orour legs.
alikedifferent fromdissimilarthe same as
1. a)
b)c)
d)
3. a) such asb) are likec) generallyd) which like
5. a) thoughb) otherwisec) insteadd) there
7. a) butb) andc) sod) then
9. a) Consequently 10.
b) On the other handc) Generallyd) For this reason
4. a) sob) thereforec) whereasd) although
6. a) quietb) equalc) as much asd) just as
8. a) As a resultb) In generalc) In the futured) According to
FinallyHenceFor exampleSuch as
a)
b)
c)
d)
139
Read the text first, then mark the best choice:
TAIflNG RISIG AT SEAOne day last suurmer a boy of 1O took an old tyre from his father'sgarage and went down to the beach although he (1) swimandhismotherhadtold(2)-gonearthewater.Buthefelt(3)
so he took no notice of her warning. Before long the windblew him out to sea. His sister saw him but by this time he was (4)
far out for anyone to reach him. Then someone rang up thecoastguards. (5) _ just a few minutes a helicopter was flyrngover the boy and he was (6) pulled to safety. Cases like thishappen every day (7) summer and sometimes people are notso luclqy. (8) surprises coastguards is that people (9)
on special clothes and take all kinds of precautions whenthey go climbing often go out in small boats without (1O)_safety equipment or means of signalling for help.
1. a) might notb) couldn'tc) shouldn'td) has not been able to
3. a) to be hotb) hotc) himself to be hotd) himself hot
5. a) Duringb) Before
c) Atd) rn
7. a) inb) onc) atd) the
9. a) who putsb) who putc) that putsd) put
2. a) him that he didn'tb) to him that he didn'tc) him not tod) to him not to
4. a) so
b) suchc) enoughd) too
6. a) ever
b) stillc) soond) now
8. a) The thing whatb) It is whatc) Whatd) That which
10. a) anyb) noc) none
d) many
140
IlI. Mark the best choice
TYPES OE NAMILIES
Atfirstsight,familiesindifferentsocietiesare(1)-eachother,having the same basic structure. On closer investigation, (2)_,certain important differences (3) _ the contrast between theso-called nuclear and extended families are seen.
Ifwecomparethesetwotypesindetail,wecanfind(4)-similarities and contrasts. A nuclear family basically (5)
-
a
married couple and their children. In this respect, an extended familyis (6) What makes the difference is the size of the familygroup. A nuclear family includes two generations, (7)__ anextendedonewil1includethreeorfour.GrandparentS,(8)-,may live under the same roof as their children and grandchildren.
These two types, experts have argued, will come to resemble eachother(9)-infuture,and(1o)-,itwillbetheextendedfamily that will move towards the nuclear type.
1. a) unlike 2. a) howeverb) the same b) in additionc) similar to c) in the same wayd) alike d) although
3. a) whereas 4. a) bothb) leads b) allc) such as c) mostd) hence d) equal
5. a) composed 6. a) differentb) consists of b) unlikec) makes up c) dissimilard) forms d) similar
7. a) moreover 8. a) howeverb) similarly b) soc) whereas c) in additiond) therefore d) for example
9. a) as much 10. a) in additionb) more closely b) as a resultc) similarly c) in generald) differently d) on the other hand
L4L
V. Mark the best choice
THE RISI(S OT HORSE RACINGHorse racing is a popular sport in Britain and every year punters, thepeople (1) on the results of the races, spend a lot of money (2)
-it.
Of course, they may lose their money but there are otherrisks, too. One is that the horse (3) given drugs before therace so it will not run (4) usual; another is that someonecouldhavebribedthejockeytoridebadly.(5)-wheretherewere two horses, one good and one bad, which looked (6)_andthe owner entered the good horse for the race under the bad one'sname. The reason (7) doing this is that the betting profits areusua1lygreater.Thepolicehaveworked(8)-topreventtheseillegal practices and have been able to stop most of them. However, itis (9) true that the only way to be sure that you are nevercheated at a racecourse is (1O)
1. a) that bets 2. a) forb) bet b) toc) who bets c) ind) who bet d) on
3. a) may have 4. a) as well asb) may have been b) as good asc) should have c) as fast thatd) should have been d) so quickly than
5. a) It was a race 6. a) alikeb) There was a race b) likelyc) They have been races c) similaryd) There have been races d) same
7. a) because 8. a) hardb) that b) harderc) why c) muchd) for d) extra
9. a) already 10. a) to not betb) still b) not to betc) yet c) not betd) no longer d) to not be betting
L42
Mark the best choice
It is obvious that the listening skill develops before the speaking skillbecause children understand (1) before they can speak.
a) their parents sayb) that their parents are sayingc) what their parents sayd) how their parents are saying
A IVe looked everywhere but I can't seem to find my camera.
B: Well, it (2) stolen, then.
a)
b)
had beenhad to be
3. a) to takeb) should takec) that they are takingd) taking
5. a) would takeb) tookc) had takend) was taken
c) should have beend) must have been
4. a) regretsb) likesc) refusesd) blames
Julia met a very handsome and intellectual guy about three years
ago. The guy suggested (3) a holiday together to get achance to know each other better. Julia didn't want to, but now she(4)- it and says 'I wish I (5)
-
the chance.'
Alex Haley, the author of the book'Roots', was born in Henning,
Tennessee. There he first (6)
-stories
about the African slaves
(7)-underdifficultconditions.Thesestories(8)toldfor years; from generation to generation. Mr. Haley became interested
in his family's history when he was in London (9) he was on
abusinessjourney.Hisresearcheventually(1o)-himtoGambia, in Africa and there he learned enough to write his book'Roots'.
t43
6. a) had heard 7. a) who working
b) has heard b) working
c) was hearing c) were working
d) heard d) worked
8. a) had been 9. a) whichb) had b) with whom
c) which had been c) from which
d) which had d) where
10. a) took' b) was taken
c) had takend) had been taken
VIL Mark the best choice
Jane has asked everyone about her missing purse. Nobody has seen
it. She (1) _her purse in the supermarket.
t. a) had to leave c) should have left
b) might have left d) must be leaving
Professor Iris Fodor, who conducted research among students on testanxiety, says (2) before a test is very important.
2. a) that a student is feeling c) a student feels
b) a student feeling d) how a student feels
I'm surprised to see that most people care less about noise pollutionthan air pollution. In fact we (3) by sounds which wake usup, annoy us and sometimes drive us crazy. Most people (a) inbig cities have become accustomed to the noise around them. Andthe teenagers! I'm always shocked when I see teenagers with radioearphones (5) loud rock music bombards their eardrums.
3. a) surrounded 4. a) living 5. a) where
b) are surrounding b) that living b) at whichc) are surrounded c) they are living c) whose
d) surrounding d) are living d) fromwhich \
LM
Roger, who has been studyrng computers at school, is planning to be
a programmer. His teachers suggested (6) to a computer
camp this summer for 2 weeks, and they even aranged to get him a
scholarship.I..astnightRogerto1dhisfatherthathe(7)-forthe camp. His father was surprised because they are not well-off. "I
(8)-of going if -y teachers (9) to get me the scholarship.
But now I only need $ tOO to pay for the train ticket" Roger said. "I'll
let you go" his father finally agreed, "but you should also try to save
upincaSeI(1o)-haveenoughmoneytoCoveralltheexpenses."
6. a) to go 7. a) had applied
b) going b) was applied
c) that he is going c) applies
d) should go d) has been applied
8. a) wouldn't have thought 9. a) wouldn't promise
b) won't think b) haven't promised
c) hadn't thought c) hadn't promised
d) didn't think d) didn't promise
10. a) won'tb) shouldn'tc) wouldn'td) don't
I45
Mark the best choice
I had a bad tooth so my wife told me to go to the dentist's. "It(1)-anythingseriousbutyou'dbetter(2|-Sure'',Shesaid. At first I refused to go. Going to the dentist's always remindsme of something (3) when I was a child. I went to the dentist'sto(a)butthedentist,(5)-,waSillthatday.Iaskedhisassistanttogivemegas(6)-thepain.WhenIwokeup,he(7) to my mother for (8)- the wrong tooth out. I've beenafraid of the dentist's ever since and I'd rather endure the pain(9)-gothere.Mywifewas(to)-whenItoldherthis."What a coward you are!" she said with a smile.
1. a) may be notb) may not be
c) must be notd must not be
2. a) made
b) make
c) to maked) making
4. a) have taken out a toothb) take a tooth outc) have a tooth taken outd) take out a tooth
a) for not feel
b) not to feel
c) not for feeling
d) as not feeling
a) having takenb) had takenc) tookd) taken
a) amusingb) amused
c) amuse
d) amusingly
5.
7.
10.9.
a) that happenedb) was happeningc) happenedd) had been happening
a) had usually been thereb) being therec) was thered) who was usually there
a) was apologised
b) who apologisingc) who apologised
d) was apologising
a) thatb) whenc) thand) except
146
Mark the best choice
Every Thursday I have lunch with my old friend Jason, whom I've
known (1) we were at school together. Last Thursday, he
arrivedlate,whichwaS(2)-becausehealwayScomeSontime.I asked (3)_.
"I've had a bit of a shock", he said. "On my way here, a little girl ranoutinfrontofthecar.(4)-,Imanagedtobrakeintime.Ican't help thinking about what (5)- if I hadn't been able tostop. Little children like her shouldn't (6)- onto the streetswithout somebody accompanpng them. I should have listened to mywife(7)-methatthereseemedtobesomethingwrongwiththebrakes. I'll have the car (8)- immediately,"
'Yes, you (9)_!" I said "Now, let's go to that pub across thestreet.Youaretremb1ing(1o)-youneedastrongdrinkfirst.''
1. a) untilb) sincec) whend) before
3. a) him why he was lateb) him why was he latec) why he was late to himd) why was he late to him
5. a) had happenedb) would have happenedc) happenedd) would happen
7. a) who toldb) who was toldc) was sayingd) said
9. a) would haveb) had betterc) would ratherd) did the best
2. a) more than usualb) unusuallyc) rather unusuallyd) unusual
4. a) Howeverb) Despitec) Therefored) Although
6. a) allowedb) have allowedc) be allowedd) allow
8. a) servicingb) to service
c) service
d) serviced
10. a) so much thatb) very muchc) as much as
d) too much that
t47
]( Mark the best choice
She says she (1)_ fish nowadays because she is afraid of(2)-.Thissounds(3)_sinceshedoesn'tcareaboutwhat she eats much.
1. a) eats hardly ever 2. a) to poison themb) hardly ever eats b) to be poisonedc) eats hard c) poisoningd) any hard eats d) being poisoned
3. a) arnazedb) arnazingc) arnazinglyd) amazement
If our primitive ancestors of 2O,OOO years ago (4)_ able tomeasure the height of mountain ranges which we know, such as theA1ps,HimalayasandAndes,they(5)-themtobeabout12ometres(6)-theyaretoday.Atleast,thatis(7)-Somegeologistsaresaying.WhenwemeaSuremountains,(8)-sea-level as a base. But (9) the geologists, the levels of thesea have risen and fallen over a period of many thousands of years.Research has made it possible to trace the changes in sea-levels(1O)_ the past 7O.OOO years.
4. a) were 5. a) foundb) had been b) would findc) would have been c) would have foundd) would be d) had found
6. a) high z. a) whyb) height b) whichc) higher than c) suchd) as high as d) what
8. a) we are used 9. a) in the opinionb) where we are b) according toc) which we use c) in spite ofd) we use d) due to
10. a) duringb) untilc) whiled) since
148
The following is an extract from the information on the back of arecord sleeve. Read it and mark the best choice.
, Most great singing stars establish themselves long before they get to35, but that is how old Madge Sharp is now, and this is her firstsong. It will not be her last.
Shesays,''I(1)-tobeab1uessin$er.|(2)-tosingerslike Mahalia Jackson and Ella Fitzgerald and others on record
frequently, but my parents would never let me (3)- to aconcert.AndI(4)-tosingwithaband.Theon1ysingingI(5)-- for years was in our church choir. Of course I wish I(6)-intheprofessionearlier,butnowI,vegotsomething(7)-alotofyoungersingershaven.t$ot:experienCeandmaturity."
And it's this experience and maturity in her voice which adds adistinct(8)-toa1lthetracksonthiscollection.AlltheSongSmay be old, but her versions of classics like 'If and 'Georgia' make
them sound (9)- they were written yesterday.
As one critic in'Music Week' magazine wrote: "We've got so
(1o)-torubbishinpoprnusicinrecentyearSthatwhena'new artist like Madge Sharp arrives, it is difficult to believe. She isalmost unbelievable: her singing is superb."
1. a) who always want 2.b) would wantc) who wantedd) have always wanted
should have listenedused to listenhad to listenmight have listened
being allowedwasn't allowedalloweddidn't allow
3. a) goingb) to goc) god) went
a)b)c)
d)
a)b)c)
d)
4.
5. a)b)c)
d)
7. a)b)c)
d)
was done 6.have been doingwas doingdid
which 8.otherwisewhatif only
a) startedb) would startc) had startedd) was starting
a) originb) originallyc) originalityd) original
149
9. a)b)c)
d)
as ififAS
in case
1. a) had carriedb) carriedc) carryingd) was carrying
10. a) much listeningb) used to listenc) lots of listeningd) used to listening
2. a) were travellingb) have travelledc) were travelledd) have been travelling
a) establishedb) will establishc) to establishd) establishing
a) whenb) untilc) afterd) during
8. a) having searchedb) to searchc) searchingd) searched
Read the following news reports and mark the best choice.
Reports are coming in of a major train crash in Japan. A passengertrain(1)-hundredsofworkershomefromthecentreofTo}cyois reported to have hit an oncoming goods train. Both (2)_athigh speed. Figures are not yet available, but it is believed that thedeath toll (3)- as high as 3OO, with hundreds more injured.Emergenry and rescue services rushed to the scene, but our reportersays it will take days to clear the track and (4) the numbersof dead and injured. There was a similar accident on the samestretch of track (5)_.
There was another bomb scare in a large London store last night(6)-late-nightshopping.Followingatelephoneca1ltothepolice from an anoun5rrnous caller, hundreds of shoppers were takenoutofthestore(7)-roadsintheareawereclosed.Snifferdogs spent hours (8)_ the store for a bag, which the callerclaimed, contained 50 pounds of gelignite. Nothing was found andthestore(9)-thepermissiontoopenthismorning.Apolicespokesman said that this was the third bomb scare within a week,and that we (1O) very careful.
3. a)b)c)
d)
5. a)b)c)
d)
T. a)b)c)
d)
is 4.has beenwascould be
for your years G.
four years agosince thenafter the crash
whereaswhileSO
because
r50
9. a) has given 10. a) had betterb) will give b) all wasc) was given c) may all bed) will have been given d) should all be
XIII Mark the best choice.
Stress is the mental strain (1) when we have to cope with
difficult, unpleasant or dangerous situations. Some jobs involve a lot
of stress (2)_ the nature of the work. A construction worker,
(3)_, working on a new building high above the ground is in
constant danger.
1. a) getting
b) that gets
c) which we have
d) which has
3. a) however
b) for instancec) on the other handd) then
4. a) is limitedb) limitsc) limitedd) are limited
6. a) enough coal
b) coal enoughc) too little coald) plenty of coal
2. a) because ofb) in spite ofc) even thou$hd) due
5. a) how much is fuelb) how much fuel is leftc) how fuel is formed
d) how is fuel formed
Z. a) mustb) should .
c) had tod) might
Theenerg5rreSourcesoftheworld(4)-.Nobodylc:owsexactly(5)---, but pessimistic forecasts say that there is only(6)- for 45O years, and that oil (7)- run out in 30
years. Obviously, we have to do something, and we have to do itsoon!
151
In1848gold(8)-atSutter'sMill,about1oomileseastofSanFrancisco, and the first great gold-rush began. When the news leaked
out, farmers, trappers, lawyers, preachers, sailors, soldiers and school
teachers (9) to California by whatever means they could.withinayear1oo,ooopeople,on]y8'ooo(1o)-werewomen,had reached the coast of California. More than half of them(1I)-overland across the American continent.
8. a) was invented 9. a) who mshedb) invented b) were rushingc) was discovered c) rushedd) discovered d) had rushed
]L Mark the best choice
1. If I were to live on an Island for a month, I would take some
medicine ,ilrith me in case I ill.
10. a) whichb) of whomc) thatd) who
a) become
b) became
11. a) had travelledb) were travelledc) were travellingd) had been travelling
c) will become
d) would become
c) had gone
d) gone
2. If we o Mexico for our holidays, we'd be able to see theAztec ruins.
a) Eob) went
3. Geo e_ he could improve his test scores, but he did nothave enough time to study.
a) knew to c) knew how thatb) knew how d) knew how to
4. Neither Jane nor her brot ers a consent form fortomorrows field trip.a) need c) is needb) needs d) are needing
L52
5. There were two small rooms in the beach house. served
as a kitchen.a) the smaller of which c) the smaller of them
b) the smallest of which d) smallest of them
6. Pioneer men and women endured terrible hardships, and-.a) so do their children c) nor do the children
b) neither did the children d) so did their children
7. Last year, Matt earned-his brother, who has a better
position.a) twice as much as c) twice as many as
b) twice more than d) twice as more as
8. John has not been able to remember where
a) does she live c) did she live
b) she lives d) lived the girl
9. Cuba is- sugar-growing areas in the world.
a) one o[ the larger c) one of the largest
b) one of largest d) largest
IO. Our flight from Amsterdam to London was delayed the
heaqr fog.
a) as a result c) due
b) because of d) because
11. _ the new information to anyone else but the sergeant.
a) They asked him not to give
b) They asked him don't give
c) They asked him not giving
d) They asked him not give
12. Hundreds of houses and other buildings were destroyed by the
storm later developed into a hurricane.
a) of which c) from which
b) which is d) which
153
A Shall I ask the waiter for the bill?
B: Yes, please I (Ig) this film for such a long time that Iwouldn't like to miss any of it.
A waiter! The bill, please. oh dear, I haven't got my wallet. I(14)_it in my other jacket, I wish I (15) before
we came out.
tg. a) am looking forward to seeing
b) am looking forward to see
c) have been looking forward to seeing
d) have been looking forward to see
"I wonder why (16)_ yet. I told Jim how to get here butperhaps I (17)_ a map. The traffic (lg) _them, ofcourse, But I'm sure they would have telephoned us if they(1g)-lost."
14. a) must have left
b) had to leave
c) should have left
d) ought to leave
16. a) they didn't arrive
b) didn't they arrive
18. a) can delay
b) may delay
19. a) wouldn't have got
b) had got
15. a) would check
b) have checked
c) would have checked
d had checked
c) they haven't arrived
d) haven't they arrived
c) can have delayed
d) may have delayed
c) would have got
d) hadn't got
L7. a) ought to have given him c) ought to give himb) needn't have given him d) must have given him
154
](V. Mark the best choice
HertonCol1ege,Oford,(1)-over7ooyearSagoin|264byWalterdeMerton.Itis(2)-col1egeinodordandissituatedinthe east part of the town in a (3)- location.
(4)-- many years the college specialised in mathematics andscience, and it (5)_ the oldest library, parts of which date from137I. The library (6)- over 4O.OOO volumes of books and thenumber (7)_ each year.
(8)_-- a fine garden, Herton also possesses a tennis court(9)-Some4ooyearSagoand(1o)-Roya1Terrnis(theearliestversionofterrnis)wasplayed.EdwardVII(1I)-thereas Prince of Wales, and the game (12)_ at Oxford since 1450.
The college (13)____ only about 75 men and womenundergraduateseachyearandisquitesma1l,(14)-italsohasabout 8O graduates and 50 fellows (professors, researchers, teachersof under graduates).
(15)-thenumberofstudentsisnotveryhigh,theyareabletostayinresidenceatthecollegeforthefullthreeyearSof(16)-degree course (L7)_they wish. In most othercollegesresidence(18)-possibleforon1yone(thefirst)yearandthestudents(19)-lodgingsintownfortheremainderoftheir course.
Sinceitsfounding,manyfamousmen(2o)-throughthecollege, including William Harvey and T.S. Eliot.
1. a) where it was foundedb) which was foundedc) was foundedd) founded
3. a) quitelyb) quieter thanc) quietd) quieter
2. a) the oldb) older thanc) very old
d) the oldest
4. a) Since
b) Duringc) Untild) For
r55
6. a)
b)
c)
d)
8. a)
b)
c)
d)
5. a)
b)
c)
d)
z. a)
b)
c)
d)
9. a)
b)
c)
d)
II. a)
b)
c)
d)
iS
hashas beenmust have
has increased
can increase
is increasinghad increased
where they builtwhich was builtwhich it was builtwhere it was built
who wasused to be
played
was played
admitshas admittedadmittingadmitted
In factMeanwhileBecause
Yet
untilas soon as
iflike
who are takingtakewho tooktaking
is made up ofconstitutesis composed ofcontains
In additionE:<cept forMoreover
As well as
whichwhere
since
as soon as
has played
has to be played
has been playinghas been played
althoughthusfor example
naturally
themwhileduringtheir
10. a)
b)
c)
d)
t2. a)
b)
c)
d)
L4. a)
b)
c)
d)
16. a)
b)
c)
d)
13. a)
b)
c)
d)
15. a)
b)
c)
d)
20. a)
b)
c)
d)
LZ. a)
b)
c)
d)
19. a)
b)
c)
d)
18. a) isb) should be
c) is able to be
d) could be
passed
are passing
have passed
pass
156
l(Vt Mark the best choice
one crossing of the Atlantic is very much rike (t)_, and peoplewhocroSSitfrequentlydonotmakethevoyageforthe(2)-ofits interest. Most of us are quite happy when we feel (s)_ togo to bed and pleased when the journey (a)_. on the firstnight this time I felt especially lazy and went to bed rather earlierthan usual. When I (S)____my cabin, I was surprised(6)_that I was to have a companion during my trip. I hadexpected(7)-buttherewaSasuitcase(8)mineintheopposite corrrer. I wondered who he could be and (g)_. Soonafterwards he came in. He was the sort of man you might meet(1o)---, except that he was wearing (11) good clothesthat I made up my mind that we would not get on well together,(L2)-, and did not say (13)-.
I suppose I slept for several hours because when I woke up it was themiddle of the night. ( t 4)_ cold, I covered myself up(15)-and tried to go back to sleep. Then I realised that adraught was coming from somewhere. I got up (16)_the doorbut found it already locked from the inside. The cold air was comingfrom the window opposite. I crossed the room and (I7)_ themoon shone through it into the other bed. (18) there. Ittook me a minute or two to (19)-the door myself. I realisedthatmyCompanion(2o)-throughthewindowintothesea.
1.
3.
a) otherb) the otherc) anotherd) one other
a) tired enoughb) enough tiredc) ourselves tired enoughd) ourselves enough tired
2. a) reason
b) motivec) cause
d) sake
4. a) is achieved
b) finishc) is over
d) is in the end
t57
5. a)
b)
c)
d)
7. a)
b)
c)
d)
9. a)
b)
c)
d)
tt. a)
b)
c)
d)
13. a)
b)
c)
d)
15. a)
b)
c)
d)
tz. a)
b)
c)
d)
19. a)
b)
c)
d)
a:rived atreached toarrived toreached at
being lonely
to be lonelybeing alone
to be alone
how he would bewhat he would be likewhat would he be likehow would he be
asoSO
such asuch
him a single wordhim not one worda single word to himnot one word to him
so well as I couldas well as I couldso well that I mightas well that I might
while doing like thatas I did like thatas I did so
at doing so
reminded to lockremember to lockremind lockingremember locking
for seeing
that I saw
in seeing
to see
like
AS
similar thanthe same
a) in each place
b) for all partsc) somewhere
d) anywhere
6. a)
b)
c)
d)
8. a)
b)
c)
d)
10.
t2. a)
b)
c)
d)
L4. a)
b)
c)
d)
16. a)
b)
c)
d)
18. a)
b)
c)
d)
20. a)
b)
c)
d)
whoever he waswhoever was he
however he was
however was he
That it wasBecause ofHaving feltFeeling
to shutfor shuttingin order that I shutso as for shutting
It was no one
There was no oneIt was anyone
There was anyone
had to jumpwould have jumpedmust have jumped
should have jumped
158
Mark the best choice
Most of the cities in Europe have narrow streets that(l)_hundreds of years ago.
Some students were having a party. All of them were having(3) good time that (4)
-of
them wanted to go home.
3. a) such ab) suchc) so
d) very
(s)_Sue has been married is a secret.
5. a) When c) Where
b) How long d) Whose
We didn't hear (6)_about.6. a) they talked
b) what they were talking
1. a) buildb) were buil
(2)_are usually not many
2. a) Theyb) These
9. a) has endedb) endsc) endedd) had ended
c) they were builtd) built
places of entertainment nearby.
c) wed) There
4. a) allb) some
c) noned) one
c) who were talkingd) that they talked
1O. a) had been wonb) has wonc) wond) had won
A laboratory U)- the nutritional value of a new synthetic foodsubstance called NRG2. Fifteen rabbits (8) for the test.
7. a) was tested 8. a) used tob) tested b) usingc) testing c) usedd) which tested d) were used
Ernest Hemingway, the famous American novelist, enlisted in the
Italian Army in World War I. By the time the war (9)_, he(1O)_ two medals.
159
Sometimes tourists have only a few hours (11)_ they can see
a whole museum. Most museums, however, are (12)_ large forvisitors to cover in just a few hours. As soon as the visitors get a listof the things on display in the museum, they (13)- worr5ringabout which ones to look at and they look at everything veryquickly,whichdoesnot$ivethemmuchpleasure.(14)-,Somevisitors spend all of their time looking at the things in only one or twopartsofamuseum.Thisis(I5)-anunSatis$zingprocedure.Thesepeopleoftengoawaywithouthavin$(16)-thethingsthat would interest them most.
11. a) in whichb) of whichc) whichd where
13. a) are beginningb) have begunc) began
d) begin
15. a) also
b) notc) extremely
d) either
12. a) so
b) enoughc) tood) very
f+. a) As a result of thisb) On the other handc) In spite ofd) On the contrary,
16. a) see
b) to see
c) saw
d) seen
L7. _is none of my business.a) There she told him c) Having told himb) She told him d What she told him
160
A Stanford University professor of psychiatry notes that of all themajor studies (18)-on human emotions between 1877 and1962 only 31 percent (19) with pleasant reactions such as
laughter. However, today many members of the medical profession
believe that patients (2O) with from disease can benefit from
laughter.
18. a) doing 19. a) concerningb) which done b) concernedc) which were doing c) were concerned
d) done d) were concerning
20. a) sufferingb) were suffered
c) were sufferingd) suffered
A (21) your electric bill?B:No,notyet,butI(22)-ittoday,becauseifI(23)-,
the electric company (24) rny electricity off.
2L. a) Were you paid 22. a) would payb) Have you paid b) paidc) Have you been payrng c) had better payd) Have you been paid d) wouldrather pay
23. a) didn'tb) won'tc) wouldn'td) don't
24, a) is going to cutb) would cutc) will be cutd) cuts
16r
A 1ZS) about the accident?B: No, What (26) ?
AAstudent(27l-infrontofthedormitorywhilehewasjogging. They immediately (28) an ambulance and thestudent(29)-totheCityHospital.Fortunately,he(30)_ .
B: What about the driver of the caflA He (3 t)__ The police are looking for him but he
(32)_. .
25. a) Have you been heard 26. a) happensb) Do you hear b) is happeningc) Were you heard c) happenedd) Have you heard d) would happen
ZZ. a) was hit 28. a) were calledb) hit b) were callingc) had hit c) catledd) has been hit d) have called
29. a) tookb) takenc) had to taked) was taken
30. a) didn't killb) would be kflledc) wasn't killedd) killed
31. a) didn't stop but drove offb) had been stopped and driven offc) wasn't stopped and was driven offd) would stop and drive off
32. a) hasn't foundb) hasn't been foundc) hadn't foundd) hadn't been found
L62
XUIL Mark the best cohice:
A We took a lot of photographs during the holiday.
B: I'd like to see them. When (1) _ them developed?
1. a) you have c) you are having
b) have you d) are you having
If we (2)
-
to Mexico for our holidays, we would be able to see
the Aztec ruins.
2. a) go c) had gone
b) went d) gone
ThetouristswhowanttovisitthatAfricancountry(3)-toenter without a visa.
3. a) is not allowed c) does not allow
b) are not allowed d) do not allow
I often wonder how pilots get used to (a) for long hours
almost every day.
4. a) tying c) flew
b) fly d flown
A Can I come to the cinema with you, mum?
B: You (5) better stay home and finish your homework.
5. a) would c) should
b) had d) did
Why is a gap left at the joints of a railway line? The gap is left(6)-- the rail to expand when it gets hot. On a hot day, the
metal expands and if no allowance were made for this, the rails(7)_ out of shape.
6. a) and allow 7. a) would bend
b) being allowed b) would have bent
c) to allow c) will bend
d) it allows d) will have bent
163
The accomplishments of the ancient Greeks and Romans inbuilding construction were very impressive; however, they(8) more with their techonolgy. Perhaps one reason theydidn'tisthattheyfeltnoneedformachines(9)-slavesprovided cheap labor.
8. a) had done
b) could have done
c) must have done
d) may have done
The skiers would ratherthan Bo by bus.
10. a) to travel on trainb) travelled by train
A I dropped my carnera on holiday.
B: Really? Where will you have it (t 1)
1 1. a) mend c) mended
to mendb) mending
If a child found that dangerous
bad accident.
12. a) can
b) could
The government (13) _ people to inhabit historical sites.
13. a) are supposed to
b) are not allowed
L4. a) am used tob) used to
15. a) study
b) studied
9. a) because
b) therefore
c) nevertheless
d) naturally
(IO)_through the mountains
c) travel by traind) travelling on the train
poison, there (12) be a
c) wflld) should
c) would ratherd) do not allow
c) was used to
d) use to
harder.
c) to study
d) studying
I don't feel tired when I walk to school because(la) walking long hours.
AB:
What do you think I should do to be successful in life?
You'd better (15) _
IM
In 1968, Chinese soldiers made an exciting (16) on a hillside
nearMancheng,south-westofPeking,(17)-theyfoundabricked-up opening in the rock. This seemed (18) the entrance
to a tomb. Archeologists were called in immediately. They soon (19)
another tomb on the same hillside. Excavation of (2O)
tombs began in July of the same year.
16. a) discover
b) discovering
c) discovered
d) discovery
18. a) be
b) to being
c) to be
d) being
L7. a) where
b) which
c) whose
d) that
19. a) were invented
b) invented
c) were discovered
d) discovered
20. a) both
b) every
c) each
d) some
"There 's hardly any petrol left in the tank. I (21) it up before
welefthome.TheremaybeagaragequitenearbutI(22)-drive carefully until we get there. If only I (23) the petrol before
westartedout!DAMN!|(24)-thistohappenforthe1asttenminutes. I'll have to push the car to the side of the road because we
will (25) if we leave it here."
2L. a) must have filled 22. a) ought
b) should have filled b) would
c) would have filled c) had better
d) had to fill d) prefer
23. a) checked 24. a)
b) would have checked b)
c) had checked c)
d) have checked d)
am expecting 25. a) be fined
e>rpect b) fine
have been expecting c) being fine
was expecting d) be fining
165
we arrived (26) Spain for the first time (27)-and Idecidedtobuyacarbecausewehadsold(28)-wehadinEngland before leaving. Yesterday the sales office rang us (29)
the car was ready. I had tried out a model (3O) _itbeforebutasIwas(31)-inthiscitymywifedidnot(32)
it on my own so we went together to (33) . We paid(34)-and signed the papers. They told us that (35)_usto a garage (36) we could fill up. The (37) he officewas about lOO yards away and we got there safely. But when Iturned into the main road I suddenly saw a lot of cars racing towardsme.Igotoutoftheirway(38)-bybackingintothegarageonce more and the man behind me shouted at me. "(39)
problemto(ao)-drivingontheright,isn'tit?''mywifesaid.'Yes, if only I (41)_a few lessons for practice", I replied. 'You(42)__ _go carefully on the way home", my wife said.(43)- sorry if you had an accident (44) the first day,wouldn't you?" While we were talking, the man behind got out of hiscar and said in good English 'Would you mind (45) me whenyou are thinking of leaving? Or are you going to sit in your car alldaf"
26. a) tob) inc) atd) on
28. a) these ones
b) which one
c) the one
d) the one what
3O. a) as
b) like
c) the same that
d) similar
27. a) a few weeks laterb) until a few weeks
c) in a few weeks
d) a few weeks ago
29. a) for staying
b) to say
c) for telling
d) to tell
31. a) no longer used to driving
b) stitl not used to drive
c) not yet used to driving
d) already not used to drive
r66
32. a) want me to collect
b) like me to collect
c) want that I collected
d) like that I collected
3a. a) the car
b) the car for
c) for the car
d) how much the car
36. a) whereat
b) there
c) there where
d) where
38. a) as fast as I couldb) so fast as I couldc) as fast as I mayd) so fast as I may
O. a) refuse
b) suggest
c) recommend
d) remember
42. a) had betterb) would betterc) had ratherd) would rather
M. a) inb) onc) atd) by
33. a) bring itb) get itc) send itd) carry it
35. a) there was enough petrol to take
b) there was enough petrol for taking
c) it was enouglr petrol for taking
d) it was enough petrol for taking
37. a) nearest garage at
b) nearest garage to
c) garage farthest
d) farthest garage
39. a) It's so muchb) It's such a
c) There's such ad) There's so much a
41. a) would have
b) would have had
c) was having
d) had had
43. a) You are
b) You were
c) You'd be
d) You'll be
45. a) to tellb) tellingc) toldd) tell
L67
Mark the best choice
Smokingisbadforyou.Iremember(1)-myfirstcigarette.Iwastenwhenmyparentsletme(2)-offtoaschoolcampand that's where it happened. we were sitting by the lake late one
nightwhenI(3)myfirstcigarette.I(4)-it,ofcourSe,buteveryoneinthegrouptrieditand(5)-Now,IamahearysmokerbutIdon'tenjoyitasmuchaSI(6)-.IVeoftentriedcuttingitdownbut(7)-Idecidetocutitdown,Ifeellikesmoking even more. My wife, who gave up smoking two years ago,
SaySthatcuttingitdownis(8)thangivingitup'(9)-she thinks I should try to do. I don't think that I have (lO)_will-powertostopcompletelybutIamSureifsomebody(11)-aneaSywaytohelppeoplegiveupsmoking,I(12)-itstraightaway.
1. a) smoked
b) smoking
c) smoke
d) to smoke
3. a) offered
b) was being offered
c) had offered
d) was offered
5. a) neither did I
b) so was I
c) so did I
d) neither was I
7. a) wherever
b) whatever
c) however
d) whenever
2. a) going
b) go
c) went
d) to go
4. a) could have been refused
b) had been refused
c) had refused
d) could have refused
6. a) was used to
b) got used to
c) am used to
d) used to
8. a) the most difficult of allb) much more difficultc) rather difficult
d) not as difficult
168
a) thatb) whyc) whichd) how
a) findb) foundc) have foundd) wil find
you buy another
however, a seven-day travel
the underground and on the
10. a) enoughb) too muchc) too littled) more than enough
L2. a) would followb) have to followc) followedd) would have followed
underground ticket on the buses and (17)
ticket when you wanted to €o by bus. Now,
card (18) _ bought and used both on
buses.
t+. a) much betterb) the bestc) better thand) very good
t0. a) to useb) usingc) used) used
18. a) isb) have to bec) will be
d) is going to be
9.
11.
The ticket system for travelling on the underground (metro) and on the
busesinBritain(13)recentlyanditismuch(14)-itwasbefore. In the past you (15)
let you (t6) _ the
a ticket for every j ourney; they didn't
13. a) is being changedb) is changedc) is going to be changedd) has been changed
15. a) hadn't been boughtb) had to buyc) were boughtd) had to be bought
tZ. a) didn't makeb) hadn't madec) have maded) made
169
Aberdeen is (19) towns of Scotland, on the north-eastcoast. The first oil of Britain (2O) from the North Sea in 1969
and since the start of the oil industry, Aberdeen (21)_aninternational city. Today, in Aberdeen, people from all over theworld (22) _in shops and hotels.
19. a) more importantb) one of the most importantc) the most importantd) an important
20. a) obtainedb) has been obtainedc) had been obtainedd) was obtained
21. a) belca:rre22.b) has becomec) had becomed) is becoming
a) can see
b) have been seen
c) have seen
d) can be seen
Mr. Foster, why are you in jail? Why were you arrested?
I was arested for (23) home late.
I don't believe it! You mean you were arrested only because
you came home late?
Oh, yes! That's (24) _I'm here now.
Can you please tell us more about it?
You see, I have an extremely jealous wife. (25)_ I go,
she follows me. Yesterday evening I decided to go to a pub
to have a drink with old friends. I (26) her aboutit, but I didn't because I wanted to be alone with my friends"(27) too late, she won't get very angry", I said tomyself. However, after a few drinks I forgot all about her
and it was almost morning when I got home.
What (28) when you got home?
Sleeping, of course.
What was the problem then?
One of our reporters had a very interesting interview with Mr. Foster who
was spending the night in the local jail.
Reporter
Mr.Foster
Reporter
Mr.Foster
Reporter
Mr.Foster
Reporter
Mr. Foster
Reporter
taO
Mr.Foster:Everythingwasallright(29)-Imadethemistakeofplaying the tune we had been singing at the pub with my
friends on the piano. When she heard me (3O)- she
woke up of course and came down. She was very angry,
especially because I was so late. I told her that I was very
sorry but she didn't even listen. She phoned the police and
told them there was a burglar in her flat.
23. a) to comingb) to comec) comingd) came
25. a) Whateverb) Howeverc) Whoeverd) Wherever
27. a) Unless I wasb) IfIamc) Unless I amd) If I don't
29. a) whenb) untilc) as soon as
d) while
Z+. a) howb) why
c) whered) what
26. a) couldn't phoneb) didn't have to phonec) could have phonedd) might phone
28. a) did she do
b) had she donec) has she been doingd) was she doing
30. a) playingb) to playc) played
d) that I played
HeIen
George
Helen
George
Helen
George
What are you doing (31) noon George?
I have no idea. I (32) eat at the pub
(33) the street.
Then I'll join you. I have something important
(34) vou.(35) I'm not inviting you to join me.
Who needs an invitation? I am your friend, aren't I?
No, you aren't. (36) _, I don't like you at all(37)-you talk to me like that.
17l
Helen
George
Helen
George
Helen
George
Helen
George
Helen
George
Helen
George
Helen
I'm sorrlr, I wish I (38) that you hated me this much. I(39)
-
coming to lunch with you (4O) if you
me.
I (41) you to be my friend in my life.
But youVe been (421 _ nice to me lately that I thought
you (43) o be friends.
When?
The other day, you (44) at me constantly while you
were sitting at your desk.
Nonsense! I (45)
And two weeks ago, you took my hand in yours and held itfor a long time.
But I was trying to tell your fortune by readinlf your palm.
And besides, I did the same thing to almost everyone in the
office.
Well, I am not used (46) _such behavior.
What's the point of arguing(47) we speak the same
language.
We both speak English, don't we, my dear?
Yes, but with a difference. fuid stop calling me 'dear', please.
I understand. You won't have to worrSr about (48)_you again.
31. a) inb) onc) atd) for
33. a) belowb) acrossc) outsided) between
35. a) Andb) Butc) whyd) Or
32. a) ruryb) -illc) mustd) should
34. a) tellingb) to tellc) that I telld) to be told
36 a) In factb) Howeverc) Neverthelessd) Afterwards
172
4L.
37.
39.
43. a) were wanting
b) can want
c) wanted
d) have wanted
45.
47.
a) whatever
b) whenever
c) whoever
d) whichever
a) won't suggest
b) wouldn't suggest
c) wouldn't have suggested
d) hadn't suggested
a) have never encouraged
b) never encourage
c) had never encouraged
d) will never encourage
38. a) know
b) knew
c) had known
d) would know
aO. a) enourage
b) didn't encourage
c) would encourage
d) hadn't encouraged
42. a) very
b) so
c) such
d) too
M.a) were smilling
b) had been smiling
c) have smiled
d) had smiled
46. a) at
b) toc) for
d) with
48. a) my bothering
b) bothering
c) to bother
d) me to bother
a) must have been daydreaming
b) had to daydream
c) could have daydreamed
d) would be daydreaming
a) unless
b) ifc) so that
d) in case
173
IOt Mark the best choice
Monday 4May. It's 1O:35 am. Everyone ls (1) the situation
in the capital, where more than lOO people are estimated(2)-inthepasttwodays.on1yyesterdaythousandsmarchedthrough the streets, (3) against the government.
1. a) worrying 2. a) to die
b) worry about b) to have died
c) worried c) to be dying
d) worried about d) to be died
3. a) protesting
b) protested
c) were protested
d) were protesting
The following is an extract from the personal diary of a well-knownpsychiatrist.
Monday, 25th.
Mrs. Blaclsnan has returned. (4) lonely, she has decided she
is getting worse and needs to come five times a week for treatment. (5)
a little more time, she'll be able to go back to leading a
normal life.
4. a) Felt
b) Because feeling
c) Having been felt
d) Feeling
I'm not asking you to go to bed now. You can stay up late and
continue working (6) you don't feel too tired.
6. a) unless c) provided
b) so long d) when
5. a) tr given
b) Given
c) Giving
d) When $iving
L74
It is Saturday evening. Anne has been having trouble with her car for
some time and she is asking Tom for help.
Anne
Tom
Anne
Tom
Tom! I still have some difficulty in (7) the car. Ithought you said you (8) o repair it.
Oh, yes....The battery needs (9)
-.
Then why don't you replace it tomorrow?
I (1O) be able to replace it tomorrow because I will
be working on my project in the office all day. So, I thinkyou'd better phone for a mechanic and (1I)-in caseJL
I (L2) home late in the evening.
ro.
7. a)
b)
c)
d)
9. a)
b)
c)
d)
a)
b)
c)
d)
a)
b)
c)
d)
t2.11. a) have it doneb) do itc) it is doned) have done it
startto startthe start ofstarting
to replacereplacingreplaceto have replaced
a) wouldb) would be goingc) willd) were going
shouldn'tneedn'tmay notmustn't
will comemight comecame
come
Sometimes everything seems (l3)_wrong. You lose things,peop1ewarn(14)-morecarefu1oryourbosspostpones(15)
keepa salary increase. At such times, one thing (16)- is to(17) on the positive aspects of life such as (18)
a nice family you have or how healthy you (19)
-
are. Youcanevengoonestepfurtherandstart(2o)-aboutyourroSyfuture. If you (21)_ one billion liras in the lottery next monthwhat (22) ? or you can imagine yourself (23)
-
theexotic islands of the Far East as a tourist. You (24)-- the
natives dancing there when suddenly, a beautiful dancing girl(25)- a wreath of flowers around your neck, etc.
175
Butdon't(26)-yourimaginationcarryyou(27)-.(28)- reality is often the safest way to handle life (29)_we can't survive (3O) by daydreaming. It is true (31)_imagination adds color to our lives but we (32) stopsomewhere, (33) it takes complete hold of our personality.
13. a) to go
b) us to go
c) goingd) by going
15. a) to give
b) you to give
c) giving youd) you giving
17. a) concentrateb) concentratingc) concentrationd) to concentrate
19. a) suddenlyb) rarelyc) stilld) seldom
23.
a) will winb) have wonc) wond) had won
a) visitb) to visitc) visitingd) to have visited
a) putsb) is puttingc) will putd) has put
14. a) to beb) you to bec) beingd) your being
16. a) you to dob) can be donec) you can dod) you doing
18. a) whatb) howc) thatd) this
20. a) dreamb) for dreamingc) to dreamd) dreamt
22. a) would you dob) will you doc) would you have doned) to do
24. a) are watchingb) should watchc) watchd) must watch
26. a) helpb) makec) letd) have
2L.
176
25.
27. a) far toob) too farc) far enoughd) enough far
Zg. a) furthermoreb) althoughc) sinced) nevertheless
31. a) whyb) howc) thatd) which
28. a) To be faced
b) Face
c) Faced
d) Facing
3O. a) onlyb) exceptc) neitherd) as
32. a) have tob) cannotc) wouldd) will
32. a)
b)
c)
d)
whenwhilebeforeafter
It (34) around nine o'clock when I drove back home fromwork because it was already dark. As I approached the gates, I turnedoff the headlamps of the car (35)
-to
prevent the beam of lightfrom(36)-throughthewindowandwakingJack,whosharedthe house with me. But I noticed that his light was still on, so hewas awake anyway (37)
-he
had (S8)_asleep while reading.I put the car away and went up the steps. Then I opened the doorquietly and went to Jack's room. He was in bed awake but he didn't(30) aurn towards me."What's the matter, Jack?" I said"For God's sake don't make a noise and take your shoes (4O)_,"he said.
I thought that he must be ill and that I (4I) do as he said tokeep him happy. "There is a snake here," he explained. "It is asleep(42)-thebed-sheets.Iwas(43)-onmybackreadingwhen I saw it. I knew that moving was out of the question. r (44)
moved even if I'd wanted to. I realized that he was serious."I was relying on you to call a doctor as soon as soon as you (45)
home", Jack went on. "It (46) me yet, but I dare notdo anything to upset it. It might wake up," he said. "I thought you(47) be home an hour ago."
There was no time to argue or apologise (48) late. I went outto telephone the doctor.
t77
34. a) had to beb) was to bec) rnust have beend) should have been
36. a) enterb) enteringc) enteredd) being entered
38. a) become39.b) fallenc) gone
d) grown
40. a) offH outc) awayd) back
42. a) betweenb) besidec) belowd) behind
M. a) may not haveb) might not havec) shouldn't haved) couldn't have
+O. a) didn't biteb) hadn't bittenc) hasn't bittend) couldn't bite
+8. a) for beingb) to be
c) on being'd) to have been
35. a) so
b) in orderc) so thatd) for
SZ. a) unlessb) becausec) sinced) if
a) even
b) justc) onlyd) rather
+t. a) had ratherb) would ratherc) had betterd) would better
43. a) liedb) laidc) layingd) ryirg
45. a) would comeb) have come
c) were comingd) came
47. a) wouldb) shouldc) mustd) may
L78
)OlL Mark the best choice
1. Isn't that scarf yet? You've been knitting it for ages.
a) too long c) longb) long enough d) very long
2. Gulls are sometimes called "rats of the air" they willeat almost anything.
a) since c) butb) which d) that
after the second World War that test pilots firstattempted to break the sound barrier.
3.
4. We the letter yesterday, but it didn't arrive.
a) ought to have received c) should receiveb) would receive d) must have received
History is filled with examples of efforts to communicate news quickly,(5) Pheidippides' twenty-two-mile run (6) thenews of the Greek victory at Marathon.
5. a) as an example 6. a) to bringb) an example b) for bringingc) such as c) so that broughtd) as d) because he brough
In our fast-paced world, it is almost impossible to avoid(7) up tension from stress. All of us conlront stress daily;anything (8) an extra demand on us is stress.
7. a) to buildb) it to buildc) buildingd) it building
9.
a) Shortlyb) Was shortly
Saturn to Earth.
a) When it wasb) That was in
c) There was shortlyd) It was shortly
8. a) places
b) that placesc) is placed
d) that is placed
19OO that Voyager transmitted photographs of
c) Duringd) It was in
179
L2.
b) *ill have been completed d) has completed
people in the United States saw the KingTutankhamen exhibit.
a) Of the more than eight million c) More than eight million
b) Eight million more than d) Eight million of the most
13. Gravity not only causes bodies to fall increases theirspeed.
a) and tob) and also
14.If it rains three more days, it for a month without abreak.
a) has been raining c) was raining
10. It is believedthey settle into a new position.
a) to be earthquakes
b) earthquakes which
11. The new highway
u) dl complete
b) is raining
15. He
a) will give
b) have given
occur after rock strata break and before
c) that earthquakes
d) earthquakes that
by January next year.
c) had been completed
c) but also
d) and so
d) will have been raining
more crops if he had used modern farming
c) gave
d) could give
16.
methods.
a) grew c) had been growing
b) would have grown d) had grown
all the work I need to do yet, so I can't go home
a) I haven't been doing c) I haven't done
b) I wasn't doing d) I'm not going to do
17. At last month's meeting the mayor asked the council if theyhim more money immediately.
r80
18. when they reach the pop of the mountain, they (g)over five hundred metres.
a) would have climbed c) will have climbedb) climbed d) had climbed
What will happen in the future? This is a question most of us wishwe (2o) the answer to. our way of life (21)-changingmorequickIynowthanit(22)-sincethewor1d(23)
-.
It is an interesting game to imagine what people woulddo, for example, if we (24)
-by
men from another planet, or howpeople(25)-iftherewereanuclearwar.Manywriters,aswellas readers, are interested in the literary form which (26)_ asScience Fiction. Science Fiction stories and novels (27) eversince Jules verne first (28)___ the form popular in thenineteenth century.
20. a) know 2L. a) has beenb) knew b) werec) will know c) ared) have known d) is
22. a) has ever changed 25. a) has been createdb) witl ever change b) had createdc) has been changing c) createdd) would change d) was created
Z+. a) were invaded 25. a) survivedb) invaded b) would survivec) would have been invaded c) will survived) had invaded d) would have survived
26. a) known 22. a) have been writtenb) knows b) wrotec) is known c) were writtend) has known d) have written
28. a) would make c) has madeb) has made d) made
181
If the present-decrease in the birth rate in France (29)_, by theyear 2OOO the last Frenchman (3O)
29. a) doesn't contlnue 30. a) would dieb) continues b) would have diedc) had continued c) will be dyingd) hadn't contlnued d) ,rill have died
The migration of English people to North America created the need f,or
new words in their vocabulary. (31) _ the settlers landed inAmerica, they found plants and animals which were new to them.
The land was occupied by tribes of people who had customs totally
different from anything the English (32) Even the landscape
was different from the English countryside. So names (33) _ be
provided for all these aspects of their new life.
gf. a) As soon as 32. a) sawb) qy the time b) could see
c) Since c) had ever seend) Until d) have ever seen
33. a) mustb) had toc) couldn'td) needn't
Although many explorers tried, it was (34) _1903 that the Arcticpolar region (35)
-
by sea. Antartic exploration begins with Ptolemy,
but the real discoverers of Antartica were the hunters (36) far southto catch fish.
34. a) not since 35. a) was crossedb) since b) crossedc) not until c) has been crossedd) until d) has crossed
36. a) travelledb) they travelledc) who they travelledd) travelling
t82
our oceans are an important source of food. They provide (37)_both fish and plants for food. They also supply energ5r from undersea
oil and tidal power. (38) , our oceans are in danger ofbecomingpol1uted.Ifwe(39)-togetfood[romtheminthefuture, we (4O) thlnking about keeping them clean.
37. a) forb) us forc) us withd) with
39. a) wantb) wantedc) will wantd) would want
4L. a) should makeb) should be madec) should have been maded) should have made
43. a) howb) whenc) whered) which
38. a) In factb) On the contraryc) Furtherrnored) However
aO. a) have had to startb) had to startc) will have to startd) would have to start
42. a) whom developb) who have developedc) being developedd) developing
Science instruction should acquaint students with careerpossibilities in technical fields and in science teaching. A continuous
effort (+t1__ to identify and encourage those students(42)---- special interests. These students must have
opportunities for some direct experience of professional nature; they
should also learn about the extent of various fields and (43)
these fields are related to each other. But it is even more importantfor young people (44)
-
those skills and abilities that willenab1e(45)-theresponsibi1itiesforexpandingtheirownlearning.
M. a) acquiringb) acquiredc) by acquiringd) to acquire
45. a) to takeb) them to takec) takingd) their taking
183
For several decades educational psyehologists have been trying todiscover what is necessary in order for education (46)_ moreeffective. Many psychologists are trying to analyze (47)
children are being taught so that they (48)- determine theeffectiveness of various teaching methods. Still, the process oflearning remains largely unexplained, (49) _ the tremendousamount of research (5O) during this century.
6. a) to beb) lsc) will bed) was
8. a)
b)c)
d)
couldcanhad tohave to
mixing them (59)_.
51. a) to readb) readingc) readd) that reading
53. a) had not hadb) haven't hadc) won't haved) doesn't have
wherewhatwhyhow
in brief 50.despiteon the contrarywhereas
a) dob) which didc) doned) they do
47. a)
b)
c)
d)
49. a)
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52. a) so much thatb) very muchc) as much asd) too much
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184
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185
METU
EXERCISE BOOK
For
FOCUS ON FIRST CERTIFICATE
ANSWER KEY
M.E.T.U. Exercise Book for Focus on First Certificate
Unit 1A Relative Clauses A. Pages 2-3 1. (which is) 2. (who are) 3. - 4. - 5. (who was) 6. - 7. (which) commenting 8. (which were) 9. (which was) 10.(which) 11.(that) containing 12.- 13.(who is) 14.(who is) 15.(which is) Relative Clauses B. Pages 4-5 2. One of the tyres (which) they gave me burst … They gave me 4 tyres, one of which burst … 3. The bar where I was phoning from was so noisy that … The bar from which I was phoning was so noisy that .. The bar (which) I was phoning from was so noisy that … 4. Selfridges, where I bought this dress, is the best … 5. When you go to …the Wax Museum where … there. 6. Red Indians, many of who(m)are living …, inhabited … 7. Men at Work, whose record …, needed a lot … 8. Tim Haskins, who few people voted …, has been … 9. Tom Wood, who lived among pygmies for a year, knows a considerable amount about them. 10.The students, who were from Thailand, found .. 11.The mayor stood up …, after which there was … 12.This vast lake, whose depth/the depth of which …, is in a … 13.The inscriptions, none of which can now …, are to be found … 14.Catatalans are very fond of …, which is a large sausage. 15. That politician made …, a number of which are recorded … Present: Simple & Continuous. Pages 6-7 1. do you think/are you thinking 2. am expecting/expect 3. appears/is appearing 4. smells/are you smelling 5. weighs/are you weighing 6. see/is seeing 7. am having/has 8. looks/Are you looking 9. are guessing/guess Prepositions. Page 7-8 1. with 2. about 3. at/by 4. about 5. with 6. about 7. on 8. of 9. in 10.with
Phrasal Verbs (Catch, Live). Page 8 1. caught up with 2. live on 3. live up to 4. caught on 5. living through 6. caught on 7. catch up with 8. live on
M.E.T.U. Exercise Book for Focus on First Certificate
Unit 2A Adjectives and Adverbs. Pages 11-13 a) 1. slight/adj. 2. hard/adv. 3. highly/adv. 4. good/adj. 5. vast/adj. 6. good/adj. reasonable/adj. 7. closely/adv. 8. well/adv. 9. seriously/adv. 10.friendly/adj. 11.professionally/adv. 12.completely/adv. 13.possible/adj. 14.carefully/adv. 15.serious/adj. slightly/adv. 16.normally/adv. unusually/adv. 17.really/adv. 18.furious/adj. 19.hardly/adv. 20.Late/adj. 21.certain/adj. 22.colorfully/adv. 23.close/adv. 24.wrong/adv. badly/adv. 25.newly/adv. eventually b) impatiently/Luckily/slowly/hard/pretty loud/cold slightly/quick/completely/full/immediately closely/Automatically/lucky first/sweetly/faint/suddenly c) Late/tense/bad/straight/lonely/near/calm suddenly/timid/gently/quickly/harshly wrong/abruptly/blankly/sweetly/well loudly/Really/slowly/deep/humorous highly/warmly/exactly/good/horrible Past Simple and Continuous. Pages 14-15 a) 1. were standing/waiting 2. stood 3. studied 4. was studying 5. was raining 6. rained 7. was thinking 8. thought 9. were you doing 10.did you do 11.was dying 12.died b) went/decided/was raining/stepped/was shining was blowing/took/was signing/tapped/turned was staying/went/were selling/were trying listened
Phrasal Verbs (Put). Pages 15-16 1. It is difficult to put out … It is difficult to put them out. 2. I don’t know how you can put up with … I don’t know how you can put up with it. 3. I’m putting £50 aside every month so … I’m putting it aside every month so … 4. We have put off the meeting … We have put it off … 5. Could you put away … Could you put them away. 6. Why don’t you put your coat on? Why don’t you put it on? 7. The latecomers were put up in a … 8. The director’s secretary wouldn’t put me through
M.E.T.U. Exercise Book for Focus on First Certificate
Unit 3A Present Perfect: Simple & Continuous. Pages 17-18 a) 1. have been working/haven’t finished 2. have visited 3. has taken/have been looking 4. have been shopping/haven’t bought/haven’t seen 5. have … read 6. have …been doing have been planting/have planted 7. have been waiting/has arrived b) 1. is raining/haven’t brought 2. knows/has been growing/is trying 3. have been listening/haven’t understood 4. have been reading/have c) am writing have been sitting have decided have … been doing have been offered I have … wanted don’t like do … know have never been are living have been looking have been have been turned down have been applying hope Modals. Page 19 1. can’t 2. couldn’t/weren’t able to 3. wasn’t able to/couldn’t 4. could 5. Can/Could 6. to be able to 7. can’t 8. can Compound Adjectives with Numbers. Page 20. 1. A 2-hour walk. 2. A fifty-thousand-pound house. 3. A 25-minute programme. 4. A 5-hour delay. 5. A 5-star hotel. 6. A 60-minute cassette. 7. A 60-watt bulb.
Prepositions. Pages 21-22 a) 1. Concentrate on 2. depends on 3. listen to 4. complaining about 5. paid for 6. rely on 7. disapprove of b) 1. as 2. to …about 3. on 4. to…for 5. of/to 6. on 7. to 8. for 9. on 10.of 11.of 12.about 13.about
M.E.T.U. Exercise Book for Focus on First Certificate
Consolidation Units 1A-3A Review of Phrasal Verbs. Page 23 1. g 2. f 3. h 4. a 5. j 6. i 7. c 8. e 9. d 10.b Miscellaneous Exercises. Pages 24-27 a) 1. can speak 2. - 3. lived 4. he stayed 5. started 6. have lived/have been living 7. think 8. have visited 9. have just applied 10.will be able to b) 1. c 2. a 3. d 4. b 5. a c) 1. am listening 2. normally goes/is studying 3. cutting 4. receive 5. I’ll think d) 1. a 2. d 3. a 4. c 5. b 6. b 7. b 8. d 9. a 10.b e) 1. b 2. c 3. b 4. a 5. c
M.E.T.U. Exercise Book for Focus on First Certificate
Unit 4A Modals. Page 28 1. need to/should 2. shouldn’t 3. had to 4. mustn’t 5. don’t have to 6. should/must 7. need to 8. having to 9. needn’t/don’t have to 10.have to/need to 11.had to 12.mustn’t 13.needed to Participles. Pages 29-33 a) 1. Having barricaded the windows, we assembled … 2. Having found no one at home, he left … Not having found anyone at home, he left … 3. Having removed all traces of his crime, the criminal left … 4. Having spent all his money, he decided … 5. Having escaped from prison, he looked … 6. Having heard the story before, she didn’t want to hear it all again. 7. Having found the money, they began quarrelling .. 8. Having visited the museum, we decided 9. Having found his revolver, he loaded it and sat down .. 10.Having fed the dog, he sat down … b) 8. Having paid back the money, he felt … 9. Watching TV, she fell asleep. 10.Feeling tired, I went home. 11.Taking a key out of his pocket, he opened the door. 12.Having spent the whole night out, he finally arrived home. 13.Being a foreigner, she needs … 14.Jill was lying on the bed crying. 15.John got high grades in his exams, making his parents happy. c) 1. Using 2. Being 3. stolen 4. Pushing 5. studying 6. offering 7. terrified/crying/frightening 8. getting 9. well-known/well-cut/long-lasting d) 1. well-written/officially-authorised 2. happily-married 3. badly-timed 4. freshly-made 5. recently-engaged 6. widely-known/poorly-paid 7. colourfully-illustrated 8. bitterly-disappointed
e) 1. disgusting 2. interested 3. annoying 4. horrified 5. embarrassing 6. satisfied 7. confused 8. shocking 9. disappointing 10.amazing Phrasal Verbs (Break, Get). Pages 33-34 1. get by 2. broke up 3. got around 4. get away with 5. broke down 6. break through 7. broke out 8. getting at 9. broke in 10.get back 11.getting around 12.broke down 13.get…down 14.get away 15.get…across
M.E.T.U. Exercise Book for Focus on First Certificate
Unit 5A Conditionals. Page 35-36 Provided/Providing (that), As/So Long As 1. The game will begin at 3 p.m. provided it doesn’t rain. 2. You won’t get a headache as long as you don’t drink … 3. You won’t get cold as long as you don’t throw … 4. The police will leave you alone providing you don’t cause … 5. We’ll end the meeting now provided you don’t have … Unless a) Suggested Answers 1. you can’t … unless you are old enough/ take driving lessons. 2. you can’t … unless you are old enough/have your I.D. card. 3. you can’t … unless you really want to/study hard. 4. you can’t … unless you are really clever/study hard. b) 2. You can’t … unless you have a passport. 3. You aren’t allowed … unless you are a member. 4. He won’t be able to … unless you speak slowly. 5. I’ll be able to … unless I have to work. 6. Don’t tell Ann … unless she asks you. 7. I’m not going to … unless you go too. 8. I won’t forgive … unless she apologises to me. c) 1. as long as 2. unless 3. provided 4. as long as 5. unless 6. providing 7. unless Concession. Page 37-42. Although/In spite of/ Despite/Even though a) 1. Despite his English name, he is in fact German. 2. Although she had an injured foot, she managed … 3. In spite of the low salary, I decided … 4. Despite being the better team, we lost … 5. Even though I hadn’t eaten ... I didn’t feel hungry. b) 1. Although he looked scruffy, he still … He looked scruffy but in spite of this, he still … Inspite of looking scruffy/ his scruffy looks, he still … 2. Although CD’s are expensive, lots of people … CD’s are expensive but in spite of this, lots of people … Inspite of being expensive/their price, lots of people 3. Although her parents objected, she still insisted on … Her parents objected but in spite of this, she still … In spite of her parents objections, she still … 4. Although Beethoven was deaf, he continued composing … Beethoven was deaf but in spite of this, he continued … In spite of being deaf/his deafness, Beethoven continued … 5. Although the acoustics in the hall are poor, it is still used … The acoustics in the hall are poor but in spite of this, it is … In spite of the acoustics being poor of /the poor acoustics, the hall is still used … 6. Although we’ve known each other for a long time, we still call each other … We’ve known each other for a long time but in spite of this, we still … In spite of having known each other for long time/our long acquaintance, we still … 7. Although Hammerfest is a long way north of …,the sea never freezes there. Hammerfest is a long way north of … but in spite of this the sea never freezes there. In spite of being a long way north of …/its distance north from … ,the sea never … 8. Although he was very popular, he didn’t win … He was very popular but in spite of this, he didn’t win … In spite of being popular/his popularity, he didn’t win …
M.E.T.U. Exercise Book for Focus on First Certificate
Unit 5A Concession. Page 37-42. Although/In spite of/ Despite/Even though cont. 9. Although it rained heavily, the crops weren’t destroyed. It rained heavily but in spite of this, the crops … In spite of raining heavily/the heavy rain, the crops … 10.Although she was 85, she still lived a very active life. She was 85 but in spite of this, she still … In spite of being 85/her age, she still … In spite of/Because of 1. e - We kept the fire on all day because … 2. f - He was ill but in spite of this, … 3. i - We’ve become vegetarians because … 4. c - He was asked … because … 5. g - There were a lot of accidents because … 6. b - There are fewer tourists in Britain this year because … 7. a - I couldn’t see what was going on because … 8. d - He has a foreign accent but in spite of this, … 9. h - The house was in bad condition but in spite of this, … In Case a) 1. I’ll take my camera with me in case I want to … 2. I’ll draw a map for you in case you can’t find … 3. I wrote them a second letter in case they hadn’t received … 4. I’ll take your letter with me in case I see Ann. 5. Please write down the name of the street in case I forget it. 6. I’d better give my parents a phone call in case they are worried. 7. I rang the bell again in case they hadn’t heard the bell. 8. You should wear a crash helmet in case you have an accident. b) Suggested answers 1. you need treatment. 2. there is a power cut. 3. you get hungry. 4. you get old. 5. you want to take more photos. 6. there is a queue. 7. you are late home. 8. you lose them. 9. you oversleep. 10.the play is sold out. c) 1. if 2. If 3. in case 4. in case 5. if 6. in case 7. if 8. in case 9. in case Phrasal Verbs (Set, Wear). Page 42. 1. out of control 2. on foot 3. set off 4. wore off 5. out of sight 6. wear out 7. set out 8. set down 9. set off 10.out of reach 11.sets in 12.set up
M.E.T.U. Exercise Book for Focus on First Certificate
Unit 6A Future Tense. Page 43-48. a) 1. will/will/will 2. are going to/are going to 3. is …going to will/are going to 4. will/am going to 5. will 6. are you going to b) 1. I’ll get a cloth … 2. are you going to do when … 3. I’m going back to … 4. Will I disturb you if …? 5. I’ll/I’m going to miss … 6. I’ll/I’m going to look … c) I’m coming/I’m seeing/Will you be I won’t be/I’m going are you going? is opening are you going?/won’t be does you plane I’ll be I’ll see/we’ll have finished I’ll see you d) 1. will be working/won’t hear 2. might 3. won’t/won’t be working 4. might 5. won’t 6. might not 7. will be delayed 8. might 9. will/will/will/will/will 10.will e) 1. He will be having a breakfast meeting at 9:00. 2. He will be meeting with the prime minister, the president and their interpreters at 9:00. 3. He’ll already have attended a conference and had a breakfast meeting by 10:00. 4. He’ll be making his speech from 10:00 to 10:50. 5. The president and prime minister and their wives will be visiting a car factory at 11:00. 6. He’ll already have attended a conference, had a breakfast meeting, made a speech, visited a car factory and had lunch by 13:00. 7. They’ll be meeting to discuss the import-export needs of the two countries. 8..They’ll have signed a new trade treaty by 16:00. 9. They’ll be meeting with reporters from 15:35 to 16:00. 10.No, he won’t. He’ll be resting in his hotel from 16:00 to 18:00. 11.He’ll have got ready for dinner by 19:00. 12. Before the day is over he’ll have had two meetings.
Phrasal Verbs (Let, Cut) Page 49 1. cut down 2. let … off 3. cut down 4. cut up 5. let … down 6. cut down 7. cuts in 8. cut across 9. let in 10.let out
M.E.T.U. Exercise Book for Focus on First Certificate
Consolidation Units 4A-6A Review of Phrasal Verbs. Page 50-51 a) 1. d 2. i 3. j 4. h 5. k 6. m 7. c 8. l 9. b 10.g 11.f 12.a 13.e b) 1. get … back 2. got way with 3. gets … down 4. get by c) 1. set out 2. cut … down 3. let … out 4. set up/cut off 5. let … off Miscellaneous Exercises. Page 52-53 a) 1. The recent changes not only excited but also worried me. 2. The reason for the decrease in sales … is the high rate … 3. In spite of the terrible weather, they travelled … 4. If they met again, he would be able to learn … 5. Unless Jack gets the job, he won’t 6. That tank contains 20 litres of water. 7. I wonder if I might borrow … 8. Deafness may be due to being exposed to loud music constantly. 9. Cardboard cartons are replacing the old milk bottles. The old milk bottles are being replaced by cardboard cartons. 10.My old leather handbag has worn out. 11.You don’t have to/needn’t visit her … 12.Having lived in London in London for 5 years, she misses it … b) 1. b 2. c 3. c 4. b
M.E.T.U. Exercise Book for Focus on First Certificate
Unit 1B Review of Past Perfect. Page 57-58. a) 1. had read 2. had been reading 3. had been playing 4. had never played 5. had cooked 6. had been working/had offered b) 1. didn’t recognise/hadn’t seen 2. had finished/went 3. arrived/had gone 4. had eaten/got 5. was awarded/was 6. died/had reigned 7. was/had looked 8. wrote/hadn’t arrived 9. came/had been broken 10.refused/had been c) was driving/overtook/was travelling/was going have never seen/saw/had crashed/had swerved have … spoken/arrived/was trying had been drinking/has broken Verbs of Perception. Page 59 4. sitting/reading/get/go 5. slithering 6. coming/break 7. break 8. explode/shake 9. talking/shout 10.pouring/ringing/turn/stop/standing/open waving/arriving/coming/carry/carrying get/getting/shout/hesitating/shout Articles. Page 62-63 1. The/a 2. - 3. the 4. -/the/- 5. -/the 6. - 7. the 8. -/-/an 9. a/the/a 10.the Phrasal Verbs (Bring). Page 63. 1. up 2. out 3. about 4. off 5. in 6. round
M.E.T.U. Exercise Book for Focus on First Certificate
Unit 2B Exercises on Gerunds and Infinitives. Page 66-69. a) 1. to fly 2. buying 3. going 4. to be 5. to buy 6. to eat 7. talking 8. getting 9. to be 10.cleaning 11.to be 12.to look 13.to hear 14.to get 15.to contradict 16.visiting 17.to come 18.to call 19.sleeping 20.riding 21.giving 22.working 23.being 24.having 25.taking 26.starting 27.seeing 28.to get 29.to leave 30.answering b) 1. It is important to have good friends. 2. It’s better to avoid travelling at night. 3. He regrets not locking his car. 4. I don’t want you to tell anyone that I’m … 5. My father allowed me to use his car. 6. There’s no point in working if you … 7. Bill invited me to have dinner with him. 8. The driver of the car admitted being drunk. 9. You seem to have made a mistake. 10.Would you mind turning down the radio. 11.I didn’t expect it to rain. 12.She advised me to tell the police. about … 13.The night guard denied taking the files. 14.It’s a waste of money smoking. 15.It takes a long time to learn a second language. 16.Those questions are easy to answer. 17.They appear to be arguing 18.Having a car enables you to travel … 19.I warned you not to tell him. 20.Tom insisted on driving Ann to … 21.The teacher accused the boy of not paying attention to him/her. 22.The museum is worth visiting. 23.By taking more exercise George lost weight. 24.Tom has difficulty in talking about … 25.He translated … without using a dictionary. 26.Bill persuaded me to go out. 27.Sally touched … to attract my attention. 28.It’s hard to find a good restaurant … 29. Jane is good at cooking. 30.In spite of being seriously hurt in the accident, he managed to recover.
Infinitives without ‘to’. Page 70-72 a) 1. This rainy weather makes me feel … 2. They didn’t let Tom take … 3. Mr. Osborne didn’t let us smoke in his office. 4. Their mother made the children drink … but she didn’t make them finish … b) 1. 2. 3. Well, I’d rather go/we went out. 4. Well I’d rather stay/we stayed. 5. Well, I’d rather you did it. 6. Well, I’d rather you went. 7. Well, I’d rather you didn’t smoke. 8. Well, I’d rather eat later. 9. Well, I’d rather you didn’t. 10.I’d rather not tell him. I’d rather you told him. c) 1. 2. you didn’t 3. you stayed 4. you didn’t 5. you didn’t 6. she concentrated 7. you didn’t call d) 1. We’d better take an umbrella. 2. You’d better stay at home today. You’d better not go to work today. 3. You’d better sit down. 4. We’d better take a taxi. 5. You’d better not play the piano late at night. 6. We’d better reserve a table. 7. You’d better put a plaster on the cut. 8. I’d better have it serviced before I go. 9. We’d better not go for a swim. Double Comparatives. Page 72-73 1. The longer the game went on, the more exhausted the players became. 2. The more think about …, the less happy I feel. 3. The more you eat, the fatter you will get. 4. The faster you continue to drive, the more likely you are to have an accident. 5. The earlier we get there, the greater our chance of getting seats. Phrasal Verbs (Look, Get). Page 73-74.
M.E.T.U. Exercise Book for Focus on First Certificate
Unit 2B Phrasal Verbs (Look, Get). Page 73-74. a) 1. get out of 2. look through 3. get on with 4. look after 5. looking for 6. get off 7. look up to 8. getting on 9. look up 10. Look out! 11.get over 12.look in 13.get though 14.get round to 15.look through b) 1. look after 2. look it up 3. am looking for 4. Look out! 5. have been looking forward
M.E.T.U. Exercise Book for Focus on First Certificate
Unit 3B Expressing Quantity & Number. Page 75-78. a) 1. There are a few biscuits … 2. I have little time … 3. Few people give more money … 4. There’s little butter left. 5. He has little chance of success. 6. I’m afraid you need a few … 7. Few of the clocks he has made have ever worked. 8. She’s just had some soup. b) 1. Jones didn’t steal … and neither/nor did Smith. Jones didn’t steal … and Smith didn’t either. 2. Neither Sally nor Anne won … Sally didn’t win … and Anne didn’t either. 3. Neither Paul nor Susan wants to play … Paul doesn’t want … and neither/nor does Paul. 4. Neither the DN nor the ND will win … The DN won’t win …and the ND won’t either. 5. Bob has never done … and neither/nor has his father. Bob has never done … and his father hasn’t either. 6. Neither James nor Gerald arrived on time. James didn’t arrive … and Gerald didn’t either. 7. Neither Robin nor Angela has got any… Robin hasn’t got any money and neither/nor has … 8. She doesn’t care what … and neither do I. She doesn’t care what … and I don’t either. c) 1. a lot of 2. much 3. plenty of 4. much 5. a little 6. many 7. few 8. little 9. a lot 10.much d) 1. either 2. or 3. neither 4. nor 5. both 6. and 7. no 8. None 9. both 10.and 11.Both 12.Both 13.and 14.also Noun Clauses. Page 78-79. 1. 2. What you said to Mary … made her angry. 3. I’ve forgotten what you wrote to me in … 4. Can you understand what I’m saying? 5. Can you see what she’s holding …? 6. Does everybody that you want to go somewhere? Does everybody know where you want to go?
7. I’m not interested in the fact that they are going somewhere tonight. I’m not interested in where they are going tonight. 8. It doesn’t concern me that she dresses in … What she wears doesn’t concern me. 9. Why she refused the present is a mystery. 10.Why she spends all her money … is not … Expressions with “Used to”. Page 80-81. 1. used to get 2. get used to wearing 3. used to be 4. got used to driving 5. had got used to giving 6. used to go swimming 7. get used to eating 8. isn’t used to running 9. used to drink 10.used to like 11.used to be 12.didn’t use wash/got used to living/is used to taking 13.couldn’t get used to 14.get used to working 15.have got used to 16.get used to seeing 17.used to drink 18.used to run Phrasal Verbs (Come). Page 81-82. 1. came across 2. come out 3. come up against 4. come off 5. hasn’t come round Verb + Preposition. Page 82. a) 1. classical to … 2. him from … 3. me with … 4. £40 on … 5. of three main parts … 6. between the original and … 7. disagree with you about the good things … b) 1. for 2. with/about 3. about/to 4. in 5. from 6. with 7. with 8. with 9. from
M.E.T.U. Exercise Book for Focus on First Certificate
Consolidation Units 1B-3B Articles. Page 83. 1. d 2. h 3. e 4. f 5. j 6. a 7. b 8. g 9. i 10.c Tenses. Page 83-85. a) 1. have left 2. didn’t have time 3. haven’t done 4. forgot 5. wasn’t 6. have lost 7. has stolen 8. lent 9. have forgotten 10.lent 11. have broken 12.haven’t seen 13.said 14.had left 15.has gone b) 1. realised/had forgotten/had shut 2. stole/had bought 3. arrived/had burned 4. got/felt 5. had tasted/understood/was 6. had just begun/burst 7. started/arrived 8. crashed/had had 9. found/planned/had appeared 10.left/realised/had left Reported Speech. Page 85-86. 1. She suggested that we went to … that night. She suggested going to … that night. 2. She insisted that we came and had dinner with them.. She insisted on us/our coming and having dinner … 3. He invited me to go with them to … that Thursday. 4. He warned me that if I wanted tickets for the following week’s show I had to book then. 5. She advised me to go to the police immediately and tell them everything. Verb + Preposition. Page 86-87. a) 1. for 2. on 3. for 4. of 5. on 6. about b) 1. from 2. about 3. on 4. of
5. with 6. in 7. in 8. from 9. on 10.on Adjectives + Prepositions. Page 87. 1. with 2. of 3. of 4. to 5. for 6. of 7. of 8. for 9. of 10.about 11.to 12.at 13.about Phrasal Verbs. Page 88. 1. f 2. d 3. k 4. n 5. b 6. e 7. p 8. j 9. c 10.m 11.l 12.a 13.o 14.i 15.h
M.E.T.U. Exercise Book for Focus on First Certificate
Unit 4B Expressing Time. Page 89-91. a) 1. while 2. during 3. before 4. since 5. previously 6. Meanwhile 7. until 8. Afterwards 9. as 10.for/At first/in the end b) 1. until 2. by 3. until 4. by 5. by 6. until 7. until 8. by 9. until 10.by c) 1. won’t be/is 2. won’t go/have had 3. will/go 4. will/have finished/will 5. don’t hurry/will be 6. will come/have found 7. will feel/have taken 8. will have/have arrived 9. won’t/go 10.won’t let/have told Modal Verbs. Page 91-93. a) 1. - 2. - 3. He can’t be French 4. He may/might have been listening 5. He can’t /couldn’t have been at work. 6. He may/might have gone home. 7. She might not be coming. 8. They can’t/couldn’t have been camping. 9. They might not have finished. 10.He may/might have been tired. 11.She must have been feeling ill. 12.The snow must have melted. 13.They can’t have been waiting long. 14.He must have taken the receipt. b) 1. - 2. They shouldn’t be playing football … 3. There should be a notice saying “danger” nearby. 4. I needn’t have driven my car. 5. You needn’t go to the library. 6. She should be watching the baby. 7. He shouldn’t have been smoking in bed. 8. I needn’t have had a large dinner before …
c) 1. - 2. The offer shouldn’t be turned down. 3. Jack can’t/couldn’t have been arrested at … 4. The letters may/might be sent soon. 5. The doctor needn’t have been called. 6. The matches shouldn’t have been put where … 7. Your room must have been cleaned while … 8. Your bag may/might have been taken … 9. The accident can’t have been reported to … Question Tags. Page 94. 1. isn’t it? 2. don’t we? 3. didn’t she? 4. haven’t you? 5. hadn’t we? 6. doesn’t she? 7. will/would you? 8. aren’t I? 9. shall we? 10.does he? In Case & So That. Page95-96. 1. You should … in case you have a fire. 2. The film star … so that he wouldn’t be recognised. 3. She packed … so that they wouldn’t get broken … 4. You should always … in case you have a puncture. 5. Take this serum … in case you get bitten. 6. The thief wore gloves so that he wouldn’t leave … 7. The notices … so that everyone understands them. 8. You’d better … so that if they get stolen you can … Phrasal Verbs. Page 96. 1. off 2. go over/through 3. without 4. down with 5. with 6. through 7. in for 8. on Prepositional Phrases. Page 97. 1. to/for stepping 2. for helping 3. of/staying 4. for forgetting 5. on taking 6. for being 7. of doing 8. at repairing 9. of passing 10.on going 11.for maintaining 12.of waiting 13.in finding 14.about looking 15.from coming 16.to having 17.like studying 18.of breaking 19.of committing 20.of living
M.E.T.U. Exercise Book for Focus on First Certificate
Unit 5B The Passive Voice. Page 98 1) was created 2) is made up of 3) are formed 4) speak 5) are written 6) to advertise 7) is easily understood 8) has been used Infinitive or Gerund: Special cases. a) 1. try holding/try to overcome 2. remember lending/remember to give 3. need doing/need to bring 4. forgot to phone/forget visiting 5. need to come/needs cutting 6. went on talking/went on to discuss 7. allow … to enter/allow smoking 8. recommend me to go/recommend eating 9. remember leaving/remembered to lock 10.tried to reach/tried asking 11.advise you to go/advise phoning 12.stopped raining/stopped to look 13.regret to tell/regret telling 14.went on making/went on to explain b) 1. how to get 2. how to work 3. what to do 4. how to ride 5. what to say 6. where to go 7. whether to go 8. how to put Passive forms. Page 104-106 a) 1. They want the mayor to be replaced. 2. I think everyone should be told. 3. I’m not responsible for that information being given to the press. 4. He had nothing to do with the plans being changed. 5. She would like to be invited. 6. I wasn’t conscious of being followed. 7. The strike caused the flights to be cancelled. 8. There’s nothing new about windows in this neighbourhood being broken by boys. 9. I want this work to be completed on time. 10.Susan attended several interviews before being offered the job. b) 1. to play/to be played 2. to be bothered/to bother 3. to take/to be taken 4. to be held/to hold 5. to be added/to add c) 1. discussing/being discussed 2. bothering/being bothered by him. 3. beating/being beaten 4. being talked/talking 5. mentioning/being mentioned.
Have Something Done. Page 106-108 a) 1. I’ve come to have … 2. … this skirt altered. 3. … this report typed. 4. … this parcel registered. b) 1. I think I’ll have it … 2. … mended/fixed. 3. … serviced. 4. … cut. 5. … changed for a newer model. 6. … washed. 7. … dry-cleaned. 8. … mended/repaired. c) 1. We are having the house painted … 2. Did you have your cut … 3. The Baileys were having the roof repaired when … 4. Tom has just had a telephone installed … 5. Why don’t you have that coat altered? 6. I think you should have it cut. 7. How often do you have your car serviced? 8. … so he had to have a new engine fitted. 9. Do you have your newspaper delivered or … 10.I’m having a swimming pool built. 11.I haven’t had the film developed yet. 12…. he had his portrait painted by a famous artist? d) 1. he had his shirt torn 2. he had his head kicked 3. he had his nose broken 4. he had had his wallet taken 5. he had his car stolen.
M.E.T.U. Exercise Book for Focus on First Certificate
Unit 6B Expressing Wishes and Regrets. Page 110 1) If only my flat was bigger. 2) I wish I could lose weight. 3) If only I had insured it. 4) I wish he wouldn’t whistle. 5) If only I hadn’t drank too much. 6) I wish I could open it. 7) If only he would ring. Review of Conditionals. Page 111-113 a) 1. If you learn Spanish, you will find a job more easily. 2. If my alarm had gone off, I wouldn’t have got up late and missed my exam. 3. I wish I had gone to the party. 4. If I see any girls I know, I’ll introduce you to them. 5. If I knew any girls, I would introduce … 6. If I had known any girls, I would have introduced … b) 1. go/will 2. aren’t watered/die 3. were/would go 4. are/will be stopped 5. had been sitting/would have been killed 6. don’t like/is undercooked 7. don’t hurry/will get 8. get/will 9. was/would 10.had gone/would have been/would have 11.was/would 12.had/would take up 13.was taller/could 14.had been wearing/wouldn’t have been 15.see/will 16.could/would open 17.hadn’t been/wouldn’t have met/wouldn’t have got married/wouldn’t have been born 18.are able/are 19.had been announced/would have been Supposed to. Page 113-114 1. aren’t supposed to smoke 2. were supposed to clean 3. are supposed to be 4. is supposed to be 5. aren’t supposed to take 6. was supposed to meet 7. weren’t supposed to arrive 8. aren’t supposed to go to Unless/Provided That/Suppose/In Case. Page 114-115 1. unless everyone begins … 2. provided that you promise … 3. Suppose we run … 4. in case we run … 5. unless you remember … 6. Suppose that happens … 7. provided that someone … 8. Suppose we hadn’t had … 9. unless you stop worrying … 10.suppose you discover …/in case you discover 11.in case Tom decides … 12.provided that he promises … 13.unless he can find … 14.can only go … provided that he doesn’t insist on …
It’s Time/I’d Rather . Page 115-116. 1. It’s time I had a holiday. 2. I’d rather go/we went to a disco. 3. It’s high time he went to bed. 4. I’d rather take/we took a taxi. 5. I think it’s time we bought our tickets. 6. I’d rather walk/we took a taxi 7. I’d rather have/we had Tai food. 8. It’s about time we stopped! Question Words +Ever. Page 117-119. a) 1. wherever 2. whenever 3. whatever 4. whoever 5. Why ever 6. whatever 7. however 8. however 9. whenever 10.wherever b) 3. whenever 4. whatever 5. whichever 6. wherever 7. Wherever 8. However 9. Who ever 10.who ever 11.whatever 12.whatever Reflexive Pronouns. Page 120. 1. yourselves 2. themselves 3. myself 4. herself 5. yourself 6. myself 7. yourself 8. himself 9. themselves 10.herself Phrasal Verbs (Give, Take). Page 121-122. a) 1. give out 2. gave away 3. gave out 4. gave up 5. give up 6. give in 7. gave away 8. give up 9. gives back b) 1. took up 2. take … in 3. taken over 4. takes up 5. take after 6. take … in 7. take on 8. took to
M.E.T.U. Exercise Book for Focus on First Certificate
Consolidation Units 4B-6B Use of English. Page 123 -129. A 1. started studying, he made some coffee. 2. sung that song since … 3. me to learn … 4. her wear … 5. needn’t come/doesn’t have to come … 6. should stay … 7. able to come … 8. cousin offered her … 9. she hadn’t bought a … Diana wouldn’t have missed … 10.guests so she bought … 11.better meet … 12.play is going to be produced … 13.best swimmer in … 14.I had lived … 15.he was late, he didn’t hurry. 16.to have studied. 17.to Maggie for not ringing her 18.did you forget to … 19.not allowed to … 20.should be mended … 21.she worked hard she … 22.forward to having … 23.us smoke … 24.all her belongings stolen … 25.travel by train than go by air. 26.a shocking remark that … 27.in persuading 28.me work very hard … 29.as well as you used to. 30.me if I had gone out the night before. 31.She had her purse stolen while … 32.she had liked his mother, she wouldn’t have refused … 33.you ask, he won’t speak. 34.usually being a patient person, Tom couldn’t … 35.she keeps five cats is her business. 36.Air is a mixture, 25% of which is oxygen. 37.have been translated … for 50 years. 38.I could cook. 39.we didn’t have …, we wouldn’t be able to … 40.which grows very fast, has been developed … 41.must have forgotten to … 42.needn’t have bought … 43.shouldn’t have been left … 44.I had accepted his offer … 45.hadn’t been finished on time, the meeting would have been delayed. 46.taking some … in case it is useful. 47.better stay … 48.you didn’t buy him … 49.allowed to listen to … 50.from which she … 51.ever didn’t I take … 52.she spends …doesn’t interest me. 53.has been published … 54.heavy rain, we … 55.arrived the train had just left. 56.whose dog bit me. 57.many guests as they expected. 58.might have put … 59.thrown away the receipt, I couldn’t … 60.I’m not in …, I’ll give you a door key. 61.from which we learn .. 62.Why ever did we eat … 63.he found … is a mystery … 64.has been sent by …
B 1. someone tries to … 2. to have been a mistake 3. to stay .. 4. I had written down … 5. she would ever wear it. 6. You shouldn’t have left the window open.. C 1. arrived 2. had been told 3. was 4. was 5. asked 6. said 7. hadn’t been 8. wanted 9. had come 10.told 11.admitted 12.had never 13.assured 14.sold 15.wouldn’t be 1. returned 2. saw 3. had broken 4. was 5. was 6. were 7. had just left 8. had heard 9. had run 10.had helped 11.was 12.poured 13.wondered 14.had found 15.hoped 16.had been given 17.had died 18.hadn’t had 19.hadn’t wanted 1. had just been asked 2. he would stay 3. having 4. could have given 5. will Phrasal Verbs. Page 129-134 a) give/take 1. give in 2. gave in 3. gave way 4. take up 5. took over 6. give back 7. takes off 8. taken in 9. gave up 10.take after 11.took on 12.gave … away
M.E.T.U. Exercise Book for Focus on First Certificate
Consolidation Units 4B-6B Phrasal Verbs. Page 129-134 b) put 1. c) 2. h) 3. g) 4. b) 5. d) 6. a) 7. e) 8. f) c) take 1. g) 2. h) 3. d) 4. c) 5. e) 6. a) 7. f) 8. b) d) go/come 1. go 2. come 3. go 4. come 5. off e) go/come 1. b) 2. f) 3. e) 4. g) 5. h) 6. j) 7. a) 8. i) 9. c) 10.d) f) 1. off 2. on 3. out 4. round 5. through 6. with 7. out 8. off g) get 1. e) 2. f) 3. b) 4. g) 5. i) 6. h) 7. a) 8. d) 9. c) h) 1. c) 2. g) 3. f) 4. b) 5. h) 6. a) 7. e) 8) d)
i) with 1. get away with 2. run away with 3. get along with 4. catch up with 5. has gone down with 6. put up with 7. keep up with j) mixed phrasal verbs 1. c) 2. e) 3. h) 4. f) 5. a) 6. g) 7. d) 8. b) Review of Articles. Page 134-137. a) 1. A 2. - 3. a 4. a 5. - 6. The 7. the 8. - 9. the 10. - 11.the 12.the 13.the 14.The 15.the 16.- 17. - 18.a 19.A 20.a 21.the 22.the 23.a 24.a 25.- b) 1. lamb 2. a lamb 3. a cake 4. cake 5. very fine cloth 6. a cloth 7. a talk/the Russian revolution 8. talk 9. Service 10.The Health Service 11.The Times 12.Time 13.poetry 14.a poem 15.ice 16.The ice
c) 1. a 2. the 3. a/The/-/the 4. a 5. the/a 6. a/the-/a/the 7. the 8. A/a/- 9. The/a/the/-/-/the 10.the/- d) 1. some lovely fingers 2. the history 3. a lovely 4. Some people came… the people who … 5. buy some bread at the shops 6. the bad weather 7. The people who … 8. the unemployment. e) 1. - 2. the 3. - 4. a 5. the 6. - 7. - 8. -/- 9. a 10.- 11.- 12.an 13.the 14.the
ANSWER KEY - WORKSHEET - METU BOOK
GENERAL REVISIONPage 138, Ex I
1) d 2) a 3) b 4) d 5) d 6) b 7) c 8) b 9) c 10) d
Page 139; ex II
1) b 2) d 3) a 4) c 5) c 6) d 7) a 8) c 9) b 10) c
Pg. 140, Ex III
1) b 2) c 3) b 4) d 5) d 6) c 7) a 8) c 9) b 10)a
Pg. 141, Ex IV
1) c 2) a 3) c 4) a 5) b 6) a 7) c 8) d 9) b 10) b
Pg. 142, Ex V
1) d 2) d 3) b 4) a 5) b 6) a 7) d 8) a 9) b 10) b
Pg. 143-144, Ex VI
1) c 2) d 3) d 4)a 5) c 6) d 7) b 8) a 9) d 10) a
Pg. 144-145, Ex VII
1) b 2) d 3) c 4)a 5) d 6) b 7) a 8) a 9) c 10) d
Pg. 146, Ex VIII
1) b 2) b 3) a 4)c 5) d 6) b 7) d 8) a 9) c 10) b
Pg. 147, Ex IX
1) b 2) d 3) a 4)a 5) b 6) c 7) a 8) d 9) b 10) a
Pg. 148-149, Ex X
1) b 2) d 3) b 4) b 5) c 6) c 7) d 8) d 9) b 10) a
Pg. 149-150 Ex XI
1) d 2) b 3) c 4) b 5) d 6) c 7) a 8) c 9) a 10) d
Pg. 150-151 Ex XII
1) c 2) a 3) d 4) c 5) b 6) d 7) b 8) c 9) c 10) d
Pg. 151-152 Ex XIII
1) c 2) a 3) b 4) d 5) b 6) a 7)d 8) c 9) c 10) b 11)a
Pg. 152-153-154 Ex XIV
1) b 2) b 3) b 4) a 5) c 6) d 7)a 8) b 9) c 10) b 11)a
12) d 13) c 14) a 15) d 16) c 17) a 18) d 19) b
Pg. 155-156 Ex XV
1) c 2) d 3) c 4) d 5) b 6) d 7) c 8) d 9) b 10) b
11) c 12) d 13) a 14) a 15) c 16) d 17) c 18) a 19) b 20) c
Pg. 157-158 Ex XVI
1) c 2) d 3) a 4) c 5) a 6) d 7) d 8) a 9) b 10) d
11) d 12) a 13) c 14) d 15) b 16) a 17) c 18) b 19) d 20) c
Pg. 159-160-161-162 Ex XVII
1) b 2) d 3) a 4) c 5) b 6) b 7) b 8) d 9) c 10) d
11) a 12) c 13) d 14) b 15) a 16) d 17) d 18) d 19) c 20) a
21) b 22) c 23) d 24) a 25) d 26) c 27)a 28) c 29) d 30) c
31) a 32) b
Pg. 163-164-165-166-167 Ex XVIII
1) d 2) b 3) b 4) a 5) b 6) c 7)a 8) b 9) a 10) c
11)c 12) b 13) d 14) a 15) a 16) d 17)a 18) c 19) d 20) a
21) b 22) c 23) c 24) c 24) c 25) a 26) b 27) d 28) c 29) b 30) b 31) c
32) a 33) b 34) c 35) a 36) d 37) b 38) a 39) b 40) d 41) d 42) a 43) c
44) b 45) b
Pg. 168-169-170-171-172-173 Ex XIX
1) b 2) b 3) d 4) d 5) c 6) d 7) d 8) b 9) c 10) a
11)b 12) a 13) d 14) c 15) b 16) c 17)d 18) a 19) b 20) d
21) b 22) d 23) c 24) b 25) d 26) c 27) c 28) d 29) b 30) a 31) c
32) a 33) b 34) b 35) b 36) a 37) b 38) c 39) c 40) d 41) a 42)b 43) c
44) a 45) a 46) b 47) a 48) a
Pg. 174-175-176-177-178 Ex XX
1) d 2) b 3) a 4) d 5) a 6) c 7) d 8) d 9) b 10) c
11)a 12) d 13) a 14) b 15) c 16) c 17) b 18) a 19) c 20) c
21) c 22) a 23) c 24) a 25) a 26) c 27) b 28) d 29) c 30) a 31) c
32) a 33) c 34) c 35)b 36) b 37) a 38) b 39) a 40) a 41) c 42) a 43) d
44) d 45) d 46) c 47) a 48) a
Pg. 179-180-181-182-183-184-185 Ex XXI
1) b 2) a 3) d 4) a 5) c 6) a 7) c 8) b 9) d 10) c 11) b 12) c
13) c 14) d 15) b 16) c 17) d 18) c 19) no question 20) b 21) d
22) a 23) d 24) a 25) b 26) c 27) a 28) d 29) b 30) d 31) a
32) c 33) b 34) c 35) a 36) d 37) c 38) d 39) a 40) c 41) b
42) b 43) a 44) d 45)b 46) a 47) d 48) b 49) b 50) c 51) b
52) c 53) a 54) d 55) b 56) c 57) c 58) a 59) b 60) c 61) b
62) d 63) c 64) b 65) b 66) a 67) a