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1st International Scientific Conference

EXERCISE AND QUALITY OF LIFE

Novi Sad, Serbia : March 26 - 28, 2009

Proceedings Book

Editor-in-Chief

Milena Mikalaèki

Faculty of Sport and Physical Education

University of Novi Sad

Novi Sad, 2009

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Publisher: Faculty of Sport and Physical Education, University of Novi Sad 21000 Novi Sad, Lovãenska 16. Serbia

For the Publisher: Milena Mikalaèki, Dean

Editor-in-Chief: Milena Mikalaèki

Executive Editor: Patrik Drid

Editorial Board: Vi�nja Ðorðiã (The effects of physical exercise on growth and development in children), Miroslav Milankov (Sport�s medicine in every day exercise), Nikola

Grujiã (The efficiency of physical exercise on people with chronicall diseases), Dejan Madiã (Top-level sports), Borislav Obradoviã (Current trends in sport�s

researches), Zoran Milo�eviã (The effects of physical exercise on quality of life in elderly persons).

Rewievers: Sergey Tabakov (Russia), Kotzamanidis Christos (Greece), Igor Jukiã (Croatia).

Layout and Cover: Petar Protiã

Printed by: Old Commerce, Novi Sad

Edition: 500 copies

Printed in: Novi Sad, Serbia

The statements and views expressed in the contribution are those of their authors and do not necessarily represent those of the Editorial Board and the Publisher.

This Proceedings include all the Conference communications received before the editing deadline. Those received later are not published in the Book.

ISBN 978-86-80231-63-1

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Organiser: Faculty of Sport and Physical Education, University of Novi Sad 21000 Novi Sad, Lovãenska 16, Republic of Serbia

Under the patronage of: Republic of Serbia Ministry of Science and Technological Development

The Autonomous Province of Vojvodina Provincial Secretariat for Science and Technological Development Provincial Secretariat for Sport and Youth

In cooperation with: Faculty of Sport and Physical Exercise, University of Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina

ORGANISING COMMITTEE:

Chairman:

Prof. Neboj�a Maksimoviã, PhD, Faculty of Sport and Physical Education, University of Novi Sad, Serbia

Secretary:

Sandra Vujkov, MSc, Faculty of Sport and Physical Education, University of Novi Sad, Serbia

Petar Protiã, BA, Faculty of Sport and Physical Education, University of Novi Sad, Serbia

Members:

Prof. Ilona Mihajloviã, PhD, Faculty of Sport and Physical Education, University of Novi Sad, Serbia

Prof. Dragoslav Jakoniã, PhD, Faculty of Sport and Physical Education, University of Novi Sad, Serbia

Prof. Branko Krsmanoviã, PhD, Faculty of Sport and Physical Education, University of Novi Sad, Serbia

Prof. Radovan Èokorilo, PhD, Faculty of Sport and Physical Education, University of Novi Sad, Serbia

Prof. Du�an Miãiã, PhD, Faculty of Sport and Physical Education, University of Novi Sad, Serbia

Prof. Jelena Obradoviã, PhD, Faculty of Sport and Physical Education, University of Novi Sad, Serbia

Prof. Milenko Vukoviã, PhD, Faculty of Sport and Physical Education, University of Novi Sad, Serbia

Prof. Rajko Kuljiã, PhD, Faculty of Sport and Physical Education, University of Novi Sad, Serbia

Prof. Milorad Ðukiã, PhD, Faculty of Sport and Physical Education, University of Novi Sad, Serbia

Prof. Slavko Molnar, PhD, Faculty of Sport and Physical Education, University of Novi Sad, Serbia

Prof. Milan Cvetkoviã, PhD, Faculty of Sport and Physical Education, University of Novi Sad, Serbia

Sen.Lg.Instructor Mira Miliã, MSc, Faculty of Sport and Physical Education, University of Novi Sad, Serbia

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Technical Support:

Bratislav Mandiã, BA, Faculty of Sport and Physical Education, University of Novi Sad, Serbia

SCIENTIFIC COMMITTEE:

Chairman:

Prof. Gustav Bala, PhD, Faculty of Sport and Physical Education, University of Novi Sad, Serbia

Secretary General:

Prof. Branka Protiã Gava, PhD, Faculty of Sport and Physical Education, University of Novi Sad, Serbia

International members:

Prof. Kotzamanidis Christos, PhD, Department of Physical Education & Sport Science, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Greece

Prof. Branislav Antala, PhD, Faculty of Physical Education and Sport, Comenius University, Bratislava, Slovakia

Prof. Kosta George, PhD, Department of Physical Education & Sport Science, Democritus University in Komotini, Greece

Prof. Ekaterina Papadimitriu, PhD, Department of Physical Education & Sport Science, Democritus University in Komotini, Greece

Prof. Svetla Yancheva, PhD, MD, National Sport�s Academy �Vasil Levski�, Faculty of Kinesitherapy, Tourism and Sports

Animation. Sofia, Bulgaria

Prof. Sergey Tabakov, PhD, Russian State University of Physical Education, Sport and Tourism. Moscow, Russia

Prof. Wieslaw Blach, PhD, Academy of Physical Education in Wroclaw, Poland

Prof. Chengiz Akalan, PhD, School of Physical Education and Sports, Ankara University, Turkey

Prof. Izet Raðo, PhD, Faculty of Sport and Physical Education, University of Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina

Prof. Husnija Kajmoviã, PhD, Faculty of Sport and Physical Education, University of Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina

Prof. Igor Jukiã, PhD, Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Zagreb, Croatia

Prof. Milan Èoh, PhD, Faculty Of Sport, University of Ljubljana, Slovenia

Prof. Dan Aurel Banciu, PhD, University �Aurel Vlaicu�, Arad, Romania

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Serbian members:

Prof. Miroslav Milankov, PhD, Faculty of Medicine, University of Novi Sad, Serbia

Prof. Nikola Grujiã, PhD, Faculty of Medicine, University of Novi Sad, Serbia

Prof. Milovan Bratiã, PhD, Faculty of Sport and Physical Education, University of Ni�, Serbia

Prof. Dobrica �ivkoviã, PhD, Faculty of Sport and Physical Education, University of Ni�, Serbia

Prof. Du�an Ugarkoviã, PhD, Faculty of Sport and Physical Education, University of Belgrade, Serbia

Prof. Tatjana Tubiã, PhD, Faculty of Sport and Physical Education, University of Novi Sad, Serbia

Prof. Slavko Obadov, PhD, Faculty of Sport and Physical Education, University of Novi Sad, Serbia

HONORARY COMMITTEE

Prof. Kotzamanidis Christos, PhD, Department of Physical Education & Sport Science, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Greece

Prof. Branislav Antala, PhD Faculty of Physical Education and Sport, Comenius University, Bratislava, Slovakia

Prof. Sergey Tabakov, PhD Russian State University of Physical Education, Sport and Tourism, Moscow, Russia

Prof. Igor Jukiã, PhD Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Zagreb, Croatia

Prof. Kosta George, PhD Department of Physical Education & Sport Science, Democritus University in Komotini, Greece

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FOREWORD

Dear participants of the 1st International Scientific Conference �Exercise and Quality of Life�:

We welcome you and wish you a nice stay in Novi Sad, the host town of the first international scientific gathering dedicated to exercise and quality of life.

Scientists of 16 countries will share their experience and knowledge related to effects of physical exercising on the growth and development of children, quality of life of elderly people, as well as the health status of chronically ill people. There will also be opportunities to exchange knowledge of the current trends in sport research, top sport and the role of sports medicine in everyday exercising.

The key topic of the Conference reflects the current focus of physical exercising in which physical activity is recognized and promoted due to its contribution to overall development in the first place, as well as its benefits for health, and wellbeing of people in dynamic complex conditions of contemporary living.

Different forms of physical activity and physical exercising � from an active play to top sport, from recreative activity to therapy exercising � can significantly improve the quality of life, which is probably their ultimate goal and purpose.

It is an obligation of experts from the fields of sport, education, medicine, politics and other relevant disciplines to make it possible to anyone, regardless of age, gender, national and religious background, abilities and health status, to have equal access to qualitative physical exercising.

Doubtlessly, this requires an interdisciplinary approach and a strong support for scientific research of issues related to physical exercising. The Conference �Exercise and Quality of Life� is in

function of better positioning of Serbia in the international scientific community, as well as knowledge exchange among scientists from the region and wider surroundings, with the purpose of improving knowledge of physical exercising and quality of life.

Special thanks are due to our honored visiting lecturers who have kindly accepted an invitation of the Organizers, whose presence and lectures have significantly contributed to good quality and scientific goals of the Conference. We also thank all participants of the Conference for their high scientific contribution. After being peer reviewed, their papers have been selected and published in the Conference Proceedings Book.

We are especially grateful to the Ministry of Science and Technological Development of the Republic of Serbia, Secretariat for Science and Technological Development of the Autonomous Province of Vojvodina, as well as to the Secretariat for Sport and Youth of the Autonomous Province of Vojvodina.

Novi Sad, the town on the Danube, a large European river, the town in which people speak and sing in many different languages, the town with a heart as big as the plane of Vojvodina, is awaiting open-handed all participants of the Conference. Enjoy the Conference and farewell till we meet again next year!

Milena Mikalaèki, Ph.D Dean of the Faculty of Sport and Physical Education

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Contents

Editor�s Introduction 7 PART 1. Plenary Sessions 11 INDEX ANALYSIS OF TECHNICAL-TACTICAL PREPAREDNESS OF OLYMPIC GAMES 2008 JUDO CHAMPIONS (MEN). Sergey Tabakov 13 INTELECTUAL DEVELOPMENT OF CHILDREN AND YOUTHS AND FORMING OF HEALTHY LIFE STYLE THROUGHT MOVEMENT ACTIVITIES. Branislav Antala, and Jozef Hrèka 23 ISOKINETIC PROFILE OF ELITE ATHLETES OF VOJVODINA. Miodrag Drap�in, Patrik Drid, Damir Lukaè, and Miroslav Milankov 31 CAN AGILITY TRAINING AFFECT ATHLETIC POWER PERFORMANCE? Igor Jukiã, Goran Spori�, Luka Milanoviã, and Daniel Bok 39 �ANAEROBIC ENDURANCE� AND ITS MEASUREMENT IN SPORT TRAINING. Romuald Stupnicki 43

NEUROMUSCULAR, KINETIC AND KINEMATIC DIFFERENCES IN JUMPING ABILITY BETWEEN MALE ADULTS AND PREPUBESCENT BOYS. Kotzamanidis Christos 45 THE ACE I ALLELE IS ASSOCIATED WITH HIGHER ENDURANCE EFFICIENCY OF ATHLETES. István Berkes, Miklós Dékány, István Györe, and József Pucsok 46 PART 2. The Effects of Physical Exercise on Growth and Development in Children 47 MODELS OF TALENT IDENTIFICATION IN SWIMMING. Goran Dimitriã, and Borislav Obradoviã 49 THE ÅFFECTS OF ANTHROPOLOGICAL STATUS ON MOTOR EFFICIENCY IN PUPILS OF SUBJECT

AND CLASS LESSONS. Branko Krsmanoviã, Maja Batez, Tijana Krsmanoviã and Radenka Kovaèeviã 55 THE EFFECTS OF PHYSICAL EXERCISE ON GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT OF SOME MOTOR ABILITIES IN FOOTBALL PLAYERS. Slavko Molnar, Stevo Popoviã, and Miroslav Smajiã 61 DIFFERENCES IN MOTOR SPEED AND FUNCTIONAL ABILITIES BETWEEN YOUNG SOCCER PLAYERS AND NON-ATHLETES. Nata�a Brankoviã, Dejan Milenkoviã, Aleksandra Projoviã, and Milan

Jakovljeviã 67 THE EFFECTS OF THE PRELIMINARY PERIOD TRAINING PROCESS ON THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE FUNCTIONAL ABILITIES OF YOUNG SOCCER PLAYERS. Dejan Milenkoviã, Aleksandra Projoviã, Nata�a

Brankoviã, Jelica Stojanoviã, and Petar Pavloviã 71 PHYSICAL ACTIVITY DROP AFTER LONG SUMMER HOLIDAYS IN 6- TO 8-YEAR-OLD CHILDREN. Tadeja Volmut, Petra Dolenc, and Bo�tjan �imuniè 75 SCHOOLCHILDREN AND THEIR PHYSICAL ACTIVITY. Du�ica Rakiã, Aleksandar Kla�nja, Mirjana Rakiã,

and Branislava Rakiã 83 DISCRIMINATIVE ANALYSIS OF SELECTED AND REJECTED YOUTH ATHLETES (UNDER AGE OF 16) FOR PARTICIPATION AT SUMMER SPORT SCHOOL IN TREBINJE IN 2008. Slobodan Simoviã, and Sne�ana

Bijeliã 89 THE SOCIAL IMPACT OF PRACTICING PERFORMANCE SPORTS, AT A JUNIOR LEVEL, IN THE PERSONAL DEVELOPMENT OF THE ATHLETE. Simona Ionescu, Paul Miron, and Sorinel Voicu 95 THE EFFECTS OF EXPERIMENTAL TREATMENT ON CHANGES IN MOTOR ABILITIES OF YOUNG KARATE ATHLETES. Relja Kovaè, Milovan Bratiã, and Sandra Vujkov 101 ANTHROPOMETRIC PARAMETERS AND OXYGEN CONSUMPTION IN YOUNG WATER POLO PLAYERS ACCORDING TO DIFFERENT AGE GROUPS. Plav�iã J., Zlatkoviã M., Djordjeviã-�aranoviã S.,

Zlatkoviã J., Matoviã A., Poljak M., and Maziã S. 107 TREND OF CHANGES OF GENERAL MOTOR ABILITY STRUCTURE IN PRE-SCHOOL CHILDREN. Gustav Bala, Boris Popoviã, and Damjan Jak�iã 113 FOOT DEFORMITY WITH PRE-SCHOOL CHILDREN RELATED TO ANTHROPOMETRIC CHARACTERISTICS. Ilona Mihajloviã, Milan �olaja, and Milo� Petroviã 119 CORRELATION BETWEEN QUALITY OF ATTENTION AND SUCCESSFUL PERFORMANCE OF CERTAIN MOTOR TASKS IN CHILDREN. �pela Goluboviã, Tatjana Tubiã, and Gustav Bala 123 THE EFFECTS OF PHYSICAL EXERCISE ON GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT OF STRENGTH IN YOUNG FOOTBALL PLAYERS. Stevo Popoviã, Radivoj Radosav, and Slavko Molnar 129 EFFECTS OF TRAINING PROCESS ON FLEXIBILITY OF YOUNG FOOTBALLERS. Miroslav Smajiã, Slavko

Molnar, and Stevo Popoviã 135 DO PARENTS PROPERLY RATE THEIR CHILDREN�S CLUMSINESS? Visnja Djordjic 139 LEVEL OF FAMILY EDUCATION AND PHYSICAL ACTIVITY OF THE PRESCHOOL CHILD. Radovan Èokorilo, and Damjan Jak�iã 145 THE INFLUENCE OF �THE ADDITIONAL EXERCISE� ON TRANSFORMATION OF MOTORIC ABILITIES

OF PRIMARY SCHOOL STUDENTS. Zivorad Markovic, and Dragoljub Visnjic 151

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IMPACT OF MOTOR ABILITIES ON THE RESULTS OF ATHLETIC DISCIPLINES IN ADOLESCENT BOYS. Jelena Obradovic, Milan Pantovic, and Darinka Korovljev 159 INFLUENCE OF MORPHOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS ON ADOLESCET BOYS� ATHLETICS

RESULTS. Milan Pantovic, Jelena Obradovic, and Darinka Korovljev 165 THE EFFECTS OF MOTOR AGILITY ON THE DEVELOPMENT OF MOTOR ABILITIES OF THE STUDENTS OF ELEMENTARY SCHOOLS. Aleksandra Projoviã, Dejan Milenkoviã, Nata�a Brankoviã, and

Jelica Stojanoviã 171 MORFOLOLOGICAL AND POSTURAL STATUS OF GIRLS IN INICIAL SELECION FOR RHYTHMIC GYMNASTICS IN VOJVODINA. Du�ka Tumin, Dejan Madiã, and Boris Popoviã 177 PART 3. The Effects of Physical Exercise on Quality of Life in Elderly Persons 183 THE EFFECT OF AGEING ON CONTRACTION TIME OF POSTURAL AND NON-POSTURAL SKELETAL MUSCLES IN MASTER ATHLETES. Bo�tjan �imuniè, Rado Pi�ot, and Jörn Rittweger 185 PHYSICAL ACTIVITY OF ADUT WOMEN IN GREECE. DIFFERENCES BETWEEN URBAN AND RURAL RESIDENTS. Makavelou S., Michalopoulou M., Moraitaki K., and Papadimitriou K. 191 PART 4. The Efficiency of Physical Exercise on People with Chronical Diseases 195 PREVALENCE OF OVERWEIGHT AND OBESITY IN GIRL STUDENTS AGED 10 - 11 YEARS AND THEIR RELATION WITH PHYSICAL ACTIVITY LEVEL AND NUTRITIONAL ATTITUDE. Shafie Nia Parvaneh, and Yousefvand Zeynab 197 THE INFLUENCE OF TOTAL PHYSICAL INACTIVITY ON PLASMA HOMOCYSTEINE LEVELS. RISK FACTOR FOR DEVELOPMENT OF CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE. Mihaela Jurdana, Nadja Plazar, and Rado Pi�ot 201 ANALYSIS OF LOAD INTENSITY DURING THE WALK ON THE PATH OF HEALTH IN INDIVIDUALS WITH MYOCARDIAL INFARCT. Sa�a Panteliã, Ratomir Ðura�koviã, Milena Mikalaèki, and Neboj�a Èokorilo 207 THE JUMP EFFICIENCY OF YOUNG FEMALE VOLLEYBALL PLAYERS DEPENDING ON THE TYPE OF LEGS. �eljko Krneta, Milenko Vukoviã, and Sunèica Poèek 213 PART 5. Current Trends in Sports Researches 215 EVALUATION OF MUSCULAR STRENGTH AND ENDURANCE IN ALPINE SKIERS. Adrian Nagel, Claudiu Avram, Martin Domokos, and Paul Miron 219 COMMUNICATION & COMMUNICATIVE COMPETENCE. Adriana Vizental 223 GENDER DIFFERENCES IN THE HARMONIOUS CANON OF DYNAMOMETRIC FORCE RELATIVE TO ATHLETES' AGE. Jan Babiak and Dragan Doder 231 SOME DIFFERENCES BETWEEN MALE AND FEMALE ATHLETES IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF DYNAMOMETRIC FORCE. Dragan Doder, and Jan Babiak 237 PSYCHOLOGICAL ASPECTS OF PROLONGED HEAD-DOWN BED REST IN HEALTHY MALE SUBJECTS. Petra Dolenc, Tja�a Dimec, Matej Tu�ak, and Rado Pi�ot 245 THE PSYCHOLOGY OF OFFICIATING BASKETBALL. Istvan Gabriela 251 SPORTS METAPHORS IN ENGLISH AND SERBIAN MEDIA LANGUAGE. Mira Miliã, and Tatjana Glu�ac 255 INTERPERSONAL PERCEPTION IN SPORTS SITUATIONS. Tatjana Tubiã, and �pela Goluboviã 259 DIFFERENCES IN THE WAY COACHES AND MANAGERS LEAD. Jelena Ivanoviã, and Ana Veskoviã 265 FACTORS OF INACTIVE LIFESTYLE AND RISKY BEHAVIOR AMONG CHILDREN IN VOJVODINA. Neboj�a Maksimoviã, Zoran Milo�eviã, and Borislav Obradoviã 271 RHYTHMIC GYMNAST�S BASIC MOTOR ABILITIES ESTIMATION WITH REGARD TO THE DIFFERENT

AGE CATHEGORIES OF COMPETITION. Ru�ena M. Popoviã 279 LEARNING AND THE CORRECT ASSIMILATION OF FIRST-AID SKILLS BY STUDENTS OF SPORTS FACULTIES. A TRANS-DISCIPLINARY APPROACH. (SPORTIF-MEDICAL-LINGUISTIC). Caius Miuþa,

Bianca Miuþa, Dan-Aurel Banciu, and Mihaela Gavrilã 285 VERTICAL JUMP PERFORMANCE AND POWER DROP AFTER 35 DAYS OF BED REST Gregor Cankar, Bo�tjan �imuniè , Jörn Rittweger, and Rado Pi�ot 289 RELATIONS BETWEEN ANTHROPOMETRIC CHARACTERISTICS AND FLEXIBILITY IN PERSONS WITH ABOVE-AVERAGE MOTOR ABILITIES Milan Cvetkoviã, Damjan Jak�iã, and Dejan Orliã 295 PART 6. Top-level Sports 301 INFLUENCE OF EXERCISE ON BLOOD LIPIDS IN SERBIAN FEMALE JUDOKAS. Tatjana Triviã, Patrik

Drid and Slavko Obadov 303 MORFOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF BASKETBALL PLAYERS FROM PLAYING POSITION ASPECT. Igor Vuèkoviã and Midhat Mekiã 309

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THE EFFECTS OF 8 WK INTENSIVE JUDO TRAINING ON THE HUMORAL IMMUNE SYSTEM IN JUDO FIGHTERS. Bakhtyar Tartibian, Asghar Abbasi, and Hirash Nouri 317 CONATIVE DIMENSIONS OF YUONG BASKETBALL PLAYERS AND THEIR ACTUAL SUCCESS. Milivoje Karalejiã, and Sa�a Jakovljeviã 325 THE EFFECTS OF PREPARATION PERIOD TRAINING PROGRAM ON FUNCTIONAL ABILITIES OF FIRST-CLASS JUDOKAS. Mirsad Nurkiã, Milovan Bratiã, Dragan Radovanoviã, and Ivana Bojiã 333 BIODYNAMIC ANALYSIS OF THE UKI GOSHI TECHNIQUE IN JUDO. Nikolina Dimitrova 339 TECHNIQUE OF SHOTS IN A HANDBALL GAME IN SELECTED HANDBALL PLAYERS. Milorad Ðukiã,

and Miroslav �ivkoviã 343 DIFFERENCES IN PHYSICAL FITNESS IN KUMITE AND KATA PERFORMANCE BETWEEN FEMALE KARATE ATHLETES. Sandra Vujkov, Slavko Obadov, Tatjana Triviã, and Neboj�a Vujkov 347 PART 7. Sports Medicine in Every Day Exercise 353 SPORTS ERGONOMY. A FEW ARGUMENTS. Ioan Galea 355 A COMPARISON OF HEART RATES BETWEEN SIMULATED AND REAL ALTITUDE. Stojan Burnik, and Bla� Jereb 361 THE EFFECTS OF WEIGHT EXERCISING ON ADIPOSE TISSUE OF FEMALE STUDENTS. Neboj�a

Èokorilo, Milena Mikalaèki, and Sa�a Panteliã 369 THE EFFECTS OF PROGRESSIVE LOAD EXERCISING ON MUSCLE STRENGHTH OF FEMALE STUDENTS. Neboj�a Èokorilo, and Milena Mikalaèki 377 PREDICTION OF MAXIMUM O2PULSE IN ATHLETIC GIRLS: COMPARISON OF FOUR PROTOCOLS. Bakhtyar Tartibian, and Asghar Abbasi 381 THE EFFECT OF ACCLIMATIZATION TIME ON HEART RATE. Bla� Jereb, and Stojan Burnik 391 TOTAL BODY FAT � IMPORTANT COMPONENT OF LIFE HEALTH STATUS. HOW TO EVALUATE? Dejan Madiã, Boris Popoviã, and Nenad Kalièanin 399 THE EFFECTS OF TRAINING PROCESS ON QUALITY OF THE DEVELOPMENT OF SPINAL POSTURE IN YOUNG SCHOOLBOYS. Ksenija M. Bo�koviã, Branka Protiã-Gava, Tijana Krsmanoviã, Romana Romanov,

Vlada Krstiã, and Sne�ana T. Toma�eviã-Todoroviã 405 ASSESSEMENT OF COGNITIVE FUNCTIONS RELATED TO THE LEVEL OF PHYSICAL EXERTION. Otto Barak, Jelena Popadiã-Gaãe�a, Dea Karaba-Jakovljeviã, Miodrag Drap�in, and Aleksandar Kla�nja 409 PREVENTION OF SPORTS INJURIES. Goran Vasiã, and Dragoslav Jakoniã 415 CHARACTERISTICS IN SWIMMER'S NUTRITION. Daniela �ukova-Stojmanovska 421 STRUCTURAL CHANGES OF TRANSFORMATION OF MORPHOLOGICAL AND MOTOR ABILITIES OF STUDENTS IN ADDITIONAL CLASSES. Muhedin Hod�iã, Edin Mirviã, and Ejup Mehmeti 427 EFFECTS OF SPECIAL PROGRAM OF PREPARATIONS FOR STARTING GOING TO SCHOOL ON PHSYCHOSOMATIC STATUS OF CHILDREN WITH HYPERKINETIC SYNDROME. Zagorka Markov 441 THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN PELVIS POSTURE AND LOWER EXTREMITIES IN YOUNG. SCHOOLCHILDREN. Branka Protiã-Gava, Ksenija Bo�koviã, Tijana Krsmanoviã, and Romana Romanov 447

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PART 1.

Plenary Sessions

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145

LEVEL OF FAMILY EDUCATION AND PHYSICAL

ACTIVITY OF THE PRESCHOOL CHILD

Radovan Èokorilo, and Damjan Jak�iã

Faculty of Sport and Physical Education, Novi Sad, Serbia

Abstract

The sample of 1100 parents of preschool children aged 3-7 years were tested by a questionnaire related to family education and physical activities of their children. Indicators of education were the following: father/mother education level, their knowledge of foreign languages, number of books in home library, as well as education level of mother's and father's fathers. Research results follow general trend which is indicative of the fact that higher-educated parents and parents who can speak a foreign language encourage their children to practice physical activities, and that they practice the same physical activities as their children. Similar tendency was noticed in relation to education level of mother's father of a child.

Key words: education; parents; preschool child; physical activity.

Introduction

Among a number of factors affecting a complete education and socialisation of a preschool child, the most important role is that of the family. Parents are the first models of identification through which a child learns the first steps of becoming independent. There is a significant number of family factors on which preschool children�s upbringing depedns. In addition to those dealt with in this paper, the following factors are also indicative and cannot be neglected: family value orientations, tradition, customs, position of a child in his family, family motivation, interpersonal relations within family, family love, position of a child in his family, family conditions, etc. (Èokorilo, 1990). Among numerous potential factors affecting family upbringing, a lot of authos stress family education as a highly significant one especially pedagogical education of parents (Ðorðiã, 1981; Potoènjak, 1980; 1986; Èokorilo, 1990). If the family is analyzed from a narrower aspect, i.e. according to its contribution in terms of physical activity of a preschool child, then it is possible to assume that the above family factors, each in its own way, take part in it.

The focus of our interest in this paper is to see whether the level of education in the family, as an immediate significant predictor of the complete child�s socialisation, is also related to his/her physical activity.

So far, research have predominantly dealt with extension and significance of physical activity for the development of a preschool child, by bringing it to relationship with his socioeconomical status (Poest, Williams, Witt, & Atwood, 1989; Davison, Cutting, & Birch, 2003, Ðorðiã, 2006; 2007; Ðorðiã, & Bala, 2006; Protiã-Gava, Èokorilo, & Karanov, 2006; Matiã, & Maksimoviã, 2007, and others).

Generally speaking, it has turned out that the family surroundings, especially parents� habits in relation to physical activity, affect developing same habits in their children.

Method

The sample in this research were 1100 parents of preschool children aged 3-7 years. All children attended preschool institutions in five towns of Vojvodina: Novi Sad, Baèka Palanka, Zrenjanin, Sombor, and Sremska Mitrovica. Data were collected for the scientific-research project �Integral development, physical activity, and aberrant behaviour of preschoold children� financed by the Ministry of Science of the Republic of Serbia, and implemented by the Faculty of Sport and Physical Education in Novi Sad.

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Parents were surveyed by a questionnaire SSMAXIP compiled by Ho�ek (2004), of which only a part was used consisting of 7 items, as follows:

1. Father�s education level,

2. Mother�s education level,

3. Father�s knowledge of foreign languages,

4. Mother�s knowledge of foreign languages,

5. Education level of father�s father,

6. Education level of mother�s father,

7. Number of books in the family library.

Evaluation of physical activity was based on the following indicators:

1. During a typical week, how many days is your child physically active?

2. During a typical week, how many days do you encourage your child to do exercises?

3. During a typical week, how many days do you (or another grown-up person at home) participate in physical activity with your child?

4. During a typical week, how many days do you or another family member provide escort or transport of your child to the place where he/she can be physically active or do some sports?

Relations between the two clusters of variables, the former of which had the primary goal to list conclusions in terms of education level of the family and the latter which targeted physical activity, were determined by 2 test.

Results and Discussion

Table 1 presents results obtained by ÷2 test:

Table 1. Realtions between variables obtained by ÷2 test

During a typical week, how many days is your child

physically active?

During a typical week, how many days do you

encourage your child to do exercises? Variable

÷2 df p ÷

2 df p

Father�s education level 64.13 56 .21 80.95 56 .01

Mother�s education level 70.07 56 .09 65.16 56 .18

Father�s knowledge of foreign languages 36.16 28 .13 41.50 28 .04

Mother�s knowledge of foreign languages 43.30 28 .03 33.04 28 .23

Education level of father�s father 44.32 42 .37 48.95 42 .21

Education level of mother�s father 50.40 35 .04 58.38 35 .00

Number of books in home library 51.29 42 .15 46.42 42 .29

Legend: ÷2 � Chi square, df � degrees of freedom, p � significance

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Table 1. (continued).

During a typical week, how many days do you (or another

grown-up person at home) participate in physical activity

with your child?

During a typical week, how many days do you or another family member provide escort

or transport of your child to the place where he/she can be physically active or do some

sports?

Variable

÷2 df p p df p

Father�s education level 95.08 56 .00 .00 56 .00

Mother�s education level 101.05 56 .00 .00 56 .00

Father�s knowledge of foreign languages 42.95 28 .03 .01 28 .01

Mother�s knowledge of foreign languages 42.51 28 .03 .14 28 .14

Education level of father�s father 61.42 42 .02 .01 42 .01

Education level of mother�s father 58.04 35 .00 .12 35 .12

Number of books in home library 57.50 42 .05 .02 42 .02

According to the results obtained by 2 test, as well as based on inspection of contigency tables which have not been presented in this paper due to their length, we have obtained the following results.

Activity of children during a typical week remains within statistically significant relation with mother�s knowledge of foreign languages (p=.03), and with education level of father�s father (p=.04). Analysis of the survey of mothers� knowledge of foreign languages and physical activity of children indicated that mothers who could at least read the text in a foreign language or could actively use a foreign language achieved better results in terms of encouraging their children for physical activity, which means that their children manifested higher level of physical ctivity during a typical week.

Analysis of statistical significance and contingency tables indicate that the children from families in which mother�s father finished secondary school or a handicraft course, did physical activities regularly which is not true of the children whose mother�s father did not go to primary school, post-secondary school or university.

Analysis of the second indicator of physical activity During a typical week, how many days do you encourage your child to do exercises? Also points to the statistical significance in terms of education level of mother�s father (p=.00), as well as father�s education level (p=.01), and the variable of father�s knowledge of foreign languages (p=.04). Considering education level of mother�s father, and according to analysis of contigency tables, it can be noticed that the families in which education level of mother�s father is at the level of secondary school or handicraft course have also more encouraged their grandchildren to do physical activities. The variable of father�s education has shown that fathers with trade school or university qualifications have more encouraged their children to do physical activities than those with the lower level of education. The last indicator related to father�s knowledge of foreign languages has shown that the fathers who could at least read the text in a foreign language or could actively use a foreign language achieved higher values in terms of their children�s physical activity.

The variable, During a typical week, how many days do you (or another grown-up person at home) participate in physical activity with your child?, has indicated statistical significance with indicators of education. Further anlysis of contingency tables indicates that fathers with secondary four-year school qualifications are most devoted to mutual exercising with their children, which is also true of their mothers. Fathers and mothers who could speak or use a foreign language have also been more active in mutual exercising with their children than those who did not have such knowledge. Highest

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engagement in exercising with their grandchildren was that of fathers� fathers with secondary school qualification, which is followed by those with university qualifications, whereas most active mother�s fathers were those with secondary school qualifications. With respect to the number of books in the home library and attitude of parents selected according to such a criterion, it can be noticed that the lowest engagement in mutual exercising with children was manifested by parents who did not have any books or had very few books in their home libraries (less than 25 books). All others are equally engaged in mutual exercising with their children. According to this, we can reach a conclusion that the wealth of home library takes a positive effect on education level of a family, and that it is directly transferred to physical activity of children.

The following indicator of physical activity, which has been analyzed, During a typical week, how many days do you or another family member provide escort or transport of your child to the place where he/she can be physically active or do some sports?, has indicated statistically significant relationship with the variables of: father�s education level (p=.00), mother�s education level (p=.00), father�s knowledge of foreign languages (p=.01), education level of father�s father (p=.01), and number of books in home library (p=.02). Transport to the place where a child can be physically active is mostly organized by fathers with trade school qualifications, mothers with trade school qualifications, fathers with active or passive knowledge of a foreign language, as well as by families whose home library consists of 50-200 books. These indicators of family education lead to a conclusion that the higher the education level, the better their engagement in enabling their children an easy trasport to the place of doing physical activities.

Conclusion

According to analysis of the results obtained in this research, it is possible to reach a general conclusion that the level of family education as a significant factor of total socialisation and education of a child, contributes to a certain extent to motivation, i.e. a child�s engaging in physical activities. Almost a consistent tendency has been detected with respect to the fact that the higher education of mothers (fathers), their knowledge of foreign languages and wealth of home library is in positive correlation with encouraging children to do physical activities and participation of their parents in such an activity. It is interesting that mother�s fathers, possessing secondary school qualifications, better motivate their grandchildren to do physical activities than those with higher level of education. Education of fathers and mothers, as well as the wealth of a home library is in positive correlation with providing favourable conditions for physical activities of children. However, does this mean non-literally that parents are more prepared to provide favourable conditions for exercising of their children than they are willing to exercise together with them?

The above results should be treated as initial indicators only as they are limited by analyzed family (education) variables and by the applied statistical procedures. For more reliable results, it would be necessary to analyze the family education more thoroughly as well as to bring it to relationship with additional aspects of physicalactivity of a child. This research has opened a number of questions related to other family factors (tradition, habits, value orientations, and the like) and their potential relations with sport-physical activity of a child.

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