exercise 43 anatomy of the urinary system. functions of the kidney excretory keeps the electrolyte...
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Exercise 43
Anatomy of the Urinary System
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Functions of the kidney
Excretory Keeps the electrolyte balance Keeps the acid-base balance Keeps the water balance
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Gross anatomy
Kidney The right kidney is in a lower position
than the left. Located at the superior lumbar region
of the dorsal body wall Hilus
Renal artery, vein and ureter
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Figure 25.3
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Gross anatomy
Capsules They hold the kidney in place and also
protect themAdipose capsuleFibrous capsule
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Gross anatomy
CortexSuperficial kidney region immediate
bellow the capsuleLight color
MedullaDarker colorDeep to the cortex
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Gross anatomy
Medullary pyramids• Base• Papilla or apex
Renal columnsCortical tissue between the pyramids
Minor calyces Major calyces
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Gross anatomy
Renal pelvisCavity formed by the joining of the
major calyces and is continuous with the ureter
Blood flow to the kidneysAortaRenal arteriesSegmental arteries (5 branches)Interlobar arteries
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Gross anatomy
Arcuate arteriesInterlobular arteriesAfferent arterioles
• Supply the nephronGlomerulus (capillaries)Efferent arterioles
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Gross anatomy
Peritubular capillaries Interlobular veins Arcuate veins Interlobar veins Renal veins Inferior vena cava
There is no segmental veins
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Gross anatomy
UretersDrain urine from the kidney to the
bladder Bladder
Trigone• 2 ureteral orifices• 1 urethral orifice
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Gross anatomy
Detrusor muscleRugae
Parietal peritoneum
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Gross anatomy Urethra
Drains urine from the bladderMales
• Belongs to the urinary and reproductive systems
• Prostatic, membranous, penile or spongy
Female• Belong to the urinary system only
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Figure 25.18a
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Gross anatomy
Internal urethral sphincter• Smooth muscle• Superior to the external one
External urethral sphincter• Skeletal muscle• Inferior to the internal one
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Microscopic anatomy of the kidney Nephrons
Functional unit of the kidneys Formed by:
1) Glomerulus• Glomerular capsule or Bowman’s
capsule• Visceral layer with podocytes
cells that interdigitate with each other and cling to the endothelial cells. Pedicels
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Microscopic anatomy of the kidney
• Capsular space• Parietal layer
Renal corpuscle Glomerulus + Bowman's
capsule 2) Renal tubules
Proximal convoluted tubules (PCT)• Simple cuboidal epithelium with
microvilli
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Microscopic anatomy of the kidney
Loop of Henle• Descending loop
• Thick filament• Thin filament with simple
squamous epithelium and small number of microvilli
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Microscopic anatomy of the kidney
• Ascending loop• Thick filament• Thin filament - simple
squamous epitheliumDistal convoluted tubule (DCT)
• Simple cuboidal epithelium
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Microscopic anatomy of the kidney
Collecting ductsReceives urine from many nephronsRun through the medullary pyramids
Papillary ductsCollect urine from the collecting
ductsEmpty the urine into the minor
calyces
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Microscopic anatomy of the kidney
Types of nephronsCortical
• Located within the renal cortexJuxtamedullary
• Locted at the cortex-medulla junction
• Loops of Henle penetrate the medulla
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Figure 25.5a
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Microscopic anatomy of the kidney
Renal circulation for the nephronGlomerular capillaries
• It produces the filtrate• It is a high hydrostatic pressure
capillary bed because:• It is fed by 2 arterioles• The afferent arterioles is larger
than the efferent
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Microscopic anatomy of the kidney
Peritubular capillary bed• Low pressure capillaries• Porous walls• Absorbs contents of the filtrate
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Microscopic anatomy of the kidney
In the cortical nephrons the efferent arterioles will form the peritubular capillaries. From there the blood will flow to the vein system
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Microscopic anatomy of the kidney
In the juxtamedullary nephrons, the peritubular capillaries descend immediately into the medulla and give rise to the vasa recta. They run parallel to the loop of Henle and from there the blood will flow to the vein system
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Microscopic anatomy of the kidney
Juxtaglomerular apparatus (JGA)Macula densa
• Specialized epithelial cells of the DCT
Juxtaglomerular cells• Specialized smooth muscle cells
of the wall of the arterioles
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Figure 25.6
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Urine formation
FiltrationFiltrate is forming by the passage of
fluid from the afferent arteriole to the Bowman’s capsule
ReabsorptionOccurs mainly in the PCTIt is passive for water It is active for many substances
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Urine formation
SecretionSubstances pass from the tubular
cells or from the blood to the tubular lumen
It happens mainly on the DCT
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Bladder For urine storage Micturition or voiding Mechanism of micturition
Urine is collected until it reaches 200 ml
Stretching of the bladder wallActivation of the stretching receptorsImpulse is sent through the
parasympathetic fibers
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Bladder
Impulse reaches the CNS CNS sends motor command for the
bladder to contract Relaxation of the internal sphincter Urine passes to the posterior portion of
the urethra Voiding or not (voluntary action)
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Bladder Incontinence
Lack of voluntary control of the external urethral sphincter
MicroscopyTransitional epitheliumDetrusor muscle
• Inner longitudinal layer• Central circular layer• Outer longitudinal layer
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Microscopic Identification
KidneyCortex
• Renal Corpuscle• Glomerulus• Bowman’s capsule and space
MedullaRenal tubules
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Kidney dissection
Whole kidneyHylusCapsule: fibrous and fat
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Kidney dissection
Frontal cutCortexMedulla
• Pyramids• Papilla
ColumnsCalyces: major, minorPelvis
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Cat Dissection
Urinary System Kidneys Ureters Bladder Urethra
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