executive summary on the programme of strategic indicators ... · it is therefore a context...

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Paris, 18 November 2011 Executive Summary on the Programme of Strategic Indicators for the Île-de- France/Paris Region Iuli NASCIMENTO [email protected] Commission 1 – Ecological Regions Programme organised around a Steering Committee chaired by the Vice-President for the Environment, Agriculture and Energy. This has been followed up by interdepartmental work at the IAU-îdF and in collaboration with associated bodies (ARENE, MIPES, Airparif, Ordif, etc.), ADEME and AESN. The programme, which was launched in 2002 at the request of the Regional Council, aimed: - to regionalise international and national indicators to allow for international, inter- and intra- regional comparisons; - to assess sectoral, environmental, economic and social policies; - to lend support to major projects (SDRIF, SRDEI, Ecological Region, Agenda 21 and sectoral plans [PRQA, PREDMA, Regional Strategy for Biodiversity, etc.]); - to create communication, awareness-raising and information tools. Within the framework of the programme on strategic sustainable development indicators, the Île- de-France Region called for the development of a global quality of life and well-being index. 1 This global index incorporates the data concerning the socio-economic or human dimension (quality of society index – IQS) and environmental dimension (environmental quality index – IQE). The IQS encompasses five overarching themes, namely, “Community”, “Equality”, “Wealth”, “Health and Population” and “Knowledge and Culture”. However, for the remainder of the study, we shall only take the IQE into account and put the IQS aside because we are solely interested in how the environment evolves over time in Île-de-France. The IQE comprises six major themes, i.e. “Air and Noise”, “Climate”, “Water”, “Spaces”, “Flora and Fauna” and “Use of Resources”. The indicators that are part of this global index are only available on a given date. It is therefore a context indicator which is used to characterise the 1 Source: IAU-îdF – NASCIMENTO, Iuli, Indicateurs stratégiques de développement durable en Île-de-France, October 2010, p. 136

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Page 1: Executive Summary on the Programme of Strategic Indicators ... · It is therefore a context indicator which is used to characterise the 1 Source: IAU-îdF – NASCIMENTO, Iuli, Indicateurs

Paris, 18 November 2011

Executive Summary on the Programme of Strategic Indicators for the Île-de-France/Paris Region

Iuli NASCIMENTO

[email protected]

Commission 1 – Ecological Regions

Programme organised around a Steering Committee chaired by the Vice-President for the Environment, Agriculture and Energy. This has been followed up by interdepartmental work at the IAU-îdF and in collaboration with associated bodies (ARENE, MIPES, Airparif, Ordif, etc.), ADEME and AESN. The programme, which was launched in 2002 at the request of the Regional Council, aimed: - to regionalise international and national indicators to allow for international, inter- and intra-regional comparisons; - to assess sectoral, environmental, economic and social policies; - to lend support to major projects (SDRIF, SRDEI, Ecological Region, Agenda 21 and sectoral plans [PRQA, PREDMA, Regional Strategy for Biodiversity, etc.]); - to create communication, awareness-raising and information tools. Within the framework of the programme on strategic sustainable development indicators, the Île-de-France Region called for the development of a global quality of life and well-being index.1 This global index incorporates the data concerning the socio-economic or human dimension (quality of society index – IQS) and environmental dimension (environmental quality index – IQE). The IQS encompasses five overarching themes, namely, “Community”, “Equality”, “Wealth”, “Health and Population” and “Knowledge and Culture”. However, for the remainder of the study, we shall only take the IQE into account and put the IQS aside because we are solely interested in how the environment evolves over time in Île-de-France. The IQE comprises six major themes, i.e. “Air and Noise”, “Climate”, “Water”, “Spaces”, “Flora and Fauna” and “Use of Resources”. The indicators that are part of this global index are only available on a given date. It is therefore a context indicator which is used to characterise the

1 Source: IAU-îdF – NASCIMENTO, Iuli, Indicateurs stratégiques de développement durable en Île-de-France, October 2010, p. 136

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quality of a territory’s ecosystem. Once approved by the Region’s entire body of services, it may be employed to compare the quality of ecosystems in French regions. In addition, composite temporal indicators are devised to compare the economic, social and environmental situations in Île-de-France. To do so, the index of economic vitality (IVE) and index of the regional social situation (ISSR)2 were developed. The index of social health draws its inspiration directly from the index calculated in the United States since 1987 by the Miringoff couple (outlined in their book The Social Health of the Nation). In fact, it was these two sociologists that were the first to put forward a composite indicator to measure a state’s social health, in addition to the GDP per capita, which is generally used. In order to collect 16 different variables, they are converted into indicators related to an ideal value corresponding to the best situation experienced by the territory.3 These composite temporal indices aim to compare the evolution of three sustainable development components: the social, economic and environmental dimension. As for the body of the temporal index for the environment (ITE), the structure of the IQE was employed. However, the long data histories for the indicators integrated in the IQE are not always available because environmental issues have only begun to be taken into consideration recently. This is therefore the first difficulty that arises when seeking environment-related data. This programme was implemented in order to meet the request of the Île-de-France Regional Council http://www.iau-idf.fr/fileadmin/Etudes/etude_630/cahier_152_composer_avec_environnement.pdf#pagemode=bookmarks&page=49: 1 – the organisation of a database made available for review and approval by research managers http://www.iau-idf.fr/detail-dune-etude/etude/tableau-dindicateurs-du-developpement-durable-en-ile-d.html; 2 – the environment handbook 2003 (updated 2006) http://www.iau-idf.fr/detail-dune-etude/etude/lenvironnement-en-ile-de-france-1.html; 3 – measurement of the ecological footprint http://www.iau-idf.fr/detail-dune-etude/etude/lempreinte-ecologique-des-habitants-de-la-region-dile.html; 4 – carbon assessment http://www.iau-idf.fr/detail-dune-etude/etude/bilan-carbone-de-la-region-ile-de-france.html; 5 – indicators for the ecological region (table of indicators) http://www.iau-idf.fr/detail-dune-etude/etude/tableau-dindicateurs-du-developpement-durable-en-ile-d.html; 6 – the regionalisation of UNDP indicators: HDI, HPI and WPI http://www.iau-idf.fr/detail-dune-etude/etude/les-indices-synthetiques-du-pnud-idh-iph-ipf-en-reg.html; 7 – the development of an alternative regional human development index (HDI2, updated with 2006 INSEE data, a new update is planned shortly) http://www.iau-idf.fr/detail-dune-etude/etude/actualisation-et-regionalisation-de-lindicateur-de.html; 8 – the development of a temporal regional social situation index (ISSR) http://www.iau-idf.fr/detail-dune-etude/etude/proposition-dun-indice-de-situation-sociale-regional.html; http://www.iau-idf.fr/detail-dune-etude/etude/indice-de-situation-sociale-regional-issr.html; http://www.iau-idf.fr/detail-dune-etude/etude/lindice-de-sante-sociale-dile-de-france-2010.html;

2 Source: MIPES – IAU-îdF, Un indice de situation sociale régional (ISSR) pour la région Île-de-France, June 2009, p. 61 3 Source: MAURIN, Louis, The Social Health of the Nation – Marc Miringoff and Marque-Luisa Miringoff, Alternatives économiques no.187, December 2000, p. 1

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9 – the development of a temporal index of economic vitality (IVE, report under preparation); 10 – the development of a temporal index of environmental quality (ITE); 11 – sustainable development dashboard: the global index of quality of life and well-being (IQS + IQE, a tool for measuring the quality of the regional ecosystem) http://www.iau-idf.fr/inddevdur/. Strategic Composite Indicators Running counter to GDP, increasingly more indicators are being developed, sometimes composites (comprising several indicators or variables), endeavouring to take the social or environmental quality of regions into account. The underlying idea in order to change the direction of certain unsustainable behaviour or policies, is to be able to evaluate the effects. Thus, these new indicators can yield a symbolic contentious effect vis-à-vis GDP by drawing attention to the alternative statistics generated.4 By bringing to light the thoroughly studied or, conversely, neglected issues, the choice of indicators in particular may also point to a certain development choice.5 With regard to the environment, the indicators are not all very recent since two waves of development were observed. In fact, the first wave, which dates back forty years, bore testimony to the establishment of indicators that relate to only one type of pollution each time, such as those related to air quality (nitrogen dioxide, fine particles, ozone, etc.). On the other hand, the second wave, since the 1980s, concerns sets of indicators which take different types of pollution into account. Therefore, the current situation is characterised by the existence of a multitude of indicators at different levels (national, regional and even more local), which are sometimes complementary but also potentially redundant.6 However, it should be noted that only a few indicators yet exist that do not use monetarisation to quantify environmental damage. The majority employ natural asset evaluation methods such as the willingness to pay or willingness to accept payment.7 On an international level, one of the most widely used environmental indicators is the ecological footprint, designed and developed by Mathis Wackernagel. Its principle is to quantify the use of natural resources by converting it into a unit of land area (global hectare), often related to the earth’s surface. Thus, it allows us to estimate “how many planets” it would take for everyone to follow the same lifestyle as the person, territory or business whose ecological footprint is being measured. The OECD also put forward ten key environmental indicators in 2004, each covering a different theme (for instance, climate change, forest resources or biodiversity) and adapted for international use.8 The same organisation also released The Better Life Index9 this year, which is an interactive tool available to all countries: it can be modified by users by way of

4 Source: JANY-CATRICE, Florence, Un indicateur de santé sociale pour les régions françaises: genèse et légitimité, 2010, p. 12 5 Source: NASCIMENTO, Iuli, Évaluation des politiques publiques et indicateurs du développement durable: une relation étroite, Note rapide sur le développement durable no. 385 – IAU-îdF, June 2005, p. 4 6 Source: MAURIN, Michel, Les indicateurs d’impact sur l’environnement et leur approche structurelle, September 2009, p. 35 7 Source: GADREY, Jean, De la croissance au développement : à la recherche d’indicateurs alternatifs, June 2002, p. 24 8 Source: OECD Environment Directorate, Indicateurs clés de l’environnement de l’OCDE, 2004, p. 38 9 http://www.oecdbetterlifeindex.org/

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affording different weightings to each topic. The index covers different aspects of life, from education to housing or health, but only one variable relates to the environment itself. It relates to the concentration of fine particles in the air, which is the only datum measured using the same methodology for all the countries concerned. This clearly shows that a certain number of environmental data are not yet available. In France, various indicators exist. The most widely known are those included in the National Strategy for Sustainable Development 2010-2013 (NSSD) adopted on 27 July 2010 by the Interministerial Committee for Sustainable Development and following the first National Strategy for Sustainable Development 2003-2008.10 The indicators were selected on the basis of nine identified key challenges: 15 headline indicators, 4 context indicators and additional indicators; nevertheless, they are not incorporated into a single composite indicator. In parallel, during a speech on 8 January 2008, Nicolas Sarkozy announced the establishment of a commission (the Stiglitz Commission) in charge of developing alternative indicators for measuring economic and social progress.11 The Stiglitz Commission Report has awakened the interest of local authorities in developing alternative indicators to GDP. Here are some of the main indicators as of today. There are of course many others.

And in Île-de-France? The Programme of Strategic Sustainable Development

Indicators

Île-de-France seeks to become the first European Ecological Region. To accomplish this goal, it has asked the IAU-îdF to put forward a series of new strategic indicators within the framework of the programme of strategic sustainable development indicators. Thus, first of all, a global index of quality of life and well-being (IQVB)12 was devised, which places the values of the community and those of the ecosystem on the same level. It draws its inspiration directly from the method pioneered by Robert Prescott-Allen, author of The Wellbeing of the Nations, which allows numerous indicators concerning human and environmental aspects to be crossed bringing them to an “ideal value” that represents the 100 index on a scale from 0 to 100. The ideal value is often the goal to be achieved defined by regulation or an arbitrary maximum value. The global index for Île-de-France therefore includes data regarding the socio-economic or human aspect (quality of society index – IQS) and the environmental aspect (environmental quality index – IQE). The IQS encompasses five main themes, namely, “Community”, “Equality”, “Wealth”, “Health and Population” and “Knowledge and Culture”. The IQE comprises six major themes, i.e. “Air and Noise”, “Climate”, “Water”, “Spaces” (on the risks and use of space), “Flora and Fauna”

10 Source: Interministerial Committee for Sustainable Development, Stratégie nationale de développement durable 2010-2013 – Vers une économie verte et équitable, 27 July 2010, p. 58 11 Source: STIGLITZ, Joseph E.; SEN, Amartya; FITOUSSI, Jean-Paul, CMPEPS-Note problématique, 25 July 2008, p. 43 12 Source: IAU-îdF – NASCIMENTO, Iuli, Indicateurs stratégiques de développement durable en Île-de-France, October 2010, p. 136

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(also including habitats) and “Use of Resources” (agriculture, waste and energy). Forty-three different indicators are grouped under environmental topics. The indicators which are part of this global index are only available on a given date. It is therefore a context indicator which is used to characterise the quality of a territory’s ecosystem. Once approved by the Region’s entire body of services, it may be employed to compare the quality of ecosystems in French regions. The goal of this global index of quality of life and well-being is therefore to measure the level of quality of the regional ecosystem and not its evolution, and to compare it to that of other regions. In addition, three composite temporal indicators must be developed to compare the economic, social and environmental situations in Île-de-France. The measurement method applied to these indices draws its inspiration directly from the method used by the Miringoff couple in the United States since 1987 (outlined in their book The Social Health of the Nation). In fact, it was these two sociologists that were the first to put forward a composite indicator to assess a state’s social health, in order to put the unique and widespread use of GDP per capita into perspective. In order to collect 16 different variables, they were converted into indicators related to an ideal value corresponding to the best situation experienced by the territory over a given period,13 thanks to the method of comparative temporal normalisation. For Île-de-France, two indices have already been developed. The index of regional social health (ISSR),14 developed at the request and in conjunction with the Information Mission on Poverty and Social Exclusion in Île-de-France (MIPES),15 brings together 12 variables on various issues such as health, employment, income and housing. The index of economic vitality (IVE) comprises 17 variables concerning, for instance, the labour market, housing and innovation, and covers the period from 1996 to 2008. With the idea of creating three indicators which allow the evolution of the main pillars of sustainable development to be compared, the latter born from the Île-de-France indicators, will hence be the temporal index of environmental quality (ITE). In fact, these three pillars are inextricably linked to ensure the sustainability of development and an improvement in one must be accompanied by an improvement in the other two.16 Thus, the goal of ITE, and other temporal indices, is two-fold. It acts as a “alarm system” to alert politicians in the event of deterioration of the global index but also, thanks to a study at a second level, it identifies which component (here, the environmental, social or economic facet) is responsible for this worsening.

13 Source: MAURIN, Louis, The Social Health of the Nation – Marc Miringoff and Marque-Luisa Miringoff, Alternatives économiques no. 187, December 2000, p. 1 14 Source: MIPES – IAU-îdF, Un indice de situation sociale régional (ISSR) pour la région Île-de-France, June 2009, p. 61 15 The Mission of Information on Poverty and Social Exclusion (MIPES) was established at the initiative of the State and the Region in 2001. 16 Source: BOVAR, Odile, NIRASCOU Françoise, Des indicateurs du développement durable pour les territoires, La Revue SOeS, January 2010, pp. 43-54

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Comparison with the Two Other Temporal Indices The aim of these temporal composite indicators is to compare the evolution of the three main components (social, economic and environmental) of sustainable development. Here is a remainder of the constituent variables of the other two indices (IVE and ISSR).

The Constituent Variables of the Regional Social Health Index

Please note that the ISSR is calculated with a coefficient of 1 for each variable and not for each theme. Table 1: List of variables of the ISSR

Theme Variables

Health 1. Premature mortality (deaths of men under 65 years of age) 2. Incidence of tuberculosis

Housing 1. Evictions 2. Composite index of housing costs17

Education 1. School dropouts (dropout rate without qualifications)

Employment 1. Rate of long-term unemployment 2. Rate of precarious work

Income and minimum social benefits

1. Rate of poverty below 60% of the median income 2. Population covered by the RMI or API (minimum integration income or lone

parent allowance) 3. Recipients of the minimum old-age pension

Territory 1. Gini index Overindebtedness 1. Rate of overindebtedness

The Constituent Variables of the Index of Economic Vitality

The IVE is measured by first calculating the average for each category, which is possible because the categories each have a balanced number of variables. Table 2: List of IVE variables

Themes Variables

Population, Wealth

1. Proportion of population aged 20 to 59 2. Evolution of GDP per capita 3. Growth rate of median income/fiscal income 4. Growth rate of fiscal capacity per capita

Labour Market, Skills

1. Employment rate 2. Unemployment rate 3. Proportion of long-term jobseekers (DEFM) 4. Proportion of unqualified active population 5. Proportion of researchers (public + private) in employment

Businesses, Innovation

1. Rate of business start-ups 2. Business failure rate 3. Business investment rate 4. Proportion of internal expenditure on R+D in GDP

Attractiveness, Housing

1. Evolution of number of jobs linked to direct investment abroad 2. Offices: deliveries/stock 3. Evolution of hotel occupancy 4. Evolution of number of exhibitors (professional meetings and trade

shows)

17 The composite index of housing costs is measured by calculating the average of the indices of the selling price per square metre of old apartments in Île-de-France and the price of housing per square metre in the private sector in the Greater Paris Area.

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Hereinafter, the present ISSR: This ISSR acts as a barometer of the social situation in Île-de-France (method of relative temporal normalisation): MIPES / IAU-îdF18 Figure 1: Evolution of the ISSR (2008 Update)

Comparative Evolution of the Three Temporal Indices

A first comparison of the temporal index of environmental quality (ITE) with the two existing indices (ISSR and IVE) can already be made. To do so, we must first harmonise the scales of the three indices. However, the last version of the social index was calculated according to another method: relative temporal normalisation,19 which was not employed for the other two indices because it is much more difficult to comprehend for the general public, regardless of greater statistical rigour. Thus, without adaptation, we cannot compare this index with IVE and ITE as has been requested in the control of the region. This is why, to allow for comparison at this stage of the study, a base 100 index of social health has been recalculated according to the raw data already collected. The data used to recalculate the base 100 ISSR are exactly the same as those used for the ISSR (below), only the measurement method changes (method of comparative temporal normalisation rather than the method of relative temporal normalisation). The only variables taken into consideration are those that have been approved by the MIPES Steering Committee. The ISSR acts as a barometer of the regional social situation and will always be used in the context.

Table 3: List of ITE indicators Themes  Variables 

Air and Noise

1. PM10 concentration (background level) 2. NO2 concentration (background level) 3. O3 concentration (background level) 4. NO2 concentration (proximity level to road traffic) 5. Aircrafts: Number of commercial aircraft movements

Climate and Transport 1. The national road freight to and from Île-de-France 2. Kilometres travelled in public transport (all means combined)

18 Source: Mariette Sagot, MIPES, IAU- îdF, Un indice de situation sociale régional (ISSR) pour la région Ile-de-France, June 2009, p. 61 19 The method of relative temporal normalisation allows more impact to be given to a variable on the evolution of the composite index as its relative variation is strong over the period. Thus, for each year, the value of the indicator is calculated as follows: (minimum observed value - observed value) / (average of observed values).

0,0

5,0

10,0

15,0

20,0

25,0

1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008

Actualisation 2008

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3. Wood and forest surface area

Water

1. Proportion of bodies of water with nitrate classified as “mediocre” or “poor” quality

2. Proportion of surveillance points of fresh water for bathing classified as class A (good quality)

Space and Risks

1. Use of natural and agricultural spaces 2. Total number of technological accidents 3. Municipalities affected by a natural disaster declaration related to flooding

through overflowing, run-off and mudflow (excluding storm of 1999) 4. Municipalities affected by a natural disaster declaration related to

underground and surface movements and differential settlements (drought)

Flora and Fauna

1. Proportion of water courses with a good or very good standardised global biological index (IBGN)

2. Banalisation rate of common bird communities

Use of Resources

1. Part of the actively used farmland dedicated to certified organic agriculture (not including conversion)

2. Delivery of mineral fertilisers (N+P+K) 3. Household and similar waste managed in the framework of public service 4. Proportion of household waste collected selectively (packaging, newspapers,

magazines / glass / bulky / bio-waste, green waste) 5. Final energy consumption per capita 6. Dependency rate of the region in quarry materials

Figure 2: Comparison of the ISSR, IVE and ITE (Evolution of the Three Indices)

At the beginning of the period (until about 2002), the index of economic vitality and temporal index of environmental quality seem to follow an inverse progression. In fact, and this is an expected outcome, when the economic situation improves, the environmental situation worsens, slightly delayed in time, as a result of increased pollution. However, as from 2004, the two indices have improved together. This phenomenon may be linked to the growing awareness for the need to protect the environment through new regulations and taking this into account within businesses.

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

1997

1998

1999

2000

2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

Evolution des trois indices

Indice de santé sociale régional Indice de vitalité économique Indice temporel de l'environnement

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However, the social situation, yet at a good level at the beginning of the period, deteriorated consistently until 2007 despite a recovery in 2008 which the effects of the recession have eased since 2009.

Tableau : Mode calculatoire et indicateurs utilisés dans l’IDH - PNUD

Dimensions du développement humain

Indicateurs choisis Valeur mini

Valeur maxi

Mode calculatoire des sous-indices (entre 0 et 1)

Mode calculatoire

des indices (entre 0

et 1)

1. Santé Espérance de vie à la naissance

25 ans 85 ans Indice santé =

(espérance de vie –

25) / (85 – 25)

2. Education Taux d’alphabétisation des adultes (1/3)

0 % 100 % Indice d’alphabétisation = Taux d’alphabétisation des adultes / 100

Indice éducation =

2/3 (indice

alphabétisation) + 1/3

(indice scolarisation)

Taux Brut de Scolarisation (2/3)

0 % 100 % Indice de scolarisation = Taux brut de scolarisation / 100

3. Revenus PIB/hab (PPA) 100 US$

40 000 US$

Indice niveau de vie

=

[log (PIB/hab) – log

(100)] / [log (40.000)

– log (100)]

La valeur de l’IDH est la moyenne des indices obtenus pour chacune des trois dimensions :

IDH = (indice santé + indice éducation + indice revenus) / 3

Tableau : Mode calculatoire et indicateurs utilisés dans l’IDH-2

Dimensions du

développement

humain

Indicateurs choisis Valeur

plancher

Valeur

plafond

Mode calculatoire des indices (entre

0 et 1)

1. Santé Espérance de vie à

la naissance

70 ans 90 ans Indice santé =

(valeur– 70) / (90– 70)

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2. Éducation % pop.>15 ans

sortie du système

scolaire et diplômée

70 % 100 % Indice éducation = (Valeur– 70) / (100-

70)

3. Revenu Revenu imposable

médian des

ménages par unité

de consommation

5 000 €

40 000 € Indice revenus =

[log (valeur) – log (5000)] / [log

(40.000) – log (5000)]

Lavaleurdel’IDHestlamoyennedesindicesobtenuspourchacunedestroisdimensions:IDH‐2=(indicesanté+indiceéducation+indicerevenus)/3 L’actualisation de l’IDH2 a été réalisée avec les données du recensement de 2006.

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Une actualisation est en cours avec les données du recensement de 2008. L’éditiion est prévues pour décembre 2008. Par ailleurs, trois indicateurs temporels synthétiques devraient être bâtis pour mettre en regard les situations économique, sociale et environnementale d’Île-de-France. La méthode de calcul appliquée à ces indices est directement inspirée de celle utilisée dès 1987 par les époux Miringoff pour les États-Unis (présenté dans leur livre The Social Health of the Nation). Ces deux sociologues sont en effet les premiers à proposer un indicateur composite pour évaluer la santé sociale d’un territoire, afin de relativiser l’usage unique et généralisé du PIB/habitant. Pour rassembler 16 variables différentes, ils les ont ainsi converties en indicateurs rapportés à une valeur idéale correspondant à la meilleure situation qu’a connue le territoire pour une période donnée20, grâce à la méthode de normalisation comparative temporelle. Pour l’Île-de-France, deux indices sont donc déjà bâtis. L’indice de santé sociale régional (ISSR)21, développé à la demande et en collaboration avec la Mission d’information sur la pauvreté et l’exclusion sociale en Île-de-France (Mipes22), regroupe 12 variables sur divers thèmes comme la santé, l’emploi et les revenus ou le logement.

20Source : MAURIN Louis, The Social Health of the Nation – Marc Miringoff et Marque-Luisa Miringoff, Alternatives économiques n°187, Décembre 2000, 1 p. 21 Source : MIPES, IAU-îdF, Un indice de situation sociale régional (ISSR) pour la région Île-de-France, juin 2009, 61 p. 22 La Mission d’Information sur la Pauvreté et l’Exclusion Sociale (MIPES) a été créée à l’initiative de l’Etat et de la Région en 2001.

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L’indice de vitalité économique (IVE), quant à lui, regroupe 17 variables concernant par exemple le marché du travail, l’immobilier ou l’innovation et s’étend sur la période allant de 1996 à 2008. Avec l’idée de créer trois indicateurs permettant de comparer les évolutions des principaux piliers du développement durable, le dernier né des indicateurs franciliens sera donc l’indice temporel de l’environnement (ITE). En effet, ces trois piliers sont indissociables pour assurer la durabilité du développement et une amélioration de l’un doit s’accompagner d’une amélioration des deux autres.23 Ainsi, l’objectif de l’ITE, et des autres indices temporels, est double. Il s’agit à la fois de servir de « système d’alarme » pour alerter les politiques en cas de dégradation de l’indice global, mais aussi, grâce à une étude à un deuxième niveau, d’identifier quelle composante (ici, de l’environnement ou du social et de l’économie) est responsable de cette dégradation. Comparaison avec les deux autres indices temporels L’objectif de ces indicateurs synthétiques temporels est de comparer les évolutions des trois principales composantes (sociale, économique et environnementale) du développement durable. Voici un rappel des variables constitutives des deux autres indices (IVE et ISSR).

Les variables constitutives l’Indice de santé sociale régional

Il faut noter que l’ISSR est calculé avec un coefficient de 1 pour chaque variable et non pour chaque thème. Tableau 1 : Liste des variables de l'ISSR

Thème Variable Santé 3. Mortalité prématurée (décès pour des hommes de moins de 65 ans)

4. Incidence de la tuberculose Logement 3. Expulsions locatives

4. Indice synthétique de coût du logement24 Scolarité 2. Échec scolaire (taux de sortie sans qualification) Emploi

3. Taux de chômage de longue durée 4. Taux d’emplois précaires

Revenus et minima sociaux

4. Taux de pauvreté au seuil de 60 % de la médiane des revenus 5. Population couverte par le RMI ou l’API 6. Allocataires du minimum vieillesse

Territoire 2. Indice de Gini Surendettement 2. Taux de surendettement

Les variables constitutives de l’Indice de vitalité économique

L’IVE est calculé en réalisant d’abord la moyenne pour chaque catégorie, ce qui est possible car les catégories ont chacune un nombre de variables équilibré.

23 Source : BOVAR Odile, NIRASCOU Françoise, Des indicateurs du développement durable pour les territoires, La Revue SOeS, Janvier 2010, pp. 43-54 24 L’indice synthétique de coût du logement est calculé en effectuant la moyenne des indices du prix de vente au m² des appartements anciens en Île-de-France et du prix du loyer au m² du secteur privé de l’agglomération parisienne.

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Tableau 2 : Liste des variables de l'IVE

Thème Variables

Population, richesse

5. Part de la population âgée de 20 à 59 ans 6. Évolution du PIB/habitant 7. Taux de croissance du revenu moyen/foyer fiscal 8. Taux de croissance du potentiel fiscal/hab.

Marché du travail, Compétences

6. Taux d’emploi 7. Taux de chômage 8. Part des demandeurs d’emploi (DEFM) de longue durée 9. Part des actifs non diplômés 10. Part des chercheurs (public + privé) dans l’emploi

Entreprises, Innovation

5. Taux de créations d'entreprises 6. Taux de défaillances 7. Taux d'investissement des entreprises 8. Part des dépenses intérieures de recherche et développement dans

le PIB Attractivité, Immobilier

5. Évolution du nombre d’emplois liés à des investissements directs à l’étranger

6. Bureaux : livraisons/stock 7. Évolution de la fréquentation hôtelière 8. Évolution du nombre d’exposants (rencontres professionnelles et

salons)

Ci-après, l’ISSR actuel : Cet ISSR sert de baromètre de la situation sociale en Île-de-France (méthode de normalisation temporelle relative) : Mipes / IAU-îdF25 Figure 1 : Évolution de l'ISSR

Évolution comparée des trois indices temporels

Une première comparaison de l’indice temporel de l’environnement (ITE) avec les deux autres indices existants (ISSR et IVE) peut donc déjà être faite. Pour cela, il faut avant tout harmoniser les échelles des trois indices. Or, la dernière version de l’indice social a été calculée selon une autre méthode : la normalisation temporelle relative26, qui n’a pas été utilisée pour les deux autres indices car elle est bien plus

25 Source : Mariette Sagot, MIPES, IAU- îdF, Un indice de situation sociale régional (ISSR) pour la région Ile-de-France, Juin 2009, 61 p. 26 La méthode de normalisation temporelle relative permet de donner d’autant plus d’impact à une variable sur l’évolution de l’indice synthétique que sa variation relative est forte sur la période. Ainsi, pour chaque année, la valeur de l’indicateur est calculée de la manière suivante : (valeur minimale observée – valeur observée) / (moyenne des valeurs observées)

0,0

5,0

10,0

15,0

20,0

25,0

1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008

Actualisation 2008

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compliquée à comprendre pour le grand public, malgré une rigueur statistique plus importante. Ainsi, sans adaptation, nous ne pouvons mettre en regard cet indice avec l’IVE et l’ITE comme il a été demandé dans la commande de la Région. C’est pourquoi, pour permettre une comparaison à cette étape de l’étude, un indice de santé sociale en base 100 a été recalculé selon les données brutes déjà collectées. Les données utilisées pour calculer à nouveau l’ISSR en base 100 sont exactement les mêmes que celles utilisées pour l’ISSR (ci-dessous), seule la méthode de calcul change (méthode de normalisation comparative temporelle à la place de la méthode de normalisation temporelle relative). Les seules variables prises en compte sont celles qui ont été validées par le comité de pilotage de la MIPES. L’ISSR d’origine sert de baromètre de la situation sociale régionale et sera toujours utilisé dans ce cadre. Tableau 3 : Liste des indicateurs de l'ITE

Thèmes  Variables 

Air et bruit

6. Concentration en PM10 (niveau de fond) 7. Concentration en NO2 (niveau de fond) 8. Concentration en O3 (niveau de fond) 9. Concentration en NO2 (niveau proximité du trafic routier) 10. Avions : Nombre de mouvements d’appareils commerciaux

Climat et transport

4. Le fret routier national à destination ou au départ de l'Île-de-France 5. Kilomètres parcourus dans les transports en commun (tous modes

confondus) 6. Surface en bois et forêts

Eau

3. Part des points d'eau qualifiés en nitrate de qualité « médiocre » ou « mauvaise »

4. Part des points de surveillance d'eau douce pour la baignade de classe A (bonne qualité)

Espace et Risques

5. Consommation d’espaces naturels et agricoles. 6. Nombre total d'accidents technologiques 7. Communes concernées par un arrêté de catastrophe naturelle relatif aux

inondations par débordement et par ruissellement et coulée de boue (hors tempête de 1999)

8. Communes concernées par un arrêté de catastrophe naturelle relatif aux mouvements de terrain souterrains et surfaciques et tassements différentiels (sécheresse)

Faune et flore

3. Part des cours d'eau avec un indice biologique global normalisé (IBGN) bon ou très bon

4. Taux de banalisation des communautés d’oiseaux communs

Utilisation des ressources

7. Part de la SAU consacrée à l'agriculture certifiée biologique (non compris conversion)

8. Livraison d'engrais minéraux (N+P+K) 9. Déchets ménagers et assimilés gérés dans le cadre du service public 10. Part des déchets ménagers collectés sélectivement (emballages, journaux,

magazines / verre / encombrants / bio-déchets, déchets verts) 11. Consommation finale d'énergie par habitant 12. Taux de dépendance de la région en matériaux de carrières

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Figure 2 : Comparaison de l'ISSR, l'IVE et l'ITE

Au début de la période (jusqu’en 2002 environ), l’indice de vitalité économique et l’indice temporel de l’environnement semblent suivre une progression inverse. En effet, et c’est un résultat attendu, lorsque la situation économique s’améliore, la situation environnementale se dégrade, de manière légèrement décalée, du fait de l’augmentation des pollutions. Mais à partir de 2004, les deux indices s’améliorent conjointement. Ce phénomène peut être lié à la prise de conscience de la nécessité de protéger l’environnement par de nouvelles réglementations et d’en tenir compte au sein des entreprises. En revanche, la situation sociale, pourtant à un bon niveau en début de période, s’est dégradée de manière plus durable jusqu’en 2007 malgré une reprise en 2008 que les effets de la crise ont atténuée dès 2009.

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

1997

1998

1999

2000

2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

Evolution des trois indices

Indice de santé sociale régional Indice de vitalité économique Indice temporel de l'environnement

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Graphique 2 : Évolution des indicateurs composants l’ITE par période 1998/2009

0

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30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

1997

1998

1999

2000

2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

Evolution des trois indices (sans PIB)

Indice de santé sociale régional Indice de vitalité économique (sans PIB)

Indice temporel de l'environnement

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‐100 ‐50 0 50 100

ITE

dépendance en matériaux

conso d'énergie

tri séléctif

DMA

engrais minéraux

agriculture biologique

oiseaux communs

IBGN

mouvements de terrain

inondations

accidents technologiques

consommation d'espace

eau de baignade

eau et nitrates

bois et forêts

transports en communs

fret routier

mouvements d'avions

NO2 (trafic)

O3

NO2

PM10 

Bilan 1998‐2009