executive summary of study on safe habits in the use of ict by children and adolescents and etrust...

8/7/2019 Executive Summary of Study on Safe Habits in the Use of Ict by Children and Adolescents and Etrust of Their Parents

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LkuwlwpwhKdelhkdig`WèkhihndugìdEhcpkledelk

Uwpg| hk udb` adolwu lk wa` pu`

hb LEW o| ealigr`k dkg

dghiùe`kwu dkg `#wrpuw hb wa`lr}dr`kwu

HOU@_RDWH_LH G@ ID U@NP_LGDG G@ ID LKBH_CDELK

LKBH_CDWLHK U@EP_LW\ HOU@_RDWH_\


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Uwpg| hk udb` adolwu lk wa` pu` hb LEW o| ealigr`k dkg dghi`ue`kwu dkg `#wrpuw hb wa`lr }dr`kwu

@glwlhk6 Cdrea ?==4
http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/2.5/es/http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/2.5/es/


3/171


LKG@Q

LKG@Q 5J@\ ]HLKWU +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++4+4 ]rù`kwdwlhk+++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++4>

4+4+4 Lkuwlwpwh Kdelhkdi g` Wèkhihndu g` id Ehcpkledelk !LKW@EH, ++++++++++++++++4>4+4+? Hou`rdwhrlh g` id U`nprlgdg g` id Lkbhrcdelk++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++4>

4+? Uwpg| hk udb` adolwu lk wa` pu` hb LEW o| ealigr`k dkg dghiùe`kwu dkg `#wrpuw hbwa`lr }dr`kwu +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++41

4+?+4 Ehkw`qw dkg wlcìlkùu hb wa` uwpg| +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++414+?+? H`rdii nhdi++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++?=4+?+5 Uèhkgdr| nhdiu ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++?=4+?+7 U}èlble nhdiu+++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++?4

? C@WAHGHIHNLEDI G@ULNK ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++?5?+4 Ghepc`kwdr| u`drea dkg dkdi|ulu+++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++?5?+? Wèakledi du}èwu hb wa` tpdilwdwl` }adu 6 Lkw`rl`~u ~lwa `q}`rwu++++++++++++++++++?0?+5 Wèakledi du}èwu hb wa` tpdkwlwdwl` }adu`6 Lkw`rl`~u ~lwa bdclil u +++++++++++++++?2

?+5+4 Wdrn`w pkl`ru` hb wa` uwpg| dkg h}lklhkdwhru+++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++?2

Uwpg| hk udb` adolwu lk wa` pu` hb LEW o| ealigr`k dkg dghiùe`kwu dkg `#wrpuw hb wa`lr }dr`kwuHou`rdwhrlh g` id U`nprlgdg g` id Lkbhrcdelk !Lkbhrcdwlhk Uèprlw| Hou`rdwhr|, ]dn` 5 hb 4>4


4/171


?+5+? Udc}i` ulv` dkg gluwrlopwlhk++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++?2?+5+5 ]hiilkn w`eakltp` dkg lkbhrc`g ehku`kw ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++?1?+5+7 Udc}ilkn `rrhr++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++?


5/171


0+?+4 Bdclildrlw| ~lwa pulkn wa` choli` wì`}ahk` +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++000+?+? U`rleù pu`g+++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++0>0+?+5 Lkw`kulw| hb pu`+++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++010+?+7 I`ì hb dbblklw| +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++2=

0+5 Rlg`hndc` pudn` adolwu +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++240+5+4 Bdclildrlw| ~lwa wa` pu` hb lg`hndcù++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++2?0+5+? Lkw`kulw| hb pu`+++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++200+5+5 I`ì hb dbblklw| +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++2>

2 _LUJU BDE@G O\ EALIG_@K A@K PULKN WA@ LEW ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++2=2+? @qeùul` pu` dkg dgglewlhk++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++>52+5 Rlhidwlhk hb lkwìièwpdi }rh}`rw| rlnawu +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++>02+7 Deeùu wh lkd}}rh}rldw` ehkw`kw+++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++>02+0 Lkw`rdewlhk ~lwa) dkg uwdijlkn o|) hwa`r }`ruhku dkg e|o`ropii|lkn++++++++++++++++++++>>2+2 U`qpdi adrduuc`kw hr nrhhclkn++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++>12+> War`dwu wh }rlde| ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++>+4 _`dewlhk hb }dr`kwu wh rluj lkelg`kwu ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++17>+? _`dewlhk hb wa` ealigr`k wh rluj lkelg`kwu +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++12

1 U@EP_LW\ C@DUP_@U DKG WHHIU++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++11

1+4

Lkw`rk`w+++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++


6/171


1+4+? U`eprlw| whhiu hk wa` ealigu ehc}pw`r++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++


7/171


4?+? Ah~ uahpig wa` dkdi|ulu hb `dea hb wa` rluju o` lkw`r}r`w`g++++++++++++++++++++++++++++45=4?+5 @qeùul` pu` dkg dgglewlhk++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++454

4?+5+4 Jkh~i`gn` +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++4544?+5+? Nrdlw| }`re`l`g o| wa` }dr`kwu +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++45?4?+5+5 Lkelg`ke`++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++455

4?+7 Rlhidwlhk hb lkwìièwpdi }rh}`rw| rlnawu +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++4524?+7+4 Jkh~i`gn` +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++4524?+7+? Nrdlw| }`re`l`g o| wa` }dr`kwu +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++4524?+7+5 Lkelg`ke`++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++45>

4?+0 Deeùu wh lkd}}rh}rldw` ehkw`kw+++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++47=4?+0+4 Jkh~i`gn` +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++47=4?+0+? Nrdlw| }`re`l`g o| wa` }dr`kwu +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++47?4?+0+5 Lkelg`ke`++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++475

4?+2 Lkw`rdewlhk ~lwa) dkg uwdijlkn o|) hwa`r }`ruhku dkg e|o`ropii|lkn++++++++++++++++++4704?+2+4 Jkh~i`gn` +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++4704?+2+? Nrdlw| }`re`l`g o| wa` }dr`kwu +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++4724?+2+5 Lkelg`ke`++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++47>

4?+> U`qpdi adrduuc`kw hr nrhhclkn++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++47+4 Jkh~i`gn` +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++47+? Nrdlw| }`re`l`g o| wa` }dr`kwu +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++40=4?+>+5 Lkelg`ke`++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++404

4?+1 War`dwu wh }rlde| ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++405

4?+1+4

Jkh~i`gn` +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++405

4?+1+? Nrdlw| }`re`l`g o| wa` }dr`kwu +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++407Uwpg| hk udb` adolwu lk wa` pu` hb LEW o| ealigr`k dkg dghiùe`kwu dkg `#wrpuw hb wa`lr }dr`kwuHou`rdwhrlh g` id U`nprlgdg g` id Lkbhrcdelk !Lkbhrcdwlhk Uèprlw| Hou`rdwhr|, ]dn` > hb 4>4


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4?+1+5 Lkelg`ke`++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++400 4?+


9/171


J@\ ]HLKWU

Ealigr`k dr` kh~ ohrk lcc`ru`g lk wa` Lkbhrcdwlhk Uhel`w|: wa`| wa`r`bhr` `corde` lw lk dbpii| kdwprdi cdkk`r) dewlì| }drwlel}dwlkn wh wdj` wa` oùw dgdkwdn` hb lwu }huulolilwlù bhr

ehccpkledwlkn dkg uheldilulkn+ Lk }drdiiì ~lwa walu dgdke` lk wa` Lkbhrcdwlhk dkg

Ehccpkledwlhk Wèakhihnlù) k`~ ulwpdwlhku dr` ehkuwdkwi| drlulkn ~alea ehpig }hu`

rluju bhr hpr |hpknuw`ru+

Walu uwpg| }rhlgù d gldnkhulu hb wa` adolwu dgh}w`g o| ealigr`k ~a`k pulkn LEW6 wa`lr

d~dr`kùu hb wa` rluju) wa`lr r`dewlhk wh wa`c dkg wa` adolwu hr uèprlw| c`duprù wa`|

dgh}w ~a`k pulkn LEW+ Wa` w~hbhig dkdi|ulu lu pkg`rwdj`k brhc wa` l`~}hlkw hb ohwa wa`

ealig dkg wa` bdwa`r hr chwa`r) du wa` ùu`kwldi dn`kw lk wa` ealigu `gpedwlhk) bhuw`rlknd~dr`kùu dkg }r``kwlhk+

â`k }r`}drlkn wa` uwpg|) lw ~du gèlg`g wh pu` d c`wahghihn| odu`g hk d ehcolkdwlhk

hb tpdilwdwl` dkg tpdkwlwdwl` wèakltpù+ Wa` tpdilwdwl` dkdi|ulu lkeipg`g lk#g`}wa

lkw`rl`~u ~lwa 52 `q}`rwu !}rhbùulhkdiu dkg lkuwlwpwlhku, brhc w`k glbb`r`kw blìgu hb

jkh~i`gn`+ Hk wa` hwa`r adkg) wa` tpdkwlwdwl` dkdi|ulu `kwdli`g edrr|lkn hpw 4)?0=

upr`|u) 2?0 hk ealigr`k dn`g 4= wh 42 dkg 2?0 hk hk` hb wa`lr i`ndi npdrgldku6 wa` bdwa`r

hr chwa`r+

Walu ~du dii gùlnk`g wh ndwa`r lkbhrcdwlhk lk hrg`r wh bhrcpidw` rèhcc`kgdwlhku bhrdewlhk) ~lwa d l`~ wh `gpedwlkn) wrdlklkn dkg rdlulkn d~dr`kùu dchkn hpr |hpknuw`ru

r`ndrglkn wa` lc}hrwdke` hb uprblkn wa` K`w ~lwahpw rluju+

Lw lu ~hrwa }hlkwlkn hpw wadw wa` uwpg| gdwd dr` odu`g hk wa` }`re`}wlhk hb wahu` upr`|`g

dkg) du d rùpiw) cd| o` wdlkw`g ~lwa wa` oldu lc}ilelw lk dk| rùpiw odu`g hk d }hii hr

upr`|+ Wa` u}èldi u`kulwllw| hb e`rwdlk luupù `kwdlilkn du wa`| gh i`ndi ehkkhwdwlhku

!`+n+ lii`ndi gh~kihdgu, hr uheldi wdohhu !upea du deeùulkn ehkw`kwu hb d u`qpdi kdwpr`,

cd| gluwhrw wa` `rdelw| hb wa` r`}ilù wh d e`rwdlk g`nr``+ Wa` r`dg`r uahpig o`dr walu lk

clkg ~a`k lw ehcù wh grd~lkn ehkeipulhku+

Uwpg| hk udb` adolwu lk wa` pu` hb LEW o| ealigr`k dkg dghiùe`kwu dkg `#wrpuw hb wa`lr }dr`kwuHou`rdwhrlh g` id U`nprlgdg g` id Lkbhrcdelk !Lkbhrcdwlhk Uèprlw| Hou`rdwhr|, ]dn` < hb 4>4

Wa` cdrnlk hb `rrhr lu 7+=% bhr }3t3=+0 dkg ~lwa d ehkblg`ke` i`ì hb


10/171


11/171



hr iluw`klkn wh cpule+ Lkw`rk`w lu d bpkgdc`kwdi whhi bhr r`dbblrclkn wa`lr uheldi

rìdwlhku dkg wa`lr lg`kwlw|+ Lk bdew) >0% hb wa` oh|u dkg nlriu upr`|`g gèidr` wadw

wa`| ilj` Lkw`rk`w d ihw hr tplw` d olw chr` wadk hwa`r walknu+

LL Ahpuàhigu ~lwa ealigr`k dr` dg`tpdwì| u`r`g ~lwa LEW `tpl}c`kw

Wa` chuw br`tp`kw ì`c`kwu lk ahpuàhigu ~lwa ealigr`k ~lwa d }rdewledii| pkl`rudi

}rù`ke` dr` choli` wì`}ahkù) }`ruhkdi gùjwh} ehc}pw`ru dkg GRG }id|`ru+ Waù`

dr` bhiih~`g o| g`leù ilj` glnlwdi edc`rdu hr }rlkw`ru+ Wa`r` lu chr` wadk hk` ehc}pw`r

lk `dea ahc`6 4+5 hk d`rdn`+

Wa` ehc}pw`ru pu`g o| ealigr`k dr` ~ìi `tpl}}`g dkg ulwpdw`g lk d ehcchk dr`d hb wa`

ahpu`) ~alea bdelilwdwù wa` }dr`kwu `q`relulkn d e`rwdlk g`nr`` hb ehkwrhi h`r wa`lr pu`)

wlc` u}`kw uprblkn wa` ^ò hr deeùu wh e`rwdlk ehkw`kwu+

Lk walu u`ku`) hk` hb wa` ehkeipulhku hb wa` Uwpg| hk Ealigahhg dkg Dghiùe`ke` lk wa`

Lkbhrcdwlhk Uhel`w|4 ~du wa` bhiih~lkn6 /lk ahpuàhigu ~lwa ealigr`k) wa`r` lu dk doh`#

d`rdn` }rù`ke` hb LEW `tpl}c`kw dkg }`k`wrdwlhk hb u`rleù !,+ Ahpuàhigu ~lwa

ealigr`k r``di d ed}delw| bhr dewlkn du d grllkn bhre` ohhuwlkn wa` g`ìh}c`kw hb wa`

Lkbhrcdwlhk Uhel`w|/+ Wa`r`bhr`) walu elrepcuwdke` cpuw o` wdj`k lkwh deehpkw dkg bpii

dgdkwdn` wdj`k hb wa` }hw`kwldi ealigr`k }huuùu wh grl` wa` g`ìh}c`kw hb wa`

Lkbhrcdwlhk Uhel`w|+

Lk n`k`rdi) chwa`ru dkg bdwa`ru dr` lkw`rùw`g lk wa`lr ealigr`ku dewllw| hk wa` Lkw`rk`w wh

d nr`dw`r `qw`kw wadk wadw rìdw`g wh choli` }ahkù hr lg`hndcù+ Wa`| n`k`rdii|

deehc}dk| wa`lr uhku dkg gdpnaw`ru ~a`k wa`| dr` uprblkn hr) dw i`duw) r`npidri| wdj` dk

lkw`rùw lk ~adw wa`| dr` pulkn Lkw`rk`w bhr+ Wa` 1>+0% hb ealigr`k ~ah dgclw adlkn

rè`l`g ~drklknu ehkblrc wadw waù` }rlkel}dii| ehc` brhc bdcli| c`co`ru !>>+7%, dkg

brhc ueahhi !75+?%,+

LLL Ealigr`k dr` bdelkn rluju ~a`k wa`| cdj` pu` hb LEW

Wa` uwpg| gldnkhu`g oàdlhpr }dww`rku duuheldw`g ~lwa `dea hb wa` bhiih~lkn rluju6

@qeùul` pu` dkg dgglewlhk+

Rlhidwlhk hb lkgpuwrldi hr lkwìièwpdi }rh}`rw| rlnawu+

Deeùu wh lkd}}rh}rldw` ehkw`kw+

4 Wìèhccpkledwlhku dkg Lkbhrcdwlhk Uhel`w| Hou`rdwhr|+ _`g+ù+ Fpk` ?==0+ Ealigahhg dkg Dghiùe`ke`lk wa` Lkbhrcdwlhk Uhel`w|+ Dkdi|ulu hb wa` rìdwlhkual} ~lwa LEW lk wa` ahc`+


12/171


Lkw`rdewlhk ~lwa) dkg uwdijlkn o|) hwa`r }`ruhku dkg(hr e|o`ropii|lkn+

Nrhhclkn dkg(hr u`qpdi adrduuc`kw+

War`dwu wh }rlde|+

@ehkhcle rluj dkg(hr brdpg+

Wèakledi rluju dkg(hr cdi~dr`+

Wa` uwpg| hbb`ru dk lkgllgpdilu`g dkdi|ulu hb `dea hb waù` ulwpdwlhku+ Uhc` rì`dkw

ehkeipulhku dr`6

âdw chuw ehke`rku }dr`kwu lu wa` rluj hb g`}`kg`ke` hr `qeùul` pu` !5


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h Hk wa` hk` adkg) wa`r` `qluwu d w`kg`ke| hk wa` }drw hb wa` }dr`kwu wh

h`rùwlcdw` wa` br`tp`ke| ~lwa ~alea wa`lr ealigr`k dr` dbbèw`g o|

ulwpdwlhku hb `qeùul` pu` hr dgglewlhk) ~alea r``diu wa` nr`dw`ru`kulwllw| hb dgpiwu wh~drgu walu rluj+ Wapu) ~ali` lk wahu` eduù ~a`r` lw

`qluwu) wa` br`tp`ke| lu ih~ !5 hb ``r| 7 |hpknuw`ru ~ah ad` `q}`rl`ke`g

g`}`kg`ke|) `qeùul` pu` hr uheldi luhidwlhk ad` hki| upbb`r`g lw `r|

heedulhkdii| hr k``r lk wa` iduw |`dr) }dr`kwu uwlii w`kg wh h`rùwlcdw` wa`

br`tp`ke| ~lwa ~alea lw heepru+

Chr`h`r) hk heedulhku) }dr`kwu }ide` nr`dw`r rì`dke` hk e`rwdlk

oàdlhpr lk wa`lr h~k ahc` wadk wa`| ~hpig lk wa` hpwulg` ~hrig+ Walu edk

o` hou`r`g lk wa` edu` hb deeùulkn lkd}}rh}rldw` ehkw`kw+ Lk n`k`rdi)}dr`kwu l`~ d glrèw lkbip`ke` adrua`r wadk dk lkglrèw hk`) l+`+ }dr`kwu

pupdii| oìl`` wa`lr h~k ealigr`k deeùu lkd}}rh}rldw` ehkw`kw wh d nr`dw`r

g`nr`` wadk wa`lr }``ru+

h Hk wa` hwa`r adkg) hwa`r ulwpdwlhku heepr wh wa`lr ealigr`k wh d nr`dw`r

g`nr`` wadk }dr`kwu walkj+ E`rwdlk ehkgpew ghù khw ehke`rk }dr`kwu uh

cpea !upea du wa` edu` hb wèakledi rluju, dkg wa`| wa`r`bhr` clklclu`

wa`lr lc}dew+ Lk hwa`r eduù) lk wa`lr `dn`rkùu wh o` }rhwèwl`) wa`| w`kg

wh ehke`di wa` br`tp`ke| ~lwa ~alea e`rwdlk ulwpdwlhku heepr) gù}lw` ~adw

wa`lr ealigr`k gèidr` !`+n+ wa` edu` hb lii`ndi gh~kihdgu,+ Blkdii|) wa`

gluer`}dke| cd| o` gp` wh wa` bdew wadw) hk heedulhku) ealigr`k gh khw

r``di lk wa`lr ahc` ~adw ad}}`ku wh wa`c hk wa` Lkw`rk`w) upea du ~a`k

wa`| upbb`r adrduuc`kw hr lkbilew lw hk hwa`r ealigr`k !}duul` hr dewl`

e|o`ropii|lkn,+

LR Wa` duw cdfhrlw| hb |hpknuw`ru dr` pkdoi` wh rù}hkg wh d uèprlw| lkelg`kw

Ah~ gh |hpknuw`ru r`dew wh d rluj ulwpdwlhk8 10% hb wa`c dr` khw ed}doi` hb rù}hkglkn+

D c`r` 4% `q}rùui| uwdw` wadw wa`| ~hpig u``j aì} brhc wa`lr }dr`kwu+ Lk ehkwrduw) ~a`k}dr`kwu dr` duj`g ~adw gh |hp walkj |hpr ealig ~hpig gh ~a`k bde`g ~lwa d uèprlw|

lkelg`kw8 h`r 5=% hb wa`c ud| wa`lr ealig ~hpig wprk wh wa`c du d blruw h}wlhk+ Wa` gdwd

dr` ehkeipul`6 wa` ealigr`k ~hpig khw di`rw wa`lr }dr`kwu lk wa` ``kw hb `kehpkw`rlkn

uhc` }rhoi`c lk wa` ^ò) gù}lw` wa` bdew wadw d ulnklbledkw }hrwlhk hb wa` dgpiwu oìl``

wa`| ~hpig+


Hke` dndlk) walu ehkblrcu wa` ehkeipulhk ~` dgdke`g `dril`r6 walu lu d k`~ `klrhkc`kw

lk ehkuwdkw `hipwlhk ~a`r` ohwa }dr`kwu dkg ealigr`k dr` lk`q}`rl`ke`g wh uhc` g`nr``


14/171



hr bde` whwdii| k`~ `klrhkc`kwu?+ Wa`r` lu d ei`dr idej hb dewlhk nplgìlkù dkg erlw`rld

~alea }rh` dilg) ehkuluw`kw dkg wrpi| }rdewledi bhr ohwa }drwlù+ Uh ihkn du waù`

oàdlhpr nplgìlkù dr` khw ei`dri| idlg gh~k) oh|u dkg nlriu ~lii rpk wa` rluj hb adlkn whbde` walu k`~ c`glpc ~lwa uedkw rùhpreù+ Diuh ~hrwa khwlkn lu wa` bdew wadw }dr`kwu w`kg

wh r`}iledw` uhipwlhku brhc wa` }a|uledi ~hrig lk wa` lrwpdi ~hrig) uhc`walkn wadw lu khw

di~d|u bbèwl`+

âdw ad}}`ku lk wa` edu` hb wa` }dr`kwu8 âdw gh wa`| gh ~a`k wa`lr ealig upbb`ru uhc`

uèprlw| lkelg`kw8 Chuw hb wa`c uwdw` wadw wa`| dgh}w }a|uledi hr wèakledi c`duprù !l+`+

wahu` ~alea `kwdli wdjlkn dewlhk ~lwa rù}èw wh wa` ehc}pw`r) upea du rlknlkn wa` wèakledi

u`rle`) lkuwdiilkn dk dkwllrpu }rhnrdc) ròhhwlkn wa` u|uw`c hr r`bhrcdwwlkn wa` ]Eu

adrg gluj) bhr `qdc}i`,+ Wh d cpea iùu`r g`nr``) }dr`kwu c`kwlhk `gpedwlhkdi c`duprù

!gldihnp` hr nllkn ~drklknu hr rèhcc`kgdwlhku, dkg ehkuwrlewl` c`duprù !odu`g hk

wa` ùwdoiluac`kw hb uhc` uhrw hb ilclwdwlhk hr ehkwrhi) upea du u`w wlcù hr up}`rlulhk,+

Hk wa` odulu hb waù` gdwd) lw ~hpig u``c wadw }dr`kwu b`ì ehcbhrwdoi` wdjlkn }a|uledi hr

wèakledi dewlhk lk rìdwlhk wh wa` ]E) |`w }`rad}u iùu uh cdjlkn rèhcc`kgdwlhku hr

alnailnawlkn `gpedwlhkdi du}èwu hk ah~ oùw wh pu` wa` Lkw`rk`w+ Walu lu |`w dkhwa`r ulnk

r`dbblrclkn wa` k``g bhr ehkuluw`kw lkbhrcdwlhk dkg oàdlhpr nplgìlkù wh duuluw }dr`kwu

lk wa`lr up}`rluhr| rhi`+

R Uèprlw| adolwu) c`duprù dkg whhiu


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Wapu) dk dg`tpdw` uèprlw| epiwpr` ehc}rluù) hk wa` hk` adkg) wa` whhiu ddlidoi` hk wa`

ehc}pw`r dkg) hk wa` hwa`r) wa` adolwu hr n`k`rdi oàdlhpr nplgìlkù dgh}w`g o| wa`

ealig+

Du r`ndrgu wa` whhiu) wa` uwpg| r``diu ah~ < hpw hb 4= ehc}pw`ru pu`g o| |hpknuw`ru

ad` uhc` uèprlw| c`dupr` lkuwdii`g wh }rhwèw wa`c brhc lrpuù dkg cdi~dr`+ Bhr wa`

chuw }drw) walu lu n`k`rdii| dk dkwllrpu+ C`duprù u}èlbledii| gùlnk`g bhr wa` uèprlw| hb

|hpknuw`ru) upea du }dr`kwdi ehkwrhi hr ehkw`kw bliw`rlkn warhpna wa` LU] !Lkw`rk`w u`rle`

}rhlg`r,) dr` lkupbblel`kwi| lc}i`c`kw`g+

^lwa rù}èw wh wa`lr adolwu hr oàdlhpr nplgìlkù) wa` dwwlwpg` hb }dr`kwu uah~u wa`| dr`

lkhi`g dkg }rhdewl` ~a`k lw ehcù wh ùwdoilualkn rpiù wh `kupr` udb` hkilk` uprblkn+

Oh|u dkg nlriu dgclw wh o`lkn upofèw wh rpiù bhr pulkn wa` Lkw`rk`w) choli` wì`}ahk` dkglg`hndcù+ Doh` dii ìu`) waù` dr` c`duprù dbbèwlkn tpùwlhku wadw dr` wh d

nr`dw`r hr iùu`r g`nr`` hofèwl` dkg ehkwrhiidoi` o| }dr`kwu6 wlc` hr }ide` bhr

ehkkèwlkn) wlc` ilclwdwlhku) `bbèwl` ehuw !lk wa` edu` hb choli` wì`}ahkù,) `we+

RL _èhcc`kgdwlhku

^lwalk wa` gùerlo`g `klrhkc`kw) wa` j`| lu wh }rhlg` ohwa }dr`kwu dkg ealigr`k ~lwa wa`

dg`tpdw` wrdlklkn dkg whhiu wh o` lk d }hulwlhk wh lg`kwlb| wa` rluju wh ~alea wa`| dr`

`q}hu`g dkg wh ehcodw wa`c `bbèwlì|+ Ohwa ealigr`k lk wa` 4=#42 dn` nrhp} dkg wa`lr

}dr`kwu }huuùu upbblel`kw ujlii dkg jkh~i`gn` hb LEW tpùwlhku wh o` doi` wh douhro wa`r`tplr`g lkbhrcdwlhk hk uèprlw| adolwu dkg whhiu+ Lw }rhù kèùudr| wh ohhuw d~dr`kùu

dewllwlù dlc`g dw ohwa waù` uèwhru) ~lwa d l`~ wh cdjlkn Lkw`rk`w d udb`r }ide` bhr

ealigr`k+

Chr`h`r) lw lu kèùudr| wh }`rbhrc dk lk`kwhr| hb uèprlw| whhiu dkg }rdewleù+ Lw ~hpig

o` d nhhg lg`d wh ad` hk` ulkni` lkbhrcdwlhk e`kwr` orlknlkn whn`wa`r dii wa` glbb`r`kw

uèprlw| uhipwlhku) ~a`wa`r wa`| o` wèakledi hr `gpedwlhkdi+ Dw }rù`kw) wa`r` `qluwu d

cpiwlwpg` hb uwpglù grdbw`g o| drlhpu dpwahrlwdwl` ohglù !@prh}`dk lkuwlwpwlhku) }poile

dkg }rldw` hou`rdwhrlù) ealig hcopguc`k) `we,+ ^lwa d l`~ wh pklb|lkn dii wa` ddlidoi`jkh~i`gn` hk waù` luupù) lw ~hpig o` chuw pu`bpi wh er`dw` d ~ò }hrwdi ~alea ehpig

}poilua dii wa` }`rwlk`kw r`}hrwu) gdwd dkg uwpglù rìdw`g wh wa` }rhwèwlhk hb |hpknuw`ru

~a`k pulkn LEW+

Lk wa` udc` bdualhk) lw ~hpig o` dgludoi` wh u``j dk dnr``c`kw wadw ehpig bdelilwdw` wa`

ùwdoiluac`kw hb d ehcchk c`wahghihn| dkg lkùwlndwl` brdc`~hrj+


Wa` ~d| lk ~alea wa` drlhpu ]poile Dgclkluwrdwlhku dr` lc}i`c`kwlkn dewlhku gùlnk`g wh

bprwa`r d~dr`kùu dkg wrdlklkn lk walu blìg lu alnai| drl`g6 }r`}drdwlhk hb nplgù dkg

glgdewle) lkw`rdewl` cdw`rldi) gluu`clkdwlhk hb nhhg }rdewleù) }poiledwlhk hb uwpglù)

er`dwlhk hb ~òulwù) hrndklulkn rhpkgwdoiù) u`clkdru dkg ehpruù) `we+


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Lk U}dlk) wa` }hlkw hb r`b`r`ke` lk walu blìg adu o``k wa` er`dwlhk hb wa` }hrwdi

~~~+eaddi+ù+

Diuh hb nr`dw lkw`rùw dr` wa` ealig }rhwèwlhk nplgù grd~k p} o| LKW@EH lk ehiidohrdwlhk

~lwa wa` blrc ]DKGD U@EP_LW\) ~alea dr` ddlidoi` dw6

~~~+lkwèh+ù(U`nprlgdg(LKW@EHE@_W(]rhwèelhk(C`khrùX`kXidXr`g

Ealigr`k hk wa` Lkw`rk`w Nplg` bhr Chwa`ru dkg Bdwa`ru

Nplg` bhr Ealigr`k hk wa` Lkw`rk`w

Uèprlw| Whhiu Nplg` bhr wa` Ahc`

]rdewledi nplg` hk ah~ wh dewldw` dkg ehkblnpr` }dr`kwdi ehkwrhi lk h}`rdwlkn

u|uw`cu

Lk dgglwlhk) dw ~~~+lkwèh+ù(U`nprlgdg(Hou`rdwhrlh) hwa`r nplgù }rhgpe`g o| LKW@EH

dkg dlc`g dw bdclilù dkg ahpuàhigu dr` ddlidoi` bhr gh~kihdg) upea du6

Nplg` bhr wa` i`ndi }rhwèwlhk hb ealigr`k pulkn wa` Lkw`rk`w

~~~+lkwèh+ù(U`nprlgdg(Hou`rdwhrlh(dr`dXfprlgled(NplduXI`ndiù(NpldX}drdXi

dX}rhwèelhkXi`ndiXg`XihuXc`khrùX`kXì

Nplg` hk uheldi k`w~hrju) clkhru dkg }rlde| hk wa` ^ò

aww}6((~~~+lkwèh+ù(U`nprlgdg(Hou`rdwhrlh(dr`dXfprlgled(NplduXI`ndiù(npldXr`

gùXc`khrù

Nplg` hk }rhwèwlkn d ^l#Bl k`w~hrj lk |hpr ahc`~~~+lkwèh+ù(U`nprlgdg(Hou`rdwhrlh(@uwpglhuX`XLkbhrcù(@uwpglhuX`XLkbhrc`

uX4(NpldX^lBlXahndrù

Blkdii|) ~` ~lua wh alnailnaw wa` er`dwlhk o| LKW@EH) whn`wa`r ~lwa ]dkwdiiduDclndu) hb

UèpJlg !~~~+uèpjlg+ù,) d ndc` hb lkwìiln`ke` bhr choli` wì`}ahk` w`rclkdiu+ Wa`

nhdi hb walu ndc` lu wh n`w derhuu odule uèprlw| ehke`}wu bhr wa` udb` pu` hb LEW wh ohwa

ealigr`k dkg dghiùe`kwu+ Lw lu gùlnk`g lk upea d ~d| wadw) lk d rèr`dwlhkdi |`w glgdewle

cdkk`r) |hpknuw`ru edk i`drk chr` dohpw uhc` hb wa` rluju Lkw`rk`w }huù) wa`lr `bbèwu

dkg ah~ wh dhlg wa`c+
http://www.chaval.es/http://www.inteco.es/Seguridad/INTECOCERT/Proteccion/Menores_en_la_redhttp://www.inteco.es/Seguridad/INTECOCERT/Proteccion/Menores_en_la_redhttp://www.inteco.es/Seguridad/Observatoriohttp://www.inteco.es/Seguridad/Observatorio/area_juridica/Guias_Legales/Guia_para_la_proteccion_legal_de_los_menores_en_elhttp://www.inteco.es/Seguridad/Observatorio/area_juridica/Guias_Legales/Guia_para_la_proteccion_legal_de_los_menores_en_elhttp://www.inteco.es/Seguridad/Observatorio/area_juridica/Guias_Legales/guia_redes_menoreshttp://www.inteco.es/Seguridad/Observatorio/area_juridica/Guias_Legales/guia_redes_menoreshttp://www.inteco.es/Seguridad/Observatorio/Estudios_e_Informes/Estudios_e_Informes_1/Guia_WiFi_hogareshttp://www.inteco.es/Seguridad/Observatorio/Estudios_e_Informes/Estudios_e_Informes_1/Guia_WiFi_hogareshttp://www.secukid.es/http://www.secukid.es/http://www.inteco.es/Seguridad/Observatorio/Estudios_e_Informes/Estudios_e_Informes_1/Guia_WiFi_hogareshttp://www.inteco.es/Seguridad/Observatorio/Estudios_e_Informes/Estudios_e_Informes_1/Guia_WiFi_hogareshttp://www.inteco.es/Seguridad/Observatorio/area_juridica/Guias_Legales/guia_redes_menoreshttp://www.inteco.es/Seguridad/Observatorio/area_juridica/Guias_Legales/guia_redes_menoreshttp://www.inteco.es/Seguridad/Observatorio/area_juridica/Guias_Legales/Guia_para_la_proteccion_legal_de_los_menores_en_elhttp://www.inteco.es/Seguridad/Observatorio/area_juridica/Guias_Legales/Guia_para_la_proteccion_legal_de_los_menores_en_elhttp://www.inteco.es/Seguridad/Observatoriohttp://www.inteco.es/Seguridad/INTECOCERT/Proteccion/Menores_en_la_redhttp://www.chaval.es/


17/171


4 LKW_HGPEWLHK DKG HOF@EWLR@U

4+4 ]rù`kwdwlhk

4+4+4 Lkuwlwpwh Kdelhkdi g` Wèkhihndu g` id Ehcpkledelk !LKW@EH,

Wa` Lkuwlwpwh Kdelhkdi g` Wèkhihndu g` id Ehcpkledelk !LKW@EH) U}dklua Kdwlhkdi

Lkuwlwpw` hb Ehccpkledwlhk Wèakhihnlù,) d }poile ehr}hrdwlhk }rhchw`g o| wa` U}dklua

Clkluwr| hb Lkgpuwr|) Whprluc dkg Ehcc`re`) lu d }idwbhrc bhr wa` g`ìh}c`kw hb wa`

Jkh~i`gn` Uhel`w| warhpna }rhfèwu pkg`rwdj`k lk wa` blìgu hb lkkhdwlhk dkg wèakhihn|+

Lwu hofèwl` lu w~hbhig6 hk wa` hk` adkg) ehkwrlopw` wh~drgu `kuprlkn wa` ehk`rn`ke` hb

U}dlk ~lwa @prh}` du r`ndrgu wa` Lkbhrcdwlhk Uhel`w| dkg) hk wa` hwa`r) }rhchw` r`nlhkdi

g`ìh}c`kw warhpna d }rhfèw u`w p} lk I`k) opw ~lwa d wrpi| nihodi lulhk+ LKW@EHunhdi lu wh }rhchw` dkg g`ìh} lkkhdwlhk }rhfèwu rìdw`g wh wa` Lkbhrcdwlhk dkg

Ehccpkledwlhk Wèakhihnlù !LEW, uèwhr dkg) lk n`k`rdi) ~lwalk wa` Lkbhrcdwlhk Uhel`w|

u}a`r`) uh du wh lc}rh` U}dlku uwdkglkn dkg `kupr` ehc}`wlwl`kùu) `qw`kglkn lwu

ed}delwlù wh ohwa wa` @prh}`dk dkg Idwlk Dc`rledk cdrj`wu+ Wapu) wa` Lkuwlwpw` adu d

ei`dr }poile u`rle` hedwlhk wh oèhc` dk lkkhdwl` g`ìh}c`kw e`kwr` kdwlhk~lg`) dk

`krlealkn lklwldwl` ~alea ~lii gluu`clkdw` wa` k`~ wèakhihnlù warhpnahpw U}dlk wh

`kdoi` lw wh r`cdlk lk uw`} ~lwa @prh}`+ LKW@EHu ehr}hrdw` }pr}hu` lu wa` cdkdn`c`kw)

ehkupiwdke|) }rhchwlhk dkg gluu`clkdwlhk hb wèakhihnledi }rhfèwu ~lwalk wa` brdc`~hrj

hb wa` Lkbhrcdwlhk Uhel`w|+ Wh walu `kg) LKW@EH ~lii pkg`rwdj` uwrdw`nle lklwldwlù) dw wa``r| i`duw) lk upea dr`du du Wèakhihn| Uèprlw|) Deeùulolilw|) Lkkhdwlhk lk LEW uhipwlhku

bhr UC@u) `#A`diwa dkg #G`cherde|+

4+4+? Hou`rdwhrlh g` id U`nprlgdg g` id Lkbhrcdelk

Wa` Hou`rdwhrlh g` id U`nprlgdg g` id Lkbhrcdelk !Lkbhrcdwlhk Uèprlw| Hou`rdwhr|,

bdiiu ~lwalk LKW@EHu uwrdw`nle dewlhk }idku hk Wèakhihn| Uèprlw| luupù+

Wa` Hou`rdwhr| ~du u`w p} ~lwa wa` hofèwl` hb gùerlolkn lk d g`wdli`g) u|uw`cdwle

bdualhk wa` i`ì hb uèprlw| dkg wrpuw lk wa` Lkbhrcdwlhk Uhel`w| dkg hb n`k`rdwlkn

u}èldilu`g jkh~i`gn` lk walu blìg+ Lw lu wapu dw wa` u`rle` hb elwlv`ku) ehc}dklù dkg

}poile dgclkluwrdwlhku lk U}dlk wh gùerlo`) dkdi|u`) dglu` hk dkg gluu`clkdw` wa`

epiwpr` hb Lkbhrcdwlhk Uèprlw| dkg `#Wrpuw+

Wa` Hou`rdwhr| adu gùlnk`g dk Dewllw| dkg Uwpg| ]idk wh nplg` LKW@EH lk wa`

n`k`rdwlhk hb u}èldilu`g) pu`bpi jkh~i`gn` hk uèprlw| cdww`ru dkg wa` grdbwlkn hb

rèhcc`kgdwlhku dkg }rh}hudiu bhr g`blklkn dilg wr`kgu wadw edk duuluw wa` }poile

dpwahrlwlù lk wa`lr bpwpr` gèlulhk#cdjlkn }rheùuù+

Uwpg| hk udb` adolwu lk wa` pu` hb LEW o| ealigr`k dkg dghiùe`kwu dkg `#wrpuw hb wa`lr }dr`kwuHou`rdwhrlh g` id U`nprlgdg g` id Lkbhrcdelk !Lkbhrcdwlhk Uèprlw| Hou`rdwhr|, ]dn` 4> hb 4>4


18/171


Walu }idk hb dewlhk lkeipgù rù`drea) dkdi|ulu) uwpg|) ehkupiwdke| dkg gluu`clkdwlhk ~hrj

~alea) dchkn hwa`ru) ~lii dga`r` wh wa` bhiih~lkn uwrdw`nlù6

Grdbw lk#ahpu` uwpglù dkg r`}hrwu hk Lkbhrcdwlhk dkg Ehccpkledwlhk Wèakhihn|

uèprlw| luupù) }idelkn u}èldi c}adulu hk Lkw`rk`w Uèprlw|+

Chklwhr wa` }rlkel}di lkgledwhru dkg }poile }hilelù rìdw`g wh lkbhrcdwlhk uèprlw|

dkg wrpuw) hk ohwa wa` kdwlhkdi dkg lkw`rkdwlhkdi uwdn`+

N`k`rdw` d gdwdodu` wadw diih~u bhr dk hknhlkn dkdi|ulu dkg `dipdwlhk hb uèprlw|

dkg wrpuw h`r wlc`+

Bhuw`r lker`du`g rù`drea }rhfèwu hk LEW uèprlw| luupù+

Gluu`clkdw` uwpglù dkg r`}hrwu }poilua`g o| hwa`r `kwlwlù dkg ohglù) ohwa

kdwlhkdi dkg lkw`rkdwlhkdi) du ~ìi du lkbhrcdwlhk hk wa` eprr`kw ghcùwle dkg

@prh}`dk uwdw` hb uèprlw| dkg wrpuw ~lwalk wa` Lkbhrcdwlhk Uhel`w|+

Dglu` wa` ]poile Dgclkluwrdwlhku hk lkbhrcdwlhk uèprlw| dkg wrpuw luupù dkg

up}}hrw wa` grdbwlkn) chklwhrlkn dkg `dipdwlhk hb }poile }hilelù lk walu dr`d+

4+? Uwpg| hk udb` adolwu lk wa` pu` hb LEW o| ealigr`k dkg dghiùe`kwu dkg `#wrpuw

hb wa`lr }dr`kwu

4+?+4 Ehkw`qw dkg wlcìlkùu hb wa` uwpg|

_è`kw n`k`rdwlhku ad` o``k ohrk lkwh) dkg nrh~k p} ehc}i`wì| `kìh}`g lk) dk LEW

`klrhkc`kw+ Wa` ~d| walu n`k`rdwlhk d}}rhdeaù wa` LEW lu `r| glbb`r`kw brhc wadw hb

wa`lr }dr`kwu) ~ah `kw`r`g walu wèakhihnledi `klrhkc`kw cpea idw`r+ Waù` glbb`r`keù

cdklbùw wa`cuìù lk d alnai| gl`ru` rdkn` hb du}èwu6 brhc u}ìilkn adolwu dkg wa` pu`

hb uahrwepwu lk UCU w`qw cùudnù dkg hwa`r bhrcu hb ehccpkledwlhk) wh wa` w`kg`ke| wh

h}`ki| uadr` dkg u}r`dg lkbhrcdwlhk !ehc}dr`g wh wa` j``} lkbhrcdwlhk bhr |hpruìb

dwwlwpg` uh }r`di`kw lk }r`lhpu n`k`rdwlhku,+

Wa`lr bdclildrlw| dkg dolilw| ~lwa wa` LEW i`dgu wh ndlklkn jkh~i`gn` dkg wdjlkn dgdkwdn`

hb dii wa` }huulolilwlù wa` k`~ wèakhihnlù lk n`k`rdi) dkg Lkw`rk`w lk }drwlepidr) ad` wh

hbb`r wa`c+ Wapu) wa`r` edk o` kh ghpow r`ndrglkn wa` }huulolilwlù wèakhihn| hbb`ru walu

n`k`rdwlhk6 h}}hrwpklwlù bhr }`ruhkdi) uheldi dkg epiwprdi g`ìh}c`kw+ Uhc` hb waù`

dr`6

]rdewledii| pkilclw`g deeùu wh cpiwlc`gld lkbhrcdwlhk) whhiu dkg h}wlhku bhr

ehiidohrdwl` i`drklkn) dkg }huulolilwlù bhr h}`klkn p} wh) uheldilulkn ~lwa dkg

ndlklkn jkh~i`gn` hb hwa`r }`h}iù dkg epiwprù+



19/171


Wa` }huulolilw| hb dewlì| }drwlel}dwlkn lk uhel`w|) o| ~d| hb wa` cpiwl}i` whhiu ~alea

diih~ |hpknuw`ru wh }pw bhr~drg dkg uadr` h}lklhku dkg ehkw`kw+

Wa` ùwdoiluac`kw hb k`~ ~d|u hb uheldilulkn) upea du warhpna wa` choli`

wì`}ahk`) Lkw`rk`w hr lg`hndcù) ~alea) chr`h`r) `kwdli wa` lkehr}hrdwlhk hb

}`ruhkdi g`leù wadw aì} wh nl` |hpkn`r ealigr`k wa` u`kudwlhk hb o`lkn

lkg`}`kg`kw dkg r`duu`rwlkn wa`cuìù+

D}drw brhc wa` cpiwlwpg` hb }huulolilwlù dkg o`k`blwu wa` k`~ wèakhihnlù orlkn wh

|hpknuw`ru) wa`r` k``rwaìùu `qluwu d u`rlù hb ulwpdwlhku wadw ehpig }rh` advdrghpu+ Lk

dk dkdi|ulu hb waù` ulwpdwlhku) glbb`r`kw bdewhru ad` d o`drlkn6 lk n`k`rdi) ~` dr` g`dilkn

~lwa oàdlhpr ~ahu` hrlnlk edkkhw uwrlewi| o` wrde`g wh wa` LEW) opw rdwa`r wh }r`#`qluwlkn

ulwpdwlhku dkg apcdk dwwlwpgù) ~alea ad` bhpkg Lkw`rk`w wh o` d rd}lg hpwi`w dkggluwrlopwlhk eadkkì+ Lw lu lwdi wadw |hpknuw`ru jkh~ ah~ wh lg`kwlb| dkg g`di ~lwa wa`c)

fpuw du ujlibpii| du wa`| adkgi` dii wa` hwa`r bpkewlhkdilwlù hb wa` K`w) uh du wh o` doi` wh

wdj` dgdkwdn` hb dii wa` o`k`blwu }rhlg`g wh wa`c o| wa` LEW+

Bhr wa` }pr}huù hb walu uwpg|) ~` ad` nrhp}`g rluju drhpkg wa` bhiih~lkn edw`nhrlù6

@qeùul` pu` dkg dgglewlhk6 `qeùul` wlc` u}`kw ehkkèw`g) ~alea ehpig lc}i|

g`}`kg`ke| hr nllkn p} wa` }rdewle` hb hwa`r dewllwlù+

Rlhidwlhk hb lkgpuwrldi hr lkwìièwpdi }rh}`rw| rlnawu6 liilelw pu` hr gh~kihdglkn hb

lcdnù) WR }rhnrdccù) ehkw`kw hr uhbw~dr`+

Deeùu wh lkd}}rh}rldw` ehkw`kw6 u`qpdi) q`kh}ahold) w`rrhrluc) dkhr`qld dkg

opilcld hr bdiu` ehkw`kwu+

Lkw`rdewlhk ~lwa) dkg uwdijlkn o|) hwa`r }`ruhku dkg(hr e|o`ropii|lkn6 e|o`ropii|lkn

lu g`blk`g du adrduuc`kw o| }``ru lk dk LEW `klrhkc`kw dkg lkeipgù dewu hb

oidejcdli) apclildwlhk dkg lkupiwu o| ealigr`k dndlkuw hwa`r ealigr`k+

Nrhhclkn dkg(hr u`qpdi adrduuc`kw6 nrhhclkn lu adrduuc`kw `q`relu`g o| dk

dgpiw dkg r`b`ru wh wa` dewlhku gìlo`rdwì| wdj`k lk hrg`r wh ùwdoilua d

rìdwlhkual} hb `chwlhkdi ehkwrhi h`r d oh| hr nlri) ~lwa d l`~ wh }dlkn wa` ~d|

bhr bpwpr` u`qpdi dopu` hb wa` ealig+ Lw ehpig o` udlg wadw wa`| dr` ulwpdwlhku hb

adrduuc`kw ~lwa `q}ilelw hr lc}ilelw u`qpdi ehkw`kw+

War`dwu wh }rlde|6 wa`bw) }poiledwlhk dkg gluu`clkdwlhk hb }`ruhkdi gdwd dkg

lcdnù+

@ehkhcle rluj dkg(hr brdpg6 ehkgpew gùlnk`g wh }rhgpe` blkdkeldi ihuu bhr waèalig) uw`cclkn brhc }preaduù) dpewlhku) ~dn`ru) ndcù hb eadke`) `we+

Uwpg| hk udb` adolwu lk wa` pu` hb LEW o| ealigr`k dkg dghiùe`kwu dkg `#wrpuw hb wa`lr }dr`kwuHou`rdwhrlh g` id U`nprlgdg g` id Lkbhrcdelk !Lkbhrcdwlhk Uèprlw| Hou`rdwhr|, ]dn` 4< hb 4>4


20/171


21/171


dkg lkhi`c`kw hb }dr`kwu dkg npdrgldku) ~lwa rù}èw wh wa` udb` pu` hb LEW o|

wa`lr ealigr`k+

Lg`kwlb| lkuwrpc`kwu bhr `kehprdnlkn wa` dgh}wlhk hb udb` adolwu warhpna wa`

g`blklwlhk hb rèhcc`kgdwlhku wadw lkbhrc) }r``kw dkg gluupdg` |hpknuw`ru dkg

wa`lr }dr`kwu brhc dewlhku wadw ehpig dbbèw wa`lr udb`w| hk wa` K`w+

4+?+7 U}èlble nhdiu

Wa` doh` nhdiu dr` orhj`k gh~k bhr h}`rdwlhkdi }pr}huù lkwh wa` bhiih~lkn u}èlble

nhdiu6

Wèakhihnledi }rhbli` hb wa` ahc` dkg uèprlw| i`ì hb ehc}pw`ru6

Glueh`r ~adw wèakhihnledi `tpl}c`kw lu lk wa` ahc`+

Glueh`r ~adw uèprlw| whhiu dr` lc}i`c`kw`g lk wa` ahcù+

LEW pudn` adolwu6

Glueh`r wa` Lkw`rk`w pudn` adolwu hb wa` dgpiwu lk wa` ahc`+

Lg`kwlb| wa` Lkw`rk`w dkg hwa`r LEW pudn` adolwu hb wa` ealigr`k+

Uwpg| wa` jkh~i`gn` wa` dgpiwu ad` hb wa` LEW pudn` adolwu hb wa` ealigr`k pkg`r

wa`lr edr`+

_luju lk wa` pu` hb wa` LEW6

Uwpg| wa` i`ì hb jkh~i`gn` dgpiwu dkg ealigr`k ad` hb wa` rluju+

Glueh`r wa` lkelg`ke` hb waù` rluju+

Uwpg| wa` }`re`}wlhk hb nrdlw| wadw wa` dgpiwu r``di wh~drgu wa`c+

_`dewlhku wh lkelg`kwu dkg uèprlw| adolwu6

Lg`kwlb| wa` dwwlwpgù dgh}w`g o| }dr`kwu dkg ealigr`k lk wa` bde` hb uèprlw|

lkelg`kwu+

Glueh`r wa` uèprlw| c`duprù dkg whhiu dkg wa` g`nr`` wh ~alea wa`| dr`

lc}i`c`kw`g+

Duuùu wa` }dr`kwu }`re`}wlhk hb wa` i`ì hb uèprlw|+

Dewlhku bhr udb`) d}}rh}rldw` pu` hb wa` LEW6

Uwpg| hk udb` adolwu lk wa` pu` hb LEW o| ealigr`k dkg dghiùe`kwu dkg `#wrpuw hb wa`lr }dr`kwuHou`rdwhrlh g` id U`nprlgdg g` id Lkbhrcdelk !Lkbhrcdwlhk Uèprlw| Hou`rdwhr|, ]dn` ?4 hb 4>4


22/171


Lg`kwlb| wa` g`nr`` hb jkh~i`gn` hb wa` uèprlw| c`duprù hk wa` }drw hb ohwa

dgpiwu dkg ealigr`k+

Gùlnk rèhcc`kgdwlhku bhr dewlhk bhr wa` drlhpu dn`kwu lkhi`g6

dgclkluwrdwlhku dkg wa` lkgpuwr|) }rlkel}dii|+

Uwpg| hk udb` adolwu lk wa` pu` hb LEW o| ealigr`k dkg dghiùe`kwu dkg `#wrpuw hb wa`lr }dr`kwuHou`rdwhrlh g` id U`nprlgdg g` id Lkbhrcdelk !Lkbhrcdwlhk Uèprlw| Hou`rdwhr|, ]dn` ?? hb 4>4


23/171


? C@WAHGHIHNLEDI G@ULNK

Lk hrg`r wh deal`` wa` nhdiu u`w) wa` `qèpwlhk hb wa` }rhfèw ehcolk`g glbb`r`kwc`wahghihnlù) }`rbhrc`g lk d u`tp`kwldi cdkk`r lk wa` bhiih~lkn ~hrj }aduù6

Ghepc`kwdr| u`drea dkg dkdi|ulu hb r`}hrwu dkg uwpglù ~alea) nl`k wa`lr

ehkw`kw) c`wahghihn| hr d}}rhdea) `kadke` wa` }rhfèw dkg aì} wh deal`` wa`

nhdiu }prup`g+

Lkw`rl`~ `q}`rwu brhc gluel}ilkù rìdw`g wh wa` pu` hb LEW dkg(hr ealigr`k) ~lwa d

l`~ wh ndlklkn d }rhbùulhkdi) tpdilwdwl` }hlkw hb l`~ hb wa` rùpiwu hb wa`

tpdkwlwdwl` uwpg|+

Upr`|u hk bdclilù lk ahcù ehkkèw`g wh Lkw`rk`w lk w`k U}dklua elwlù) edrr|lkn

hpw w~h lkw`rl`~u ~lwa `dea bdcli|6 ealig dkg rù}hkuloi` dgpiw !du idlg gh~k lk wa`

EEL ( @UHCD_ lkw`rkdwlhkdi ehg`,+

Grdbwlkn hb wa` }rù`kw r`}hrw ~alea lkeipgù wa` dkdi|ulu dkg ehkeipulhku hb wa`

}r`lhpu }aduù) whn`wa`r ~lwa wa` rèhcc`kgdwlhku bhr dewlhk+

O`lkn hki| whh ~ìi d~dr` hb wa` glbblepiw| lk ndwa`rlkn lkbhrcdwlhk lk walu blìg) dww`kwlhk

adu e`kwr`g hk ndwa`rlkn lkbhrcdwlhk rlnaw ~lwalk wa` bdclilù+ Bhr walu r`duhk) uh cpealc}hrwdke` adu o``k dbbhrg`g wh wa` tpdkwlwdwl` }adu` hb wa` uwpg|) bhepulkn hk wa`

upr`|u edrrl`g hpw hk wa` bdclilù lk hrg`r wh ni`dk wa` lkbhrcdwlhk brhc wa` }rlcdr|

uhpreù6 bdwa`ru) chwa`ru dkg wa` ealigr`k wa`cuìù+


Walu uwpg| adu o``k wa` blruw lg`kwlbl`g lk U}dlk lk ~alea upr`|u ad` o``k pu`g) kdcì|

lk 2?0 ahcù ehkkèw`g wh Lkw`rk`w) ~lwa hk` ealig dkg dk dgpiw) lk hrg`r wh i`drk wa`lr

h}lklhku dkg gpi| ehkwrduw wa`c+

?+4 Ghepc`kwdr| u`drea dkg dkdi|ulu

Wa` hofèwl` lk walu }adu` lu wh dkdi|u` ehkw`kwu }poilua`g lk walu blìg ~alea ehpig

`kadke` dkg nplg` walu rù`drea }rhfèw+

^` ihedw`g dkg uìèw`g u``rdi }poiledwlhku ehkulg`r`g rì`dkw) nl`k wa` c`wahghihn|

`c}ih|`g) wa` ehkw`kw) wa` ehkeipulhku dkg wa` nhdiu }prup`g+


24/171


Dchkn wa` r`b`r`keù ehkupiw`g) ~` ehpig elw` wa` bhiih~lkn6

Dcdkgd I`kadrw !?==>,6 Dc`rledk W``ku " Hkilk` Udb`w|6 ~adw wa` rù`drea lu

wìilkn pu+ Bdcli| Hkilk` Udb`w| Lkuwlwpw`+

@prh}`dk Ehccluulhk !?==>,6 Udb`r Lkw`rk`w bhr Ealigr`k+ @prhodrhc w`r+

Ndrlwdhkdkgld Ndrkdeah) E+) Ndrc`kgld) C+ !?==>,6 Ah~ |hpknuw`ru pu` wa`

Lkw`rk`w6 adolwu) rluju dkg }dr`kwdi ehkwrhi+ Pkl`rulw| hb wa` Odutp` Ehpkwr|+

Nh`rkc`kw hb wa` ]rlkel}dilw| hb Duwprldu !?==2,6 Uwpg| hb uèprlw| lk wa` pu` hb

wa` k`~ Lkbhrcdwlhk dkg Ehccpkledwlhk Wèakhihnlù dchkn |hpkn }`h}i` lk

Duwprldu+

Pkl`rulw| Lkuwlwpw` PDC !Dpwhkhchpu Pkl`rulw| hb Cdgrlg,#PKLE@B hk wa` K``gu

dkg _lnawu hb Ealigahhg dkg Dghiùe`ke` !LPKGLD, dkg wa` Edrihu LLL Pkl`rulw| hb

Cdgrlg !?==>,6 Uìb#r`npidwlhk8+++dkg chr`+ Wa` }rhwèwlhk dkg g`b`ke` hb

ealigr`ku rlnawu hk wa` Lkw`rk`w+ PKLE@Bu U}dklua Ehcclww``+

Illknuwhk`) U+ | Oho`r) C !?==0,6 PJ Ealigr`k Nh Hkilk`+ @ehkhcle " Uheldi

_ù`drea Ehpkeli !@U_E,+

]rhwnìù !?==0,6 Ealigr`ku uèprlw| dkg |hpkn }`h}iù adolwu ~a`k pulkn

choli` wì`}ahkù+ Ealig Hcopgucdk lk wa` Ehccpklw| hb Cdgrlg+

]rhwnìù dkg Elrwle` !?==0,6 Uwpg| hb Rlg`hndcù) ealigr`k dkg wa`

rù}hkulolilw| hb }dr`kwu+ Ealig Hcopgucdk lk wa` Ehccpklw| hb Cdgrlg+

_`g+ù !?==0,6 Ealigahhg dkg Dghiùe`ke` lk wa` Lkbhrcdwlhk Uhel`w|+ Clkluwr| hb

Lkgpuwr|) Whprluc dkg Ehcc`re`+

_heh Clrdkgd g` Idrrd !?==0,6 Ealigr`k hk wa` K`w6 oàdlhpr dkg udb` uprblkn+Dpkd Bhpkgdwlhk+ Epdg`rkhu Uhel`gdg g` id Lkbhrcdelk+

Wì`bhkled !?==>,6 Ehkkèw`g |hpknuw`ru+ H}}hrwpklwlù dkg rluju+

Wì`bhkled) Elrwle`) Pkl`rulw| hb Kddrrd !?==>,6 Lkw`rdewl` N`k`rdwlhku lk

Idwlk#Dc`rled+ Ealigr`k dkg dghiùe`kwu lk brhkw hb wa` uer``k+ @gpedwlhkdi dkg

uheldi eadii`knù+ @qdc}i` rùpiwu r`}hrw+ Hknhlkn }rhfèw+

^ò~lu` !?==2,6 Upr`| hb Ealigr`ku Pu` hb wa` Lkw`rk`w+ G`}drwc`kw hb

@gpedwlhk " Uel`ke`+ Kdwlhkdi E`kwr` bhr Wèakhihn| lk @gpedwlhk !KEW@,+



25/171



?+? Wèakledi du}èwu hb wa` tpdilwdwl` }adu`6 Lkw`rl`~u ~lwa `q}`rwu

Walu }adu` adu d w~hbhig hofèwl`6 hk wa` hk` adkg) wh `kadke` wa` tpùwlhkkdlrù nl`k

wh }dr`kwu dkg ealigr`k) }rhlglkn dr`du hb lkw`rùw wh lkùwlndw` bprwa`r: hk wa` hwa`r) whehkwrlopw` d tpdilwdwl`) cpiwlgluel}ilkdr| l`~ hb wa` }rhfèw+

Walu }adu` edii`g hk wa` }drwlel}dwlhk hb 52 `q}`rwu !}rhbùulhkdiu dkg lkuwlwpwlhku, brhc

w`k glbb`r`kw blìgu hb jkh~i`gn`+ Lk hrg`r wh ehc}li` lkbhrcdwlhk) ~` drrdkn`g ?> bde`#wh#

bde`) u`cl#uwrpewpr`g5 lkw`rl`~u dkg < uìb#ehc}i`w`g tpùwlhkkdlrù+ ^` uadii kh~ iluw

wa` blìgu hb jkh~i`gn` wdj`k lkwh deehpkw ~a`k lg`kwlb|lkn waù` }rhbùulhkdiu+ Wa`

eahle` hb upea drl`g blìgu npdrdkw`ù d ehc}rà`kul` d}}rhdea `kehc}duulkn

glbb`r`kw }hlkwu hb l`~76

Hrndkludwlhku u}èldilulkn lk wa` }rhwèwlhk hb ealigr`k+

Hcopguc`k+

U}èldiluwu lk i`ndi dkg }hile` cdww`ru+

Uheldi nrhp}u rìdw`g wh wa` Lkw`rk`w+

Ehc}dklù dkg duuheldwlhku ehrrù}hkglkn wh wa` up}}i| ulg` hb wa` uèwhr+

_`}rù`kwdwlù hb }poile dgclkluwrdwlhku+

]rhbùulhkdiu brhc wa` ehccpkledwlhku dkg gpedwlhk uèwhru+

_ù`drea`ru lk }rhfèwu rìdw`g wh ealigr`k dkg wa` Lkw`rk`w+

@q}`rwu lk oàdlhprdi dgglewlhku+

U}èldiluwu lk e|o`ropii|lkn hr }``r adrduuc`kw hk wa` K`w+

Wa` lkw`rl`~u ~`r` edrrl`g hpw o`w~``k Gè`co`r 44wa ?==> dkg Fdkpdr| 41wa ?==1)~lwa wa` bhiih~lkn n`hnrd}aledi gluwrlopwlhk o| }rhlkeù6 Didd) Diode`w`) Odreìhkd)

Oprnhu) Nrdkdgd) Odi`drleu) I`hk) Cdgrlg) Kddrrd) U`liid) Rdiidghilg) Rlved|d dkg

Vdrdnhvd+

5 Walu ehkuluwu lk d }rheùu hb g|kdcle ehccpkledwlhk o`w~``k w~h }`h}i`) lkw`rl`~`r dkg lkw`rl`~``)pkg`r wa` ehkwrhi hb wa` bhrc`r+ Wa` nhdi }prup`g lu wh howdlk lkbhrcdwlhk du bhrwarlnaw du }huuloi` r`ndrglknwa` tpùwlhk pkg`r dkdi|ulu+7 Dkk`q` LLL nlù d iluw hb dii wa` `kwlwlù dkg }rhbùulhkdiu ~ah ~`r` lkw`rl`~`g gprlkn wa` lkùwlndwlhk}adu`+


26/171



?+5 Wèakledi du}èwu hb wa` tpdkwlwdwl` }adu`6 Lkw`rl`~u ~lwa bdclilù

Wa` tpdkwlwdwl` gdwd ~`r` ehc}li`g wadkju wh wa` }`rbhrcdke` hb 4?0= }`ruhkdi upr`|u

hk 2?0 U}dklua ahcù) edrr|lkn hpw w~h lkw`rl`~u ~lwa `dea bdcli|6 ~lwa wa` ealig dkg~lwa wa` bdwa`r) chwa`r hr i`ndi npdrgldk+ Hk` hb wa` }hlkwu hb lkw`rùw lk walu uwpg| ilù lk

wa` dkdi|ulu hb wa` glbb`r`keù lk }`re`}wlhk dkg duuùuc`kw o`w~``k ealigr`k dkg

}dr`kwu+ Bhr walu r`duhk) dkg nl`k wadw ~` dr` dewpdii| g`dilkn ~lwa w~h udc}iù) wa`

rùpiwu bhr }dr`kwu dkg ealigr`k ad` o``k wdopidw`g u`}drdwì|) lk upea d ~d| wadw lw lu du

wahpna w~h glbb`r`kw uwpglù adg o``k pkg`rwdj`k+

Wa` cdrnlk hb `rrhr lu 7+=% bhr }3t3=+0 dkg ~lwa d ehkblg`ke` i`ì hb


27/171


Uwpg| hk udb` adolwu lk wa` pu` hb LEW o| ealigr`k dkg dghiùe`kwu dkg `#wrpuw hb wa`lr }dr`kwuHou`rdwhrlh g` id U`nprlgdg g` id Lkbhrcdelk !Lkbhrcdwlhk Uèprlw| Hou`rdwhr|, ]dn` ?> hb 4>4

U`liid+

Rdi`keld+

Rlved|d

Vdrdnhvd+

Wa` gùlnk hb wa` udc}i` `kwdli`g rdkghci| uìèwlkn wa` }rhlkeù dkg cpiwl}i` uwdnù

bhr uìèwlkn wa` e`kupu uèwlhku brhc ~alea wa` udc}i` uahpig o` grd~k+ Wa` uìèwlhk

hb waù` uèwlhku ~du odu`g hk d NLU 0 dkdi|ulu hb wa` cdj`p} hb wa` }h}pidwlhk lk dii wa`

cpklel}dilwlù ~lwalk waù` }rhlkeù) bhiih~`g o| wa` eahle` hb wahu` uèwlhku ~a`r`

ealigr`k lk walu dn` nrhp} cdj` p} h`r 4=% hb wa` }h}pidwlhk+

Wa` udc}i` ~du grd~k ~lwa ulc}i` dbblqdwlhk hb vhk`) n`kg`r dkg dn` hb wa` ealigr`k) ~lwa

wa` rùpiw wadw) lklwldii|) wa` gluwrlopwlhk r`bièw`g wa` bhiih~lkn }drdc`w`ru6

Wdoi` 46 Lklwldi gluwrlopwlhk hb wa` udc}i` o| vhk`) tphwdu hb n`kg`r dkg dn` hb wa` ealigr`k

!lk douhipw` dipù,

NL_IU OH\U4= # 4?|`dru

45 # 47|`dru

40 # 42|`dru

4= # 4?|`dru

45 # 47|`dru

40 # 42|`dru

WHWDI

D Ehrpd < < 1 < 1 1 04

Diode`w` 1 1 1 > > 1 72

Odgdfhv < < 1 1 1 1 0=

Odreìhkd 4> 4> 41 42 41 41 4=7I`hk > < 44 < < 1 05

Cdgrlg 42 4> 42 42 4> 41 4==

U`liid 1 > < 4= < < 0?

Rdi`keld 4? 45 4? 4? 45 45 >0

Rlved|d 1 1 < < > < 0=

Vdrdnhvd < 1 1 < > 4= 04

Dn` Whwdi 4=5 4=0 4=> 4=0 4=5 4=25?

Uhpre`6 LKW@EH

Lk hrg`r wh dhlg wa` lkehkuluw`ke| hb wa` w`rrlwhrldi upo#udc}iù ~lwa iùu wadk 5=

lkgllgpdiu) wa` gèlulhk ~du wdj`k wh lkwrhgpe` d r`nlhkdi ehc}dr`g dkdi|ulu lk hrg`r wh

ndpn` wa` }rhbli` hb wa` udc}i` gluwrlopwlhk+ Blkdii|) `tplilorlpc lk wa` udc}i` ~du uhpnaw

0 NLU !N`hnrd}aledi Lkbhrcdwlhk U|uw`cu, diih~ bhr u}dwldi dkdi|uù wh o` cdg` hb uwdwluwledi drldoiù)}drwlepidri| hb e`kupu rùpiwu) duuheldw`g ~lwa ucdiilua dr`du) upea du gluwrlewu hr e`kupu uèwlhku hb wa`cpklel}dilwlù ~lwalk waù` }rhlkeù) lk hrg`r wh lg`kwlb| wahu` uèwlhku lk ~alea |hpknuw`ru dn`g 4= wh 42cdj` p} dw i`duw 4=% hb wa` }h}pidwlhk) ud` wa` edu` hb wa` }rhlkeldi ed}lwdiu+ Bprwa`r lkbhrcdwlhk ddlidoi`pkg`r wa` a`dglkn6 DKK@Q@ L6 G@WDLI@G C@WAHGHIHNLEDI G@ULNK HB WA@ UWPG\+


28/171



o| wprklkn wh wa` e`kupu gdwd }poilua`g o| wa` Kdwlhkdi Uwdwluwleu Lkuwlwpw` 2+ Dbw`r `rlb|lkn

wadw wa` glbb`r`keù lk wa` }`k`wrdwlhk hb Lkw`rk`w pu`> lk waù` dn` nrhp}u lk wa` glbb`r`kw

}rhlkeù dr` khw rì`dkw) wa` bhiih~lkn blkdi gluwrlopwlhk ~du r`dea`g+

Wdoi` ?6 Blkdi gluwrlopwlhk hb wa` udc}i` o| vhk`) tphwdu hb n`kg`r dkg dn` hb wa` ealigr`k

!lk douhipw` dipù,

NL_IU OH\U4= # 4?|`dru

45 # 47|`dru

40 # 42|`dru

4= # 4?|`dru

45 # 47|`dru

40 # 42|`dru

WHWDI

D Ehrpd < 1 1 < 1 1 0=

Diode`w` < 1 1 < 1 1 0=

Odgdfhv < 1 1 < 1 1 0=Odreìhkd 42 4> 4> 42 4> 4> 4==

I`hk 1 < 1 1 < 1 0=

Cdgrlg 42 4> 4> 42 4> 4> 4==

U`liid 1 1 < 1 1 < 0=

Rdi`keld 4? 45 4? 4? 45 45 >0

Rlved|d 1 1 < 1 1 < 0=

Vdrdnhvd < 1 1 < 1 1 0=

Dn` Whwdi 4=7 4=7 4=7 4=7 4=7 4=0

N`kg`r Whwdi 54? 5452?0

Cdrnlk hb @rrhr 0+>% 0+>% 7+=%Uhpre`6 LKW@EH

?+5+5 ]hiilkn wèakltp` dkg lkbhrc`g ehku`kw

Nl`k wa` }èpildrlwlù hb walu uwpg| !dn` hb wa` ealigr`k upr`|`g dkg wa` k``g wh upr`|

ohwa }dr`kwu dkg ealigr`k, wa` bhiih~lkn ehkulg`rdwlhku ~`r` wdj`k lkwh deehpkw6

Lkbhrc`g ehku`kw6 ~lwa d l`~ wh bpibliilkn ealig }rhwèwlhk i`nluidwlhk dkg

lkw`rkdwlhkdi nplgìlkù hk rù}èwlkn wa`lr rlnawu) du ~ìi du j``}lkn wh wa` w`rcu

hb wa` EEL(@UHCD_ lkw`rkdwlhkdi ehg`) wa` lkbhrc`g ehku`kw hb ohwa wa` npdrgldk

2 U}dklua Kdwlhkdi Uwdwluwleu Lkuwlwpw` !LK@,6 Ehkwlkphpu ]h}pidwlhk E`kupu+ Bprwa`r lkbhrcdwlhk ddlidoi` dwaww}6((~~~+lk`+ù(lh`(lh`Blead+fu}8ehg35=?2=+

Lk DKK@Q@ L6 G@WDLI@G C@WAHGHIHNLEDI G@ULNK HB WA@ UWPG\) dk `q}idkdwlhk lu nl`k hb ah~ wa`}rhbli` hb wa` udc}i` ~du deal``g brhc wa` r`nlhkdi ehc}dr`g dkdi|ulu dkg wa` odidkelkn hb wa` udc}i`+> LK@+ Upr`| hk LW `tpl}c`kw dkg wa` pu` hb Lkbhrcdwlhk dkg Ehccpkledwlhk Wèakhihnlù lk wa` ahc`)uèhkg adib hb ?==2+ Upccdr| hb gdwd bhr ealigr`k dn`g 4= # 47 o| dpwhkhchpu ehccpklwlù dkg n`kg`r+Bprwa`r lkbhrcdwlhk ddlidoi` dw6

aww}6((~~~+lk`+ù(fdql(c`kp+gh8w|}`3}edqlu"}dwa3%?Bw?0(}70="bli`3lkòdu`"I3=+
http://www.ine.es/ioe/ioeFicha.jsp?cod=30260http://www.ine.es/jaxi/menu.do?type=pcaxis&path=%2Ft25/p450&file=inebase&L=0http://www.ine.es/jaxi/menu.do?type=pcaxis&path=%2Ft25/p450&file=inebase&L=0http://www.ine.es/ioe/ioeFicha.jsp?cod=30260


29/171


dkg wa` ealig ~du uhpnaw+ Dw wa` uwdrw hb dii wa` upr`|u) wa` }dr`kwu ~`r` lkbhrc`g

lk ~rlwlkn hb wa` ehkw`kwu hb wa` uwpg| dkg wa` tpùwlhkkdlr` wh o` nl`k wh wa`

ealig+ Hke` wa` dgpiwu adg nrdkw`g wa`lr ehku`kw) wa` ealigr`k ~`r` gpi| lkbhrc`gdkg duj`g wh nl` wa`lr ehku`kw+ Wapu) dii wa` ealigr`k ~ah }drwlel}dw`g lk walu

uwpg| nd` wa`lr ehku`kw lk ~rlwlkn+

U`}drdw` lkw`rl`~6 lk hrg`r wh dhlg wa` h}lklhku hb wa` }dr`kwu ehkglwlhklkn wa`

r`}ilù hb wa`lr ealigr`k) ~` uhpnaw dpwahrludwlhk wh ahig wa` lkw`rl`~u hk dk

lkgllgpdi odulu) wa` }dr`kw dkg wa` ealig u`}drdwì|+ Dii wa` upr`|u ~`r`

}`rbhrc`g lk walu bdualhk+

?+5+7 Udc}ilkn `rrhr

^` uadii kh~ hpwilk` wa` i`ìu hb udc}ilkn `rrhr bhr `dea dn` nrhp} dkg n`kg`r hb wa`

ealigr`k lkw`rl`~`g+ Wa` udc}ilkn `rrhr ~du ediepidw`g pkg`r wa` up}}hulwlhk wadw

}3t3=+0) bhr d ehkblg`ke` i`ì hb


30/171


Uwpg| hk udb` adolwu lk wa` pu` hb LEW o| ealigr`k dkg dghiùe`kwu dkg `#wrpuw hb wa`lr }dr`kwuHou`rdwhrlh g` id U`nprlgdg g` id Lkbhrcdelk !Lkbhrcdwlhk Uèprlw| Hou`rdwhr|, ]dn` 5= hb 4>4

5 UHELH#G@CHN_D]ALE EAD_DEW@_LUWLEU DKG

I@R@I HB W@EAKHIHN\ LK AHC@U ^LWA

EALIG_@K

J`| }hlkwu

D uhelh#g`chnrd}ale dkdi|ulu) du ~ìi du wa` i`ì hb wèakhihn| lk wa` ahcù ~lwa

ealigr`k) lu erpeldi bhr pkg`ruwdkglkn wa` `klrhkc`kw ~lwalk ~alea wa` }rù`kw uwpg| ~du

ehkgpew`g+

Wa` }rhbli` hb wa` ahpuàhigu upr`|`g edk o` g`blk`g o| wa` bhiih~lkn wrdlwu6 |hpkn

}dr`kwu) drhpkg bhrw| |`dru hb dn`) chuw hb ~ahc il` ~lwa wa`lr }drwk`r) ~lwa dk d`rdn`

hb 5+0 }`h}i` illkn lk wa` ahc`+ Waù` dr` ahpuàhigu eadrdew`rlu`g o| ohwa u}hpuù

~hrjlkn hpwulg` wa` ahc` dkg }huuùulkn nhhg tpdilbledwlhku+ Wa` bdew wadw wa`| dr`

|hpkn }`ruhku ~lwa d nhhg `gpedwlhk ~hpig u``c wh lkgledw` wadw wa` }dr`kwu hb U}dklua

ealigr`k dkg dghiùe`kwu dr` upbblel`kwi| ~ìi }r`}dr`g wh o` doi` wh detplr` dkg }duu hk

wa` jkh~i`gn` kèùudr| bhr wa` }rhwèwlhk hb wa`lr ealigr`k+ Chr`h`r) bdwa`ru wh d

nr`dw`r g`nr`` wadk chwa`ru `q`relu` up}`rlulhk dkg ehkwrhi h`r wa`lr ealigr`ku

uprblkn adolwu dkg ad` nr`dw`r wèakhihnledi jkh~i`gn`+

Ahcù br`tp`kwi| ehkwdlk upea wèakhihnledi g`leù du choli` wì`}ahkù) gùjwh}

}`ruhkdi ehc}pw`ru) GRG }id|`ru) glnlwdi edc`rdu hr }rlkw`ru+ Wa`r` lu dk d`rdn` hb 4+5

ehc}pw`ru lk `dea ahc`+

Wa` ehc}pw`ru pu`g o| ealigr`k dr` ~ìi `tpl}}`g dkg ulwpdw`g lk d ehcchk dr`d hb wa`

ahpu`) ù}èldii| ~ali` wa` ealig lu uwlii ucdii+ Du wa` |hpknuw`ru nrh~ hig`r) wa`r` lu d

nrh~lkn w`kg`ke| wh }ide` wa` ehc}pw`r lk wa`lr h~k rhhc+

Dii wa` doh` ~hpig u``c wh }dlkw wa` ealigr`k du wa` i``r wadw grlù dkg deeì`rdwù wa`

ehkupc}wlhk hb wèakhihnledi g`leù lk wa` ahcù o`lkn uwpgl`g a`r`+


31/171


5+4 ]rlkel}di uhelh#g`chnrd}ale drldoiù

5+4+4 Ahcù6 chwa`ru dkg bdwa`ru

N`kg`r dkg dn`

Bhr wa` uìèwlhk hb wa` dgpiw wh o` }hii`g !bdwa`r hr chwa`r,) ~` lg`kwlbl`g wa` hk` ~lwa

nr`dw`r wèakhihnledi jkh~i`gn` dkg ~ah `q`reluù !`bbèwlì| hr a|}hwa`wledii|, wa` gpw|

hb ehkwrhiilkn dkg }rhwèwlkn wa`lr ealigr`k lk wa` pu` hb wa` LEW+ Bhiih~lkn walu khrc) lw

wprk`g hpw wadw) }rh}hrwlhkdii|) wa`r` ~`r` chr` bdwa`ru !00+1%, wadk chwa`ru !77+?%,

~ah rù}hkg`g wh hpr upr`|+

Wa` d`rdn` dn` hb wa` dgpiwu }hii`g ~du d ilwwi` h`r bhrw|6 7?+= |`dru lk wa` edu` hb wa`

bdwa`ru dkg 74+? bhr wa` chwa`ru+

Cdrlwdi uwdwpu

Lk 12+1% hb wa` ahcù ~a`r` wa` uwpg| ~du pkg`rwdj`k) wa` }`ruhk lkw`rl`~`g lu

cdrrl`g hr ilù ~lwa wa`lr }drwk`r+ Wa` ulkni`#}dr`kw bdclilù !wahu` ahpuàhigu ~a`r`

hki| hk` hb wa` }dr`kwu ilù ~lwa wa` ealigr`k, deehpkw bhr 4=+0% hb wa` whwdi+

Ehc}hulwlhk hb wa` bdcli| pklw

Wa` d`rdn` ulv` hb wa` bdclilù lk wa` udc}i` lu 5+0 }`ruhku+

]rhbùulhkdi heep}dwlhk

Wa` cdfhrlw| hb wa` }dr`kwu upr`|`g dr` }`ruhku ~hrjlkn hpwulg` wa` ahc`+ Hb dii wa`

ahpuàhigu uwpgl`g)


32/171


Uwpg| hk udb` adolwu lk wa` pu` hb LEW o| ealigr`k dkg dghiùe`kwu dkg `#wrpuw hb wa`lr }dr`kwuHou`rdwhrlh g` id U`nprlgdg g` id Lkbhrcdelk !Lkbhrcdwlhk Uèprlw| Hou`rdwhr|, ]dn` 5? hb 4>4

Nrd}a 46 I`ì hb uwpglù hb wa` }dr`kwu !%,

4+4

=+2

>+=

>+0

?4+>

7=+1

47+"bli`3lkòdu`"I3=

Deehrglkn wh walu upr`|) ?0+


33/171



Nrd}a ?6 Uhelh#èhkhcle i`ì hb ahpuàhigu !%,

?0+4

?5+557+4

4>+2

Ih~ C`glpc#ih~ C`glpc C`glpc alna ( Alna

Uhpre`6 LKW@EH

5+4+? Ealigr`k

N`kg`r dkg dn`

Wa` uwrpewpr` lk w`rcu hb n`kg`r dkg dn` hb wa` ealigr`k }hii`g ehrrù}hkgu wh wa`

gluwrlopwlhk hb wa` U}dklua 4=#42 |`dr hig }h}pidwlhk) ~alea ~du wa` odulu wdj`k lkwh

deehpkw ~a`k grd~lkn p} wa` udc}i` gùlnk !u`` uèwlhk ?+5,+ 4=

4= LK@ !?==>,6 _`lulhk hb wa` cpklel}di e`kupu ?==>+ Gdwd dw d kdwlhkdi i`ì+ ]h}pidwlhk o| dn` !|`dr o||`dr, dkg n`kg`r+ Bprwa`r lkbhrcdwlhk ddlidoi` dw6aww}6((~~~+lk`+ù(fdql(c`kp+gh8w|}`3}edqlu"}dwa3%?Bw?=%?B`?2="bli`3lkòdu`"I36

Dn` Oh|u Nlriu Whwdi

4=#44 47+=% 45+5% ?>+?%

4?#47 ??+4% ?=+


34/171



Nrd}a 56 Gluwrlopwlhk o| dn` dkg n`kg`r hb wa` ealigr`k !%,

42+=

?4+=

45+5

40+7

?=+


36/171


Nrd}a 06 Ihedwlhk hb wa` ealigu ehc}pw`r !%,

24+5

41+?

4?+0

0+

executive summary of study on safe habits in the use of ict by children and adolescents and etrust...

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