executive example national hero king liked figure and war hero set many precedents for future...
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Executive Example National Hero
King liked figure and War Hero Set many precedents for future
leaders Untested Constitution and a Constitution
that needed to be developed/edited Developed Cabinet
Group of Advisors who were the heads of the Executive Departments (at this point there were 4)
Defined appointment powers Appointed Cabinet and Judges
Expanded foreign affairs powersSecretary of State (Jefferson)Issues Proclamation of Neutrality
Became legislative leader - was looked to for leadership
1st Congress Bill of Rights ratified
1st 10 AmendmentsIncluded so that
Anti-Feds/Dem. Repub. Support Constitution
Passed Judiciary Act 1789Supreme Court was
established and had 6 justices appointed by President
Created the lower district courts and circuit court of appeals
John Jay was appointed as the 1st Chief Justice of the Supreme Court
Financial DebateNation had large war debt Alexander Hamilton’s plan
Pay all debts: to unify America and show the world that were trustworthy
National bank system: to regulate and collect Proposed high tariffs and taxes to generate revenue
Debate over power to create a national bankSoutherners didn’t want to pay Northern debt
Implied Powers Loose vs. Strict Constructionists “Necessary and Proper” Clause
Political Affairs British harassment in the west
Kept Forts in Canada and pressed Am. with encouraging/helping Native American resistence
French Revolution in 1789 Initially Am. supportedCauses division with Feds and
Dem.Rep. British and French at war
Am. relied on trade with Britain but supported the French in their revolution as they had supported Am.
U.S. neutrality Issued by Washington to prevent
American unity from crumbling
Political Affairs Whiskey Rebellion
Taxes by new government angered Pennsylvania farmers and they attacked tax collectors
Hamilton commanded 12,000 militia to put down rebellion Jay’s Treaty (BRITAIN)
British test Am. Neutrality and attack merchant ships British gave up Forts in N. Am. And we paid the debt from the war
back Hamilton supported and Jefferson didn’t
Pickney’s Treaty (SPAIN) Trade agreement to use the Mississippi and New Orleans to
continue trade Organized the settlement of the West at this point and thus
brought revenue in for the government (selling western lands)
Washington’s WarningServed 2 terms but refused another
Set precedent of serving 2 termsWanted to demonstrate the ideals of
Am. DemocracyPolitical fighting had already begun Farewell Warnings
No political parties (cause division in a weak new nation)
No involvement in foreign affairs (“entangling alliances”
Religion and morality necessary for orderly government
Federalist Era-Adams
Parties DevelopHamilton and Jefferson had
opposing views of government Whiskey Rebellion, National
Bank, Jay’s Treaty, Pickney Treaty
Federalists – led by Hamilton supported strong national government
Democratic-Republicans – led by Jefferson and Madison supported limited role of government
Adams is Elected 1796 election – narrow victory
Adams elected President (Federalist) Jefferson elected VP (Dem.Rep)
They were from different political parties Constitution said 2nd place in election meant VP
creating a Presidency where the two Executives were from different parties
This problem was fixed by the 12th AmendmentPresident and Vice-President run on the same ticket
XYZ AffairNeutrality strained relations with France and
BritainFrance began to impress U.S. merchants and ships
U.S. sends ambassadors to France to patch relationsBribes were demanded by the French
Code names of French officials were X,Y,Z and they demanded bribes in order to restore relations
U.S. was outraged as story emerged American began to not support the French and the Dem.Rep
Nearly leads to war U.S. arms merchant ships
Political Parties oppose each other Federalists align with British Dem-Republicans align with French
Alien and Sedition ActsSedition Act: Federalists passed laws to limit
criticism of government by those sensitive to the French (Dem-Republicans) and restrict citizenship rights
Alien Act: limited freedom of speech and allowed deportation of unpopular aliensSilence opposing political parties
Kentucky and Virginia Issued resolutions to declare the laws unconstitutional Written by Jefferson and MadisonStates could nullify laws of Federal government they
felt unjust
Jeffersonian Era
Election of 1800Jefferson and Aaron Burr tied for President
Both are Democratic-RepublicanConstitution called for the House of Representatives to decide the
tie Tie is eventually broken in Jefferson’s favor
Hamilton convinces Federalists to support Jefferson Future problems avoided with 12th Amendment
Electors vote on the President and Vice-President separately in electoral college
1st peaceful transfer of power from one party to another in modern governmentFederalists to Dem-Rep.Transfer was in White house and in Congress Last time the Federalists had National power
Laissez-faire gov’t: cut taxes and cut gov’t bureacracy; national debt is cut in ½
“REVOLUTION OF REPUBLICANISM”
Judicial ReviewMidnight Judges appointed by Adams
Attempt by Adams to keep Federalist influence in government Jefferson refused to recognize judges
Judges were appoint as Adams was leaving the White House and the letters are not delivered
Marbury vs. Madison Established the principle of Judicial Review
John Marshall is Chief Justice of Supreme Court Political enemy of Jefferson 35 years as Chief Justice and 1,000 cases
Case declares parts of Judiciary Act unconstitutionalSupremacy Clause is protected with the Federal over the States
Establishes the principle of Judicial Review Court can declare laws to be unconstitutional Implied powers Used more for state laws than federal
Western ExpansionLouisiana Purchase (1803) Mississippi to Rockies
Trying to avoid war with France Napoleon agrees as he needs the money to fight war
Lewis and Clark Expedition (1809)Explore, inform, discover, map the territories and their lands
Sacajowea Helps/leads the expedition due to her knowledge of the
territory and her language ability Indian Conflicts
Encouraged by the British Unfair treaties : Indians signed over land but were forced to
and did not understand what they were signingTecumseh’s League: union of Native Americans to
forcefully resist American expansion Battle of Tippecanoe: led by William Harrison and was a
surprise attack in the village and it was burned
Foreign Affairs US Neutrality between Britain and France???
Needed trade with both sides Making money (59 million one year) Trading primarily with France (reexporting)
British began impressment of sailors (6,000 by 1809) Loosing markets to the US Needed sailors for navy to fight Napoleon
Jefferson gets Embargo Act passed to cut off trade with Britain. Hurts U.S. business more than Britain No navy but didn’t want to be seen as weak Lifted in a year and admitted it didn’t work
War Hawks emerge Farmers and settlers in the South and West who supported a war
with Britain Possibility of gaining additional lands – Canada and Florida Revenge for British helping Indians British did not play into War Hawks’ plan