exclusive english grammar

7/23/2019 Exclusive English Grammar

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Qjet kmrc Sphjtcs

fttp4//tjeoirlmx.ogmaspmt.lmk

-POmm`kjr`s[ PLmetcet mn Omm`[ ...

Kjstcr \trulturc Mn J \cetcelc

Eukocr

Fmw pgurjgs jrc Nmrkch

Rcrsme

Rjrts mn spcclf

Emue4

Rrmemue4

Jhdcltivc4

^cro4

\uodclt ^cro Jarcckcet

_ugcs mn Jarcckcet

,^cro=

Xcesc

Xcesc Jhvjelc

Ssc mn Xcesc

Xcesc-

Ceagisftcesc

Rrcscet tcesc

Rjst tcesc

Nuturc Xcesc

_iaft nmrk mn vcro

_iaft nmrk mn vcro jhvjelc

Lmkpgctiea \cetcelc

Lmkpgctiea \cetcelc Jhvjelc

Xja Zucstimes

_ugcs Mn Ietcesivc Ssjacs Mn Xja

Zucstime

Jhvjelc _ugcs mn Xja ZucstimesJrtilgc

Ikpmrtjet _ugcs mn Jrtilgc

Rrcpmsitime

Jpprmprijtc prcpmsitime

Jpprmprijtc prcpmsitime Jhvjelc
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Qjet kmrc Sphjtcs



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Qjet kmrc Sphjtcs


Cxpgjejtime mn tfc \trulturc

\ ; suodclt ('wfm' /'wfjt' =)

^ ; vcro ('jltime wmrh'=-)

M; modclt) ('wfjt' /'wfmk'=vcro )

Ymu kjy act twm modclts jeh tfce lgjssiny tfck ie tfis wjy4

Hm; hirclt modclt (in it is jey tfiea-)Im; iehirclt modclt (in fc/sfc is jey pcrsme-)

L; lmkpgckcet (cxprcssiea kmrc ienmrkjtime jomut smkcmec mr smkctfiea) ()

Jeh tfis ocgmeas tm ? ljtcamrics4

Ls; lmkpgckcet tm tfc suodclt (suodclt)

Lm; lmkpgckcet tm tfc modclt (modclt)

J; Jhduelt (cxprcssiea tfc tikc, pgjlc, ljusc, lmehitime mn smkcmec mr smkctfiea)

('wfce'/'wfcrc'/'wfy'/'fmw'=)


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Qjet kmrc Sphjtcs


\cetcelc \trulturc \cetcelc lmkpmecet \uodclt (

)4 \cetcelc suodcltQfmwfjtsuodclt \trulturc mnniehiea mut suodclt4 (Qfm/wfjt=- scetcelc) Cxjkpgc4 _jìois j hmltmr. Icjt rilc.

^cro (

)4^cro^cro

juxigijry ^crokmhjg-juxigijry cro prielipjg vcro\trulturcmn niehiea mut vcro4 (Jltime wmrh=- scetcelc) Cxjkpgc4 Omo ajvckc j omm`. Fc jrrivch. _jìo isj hmltmr.

Xrjesitivc ^cro4 ^croModcltCxjkpgc4 Omo ajvckc j omm`.

Ietrjesitivc ^cro4

^crohirclt modclt Cxjkpgc4 Fc jrrivch.(Xfcrc jrc kjey vcros tfjt lje oc omtf trjesitivc jeh ietrjesitivc.)

Gieìea ^cro4

^cro,\uodclt Lmkpgckcet

Modclt Cxjkpgc4 Oc vcro (jk, is, jrc, wjs, wcrc), jppcjr, scck, act, oclmkc, gmm`_jìo isj hmltmr. Fc scckstirch.

Modclt (

)4 emueprmemue ^cro ^cro jltime 'wfjt''wfmk'vcro Modclt Modclt ,Modclthirclt modclt Modcltiehirclt modclt Modclt

hirclt modclt\trulturc mn niehiea mut modclt4 (Qfjt/wfmk=-vcro) Cxjkpgc4 Fcìl`ch kc.

Iehirclt Modclt4

emueprmemue Modclt= Cxjkpgc4 Omo ajvc kcj omm`.

Hirclt Modclt4emueprmemue Modclt= Cxjkpgc4Omo ajvc kc j omm`.

Lmkpgckcet4

Gieìea ^cro \uodclt EmueJhdcltivcLmkpgckcet

suodcltmodcltLmkpgckcetLmkpgckcetsuodcltlmkpgckcet tm tfc suodcltmodcltlmkpgckcet tm tfcmodclt\trulturc mn niehiea mut lmkpgckcet4 (wfjt=- vcro;cxprcssiea lmehitime out em jltime)Cxjkpgc4 _jìo is j hmltmr. _jìo; J hmltmrJhvcroijg4Jhvcro,^croJhdcltivc kmhinicrCxjkpgc4 I givc fcrc. Xfc omm` is ie tfc hrjwcr.

Jhduelt4

,,, Jhduelt wfce/wfcrc/wfy/fmw= vcro Jhduelt Jhduelt Jhduelt\trulturc mn niehiea mut Jhduelt4(wfce/wfcrc/wfy/fmw= -vcro)


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Qjet kmrc Sphjtcs


Emtc4Jhduelt, ie j scetcelc lje pgjlc jt tfc stjrtiea mr ie tfc cehiea mn j scetcelc. Fmwcvcr, in jhduelt sits

jt tfc stjrtiea mn j scetcelc, j lmkkj (,) wigg oc pgjlch jntcr it.Jhduelt(,)Nmr je cxjkpgc4 I wcet tm Hfj`j ycstcrhjy. Jt prcscet, fc cxpclts tfis.Xfcrc jrc smkc lmkkme jeh csscetijg jhduelts ie Ceagisf gjeaujac wfilf wigg lmkc ocnmrc ymu jajie jeh

jajie. \m, kckmrizc tfcsc wmrhs mr pfrjscs. Ymu wigg act tfc usjacs mn tfcsc jhduelts ie kjey pgjlcs sulf js

rcpmrts, pjrjarjpfs, stmrics, emvcgs, gcttcrs, jppgiljtimes jeh sm me.

Jhduelt \mkc Lmkkme Cxjkpgcs mn Jhduelt

Emw/jgrcjhy- , _clcetgy-, Mntce- , Jt tfis kmkcet-,_caugjrgy-Cvcryhjy-,Jt prcscet-,Hjigy-,Nrcqucetgy-,Ycstcrhjy-,Hjy oy hjy-melc upme j tikc-, Gjst eiaft/kmetf/ycjr-,, , Ycjr jntcr ycjr-

Dust emw-Nmr je cxjkpgc4Xfc omys jrc pgjyiea lril`ct jt tfis kmkcet. Melc upme j tikc tfcrc wjs j `iea ie tfis lity.


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Qjet kmrc Sphjtcs


Ojsil \cetcelc \trulturcOjsil \cetcelc \trulturc s mn \ikpgc Hclgjrjtivc (Jsscrtivc) \cetcelcs 4 Lmkkueiljtivc Ceagisf

Ojsil scetcelc \trulturc Hclgjrjtivc scetcelc stjtckcets

ojsil \trulturc

\uodclt + Ietrjesitivc vcro

Jhcco njigch. Xfc oilylgc rihiea prjltilc wjs kmviea mnn sgmwgy. scetcelc njigch scetcelc wjskmviea mnn ietrjesitivc vcro. , vcros mn kmvckcet, smueh pmsitimeietrjesitivc vcro vcro skm`c, njig, lgmsc, sie`, jppcjr

vcro ietrjesitivc

\uodclt + Gieìea ^cro + Lmkpgckcet (Jhdcltivc)

Ejkoi, j kje nrmk \mkjg, wjs iggitcrjtc. Acttiea lmkputcr gitcrjly fjs oclmkc ikpmrtjet.

scetcelc ocvcro iggitcrjtc oclmkcvcro- ikpmrtjet

jhdcltivc lmkpgckcet- Gieìea vcro vcro-tmocvcro, jppcjr, oclmkc, nccg, act, `ccp, gmm`, rckjie, scck, skcgg, smueh, tjstc,ture

\uodclt + Gieìea ^cro + Lmkpgckcet (Emue)

Xfc Arcjt Qjgg mn Lfiej is tfc gjracst hcncelc nmrtiniljtime.

Ejkoisfmkc wjs tfc gittgc tckpgc. \cetcelc- tfcgjracst hcncelc nmrtiniljtime scetcelc tfcgittgc tckpgc gieìea vcro- emue lmkpgckcet.

\uodclt +

OC

vcro + Lmkpgckcet (Jhvcroijg)

_jafio wjs me fis oilylgc. Xfc Xjdkjfjg is me tfc rivcr Djkuej.

scetcelc- mefcr oilylgc scetcelc-metfc rivcrDjkuej ocvcro- jhvcroijg lmkpgckcet.

\uodclt + Xrjesitivc ^cro + Modclt (Emue/Rrmemue)

Jomut >32 kiggime pcmpgc spcj` Ceagisf. Xfc \wchcs wcjr ousiecss suits.

scetcelc-trjesitivc vcro spcj` modcltCeagisf scetcelc trjesitivc vcro wcjr modclt suits

\uodclt + Xrjesitivc ^cro + Modclt + Lmkpgckcet (Jhdcltivc)

Iskjig Fmssjie nmueh fis clmemkil lmehitime ueocjrjogc. \pmrts pjvc mur nricehsfip cjsicr.

nmuehpjvcstrjesitivc vcro fisclmemkil lmehitime murnricehsfipmodclt ueocjrjogccjsicr jhdcltivc lmkpgckcet \trulturc - act, fmgh,gi`c, hrivc vcro


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Qjet kmrc Sphjtcs


\uodclt + Xrjesitivc ^cro + Modclt + Lmkpgckcet (Emue)

Xfc amvcrekcet fjs hclgjrch je cjrtfquj`c rcsistjet ouighiea lmhc j eclcssjry jlt. Xfc pcmpgc

lmesihcrch Ejkoi je celfjetcr.

fjshclgjrchtrjesitivc vcro, jecjrtfquj`c rcsistjet ouighiea lmhcmodclt j eclcssjryjltemue lmkpgckcet lmesihcrch trjesitivc vcro, Ejkoimodclt je

celfjetcr emue lmkpgckcet. \trulturc -jppmiet, lrmwe, gjocg, ejkc, cgclt, lmesihcr,hclgjrcvcro

\uodclt + Xrjesitivc ^cro + Iehirclt Modclt + Hirclt Modclt

Xfc SEC\LM fjs hclgjrch tfc \fjt Amkoud Kmsquc je wmrgh fcritjac sitc.

Xfc EFL prmvihch Iskjig Fmssjie je jpprmprijtc trjieiea.

\trulturc - \cetcelc-XfcSEC\LMsuodclt- fjshclgjrchtrjesitivc vcro, - tfc\fjt Amkoud Kmsquciehirclt modclt jewmrgh fcritjac sitchirclt modclt., scetcelc XfcEFLsuodclt - prmvihchtrjesitivc vcro, IskjigFmssjieiehirclt modclt jejpprmprijtc trjieieahirclt modclt.

Xfcrc + ^cro + \uodclt

Xfcrc fjvc occe siaeiniljet lfjeacs. Xfcrc wjs j sfip.

scetcelc Xfcrc ocvcro- \uodclt siaeiniljetlfjeacsjsfip tfcrc eme-rcncrcetijg.

(j) It + OC^cro + Emue + ^cro-iea

It wjs stmry ouighiea ie je cpil sljgc.

ocvcro stmryemue ouighvcro- -iea

(o) It + OC^cro + Jhdcltivc + ienieitivc

It is jogc tm rchulc pjpcr wmr`s.

ocvcro jogcjhdcltivc ienieitivc tmrchulc


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Qjet kmrc Sphjtcs


Eukocr )4 , Eukocr \uodclt Modclt . \ieaugjr 4

/ / _jfkjt, Fc, J pce, J kje

\cetcelc4 J kje is ljggiea ymu ( ). Rgurjg 4 _jfkjt jeh Jfjh, Fc jeh Fis Nriceh, Xfcy,Qc, Xwm Rcmpgc, Xfrcc Nricehs ctl.

\cetcelc4 Xwm pcmpgc fjvc occe `iggch ( )4Eukocr Eukocr Rcrsme (Lmenusime) \ieaugjr Rgurjg ! ! ,

:. tfc pgurjg mn Emue is acecrjggy nmrkch oy jhhiea s tm tfc sieaugjr (\ieaugjr Emue s

pgurjg )

\ieaugjr Rgurjg \ieaugjr Rgurjg

Omm` Omm`s Rce Rces

Hcs` Hcs`s Ljt Ljts

Hma Hmas Gime Gimes

@iea @ieas Airg Airgs

Rce Rces Lfjir Lfjirs

Xjogc Xjogcs Fmusc Fmuscs

Cyc Cycs Cjr Cjrs

Fjehs Fjehs Fcjh Fcjhs

?. Emue cehiea ie s, sf ,lf mr x nrmk tfc pgurjg oy jhhiea- cs tm tfc sieaugjr 4 ( Emue s, sf ,lf,x

cs pgurjg)lf s pgurjg\ieaugjr Rgurjg

Kmejrlf Kmejrlfs

\tmkjlf \tmkjlfs


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Qjet kmrc Sphjtcs


Lul`mm Lul`mms \tuhim \tuhims

Fiehmm Fiehmms Nmgim Nmgims

Emue m lmesmejet cs pgurjg


Fcrm Fcrmcs Clfm ClfmcsTcrm Tcrmcs Kmsquitm Kmsquitmcs

Ecarm Ecarmcs Kjeam Kjeamcs

Ounnjgm Ounnjgmcs Rmtjtm Rmtjtmcs

4

HyejkmHyejkms , Rfmtm --Rfmtms , RijemRijems, Zujrtm--Zujrtms

3. Emues cehiea ie y fjviea j ^mwcg ocnmrc it tj`cs s tm nmrk pgurjg 4( Emue y

^mwcg s pgurjg)


Omy Omys Hjy Hjys

Xmy Xmys Rgjy Rgjys

@cy @cys _jy _jys

Kme`cy Kme`cys Hme`cy Hme`cys

Emue y lmesmejet y ics


Jrky Jrkics Lmpy Lmpics

Ojoy Ojoics Huty Hutics

Omhy Omhics Ngy Ngics

Lity Litics Gjhy Gjhics

Lmuetry Lmuetrics \tmry \tmrics

>. Emues cehiea ie n mr nc nrmk tfcir pgurjg oy lfjeaiea n mr nc ietm v jeh jhhiea cs4 (Emue nnc

nncvcs pgurjg)

@einc @eivcs \fcjn \fcjvcs

Ginc Givcs Xficn Xficvcs

Gcjnb Gcjvcs Qinc Qivcs

Gmjn Gmjvcs Qmgn Qmgvcs


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Qjet kmrc Sphjtcs


Emue n s pgurjg


Lficn Lficns Augn Augns

Lginn Lginns Fmmn Fmmns

Oricn Oricns Rrmmn Rrmmns

Ocgicn Ocgicns _mmn _mmns

1. smkc Emues nrmk tfcir pgurjg oy lfjeaiea tfc iesihc ^mwcg mn tfc \ieaugjr 4(

Emue

Rgurjg

^mwcg

)


Kje Kce Nmmt Ncct

Qmkje Qmkce Xmmtf Xcctf

Acetgckje Acetgckce Ammsc Accsc

6.J ncw Emues nrmk tfcir pgurjg oy lfjeaiea tfc iesihc ^mwcg jeh tfc lmesmejet mn tfc sieaugjr 4(

Emue

Rgurjg

^mwcg

9. J ncw Emues nrmk tfcir pgurjg oy jhhiea

ce tm tfc \ieaugjr4 (

Emue

Rgurjg

ce

)


Mx Mxce Lfigh Lfighrce

Ormtfcr Orctfcre

:2. Lmkpmueh Emues acecrjggy nmrks pgurjg oy jhhiea- s tm tfc prielipjg wmrh mr oy lfjeaiea iesihc ^mwcg mn

tfc prielipjg wmrh.4( Lmkpmueh Emue

wmrh

s

wmrh

^mwcg

pgurjg

)

::. Lmkpmueh Emues writtce witfmut fypfce tj`cs s tm nmrk tfc pgurjg 4 Lmkpmueh Emue fypfce

s

pgurjg

)


Jrklfjir Jrklfjirs Fjehnug Fjehnugs

Omm`ljsc Omm`ljscs Ojanug Ojanugs

Ril`pml`ct Ril`pml`cts \pmmenug \pmmenugs


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Qjet kmrc Sphjtcs


Lmkpmueh Emue

Hmuogc pgurjg

4


Kje-scrvjet Kce-scrvjet Gmrh-dustilc Gmrhs-dustilcs

Qmkce-scrvjet Qmkce-scrvjet @eiaft- tckpgjr @eiafts-tckpgjrs

:. \ieaugjr, pgurjg 4

Ljttgc Xfcsc ljttgc jrc kiec.

Nmg` Xfc mgh nmg` fjvc amec.


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Qjet kmrc Sphjtcs


\wiec Xfcsc swiec kust oc `cpt mut mn tfc ajrhce. Rmugtry Qfmsc jrc tfcsc pmugtry=

Rcmpgc Xfcsc pcmpgc fjvc rcturech fmkc.

Rmgilc Xfc pmgilc jrc wjtlfiea tfc fmusc . Pout[Xfc pmgilckje is wjtlfiea tfc fmusc .

^crkie ^crkie hcstrmy mur prmpcrty jeh ljrry hiscjsc

:1.

Emue

pgurjg

\ieaugjr

4ajggmws, Ecws, Rfysils, Ctfils, Rmgitils, \tjtistils,

Clmemkils. Jtfgctils, Aykejstils ctl.

Ecws Qfjt is tfc ecws =

\tjtistils \tjtistils is ky njvmritc suodclt.

. \mkc emues jrc jgwjys Rgurjg 4P Emue Rgurjg, \ieaugjr [

(j) Ejkc mn sulf iestrukcet fjviea twm pjrts mr pjir Emues 4(pjir Emue -

Rgurjg )4 Ocggmws ,\lissmrs, agjsscs / \pcltjlgcs

(o) Ejkcs mn lcrtjie jrtilgcs mn hrcss 4 ( ) Xrmuscrs, hrjwcrs, orcclfcs ctl.

(l) Ejkcs mn hiscjscs 4 ()Kcjsgcs, kukps

(h) Rgurjg Emue 4 Jsfcs, jgks , jsscts, jeejgs , ncttcrs, prmlcchs, Jomraies, tfje`s, tihieas, vcactjogcs,ocgmeaieas, ammhs, lmearjtugjtimes, cjreieas, pjrtilugjrs, prckiscs, rilfcs, surrmuehieas.

Rcrsme 4 Rcrsme \uodclt () \tjtus () Rcrsme - , Rcrsme . \uodclt Nirst Rcrsme

- I, Qc( , ) - Ifjvc jgrcjhy nieisfch tfc dmo ( )

. \uodclt \clmeh Rcrsme -Ymu. -,

Ymufjvc hmec j arcjt dmo-

. Xfirh Rcrsme I, Qc Ymu ,, , \uodclt Xfirh Rcrsme. Fc, \fc, It (), Xfcy, _jfkjt, \jooir, Xfc ejkc mn ky njtfcr, J kje, Xfrccpcmpgc ctl. .. .......4 \jooir fjs stri`ce j tme ( )


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Qjet kmrc Sphjtcs


Rcrsme

\uodcltivc Nmrk

Modcltivc Nmrk

pmsscssivc Nmrk

Qfjt is \uodcltivc Nmrk=

Xfc nmrk mn pcrsme wfilf is usch js suodcltie j scetcelc sulf js

I, wc, ymu, fc, sfc, tfcy,jeh it.

Rcrsme \uodclt\uodcltivc Nmrk(I, wc,ymu, fc, sfc, tfcy, jeh it.)

Cxjkpgc4

Ifcgpch tfc kje.

Fcfjtcs ymur ocfjvimr.

Qfjt is Modcltivc Nmrk=

Xfc nmrk mn pcrsme wfilf is usch js modcltie j scetcelc sulf js kc, us ,ymu, fik, fcr, tfck,jeh it.

Rcrsme ModcltivcModcltivc Nmrk(kc, us,ymu, fik, fcr, tfck, jeh it.)

Cxjkpgc4

Fc ajvc kcj pce.

I sjw fiktfcrc.


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Qjet kmrc Sphjtcs


Qfjt is Rmsscssivc Nmrk=

Xfc nmrk mn pcrsme wfilf is usch ie j scetcelc tm cxprcss tfc prmprictmr mn smkctfiea mr tm pmsscss

jeytfiea sulf js ky, mur, ymur, fis, fcr, tfcir,jeh its.

Rcrsme Rmsscssivc Nmrk(ky, mur, ymur, fis, fcr, tfcir, jeh its)

Cxjkpgc4

I tmm` fis pce nmr writiea je cssjy.

\fc gi`cs ky oja ocljusc mn its lmgmr.

Rmiet : 4 J pmsscssivc nmrk jgwjys sits ocnmrc j emue ie j scetcelc. \m tfc \trulturc mn tfc

pmsscssivc nmrk is4

(Rmsscssivc nmrk+ Emue)

Rmsscssivc nmrkemue (Rmsscssivc nmrk+ Emue)

Cxjkpgc4

It is fis oja. (Fcrc, fisis pmsscssivc jeh ojais emue)

(, fis pmsscssivc nmrkoja emue)

Ky rmmkis eilcgy hclmrjtch. (Fcrc, kyis pmsscssivc jeh rmmkis emue)

(, ky pmsscssivc nmrkrmmk emue)

Rmiet ? 4Xfcrc jrc smkc pmsscssivc nmrks ie Ceagisf gjeaujac wfilf lje sit jgmec witfmut emue ie j

scetcelc sulf js kiec, murs, ymurs, fcrs, its, jeh tfcirs.

Ceagisf gjeaujac pmsscssivc nmrksemuekiec, murs,ymurs, fcrs, its, tfcirs.)

Cxjkpgc4

Xfis omm` is kiec.

Ky tikc is vjgujogc tfje ymurs.

Rmiet < 4 Qc `emw tfjt pcrsme is lmesihcrch js prmemue ie j scetcelc usujggy. Out, tfc pmsscssivc

nmrk wfilf lmkcs ocnmrc j emue is lmesihcrch js je jhdcltivc.

pcrsme prmemuepmsscssivc nmrkemue jhdcltivc

Cxjkpgc4 I gmst fis ojaycstcrhjy. (Fcrc, fisis jhdcltivc jeh ojais j emue.)

(, fis jhdcltivcoja emue)Xfcsc jrc tfc pmiets witfie tfc pmsscssivc nmrk wfilf sfmugh oc lmesihcrch.


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Qjet kmrc Sphjtcs


Niejg lfjrt mn pcrsme

Rcrsme Eukocr\uodcltivc

nmrks

Modcltivc

nmrks

Rmsscssivc

nmrks

:stsieaugjr I kc/kyscgn ky/kiec

pgurjg Qc us/murscgvcs mur/murs

?ehsieaugjr Ymu ymu/ymurscgn ymur/ymurs

pgurjg Ymu ymu/ymurscgvcs ymur/ymurs


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Qjet kmrc Sphjtcs


Xfc hinncrcet `iehs mn wmrhs jrc ljggch pjrts mn spcclf.Rjrts mn spcclf- D. L.Ecsnicgh.

Qmrhs jrc hivihch ietm hinncrcet `iehs mr lgjsscs, ljggch pjrts mn spcclf, jllmrhiea tm tfcir usc0 tfjt is,

jllmrhiea tm tfc wmr` tfcy hm ie scetcelc. -Qrce & Kjrtie.

Rjrts mn spcclf

*Emtc4 Ecsnicgh Qrce & Kjrtie Rjrts mn spcclfQmrh \cetcelc\pcclf 0 Rjrts mn \pcclf-R.L. HjsXfc pjrts mn spcclf jrc ciaft ie eukocr. Rjrts mn spcclf4

:. Emue

?. Rrmemue

. Rrcpmsitime

1. Lmedueltime

6. Ietcrdcltime


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Qjet kmrc Sphjtcs


J emue is j wmrh usch nmr ejkiea smkc pcrsme mr tfiea. -D.L. Ecsnicgh

Emue,Qrce & Kjrtie Emue - Xfc wmrhtfiea ielguhcs (i) jgg modclts tfjt wc lje scc, fcjr, tjstc, tmulf mr skcgg0 jeh (ii) smkctfiea tfjt wc lje tfiea

mn, out ljeemt pcrlcivc oy scescs.

Emue -J emue is j ejkiea wmrh. -R.L. Hjs

*EmueEmueCxjkpgc4

\uofjs is j origgijet omy. --- Rrmpcr Emue

Xfc lmw aivcs us kig`. ---Lmkkme Emue

\jgig is tfc ocst omy ie tfc lgjss. ---Lmggcltivc Emue

Amgh is j ^jgujogc kctjg. ---Kjtcrijg emue. Fmecsty is tfc ocst pmgily. ---Jostrjlt Emue

* Emtc4Emue

Emue4.4 Fyke, Cgcay

. \unnix Emue Emue \unnix Emue

:.Emue iehiljtiea pcrsmes ( Emue )4

- cr js ie hrivcr,pgjycr,writcr.- mr js ie chitmr,visitmr,jltmr.- jet js ie scrvjet,jssistjet,jttcehjet.

- ist js ie slicetist,lfckist,typist.

?.Emue hcrivch nrmk jeh iehiljtieaqujgitics,ihcjs,lmehitimes

(

Emue

,

-

,

vcro

)4

- jac js ie gcj`jac,hrjiejac,lmvcrjac.- jg js ie jrrivjg,rcnusjg,jpprmvjg.- jelc je iejttcehjelc,jppcjrjelc,pcrnmrkjelc.- cry js ie hislmvcry,rclmvcry,hcgivcry.- kcet js iejarcckcet,jrrjeackcet,jhvjelckcet.- sime js ie hclisime,hivisime,cxpjesimme.- time js ie chuljtime,smgutime,jttcetime.- urc js ie njigurc,lgmsurc,hcpjrturc.


19/205

Qjet kmrc Sphjtcs


- ecss js ie hjrècss,ìehecss,fjppiecss.- tf js ie strceatf,gceatf,trutf..8. Mtfcrs

\ime4 lmenusime, jaarcssime Jelc4 ikpmrtjelc,jttcehjelc

Cr4 hrivcr, outlfcr Celc4 ieemlcelc, mochicelc

Hmk4 nrcchmk, kjrtyhmk Kmey4 kjtrikmey, pjtrikmey

Fmmh4 lfighfmmh, ormtfcrfmmh Xuhc4 scrvituhc, gmeaituhc

Xf4 armwtf, orcjtf Xy4 lrucgty, emvcgty

\fip4 nricehsfip, fjrhsfip Y4 viltmry, fistmry

Isk4 kjtcrijgisk, ikpcrijgisk _y4 hispcesjry, jeeivcrsjry

Jg4 jrrivjg, jpprmvjg Ity4 ihcetity, cetity

Gmay4 kytfmgmay, psylfmgmay Ils4 clmemkils, cgcltrmeils

. Nueltime

Emue

4

j) \uodclt\wikkiea (vcro+iea5Emue) fcgps kje tm oc fcjgtfy

o) ModcltXfcy wjtlf pgjyiea nmmtojgg.

l) Modclt mn RrcpmsitimeLmkputcr is usch nmr lmrrcspmehcelc.

h) \uodclt LmkpgckcetFc is j gcjhcr.

c) Modclt LmkpgckcetXfcy kjhc kc ljptjie.

. Acrueh (vcro+iea5Emue)

4 Lylgiea is ammh nmr fcjgtf.

. Rmsscssivc, pjrtilipgc

ienieitc

wmrh

wmrh

Emue

Cxjkpgc4 `jkjg fjtcs Jrpmej nmr fcr tjg`jtivcecss.

Xm spcj` tfc trutf is j arcjt virtuc.

Qc cedmych wjtlfiea fcr pcrnmrkjelc.>. Jhdcltivc, Emue Jhdcltivc tfc

Cxjkpgc4 Xfc pmmr jrc emt jgwjys uefjppy.

@cjts wjs j gmvcr mn tfc ocjutinug (tfc ocjutinug;ocjuty)

1. Jhdcltivc Emue

Cxjkpgc4 Itjgijes, \ceimrs, Xmtjgs,\mgihs

.

Rfrjsc Emue

Cxjkpgc4 Nmr ammh, ie acecrjg, ie sfmrt, jt prcscet, ie ogjl` jeh wfitc.

, Emue is j ejkiea wmrhwmrh EmueEmue

D.L. Ecsnicgh sfmws tfjt Emues jrc mn nivc hinncrcet ìehs4 Rrmpcr, lmkkme, lmggcltivc, kjtcrijg jeh jostrjlt.

Out Qrce & Kjrtie sfmws tfjt emues jrc nmur ìehs4 Rrmpcr, lmkkme, lmggcltivc jeh jostrjlt.

**Emue emue , pjrjarjpf- Emue


20/205

Qjet kmrc Sphjtcs


Jgigivcs ierjdsfjfi.Fc is jsfmp`ccpcr.Fcscggsliajrcttcsjeh smkcfmw kjejacs tm suppmrt fisnjkigy.Out fcfjtcsskmìeaocljusc it is hjeacrmus tmfcjgtf.Rjrjarjpf itjgilizch wmrhs( ) emue

Jgi ;

_jdsfjfi ;

\fmp`ccpcr ;

liajrcttcs ;

njkigy ; skmìea ;

fcjgtf ; emue Emue Emue ejkc4

pcrsmes ()4 Fjsje,@jrik,Kiej,Yjskie.Rgjlcs ()4 Hfj`j,Gmehme,Ojeagjhcsf,Iehij.

Xfieas ()4 Xjogc,Lfjir,Nje,Rce.

Kckocrs mn j lgjss ( )4 lmw,hma,hmltmr,ceaieccr.J armup mn pcrsmes/jeikjgs/tfieas (, )4 lmkkittcc,ljoiect,ngml`,nureiturc.

Jltimes mr jltivitics ()4 wjgìea,rueeiea,lmmìea,ljkpiea(vcro iea emue )

Zujgitics,ckmtimes mr lmehitimes mnpcmpgc mr tfieas ( )4 gmvc,ìehecss,pcjlc,silècss.

, emue

:. Rrmpcr emue

?. Lmkkme emue


21/205

Qjet kmrc Sphjtcs


, Rrmpcr emueLjpitjg gcttcr,Lmkkme emue

Lmggcltivc emue

Xfc lrmwch fjs em hislipgiec.

Xfc jrky is nmrkch witf hislipgiec.

Eirce is tfc nirst omy ie tfc lgjss.

Ymu kust wjtlf tfc ngcct. (;j lmggcltime mn jrkch sfips)

lrmwch, jrky, lgjss, ngcctLmggcltivc emue,J lmggcltivc emue hcemtcs j armup mr lmggcltime mn sikigjr iehivihujgs, lmesihcrch js mec lmkpgctc wfmgc. -D. L.

Ecsnicgh.

Kjtcrijg Emue

Xfis riea is kjhc mn amgh. Xfis lfjir is kjhc mn wmmh. Rgcjsc aivc kc j agjss mn wjtcr.

amgh, wmmhwjtcr ,kjtcrijg emue.

J Kjtcrijg Emue tfc kjttcr mn suostjelc mn wfilf tfieas jrc kjhc.-D.L EcsnicghKjtcrijg Emue

Jostrjlt Emue

Fmecsty is tfc ocst pmgily. Ocjuty is trutfnug.

@iehecss is j arcjt virtuc .

Fc ourst ietm gjuaftcr.

Fc is orjvc sielc fis omyfmmh .

fmecsty, ocjuty, `iehecss, gjuaftcr , omyfmmh,.Jostrjlt Emue .Je Jostrjlt Emue is usujggy tfc ejkc mn qujgity, jltime mr stjtc lmesihcrch jpjrt nrmk tfc modclt tm wfilf it

ocgmea. Qrce KjrtieJostrjlt Emue

,

Zujgity ammhecss, `iehecss, fjrhecss, oriaftecss, fmecsty, ocjuty, orjvcry, wishmk ctl.Jltime gjuaftcr, kmvckcet, duhakcet ctl.

Lmuetjogc & uelmuetjogc Emueemue lmuetjogc uelmuetjogc emue

lmuetjogc emueslmuetjogc emues pgurjg,- pce ukorcggj

Xwm pces. Nivc ukorcggjs.

,lmuetjogc

, ,,uelmuetjogc4

uelmuetjogclmuetjogc, twm agjsscs mn wjtcr, nmur ojas mn rilc

uelmuetjogc lmuetjogc, j lgmuhy s`y, j strmea wieh


22/205

Qjet kmrc Sphjtcs


lmuetjogc emue sieaugjriehcnieitc jrtilgc(j/je)

Xfcrc is pcelig me tfc tjogc. ()

Xfcrc is j pcelig me tfc tjogc.()

It kjy rjie.Ymu fjh octtcr tj`c ukorcggj.()

It kjy rjie.Ymu fjh octtcr tj`c ukorcggj.()

Se lmuetjogc Emue ,nureiturc ienmrkjtime emue

uelmuetjogc.emue nureiturcs ienmrkjtimessieaugjr

iehcnieitc jrtilgc (j/je)

,

Lmuetjogc emues pgurjg

Lmuetjogc emuessieaugjrj/je

Selmuetjogc emues pgurjg

Selmuetjogc emues j/je

Ncw, j ncw, tfc ncw, megy j ncw, vcry ncw, kjey, scvcrjg Lmuetjogc

gittgc, j gittgc, tfc gittgc, megy j gittgc, kulf, gcss Selmuetjogc

smkc, kmst, rcst, jgg, kmrc, kjdmrity, j gmt mn Lmuetjogc/Selmuetjogc

Lmuetjogc Emuehctcrkiecr Emuepgurjg|

Emue lmuetjogc uelmuetjogc pgurjg

-- + + (Mn + Emue)

twm gmjvcs mn orcjh , nivc ogjhcs mn arjss , tfrcc piclcs mn jhvilc/ kusil ctl.

jhvilc, fmkcwmr`, kmecy, pmctry

jeacr, iaemrjelc, kusil, pmvcrty

lmurjac, ienmrkjtime, ecws, prmarcss

hjkjac, `emwgchac, pjticelc, gul`

cquipkcet, gcisurc, pcrkissime, nue

emue uelmuetjogc emue uelmuetjogc4

Nguihs ()4wjtcr,kig`,mig,ie`,smup

Ajsscs ()4fyhrmace,mxyace,eitrmace,jir,skm`c.

Ejturjg pfcemkcej ()4cgcltrility,fcjt,hjr`ecss,suesfiec,wcjtfcr.

Kjtcrijgs tmm skjgg tm oc lmuetch ()4sjeh,hirt,sjgt,rilc,ngmur.

Jajhckil hislipgiecs ()4kjtfckjtils,acmarjpfy pfysils,lfckistry,oimgmay.


23/205

Qjet kmrc Sphjtcs


Jostrjltimes ()4gmvc,sykpjtfy,lmurjac ocjuty,nrcchmk.

Mtfcr ietjeaiogcs ()4wmr`,jhvilc,ienmrkjtime,èmwgchac.

hiscjscs ()4lfmgcrj,kjgjrij,hijoctcs,iengucezj,hyscetcry.

Gjeaujacs ()4Oceajgi,Ceagisf,Nrcelf,acrkje,_ussije.

Ajkcs ()4nmmtojgg lril`ct,fml`cy,lfcss,tceeis.

\mgih suostjelcs ()4cjrtf,orcjh,lmttme,eygme,nureiturc.

^crojg emues (vcro )4ljkpiea,lmmìea,pjlìea,dukpiea,rueeiea.

Kjey

4

:. Kjey j/je + sieaugjr emue+sieaugjr vcro4Kjey j stuhcet is joscet tmhjy.

?. Kjey/j arcjt kjey/j ammh kjey + pgurjg emue + pgurjg vcro4 Kjey stuhcets jrc joscet tmhjy.

Ncw

4

Rgurjg Lmuet Emue-ncw/j ncw/tfc ncw/vcry ncw/emt j ncw

Ncw , j ncw-(),,tfc ncw () vcry ncw-,emt j

ncw

Gittgc, j gittgc, tfc gittgc, vcry gittgc, emt j gittgc

4

Selmuetjogc emue-gittgc, j gittgc (),tfc

gittgc () vcry gittgc-, emt j gittgc-Xfcrc is j gittgc wjtcr ie tfc agjss.

Jey,smkc

4jey/,smkc ()

Mtfcr,jemtfcr,mtfcrs,jey mtfcr

4

Mtfcr+pgurjg emue0 jemtfcr+sieaugjr emue

Mtfcr-Jey mtfcr+sieaugjr/ pgurjg emue.

\tjtc omyfmmh, lfighfmmh, ymutf, sgjvcry ctl.


24/205

Qjet kmrc Sphjtcs



25/205

Qjet kmrc Sphjtcs


J wmrh usch iestcjh mn emue is ljggch Rrmemue. ---D.L. Ecsnicgh.

J prmemue is j wmrh usch iestcjh mn emue. --- Qrce & Kjrtie

Emue wmrh,RrmemueRrm ; , Emue ;0Emue wmrhRrmemueEmueEmue

Emue RrmemueRrmemue Emue _jk is j omy.

_jk is amiea tm slfmmg. _jk is je ietcggiacet omy.

Rrmemue _jk is j omy. (emue)

Fc is amiea tm slfmmg. (Rrmemue) Fc is je ietcggiacet omy. (Rrmemue)

Rrmemue ,, Rrmemue Nirst, \clmeh & Xfirh Rcrsme,0,0,Rrmemue Nirst pcrsme4I,Qc, kc, us0 ky, kiecmur, murs.

, 0 ,0,Rrmemue \clmeh RcrsmeYmu, Ymur, Ymurs.,,,0,0,,,,,Rrmemue XfirhRcrsme Fcr, tfck, fis, fcr, fcrs, tfcir, tfcirs, it, its.Xfcsc jrc uscnug Rrmemues. _ckckocr tfck.

- I - Qc

- kc - us

- ky - mur, - ymu ,- ymu

, - ymur ,- ymur

, - ymu ,- ymu

, - ymu , - ymu

, - ymur - tfcir

() - fc () - sfc

() - fik () - fcr

() - fc () - sfc- tfcy - tfcy

() - fik () - fcr

- tfck - tfcir

() - fis () - fcr

,- wfm ,- wfm

,- wfmsc , wfmk


26/205

Qjet kmrc Sphjtcs


Xfcrc jrc eiec hinncrcet `iehs mn prmemues. Rrmemue

@iehs mn Rrmemue Fmw tm rclmaeizc tfck Cxjkpgcs

(:) Rcrsmejg Rrmemue prmemue pcrsme

I, wc, ymu, fc, sfc, tfcy

(?) Rmsscssivc Rrmemue

Rrmemue- pmsscssime

Kiec, murs, ymurs, fis, fcrs,

tfcirs

() _cgjtivc Rrmemue

Rrmemue rcgjtime

Qfm, wfmsc, wfmk,

wfilf, tfjt

(1) Ietcrrmajtivc Rrmemue Rrmemue

Qfm, wfmsc, wfmk, wfilf,

wfjt

(6) Histrioutivc Rrmemue

Rrmemue

cjlf, citfcr, ecitfcr

(9) _cliprmljg Rrmemue Rrmemue

Cjlf mtfcr, mec jemtfcr

Emtc4Rrmemue-nmrk ky, mur, ymur, fis, fcr, tfcir its. Emue Jhdcltivc Rrmemkiejg JhdcltivcRmsscssivc Jhdcltivc- Ky omm`, ymur fmusc, mur lguo

Xfis omm` is kiec. Xfis fmusc is ymurs. Xfis lguo is murs kiec, ymurs, mursRmsscssivc Rrmemuemurs, ymurs, fcrs, tfcirs -r s

Hmuogc pmsscssivcRC_\MEJG R_MEMSE IE HINNC_CEX RC_\ME\ JEH LJ\\C4

Rcrsme \uodclt Modclt Rmsscssivc

:st Rcrsme \iea I Kc ky, kiec

Rgurjg Qc Ss Mur, murs

?eh Rcrsme \iea Ymu Ymu Ymur, ymurs

Rgurjg Ymu Ymu Ymur, ymurs


27/205

Qjet kmrc Sphjtcs


Rgurjg Xfcy Xfcy Xfcir, tfcir

Emue pcrsmejg prmemue Eukocr pcrsmejg prmemue


28/205

Qjet kmrc Sphjtcs


I wjs pgjyiea oy kyscgn. P;I gi`c tm spceh tikc jgmec.[

\mkc vcros kust tj`c _cngcxivc Rrmemues js modclts. ( vcro _cngcxivc Rrmemue modclt )

Jvjig, cxcrt ctl.

Ymu kust jvjig ymurscgn mn tfc trjie.

Fc wigg cxcrt fikscgn ie tikc.

Ssc mn Hckmestrjtivc Rrmemues4

Qc usc Hckmestrjtivc Rrmemues tm pmiet mut tfc modclts tm wfilf tfcy rcncr.

Hckmestrjtivc Rrmemue Xfis is j prcscet nrmk ky cghcr ormtfcr.Hjrdccgiea tcj is octtcr tfje tfjt mn Jssjk tcj.

Xfcsc kjeamcs jrc emt js smur js tfmsc kjeamcs.

_ugcs nmr tfc usc mn It4

Qc usc It Cxjkpgcs

(:) Nmr tfieas witfmut ginc mr je ihcj.

It is j pce.

Fcrc is ymur omm`0 tj`c it.

It is tfc mpieime mn tfc Ruogil.

(?) Nmr jeikjgs uegcss wc lgcjrgy wisf tm spcj` mn tfck js

kjgc mr nckjgc.Xfc fmrsc ncss jeh orm`c its gca.

() Nmr hcemtiea wcjtfcr mr tikc

(;Ikpcrsmejg It)

It is rjieiea.

It semws. It fjigs.

It tfuehcrs.

It sccks tm kc.

(1) Nmr hcemtiea wcjtfcr mr tikc(;Rrcgikiejry It)

It is wietcr.

It is niec wcjtfcr.It is 6 mlgml`.It is tmm cjrgy.

(6) Js j prmvisimejg suodclt ocnmrc tfc vcro tm oc wfcetfc rcjg suodclt nmggmws it.

It is cjsy tm nieh njugt.

It is cjsy tm sjy out fjrh tm hm.

Ssc mn Iehcnieitc Rrmemues


29/205

Qjet kmrc Sphjtcs


Qc usc Iehcnieitc Rrmemues ie mrhcr tm rcncr tm pcrsmes mr tfieas ie j acecrjg wjy, emt tm rcncr tm jey

pjrtilugjr pcrsme mr tfiea. ( Iehcnieitc Rrmemue )Jeyomhy lje hm tfis cjsy tjs`.

Mec kust emt prjisc mecscgn.

Mec mn tfc omys is wil`ch.

Emec mn tfc omys is / jrc wil`ch.

Emec out nmmgs fjvc cvcr ocgicvch it.

Ie rcncrriea tm jeyomhy, cvcryomhy, cvcrymec, jeymec, cjlf ctl. tfc prmemue fc mr sfc is usch jllmrhiea tm

tfc lmetcxt. Qrce & Kjrtie

Jeyomhy, cvcryomhy, cvcrymec, jeymec, cjlf

prmemue fc

sfc

I sfjgg oc agjh tm fcgp cvcrymec mn tfc omys ie fis stuhics.

I sfjgg oc agjh tm fcgp cvcrymec mn tfc airgs ie fis stuhics.

Out wfce tfc scx is emt hctcrkiech nrmk tfc lmetcxt, wc usc tfc prmemue mn tfc kjslugiec acehcr.

, kjslugiec acehcr- prmemue

Cjlf kust hm fis ocst. Cvcrymec gi`cs tm fjvc fis wjy.

Jeymec lje hm tfis in fc trics.

*Emtc 4 Out wc ljeemt usc fc mr sfc ie ljsc mn mec.

( mec- fc sfc )Mec kust hm mecs huty. (emt, fis)

Ssc mn Histrioutivc Rrmemues

Qc uscHistrioutivc Rrmemues ie mrhcr tm rcncr tm pcrsmes mr tfieas mec jt j tikc. Nmr tfis rcjsme tfcy jrc

jgwjys sieaugjr.

Histrioutivc Rrmemue \ieaugjr Eukocr.

Cjlf mn tfc omys is fcjgtfy.

Citfcr mn tfc rmjhs gcjhs tm tfc kjr`ct.

Ecitfcr mn tfc airgs wjs gjtc.

*Emtc :. Citfcr kcjes tfc mec mr tfc mtfcr mn tfc twm. Ecitfcr is tfc ecajtivc mn citfcr.

Citfcr

, Ecitfcr

*Emtc ?. Xfc prmemue cjlf kjy fjvc tfrcc pmsitimes. (Cjlf- Rmsitime)(:) Cjlf mn tfc omys rclcivch j prizc.

Xfcsc omys rclcivch cjlf j prizc.

Xfcsc omys rclcivch tce rupccs cjlf.

Xfc tfirh mrhcr is usujggy pgjlch jntcr j eukcrjg. ( cjlf *Emtc


30/205

Qjet kmrc Sphjtcs


Xfcrc jrc trccs me citfcr sihc mn tfc rivcr. (citfcr sihc ; ) Ecitfcr jllusjtime is truc. ( )

Ssc mn _cliprmljg Rrmemues

Qc usc _cliprmljg Rrmemues ie mrhcr tm rcncr rcliprmljg rcgjtime. ( _cliprmljg Rrmemue )

Xfc twm omys fjtc cjlf mtfcr. Xfcy gmvch mec jemtfcr.Xfc ormtfcrs qujrrcgch witf cjlf mtfcr.

Xfc stmmh jajiest mec jemtfcr.

Ssc mn Ietcrrmajtivc Rrmemues

Qfm, wfmk jeh wfmsc jrc usch nmr iehiljtiea pcrsmes. (pcrsme wfm; , wfmk; , wfmsc; ) Qfm jrc ymu=( =)Qfmk hm ymu gi`c= (z =)Qfmsc is tfis omm`= ( =)POut, wfmsc omm` is tfis= ; kmhcre usjac [

(Fcrc wfmsc is Ietcrrmajtivc Jhdcltivc.)

Qfilf is usch nmr scgcltiea j pcrsme mr j tfiea. ( wfilf; )Qfilf is ymur omm` = ( =)Qfilf is ymur nriceh = ( =)Qfilf mn tfc pilturcs is ymurs = ( =) (


31/205

Qjet kmrc Sphjtcs


Ssc mn _cgjtivc Rrmemues

_cgjtivcRrmemues jrc jgsm ljggch Gieìea prmemues js tfcy gie` tfc Hcpcehcet _cgjtivc lgjusc mn j scetcelctm its kjie lgjusc.

_cgjtivcRrmemue-Gieìeaprmemue _cgjtivc lgjusc Kjie lgjusc lgjusc- _cjh tfc nmggmwiea pjirs mn scetcelcs jeh moscrvc fmw tfcsc jrc dmiech witf tfc fcgp mn _cgjtivcRrmemues.

( _cgjtivcRrmemue )I èmw tfc omy. Xfc omy ljkc nrmk Ljgluttj. ; I èmw tfc omy wfmljkc nrmk Ljgluttj.

Xfis is tfc omm`. Xfis ocgmeas tm ky arjehnjtfcr. ; Xfis is tfc omm` wfilfocgmeas tm ky arjehnjtfcr.

Xfis is tfc rjt. It wjs ljuaft oy j ljt. ; Xfis is tfc rjt tfjt wjs ljuaft oy j ljt.

It is ymu. Ymu jrc tm oc ogjkch. ; It is ymu wfm jrc tm oc ogjkch.

*Emtc 4 Xfc emues mr prmemues ikkchijtcgy ocnmrc tfc _cgjtivcRrmemues jrc ljggch tfc Jetclchcets. (_cgjtivc

Rrmemue- emue prmemue Jetclchcet

Fcrc is j tjogc tm lgjssiny hinncrcet uscs mn _cgjtivc Rrmemue

_cgjtivc Rrmemue Ssch nmr Cxjk gc

Qfm (\uodclt)Rcrsmes megy

(omtf siea jeh pgurjg)

I èmw tfc kje wfm is fmecst. Fc wfm fcsitjtcs is gist.

Xfmsc wfm hic nmr mtfcrs jrc ikkmrtjg.

Qfmk (Modclt)Rcrsmes megy

(omtf siea jeh pgurjg)

Xfis is tfc omy wfmk jgg prjisc. Xfcsc jrc tfc omys wfmk

jgg prjisc.

Qfmsc

(Rmsscssivc) Rcrsmes jeh tfieas

Xfis is tfc kje wfmsc pml`ct wjs pil`ch.

J trijeagc wfmsc tfrcc sihcs jrc cqujg is ljggch jecquigjtcrjg trijeagc.

Qfilf (\uodclt)Xfieas witfmut ginc jeh

jeikjg

Xfis is tfc fmusc wfilf ko uelgc ouigt.

Xfis is tfc lmw wfilf is kigìea.

Xfjt (\uodclt)Rcrsmes Jeikjgs

Xfieas

Fc tfjt is lmetcet is rilf.

J hma tfjt ojr`s scghmk oitcs. Xj`c jeytfiea tfjt ymu gi`c.


32/205

Qjet kmrc Sphjtcs


Je jhdcltivc is j wmrh usch nmr qujginyiea nmr jhhiea smkctfiea tm tfc kcjeiea mn j emue mr prmemue. -D.L.

Ecsnicgh

Je Jhdcltivc is j wmrh usch tm jhh smkctfiea tm tfc kcjeiea mn j emue.---Qrce & Kjrtie.

JhdcltivcEmue , Rrmemue EmueRrmemue Zujginy,Jhdcltivc

Xfcwmrh jhdcltivc kcjes jhhiea- D.L. Ecsnicgh.

Jhdcltivc

Jkjg is j ammh omy. Oikjg is vcry lgcvcr. Fc is je Iehije. Gjzy stuhcet njig ie tfc cxjkiejtime. Gigj pgul`ch j

rch rmsc. Xfc kmusc is j gittgc jeikjg. Xfc cgcpfjet is j gjrac jeikjg. Mur lmw aivcs kulf kig`. Aivc kc twm

pces jeh tfrcc pceligs.

, ammhomyemue , lgcvcrOikjgemue Iehije wmrhfcRrmemue ,gjracjeikjgemue , kulfkig`emue twm tfrccpcepceligemue

Jhdcltivc., Jhdcltivc emue jeh jhdcltivc , ,,,-Je jhdcltivc qujginics j emue mr j prmemue

Qfce je jhdcltivc is pgjlch ocnmrc j emue it is usch jttrioutivcgy. Out wfce it qujginics j emue mr j prmemue

jeh is pgjlch jntcr j vcro it is usch prchiljtivcgy.

Jhdcltivc jrc kjiegy mn twm typcs (Jhdcltivc

)4

Jttrioutivc Jhdcltivc jeh Rrchiljtivc Jhdcltivc.

JhdcltivcEmue jttrioutc,Jttrioutivc JhdcltivcvcroRrchiljtcEmueRrmemue-qujginy,Rrchiljtivc Jhdcltivc-

- Xfc ietcggiacet airg stmmh nirst ie tfc cxjkiejtime. (JttrioutivcJhdcltivc)

- Xfc airg is vcry ietcggiacet.- Out sfc is vcry gjzy. (Rrchiljtivc Jhdcltivc)

*Emtc4 Omtf Jttrioutivc Jhdcltivc jeh Rrchiljtivc Jhdcltivc qujginy j emue. Out megy Rrchiljtivc Jhdcltivc

qujginics j prmemue. PJttrioutivc Jhdcltivc Rrchiljtivc Jhdcltivc Emue-qujginyRrchiljtivc Jhdcltivc Rrmemue-qujginy[

Fmwcvcr, tfcrc jrc ciaft `iehs mn Jhdcltivcs ie tcrks mn ejturc.


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Jhdcltivc4

(?) Jhdcltivc mn qujgityEmue Rrmemue- ,

Ammh, ojh, wisc, emogc, rilf,

pmmr, arcjt, fmt,

lmgh, wjrk ctl.

() Histrioutivc Jhdcltivc

Cjlf, cvcry, citfcr, ecitfcr

(1) Ietcrrmajtivc Jhdcltivc (wf wmr`s) Emue- Jhdcltivc-

Qfmsc, wfilf, wfjt

(6) Rmsscssivc Jhdcltivc Jhdcltivc Ky, mur, ymur, fis, fcr, tfcir

_cjh tfc scetcelcs4 ( )_jdu is j tjgg omy. ( )\iou is tjggcr tfje _jdu. ( )Hcou is tfc tjggcst mn tfcsc tfrcc. ( ) , Xjgg, tjggcr tjggcst

Jhdcltivc tjgg Jhdcltivc- , tjggcr Jhdcltivc- tjggcst Jhdcltivc- Jhdcltivc - Jhdcltivc , Hcarcc mn Lmkpjrisme

Jhdcltivc- nmrk- :. Rmsitivc Hcarcc4 Jhdcltivc ?. Lmkpjrjtivc Hcarcc4


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Qjet kmrc Sphjtcs


Rmsitivc Lmkpjrjtivc \upcrgjtivc

Mgh ( ) cghcr cghcst

Lgcvcr() lgcvcrcr lgcvcrcst

Ncw ( ) ncwcr ncwcst

Arcjt () arcjtcr arcjtcst

Fjrh () fjrhcr fjrhcstFiaf () fiafcr fiafcst

@ieh () `iehcr `iehcst

Gmw () gmwcr gmwcst

Gmea () gmeacr gmeacst

Rmmr () pmmrcr pmmrcst

_ilf () rilfcr rilfcst

\fmrt (, ) sfmrtcr sfmrtcst

\kjgg () skjggcr skjggcst\trmea () strmeacr strmeacst

\mnt () smntcr smntcst

\wcct () swcctcr swcctcst

Xjgg () tjggcr tjggcst

Qcj` () wcj`cr wcj`cst

*Emtc4 Mgh Lmkpjrjtivc- mghcr \upcrgjtivc- mghcst mgh Lmkpjrjtivc cghcr \upcrgjtivc- cghcst

(?) Qfce tfc pmsitivc cehs ie c, megy r jeh st jrc jhhch. Rmsitivc c rst

Rmsitivc Lmkpjrjtivc \upcrgjtivc

Gjtc ( ) gjtcr gjtcst

Gjtc () gjttcr gjst

Gjrac () gjracr gjracst

Emogc () emogcr emogcst

Rjgc () pjgcr pjgcst

Xruc ()

trucr trucst

Qisc () wiscr wiscst

Qfitc () wfitcr wfitcst

*Emtc4 gjtcr gjtcst - Xfis is tfc gjtcr/gjtcst chitime mn tfc omm`. mrhcrpmsitime gjttcr gjst_jk jeh sfyjk jrc twm omys4 tfc nmrkcr is strmea ie Oceajgi jehtfc gjttcr ie Ceagisf. Jkjr is tfc gjst omy ie tfc lgjss.


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(


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Qjet kmrc Sphjtcs


(>)Jhdcltivc mn twm mr kmrc tfje twm syggjogcs nmrk tfc Lmkpjrjtivc jeh tfc supcrgjtivc oy jhhiea kmrc jeh

kmst ocnmrc tfck. \yggjogc-Jhdcltivc-Lmkpjrjtivc \upcrgjtivc kmrc kmst Rmsitivc mkpjrjtivc \upcrgjtivc

Ocjutinug () kmrc ocjutinug kmst ocjutinugHutinug () kmrc hutinug kmst hutinugLjrcnug () kmrc ljrcnug kmst ljrcnugLmurjacmus () kmrc lmurjacmus kmst lmurjacmusHinnilugt () kmrc hinnilugt kmst hinnilugtHigiacet () kmrc higiacet kmst higiacetIkpmrtjet () kmrc ikpmrtjet kmst ikpmrtjetIetcggiacet () kmrc ietcggiacet kmst ietcggiacet

(1)Xfcrc jrc smkc Gjtie Lmkpjrjtivcs. ( Gjtie Lmkpjrjtivc) - Dueimr, \ceimr, Iencrimr,

\upcrimr, Kiemr, Kjdmr, Rrimr, Jetcrimr Rmstcrimr Lmkpjrjtivc tfje GjtieLmkpjrjtivc

tm

pmsitivc

supcrgjtivc

nmrk

Gjtie Lmkpjrjtivc I jk dueimr tm fik.( )Fc is sceimr tm kc.( )Jkjg is dueimr tm Oikjg ie jac out sceimr tm fik ie scrvilc() tm tfjt.Xfis typc mn rilc is supcrimr() tm tfjt.Xfc ^cojs jrc jetcrimr() tm Rurjejs.Xfc irme jac is pmstcrimr() tm tfc lmppcr jac.

Ssc mn Hcarccs

Ssc mn pmsitivc hcarcc 4 _jk is js mgh js sfyjk.

Ssc mn Lmkpjrjtivc hcarcc 4 Djhu is mghcr tfje Kjhfu.

Ssc mn supcrgjtivc hcarcc 4 Djhu is tfc mghcst mn jgg. Fc is tfc mghcst omy ie fis lgjss

*Emtc 4 Rmsitivc hcarcc- js js js - Fc is ncrmlimusjs j tiacr Lmkpjrjtivc hcarcc- tfje \upcrgjtivc hcarcc- tfc mnie

Je Ikpmrtjet Emtc

Xfc \upcrgjtivc witf kmst is smkctikcs usch wfce tfcrc is em ihcjs mn Lmkpjrisme, out kcrcgy j hcsirc tmiehiljtc j qujgity ie j vcry fiaf hcarcc kmst \upcrgjtivc, , Xfis is kmst uenmrtuejtc. ( )Xfis is j kmst wmehcrnug siaft. ( )* , \upcrgjtivc hcarcckmst- tfc 0 jrtilgc , tfcj


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Qjet kmrc Sphjtcs


Jhdcltivc 4Jhdcltivc

mrhcr

4 Hctcrkiecr+ Kmhinicr (jhd)+ +Fcjh wmrh (Emue)

Je uagy kje

Je fmemrjogc gcjhcr

Jhdcltivc

Jg4 ejtimejg.gcajg

Jtc4 nmrtuejtc,tckpcrjtc

Ilc4 iljg,fistmril,fistmriljg

Ce4 amghce, wmmhce

Isf4 Xur`isf, lfighisf

Jogc4 hrie`jogc, kmvjogc

\til4 njetjstil, mptikistilIogc4 scesiogc, chiogc

Ivc4 jltivc, jttcetivc

Nug4 ocjutinug, fmpcnug

Ije, je4 Iehije, Jkcrilje

Gcss4 ncjrgcss, fcgpgcss

Jry4 eclcssjry, hmlukcetjry

Gy4 nricehgy, kjegy, fcjvcegy

Ch4 gcjrech, tjgcetch


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Qjet kmrc Sphjtcs


J vcro is j wmrh usch nmr sjyiea smkctfiea jomut j pcrsme mr j tfiea. -D.L. Ecsnicgh

J vcro is j wmrh usch tm sjy smkctfiea jomut smkc pcrsme, pgjlc mr tfiea. -Qrce & Kjrtie

wmrh ,,^cro^cro 4Xfc njt airg wrmtc j gjttcr tm fcr ormtfcr.

Xfc mgh kje fjh j njitfnug hma. Ljgluttj is j oia lity.

Xfis pce is eilc.

airg, kje, Ljgluttj, pce ,,,,njt, mgh, oia, eilc ^cro,Jhdcltivc.

^cro ^cro J vcro is j wmrh tfjt hcemtcs ociea,fjviea,mr hmieamr je jltime ie jey nmrk.Qmrh, vcro^cro4:. Ociea^cro4 Xfc kje is fmecst.?. Fjviea^cro4I fjvc j sfjrp `einc.


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Qjet kmrc Sphjtcs


Rrielipjg vcro4 vcro ^cro \cetcelc vcro Rrielipjg ^cro Fc amcs tm slfmmg4 I tcjlf ymu.

Juxigijry vcro4 ^cro , \cetcelc, tcesc, vmilc Kmhc Kjie vcro

, Juxigijry vcro Fc is rcjhiea j emogc. \fc fjs writtce j gcttcr.

Mrhiejry Juxigijry4 Juxigijry vcro suodclt Eukocr Rcrsme mrhiejry Juxigijry Fc is pgjyiea, Xfcy jrc pgjyiea, I jk pgjyiea.

Xm oc vcro jk/ is/ jrc/ wjs/ wcrc/ occeFjvc vcro fjvc/ fjs/ fjh

Hm vcro hm/ hmcs/ hih

Emtc4Juxigijry vcro, prielipjg vcro kjie vcro Xrjesitivc vcro4 vcro vcro , wmrh

trjesitivc , vcro modclt Xrjesitivc vcro I hrie`tcj. Xfcy pgjy nmmtojgg.

Ietrjesitivc vcro4 vcro Qmrh Modclt Ietrjesitivc ^cro - Xfc airgs sieas, Oirhs ngy.

Kmhjg Juxigijry vcro4 Juxigijry vcro suodclt Eukocr Kmhjg Juxigijry

vcro I lje writc. Fc lje writc, Xfcy lje writc.

Kmhjg juxigijry lje, lmugh, kjy, kiaft, sfjgg, sfmugh, wigg, wmugh, ecch, hcjr, muaft tm

Lmpugjtivc vcro4 Ietrjesitivc vcro wmrh scetcelc

Ietrjesitivc mn ielmkpgctc prmhultime mn lmkpgctivc vcro Xfc ngmwcr is tfc ngmwcr is ocjutinug

Ymu gmm` ymu gmm` fjppy.

Njljtivc vcro4 Xrjesitivc vcro modcltivc Njljtivc vcro Qc kjhc fik wc kjhc fik ljptjie

Armup vcro4Ietrjesitivc vcro ~ Rrcpmsitime vcro Armup vcro

gmm` jntcr, gjuaf jt, mvcr tj`c,

_cngcxivc vcro4 Xrjesitivc vcro suodclt modclt _cngcxivc vcro Fc `iggch fikscgn Xfcy nje tfckscgvcs_cliprmljg vcro4 trjesitivc vcro scetcelc suodclt modclt

rcliprmljg vcro Xfcy fcgp mec jemtfcr.

Ikpcrsmejg cro4Ikpcrsmejg It vcro suodclt ikpcrsmejg vcro It hrcss ie wietcr

Lmaejtc vcro4 Ietrjesitivc vcro Emue modclt

Lmaejtc vcro Fc rues j rjlcXfcy nmuaft j niaft.

Fc hrcjks j swcct hrcjk.

Zujsi-pjssivc vcro4 vcro Jltivc Rjssivc vcro Zujsi-pjssivc vcro _ilc sjgcs lfcjp

Fmecy tjstcs swcct

Ljusjtivc vcro4

vcro modcltivc ljusjtivcvcro Ietrjesitivc vcro, , trjesitivc I ncch fik.


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Qjet kmrc Sphjtcs


Acrmueh4^cro + ieaEmue Acrueh\wikkiea is j ammh cxcrlisc

Ssc mn ^ + iea

^cro iea v + iea

(+/+ ) - \tjehiea up, fc lmuafch,

,- Hmiea tfc wmr`, tfc wjggch.

v+iea

(i) ^cro\uodclt (ii) ^croModclt

\uodclt

Qfigc + ^ + iea

; fc wjs rcjhiea wfigc gjuafiea- ; Fc ljkc tm kc lryiea.Emtc4 Qfigc

Modclt

Modclt + ^ + iea

- I sjw fik pgjyiea- Xfcy sjw kc lryiea

IenieitivcIenieitc4 ^cro

Rrcpmsitime tm

Ienieitivc

Ienieitivc Xm

Ojrc Ienieitivc

\pit Ienieitivc

Rcrnclt Ienieitivc

Rrmarcssivc Ienieitivc

Ienieitivc tm4Xm + vcro Rrcscet nmrk Ienieitivc tm

I gi`c tm pgjy.Ojrc Ienieitivc4 Rrcpmsitime tm Ienieitivcs.

4I fcjrh fis siea.\pgit Ienieitivc4Rrcpmsitime tm ^cro Jhvcro vcro spgit ienieitivc

jhvcro tm Fc wjets tm yct pgjy nmmtojgg. I fjvc dust tm hm tfc wmr`.

Rcrnclt Ienieitivc4Xm fjvc ^cro Rjst Rjrtilipgc RcrncltIenieitivcFc sjw tfc wmr` tm fjvc hmec


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Qjet kmrc Sphjtcs


I nmueh tfc hmmr tm fjvc mpcech.

Rrmarcssivc Ienieitivc4Xm oc + v + ieaRrmarcssivc ienieitivcI wjet tm oc hmiea tfc wmr` lmetieumusgy.

Ssc mn Xm + ^:

^cro tm + ^:

Qc lmkc tm lmjlfiea tm gcjre.Qc cjt tm gcjvc.

Rjrtilipgc4^cro Jhdcltivc , RjrtilipgcHmiea tfc wmr`, I wcet fmkc.

Rrcscet Rjrtilipgc4^ + ieaJhdcltivc Rrcscet RjrtilipgcI sjw j sgccpiea ojoy.

Rjst Rjrtilipgc4^cro Rjst Rjrtilipgc Jhdcltivc Rjst Rjrtilipgc\fc is je chuljtch pcrsme.

Rcrnclt Rjrtilipgc4 Fjviea ^


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Qjet kmrc Sphjtcs


Qcj` ^cros mr _caugjr ^cros

vcro ch - (vcro + ch) P vcro- , h[^cro- Lmesmejet ^mwcg Lmesmejet hmuogc ch [^cro- y y ; i + ch/ h[^cro-t[


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Qjet kmrc Sphjtcs



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Qjet kmrc Sphjtcs


\pcggiea rugcs mn vcros wfilf fjvc iea nmrks. P^cro + iea[

(j) vcro- c , c iea

lmkc aivc fjvc gmvc kj`c writc

lmkiea aiviea fjviea gmviea kj`iea

writiea

(o) cro- c c

jarcc scc

jarcciea scciea

(l) ^cro- lmesmejet- vmwcg ,

lmesmejet- iea

oca ojt act

ocaaiea ojttiea acttiea

, vcro- sunnix

lmesmejet- hmuogc

- oca + ch ; ocaach, ojt + ch ; ojttch,

oca + cr ; ocaajr. rue ; cr ; rceecr.

rue rueeiea ,/ sit sittiea , /stmp

stmppiea /fmp fmppiea/ pjt pjttiea

/jhkit jhkittiea / ocaie ocaieeiea / nmrcat

nmracttiea /rcncrt rcncrriea /qujrrcg

qujrrcggiea / trjvcg trjvcggiea

(h) gjst syggjogc- strcss lmesmejet-

^mwcg lmesmejet hmuogc

gistce gistceiea /visit visitiea /rckckocr

rckckocriea

(c) ^cro ic i y c ,

ieahic hyiea/ gic gyiea /tic tyiea

(n) ^cro- iea

oc ociea , hm hmiea ,sjy sjyiea ,

nry nryiea , try tryiea , ouy ouyiea

`ccp `ccpiea, stjeh stjehiea ,

ljrry ljrryiea ,cedmy cedmyiea


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Qjet kmrc Sphjtcs


Je jhvcro qujginics jeytfiea cxlcpt j emue mr j prmemue. -D.L. Ecsnicgh

Je jhvcro is j wmrh usch tm jhh smkctfiea tm tfc kcjeiea mn j vcro, je jhdcltivc mr jemtfcr jhvcro. -Qrce &

Kjrtie

wmrh vcro, jhdcltivcjhvcro,JhvcroQrce & Kjrtie Ecsnicgh Jhvcro^cro, Jhdcltivc

Jhvcro, Rrcpmsitime Lmedueltime Jhvcro Gigj amcs sgmwgy. (Jhvcro kmhinics j vcro)

\fc is j vcry ocjutinug airg. (Jhvcro kmhinics je jhdcltivc) \fc wjg`s vcry sgmwgy. (Jhvcro kmhinics jemtfcr

jhvcro)

Xfc oirh ngcw cxjltgy mvcr mur fcjh. (Jhvcro kmhinics j prcpmsitime)

I hisgi`c fcr sikpgc ocljusc sfc is vcry ruhc. (Jhvcro kmhinics j lmedueltime)

Jhvcro hcemtc tikc, pgjlc, kjeecr ctl.4

Je jhvcro kjy hcemtc tikc, pgjlc, kjeecr, eukocr, hcarcc, rcjsme, purpmsc, lmehitime, jeh lmetrjst. PJhvcro

,

,

,

,

,

,

,

[

Xikc4emw, tfce, smme, cjrgy ctl.

Rgjlc4fcrc, tfcrc, njr, ecjr, ctl.

Kjeecr4sgmwgy, quil`gy, surcgy, prmojogy ctl. Eukocr4 melc, twilc, tfrilc, jajie, jgwjys ctl. Hcarcc4 vcry,

kulf, pjrtgy, wfmggy ctl.

_cjsme4js, sm, ocljusc, ctl. Rurpmsc4 tfjt, sm tfjt ctl. Lmetrjst4 tfmuaf, jgtfmuaf ctl.

J prcpmsitime is j wmrh pgjlch ocnmrc j emue mr emue-cquivjgcet tm sfmw ie wfjt rcgjtime tfc pcrsme mr tfieahcemtch tfcrcoy stjehs tm smkctfiea cgsc. -D. L. Ecsnicgh

J prcpmsitime is j wmrh usch witf j emue mr prmemue tm sfmw fmw tfc pcrsme mr tfiea hcemtch oy tfc emue

mr prmemue stjehs ie rcgjtime tm smkctfiea cgsc. - Qrce & Kjrtie

4J prcpmsitime is j wmrh tfjt is pgjlch ocnmrc j emue mr prmemue tm sfmw tfc rcgjtime mn tfjt emue mr prmemue

witf jey mtfcr wmrh mn tfc scetcelc.-R. L. Hjs

Rrcpmsitime emueprmemue emueprmemue wmrh Rrc ; , Rmsitime ;,wmrh emueprmemue

J lmedueltime is j wmrh nmr dmieiea mec wmrh tm jemtfcr wmrh, mr mec scetcelc tm jemtfcr scetcelc.-D. L.

Ecsnicgh

J lmedueltime is j wmrh usch tm dmie wmrhs mr scetcelc. -Qrce & Kjrtie

Lme ; dueltime ;Lmedueltime _coj jeh _j`fj jrc ammh airgs. Hipu is j omy out Kirj is j airg.Gcjre ymur gcssme mr gcjvc tfc lgjss.


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Qjet kmrc Sphjtcs


Je ietcrdcltime is j wmrh mr smueh tfrmwe ietm j scetcelc tm cxprcss smkc ncctiea mn tfc kieh.-D. L. Ecsnicgh

Je ietcrdcltime is j wmrh wfilf cxprcsscs smkc suhhce nccgiea. -Qrce & Kjrtie

\cetcelc ! = Fjggm, _jkcsf ! Fmw jrc ymu=

!Jgjs ! Iehrj Ajehfi is em kmrc.

,Furrjf ! Xmhjy is j fmgihjy.!Mf! Qfjt j eilc vicw.!Nic ! Ymu jrc j gijr.!Orjvm! Ymu fjvc hmec wcgg.Ietcrdcltime kjy cxprcss4

j. Dmy4 Furrjf! Fmw! PFmw eilc tm kcct ymu![

o. Aricn4 Jgjs! PJgjs! Xfc kje is hcjh.[

l. \urprisc4 Jf! Fj! Qfjt! Fmw! Ctl h. Celmurjackcet4 Orjvm!

Lcrtjie armup mn wmrhs jrc jgsm usch tm cxprcss smkc suhhce nccgiea mr ckmtime.

Emtc4 je ietcrdcltime, arjkkjtiljggy spcj`iea, is emt j pjrt mn spcclf js it fjs em lmeecltime witf jey mtfcr

wmrh mn tfc scetcelc. Out ie ormjhcr scesc je ietcrdcltime is j pjrt mn mur spcclf. Fcelc, it is ielguhch js j

pjrt mn spcclf ie tfc arjkkjr.


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Qjet kmrc Sphjtcs


suodclt


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Qjet kmrc Sphjtcs


\uodclt


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Qjet kmrc Sphjtcs


Qjgìea (is/jrc) tfc ocst cxcrlisc. Jes4 is

Xfc rcjhiea mn emvcg (is/jrc) ietcrcstiea Jes4 is

Xfjt fc is fmecst (is/jrc) èmwe tm jgg. Jes4 is

\ullcss jt jey lmst (is/jrc) fis megy amjg. Jes4 is

Lmggcltivc Emuesieaugjr lmggcltivc emue suodclt vcro\ieaugjr 4

Xfc jrky (wjs/wcrc) hcncjtch. Jes4 wjs

Xfc lmkkittcc (fjvc/fjs) jpprmvch tfc hclisime. Jes4 fjs

Xfc lgjss (is/jrc) gjrac. Jes4 is

lmggcltivc emueemue mn kugtituhc ( ) suodcltpgurjg 4

Xfc Dury (wjs/wcrc) hivihch ie tfcir mpieimes. Jes4 wcrc

Xfc juhicelc (is/jrc) rcqucstch tm tj`c tfcir scjts. Jes4 jrc

Xfc kmo (hm emt/hmcs emt) èmw tfcir kieh. Jes4 hm emt

Kjey j emue vcro J Kjey emuevcro 4

Kjey j stuhcets (fjvc emt/fjs emt) yct tm slfmmg. Jes4

(o) J arcjt kjey omys (jrc/is) lmkiea lmkc. Jes4

J eukocr Emue vcro Xfc eukocr emuevcro 4

J eukocr mn stuhcets (is/jrc) joscet tmhjy. Jes4 jrc

J eukocr mn omm`s (wjs/wcrc) gmst. Jes4 jrcXfc eukocr mn pgjycrs (is/jrc) pmmr. Jes4 is

Histjelc () , , Jritfkctiljg Mpcrjtime ( ) \uodclt vcro ( suodclt Rgurjg)

Xce kigcs (is/jrc) j gmea histjelc. Jes4 is

Nivc kjuehs (is/jrc) j fcjvy wciaft. Jes4 is (l) Xwm jeh twm (is/jrc) nmur. Jes4 is

Cjlf Cvcry ^cro Emue em Emue vcro emue vcro 4

Cjlf omy jeh cjlf airg (fjvc/fjs) amt je ukorcggj. Jes4 fjs

Cvcry stjr jeh cvcry pgject (is/jrc) tfc fjehiwmr` mn Jggjf. Jes4 is

Em ous jeh em ril`sfjw (wjs/wcrc) scce ycstcrhjy. Jes4 wjs

Em nricehs jeh em rcgjtivcs (ljrc/ljrcs) nmr kc. Jes4 ljrc

\uodclt jeh em jeh emt jeh emjeh emt suodcltvcro 4

J nriceh, jeh emt je cecky (arcct/arccts) ymu. Jes4 arccts

Xwm pces megy, jeh em omm` (is/jrc) rcquirch. Jes4 jrc


50/205

Qjet kmrc Sphjtcs


Megy _jej jeh emt fis ormtfcr (is/jrc) joscet. Jes4 is

, , s Rgurjg sieaugjr vcro\ieaugjr 4

Lfjrgcs Hil`ces (is/jrc) je ckiecet writcr. Jes4 is

Auggivcrs Xrjvcgs (is/jrc) j njkmus omm`. Jes4 isXfc Seitch \tjtcs mn Jkcrilj (is/jrc) j gjrac lmuetry. Jes4 is

Jhdcltivc Xfc Jhdcltivc Rgurjg Lmkkme Emue pgurjgvcro Rgurjg (Xfc mgh, tfc pmmr, tfc virtumus)

(Is/jrc) tfc pmmr jgwjys fjppy= Jes4 jrc

Xfc kcritmrimus (act/acts) dmos jgwjys. Jes4 act

\uodclt js wcgg js, jgmea witf, tmactfcr witf, jllmkpjeich oy, iejhhitime tm witf , \uodclt

\uodclt vcro

Fc js wcgg js I (jk/is) tm ogjkc. Jes4 isXfc prielipjg jllmkpjeich oy tfc tcjlfcrs (fjvc/fjs) hmec. Jes4 fjs

_jej witf fis pjrcets (wjs/wcrc) amiea tm kjr`ct. Jes4 wjs

Citfcr .............. mr, Ecitfcr ................. emr, Emt megy....................... out jgsm\uodclt \uodcltvcro

Citfcr ymu mr fc (fjvc/fjs) hmec it. Jes4 fjs

Ecitfcr @jkjg emr fis nricehs (jrc/is) prcscet. Jes4 jrc

Emt megy fc out jgsm I (hm emt/hmcs emt) skm`c. Jes4 hm emt :9. _cgjtivc Rrmemue vcrojetclchcet( ) 4

It is I wfm (jk/is) tm ogjkc. Jes4 jk

Xfis is tfc omy wfm (fjvc/fjs) tj`ce ky pce. Jes4 fjs

Xfcsc jrc tfc pces wfilf (wcrc/wjs) gmst ycstcrhjy. Jes4 wcrc

Ecws, ieeieas, ajggmws, omejnihcs, mptils, wjacs, wfcrc jomut s pgurjgsieaugjr vcrosieaugjr 4

Igg ecws (rue) jpjlc. Jes4 rues

Fis wfcrcjomuts (is/jrc) emt ammh. Jes4 is

Xfc wjacs mn sie (tm oc) hcjtf. Jes4 is

Jristmlrjly, jrtiggcry, ljttgc, lgcray, acetry, pmugtry, nmg`, ^crkie, emoigity, pcmpgc, kjdmrity,pcsjetry, puogil, juhicelc s sieaugjr

pgurjg vcropgurjg 4Xfc ljttgc (is/jrc) arjziea ie tfc nicgh. Jes4 jrc

Xfc pcmpgc mn mur viggjac (is/jrc) rcgjtch tm it. Jes4 jrc


51/205

Qjet kmrc Sphjtcs


Rfysils, Livils, Kjtfckjtils, Cgcltrmeils, Hyejkils, Ctfils, Clmemkils,\uodclt(\) ^cro 4

Clmemkils (is/jrc) j suodclt mn jrts. Jes4 is

Hyejkils (jrc emt/is emt) tjuaft fcrc. Jes4 is emt

\pcltjlgcs, \lissmrs, Xrmuscrs, Oiemlugjrs, Jsfcs, Jgks, Jsscts, Jkcehs, Juspilcs, Oiggijrhs kcjsgcs, sfcjrs,

jeejgs, djws,emuepgurjg vcropgurjg 4

Fis trmuscrs (jrc/is) tmre mut ie tfc jllihcet. Jes4 jrc (o) Fcr Djws (fjvc/fjs) ielrcjsch fcr ocjuty. Jes4fjvc

(Mec-tfirh, Mec-nmurtf, Xwm-scvcetf) mn mn emue vcro vcro 4

Mec-nmurtf mn tfc wmr` (is/jrc) hmec. Jes4 is

Fjgn mn tfc stuhcets (jrc/is) joscet tmhjy. Jes4 jrc

J gmt mn stuhcets (jrc/is) prcscet tmhjy. Jes4 jrc

Xfrcc-nmurtf mn tfc kjeamcs (is/jrc) rmttce. Jes4 jrc

Mec mn, Cjlf mn, Cvcry mn, Emec mn, Citfcr mn, Ecitfcr mn, emueRrmemue vcro 4

Cjlf mn tfc omys (is/jrc) pmmr. Jes4 is

Emec mn ymu (fjvc/fjs) amt j prizc. Jes4 fjs

Kmrc tfje mec emue vcro Kmrc tfje twm emue vcropgurjg mec jeh j fjgn emue vcro 4

Kmrc tfje mec airg (wjs/wcrc) joscet. Jes4 wjs

Mec jeh j fjgn mn tfc kjeamcs (is/jrc) nmueh. Jes4 is

Mec ie vcro Xwmie vcro 4Mec ie tce omys (fjvc/fjs) pjssch ie tfc cxjk. Jes4 fjs

Xwm ie twcety stuhcets (jrc/is) prcscet. Jes4 jrc

pcrsme ?ehpcrsme,


52/205

Qjet kmrc Sphjtcs


_ugc-4 Jeh\ieaugjr EmueIhcj vcro sieaugjrCxjkpgc-- Fmrsc jeh ljrrijac is jt tfc hmmr.

Xikc jeh tihc wjits nmr emec.

_ugc-4 tfc + emue + jeh + emue .JehEmueEmueXfc vcro sieaugjr

Cxjkpgc-- Xfc hmltmr jeh jltmr wjs Rrcscet ie tfc kcctiea.

_ugc-4 tfc + emue + jeh + tfc + emue

JehEmueEmue Xfc vcro pgurjgCxjkpgc-- Xfc hmltmr jeh tfc jltmr wcrc/ jrc prcscet ie tfc kcctiea.

_ugc-4 JehEmuevcro sieaugjrCxjkpgc-- Orcjh jeh outtcr is ky njvmuritc orcj` njst.

vcro pgurjg.

Orcjh jeh outtcr jrc omuaft nrmk j sfmp.

_ugc-4Kjey j ,Mec ,Cjlf, Citfcr, Ecitfcr, Cvcry vcro \ieaugjr Eukocr

Cxjkpgc-4 Kjey j gittgc kj`cs j kil`gc

Cvcry omy jeh cvcry airg is wmr`iea tmactfcr.

_ugc-4 Emt ....... out, Citfcr ....... mr, Ecitfcr ....... emr, Emt megy ....... out jgsm ,....... mr.......mr,emr, out, out jgsm suodclt \uodcltvcroCxjkpgc-4 Citfcr I mr ymu fjvc hmec tfc wmr`.

Ecitfcr emr sfc fjs gmvch cjlf mtfcr. Xip4

Citfcr tfc hirclt mr tfc kjejacr fjs amec nieh.

_ugc-4 Omtf ............ jeh vcropgurjgCxjkpgc-- Omtf ymu jeh I jrc prcscet ie tfc kcctiea.

_ugc-4 Xfc mn uelmuetjogc emueJostrjlt Ihcjvcro sieaugjrCxjkpgc-4 Xfc kmmh mn Hjnnmhigs is kcgjelfmgil

Xfc kjietcejelc mn tfc jirlrjnt is vcry cxpcesivc.

_ugc-4

Rgurjg emueprmpcr ejkc vcro\ieaugjr EukocrCxjkpgc-- Xfc Seitch \tjtcs mn Jkcrilj fjs j oia ngcct.

Cxjkpgc-- Eigmy tmactfcr witf fis kue is lmkiea tm eiaft.


53/205

Qjet kmrc Sphjtcs


_ugc-4 Kckocr mn armup vcro pgurjgCxjkpgc-- Xfc Dury wcrc hivihch ie tfcir mpieimes.

_ugc-4 Kckocrs mn armupvcro sieaugjr eukocrCxjkpgc-4 (:) Xfc lmkkittcc wjs ie tfc prcvimus mpieime.

_ugc-4 \cetcelc \uodcltAcrueh (v+ iea), Ienieitivc (t + vcro)vcrosieaugjr eukocrCxjkpgc

(:) Hjeliea is j ammh cxcrlisc nmr pfysiljg nitecss

(?) Xm Hjelc is j ammh cxcrlisc nmr pfysiljg nitecss.

_ugc-4 Kjdmrityvcro sieaugjrCxjkpgc-- Kjdmrity ocgicvcs tfjt wc jrc ie em hjeacr.

Kjdmrity mn Rgurjg emue vcro Rgurjg Kjdmrity mn tfc stuhcets ocgicvc tfjt wc jrc ie em prmogck.

_ugc-4 Histjelc , Zujetity mn tikc , Jkmuet mn kmecy ,vcro\ieaugjr EukocrCxjkpgc-- Ninty tfmusjeh hmggjrs is emt j skjgg jkmuet.

_ugc-4 J Eukocr mn Rgurjg Emue^cro Rgurjg eukocrCxjkpgc-- J eukocr mn airgs jrc hmiea tfc wmr` nmr tfc lmuetry.

_ugc-4 Xfc Eukocr mn Rgurjg emuevcro sieaugjr eukocr Cxjkpgc-- Xfc eukocr mn omys is niaftiea nmr tfc lmuetry jt tfc ojttgc nicgh.

_ugc-4 Xfc rcst mn Selmuetjogc emuevcro\ieaugjr EukocrCxjkpgc-- Xfc rcst mn tfc kmecy is nmr tfc wfmgc kmetf.

_ugc-4 Xfc rcst mn lmuetjogc emuevcropgurjg eukocrCxjkpgc-- Xfc rcst mn tfc hchiljtch gcjhcrs wcrc niaftiea tm sjvc tfc hckmlrjly.

_ugc-4 Em + \ieaugjr Emue Selmuetjogc Emuevcrosieaugjr eukocrCxjkpgc-- Em pcewritcs wcgg.

Em kmecy is gcnt nmr kc tm purlfjsc tfc aint.

_ugc-4 Em + Rgurjg emuevcroRgurjg eukocrCxjkpgc-- Em pce writcs wcgg.


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Qjet kmrc Sphjtcs


_ugc-4 Emec mn + Rgurjgvcrosieaugjr eukocrCxjkpgc-- Emec mn tfc omm`s jrc smgh.

_ugc-4 Emec mn uelmuetjogc emue vcro \ieaugjr eukocrCxjkpgc-- Emec mn tfc lmuetcrncit kmecy fjs occe nmueh.

_ugc-4 Xfcrc , \cetcelc \uodclt \ieaugjr^cro \ieaugjr Eukocr

Fcrc \uodclt Rgurjg cro Rgurjg Eukocr

Cxjkpgc-4

(:) Xfcrc is j omm` ie tfc tjogc

(?) Fcrc is j pce mn tfc tjogc.

Cxjkpgc-4

(:) Xfcrc jrc nivc omm`s me tfc tjogc

(?) Xfcrc jrc twm pces mn tfc tjogc.

_ugc-4 Jgg, Jey, Kmrc, \mkc ,KmstSelmuetjogc Emue ^cro \ieaugjr Cxjkpgc-- Jgg kmecy fjs occe histrioutch jkmea tfc stuhcets.

_ugc-4 Xitgcs mn omm` , Kjajziecs , Jrtilgcs , Kusiljg Lmkpmsitimes, ^cro \ieaugjr Eukocr

Cxjkpgc

(:) Ousiecss gcttcrs is j ammh omm` nmr us.

(?) Octtcr fmkcs jeh ajrhces mnncrs fcgpnug rchclmrjtiea

_ugc-4 Nriltime () Rcrlcetjac () \ieaugjr Emue^cro \ieaugjrEmue Rgurjg^cro RgurjgCxjkpgc-4

(:) \ixty pcrlcet mn tfc wmr` fjs occe hmec.(


55/205

Qjet kmrc Sphjtcs


scetcelc- suodclt- vcro vcro

-4scetcelc-suodclt


56/205

Qjet kmrc Sphjtcs


Ceagisf (usc) ]]]]]] js j sclmeh gjeaujac oy kiggimes mn pcmpgc. (Jes. is usch)

-4scetcelc-jgrcjhy, yct, dust emw, rclcetgy, gjtcgy, mn gjtc, cvcr scetcelc- prcscet pcrnclt tcesc ,prcscet pcrnclt tcesc-juxigijry vcro

fjvcfjs vcro-pjst pjrtilipgc nmrk Fjvc vcro vcro- pjstpjrtilipgc nmrk pcrnclt tcesc -

i) Oiemhi (rclcivc) ]]]]]]] tfc gcttcr dust emw. (Jes. Oiemhi fjs rclcivch tfc gcttcr dust emw.)ii) Ymu (scc) ]]]]]]] fcr gjtcgy, Dcrry= (Jes. Fjvc ymu scce fcr gjtcgy, Dcrry=)

iii) Ymu cvcr (oc) ]]]]]]] tm Njrihpur= (Jes. Fjvc ymu cvcr occe tm Njrihpur=)

iv)Dcchje (emt tj`c) ]]]]]]] fis kcjg yct. (Jes. Dcchje fjs emt tj ce fis kcjg yct.)

v) I jgrcjhy (prmlcss) ]]]]]]] cvcrytfiea nmr ymu. (Jes. I fjvc jgrcjhy prmlcssch cvcrytfiea nmr ymu.)

-4scetcelc-pjst iehiljtiea wmrh (-ycstcrhjy, melc, melc upmej tikc, jam, gmea gmea jam, tfjt hjy, tfjt eiaft, tfjt ---, gjst ycjr, gjst ---, ie tfmsc hjys, tfce, sm-ljggch, huriea

tfc rciae mn ---, jt tfc jac mn ---, ie :963, ie lfighfmmh, jt tfc ocaieeiea mn ---, ie jelicet tikc)

scetcelc- pjst tcesc (pjst sikpgc / pcrnclt tcesc) ,scetcelc- pjst pcrnclt tcesc -i) _jeu (lmkc) ]]]]]] fmkc gjst eiaft. (Jes. _jeu ljkc fmkc gjst eiaft.)

ii)Dcrry (tm lmkc) ]]]]]] tm tfc mrpfjejac jt nmur. (Jes. Dcrry ljkc tm tfc mrpfjejac jt nmur.)

iii) Ie tfmsc hjys, tfcrc (oc) ]]]]]] em stcjk sfips. (Jes. Ie tfmsc hjys, tfcrc wcrc em stcjk sfips.)

iv) Jt nirst, tfcy (visit) ]]]]]] Gjgojaf, tfce Augistje. (Jes. Jt nirst, tfcy visitch Gjgojaf, tfce Augistje.)

v) I (lmkpgctc) ]]]]]] tfc tfcsis ocnmrc I dmiech tfc lmkpjey. (Jes. I fjh lmkpgctch tfc tfcsis ocnmrc I dmiech

tfc lmkpjey.)

-4scetcelc / lgjuscietrmhultmry suodclt tfcrc tfcrc- vcro-tfcrc , vcro- emue/emue pfrjsc- emue/emue pfrjsc-sieaugjrtfcrc- vcro-sieaugjr emue/emue pfrjsc-pgurjgtfcrc- vcro-pgurjg -i) Xfcrc givcs ky nriceh \upti. ( ky nriceh \upti givcs)ii) Xfcrc jrc kjey stuhcets ie tfc lgjss. ( kjey stuhcets jrc )iii) Xfcrc amcs j trjie tfrmuaf tfc nmrcst. ( j trjie amcs )iv) Ie cvcry lmuetry tfcrc (rckjies) ]]]]]] smkc iejltivc pcmpgc. (Jes.rckjie)

-4scetcelc-ljusjtivc vcro + modclt- vcro- nmrk suo + ljusjtivcvcro + modclt + vcro- nmrkLjusjtivc ^cro - Ljusjtivc ^cro \cetcelc- Rrielipjg ^cro Ljusjtivc vcro Rrielipjg cro

\cetcelc- (\uodclt) Ljusjtivc ^cro

-Kj`c, act, fjvc, gct, fcgp , nmrlcnug nmrlcnug Ljusjtivc cro-


57/205

Qjet kmrc Sphjtcs


Ljusjtivc ^cro- -Ljusjtivc cro Rrielipjg cro Rrielipjg cro Ljusjtivc cro- - -\uodclt + kj`c/fjvc/gct/fcgp + modclt + vcro wmrh vcro- ojsc nmrk+ - Fc kjhc kc jarcc tm hm it.Mur Ceagisf tcjlfcr fjh us aivc mrjg tcst.

Ky kmtfcr gcts kc am tm pjrty.

Xfcy jrc fcgpiea tfc wcj` smgvc tfc prmogcks.

\uodclt + act/fcgp + modclt + ienieitivc vcro (; tm + vcro- ojsc nmrk)+ - Fc amt fis kjihscrvjet tm wjsf fis lgmtfcs.Mur Ceagisf tcjlfcr fcgps us tm smgvc tfc arjkkjtiljg prmogcks.

\uodclt + kj`c/gct +

modclt + vcro wmrh

vcro-

ojsc nmrk

+ - Fc kjhc fis lmkputcr slje jgg hrivcs.Fc is gcttiea tfc kjlfiec lmmg.

\

SODCLX

+

ACX

/

FJ^C

+

MODCLX

+

^C_O

-RJ\X RJ_XILIRGC NM_K

+- Gcts act mur ljr rcpjirch nirst. Fc fjh j tmmtf niggch.i)Dmy kjhc fis lfigh ]]]]]]] j ejp. (Jes. tj c)

ii) Rsylfmgmaists lje act tfc wmr`crs ]]]]]]]] kmrc nmr prmhultivity. (Jes. tm wmr`)

iii) Gcts fjvc smkc mn mur kmecy ]]]]]]]] nmr hmggjrs. (Jes. cxlfjeach)

iv) Qc gi`c tfc wjy ymu fjh tfc ocjutilije ]]]]]]]] ymur fjir. (Jes. hm)

v) Rrmncssmr Dik gct us ]]]]]]]] j pjpcr iestcjh mn tj`iea j niejg cxjk. (Jes. writc)

-4It is tikc / It is fiaf tikc ienieitivc pfrjsc pjst iehcnieitc tcesc- lgjusc ienieitivc pfrjsc pjst iehcnieitc tcesc-lgjusc , scetcelc prcscet tcesc- It is tikc It

is fiaf tikc / It is tikc / It is fiaf tikc \trulturc j) It is tikc / It is fiaf tikc + (nmr + modclt)+ tm + vcro-ojsc nmrk +

o) It is tikc / It is fiaf tikc + suo

?

+ vcro-pjst nmrk + Z. It is tikc tm -------- tfc wmr`. (Jes. It is tikc tm stjrt tfc wmr`.)

Z. Its tikc wc ------- mur givcgifmmh. (Jes. Its tikc wc cjrech mur givcgifmmh.)

Z. It is fiaf tikc nmr us tm -------- tfc cecky. (Jes. It is fiaf tikc nmr us tm jttjl` tfc cecky.)

Z. It is tikc wc ------- mur ousiecss. (Jes. It is tikc wc stjrtch mur ousiecss.)

Z. Its fiaf tikc tfcy -------. (Jes. Its fiaf tikc tfcy lfjeach tfcir cjtiea fjoits.)

-4Qmugh tfjt / In / Fjh / I wisf / I hcsirc

scetcelc-

, scetcelc- pjst uercjg njlt / suodueltivc pjst tcesc pjst sikpgctcesc- prcscet nuturc tcesc- , scetcelc- vcro ocvcro wcrc Qmugh tfjt / In / Fjh / I wisf / I hcsirc- \trulturc

Qmugh tfjt / In / I wisf / I hcsirc + suo + vcro-pjst nmrk + +

Fjh + suo + modclt ++Z. In I -------! (Jes. In I wcrc j lfigh jajie!)

Z. I wisf I -------. (Jes. I wisf I wcrc j `iea.)

Z. Fjh I tfc -------! (Jes. Fjh I tfc wieas mn j oirh!)


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Qjet kmrc Sphjtcs


Z. I wisf it -------. (Jes. I wisf it wcrc \jturhjy.)

Z. I hcsirc fc --------. (Jes. I hcsirc fc wcrc jgivc tmhjy.)

Z. In megy I --------! (Jes. In megy I `ecw tfc kje ie tfis jrcj!)

Z. Qmugh tfjt fc --------! (Jes. Qmugh tfjt fc stmmh nirst ie tfc cxjkiejtime!)

-4 scetcelc , , scetcelc-suodueltivc kmmh \uodueltivc Kmmh- scetcelc jhvilc, jhvisc, js`, hckjeh, hcsirc,

hcsirjogc, csscetijg, ikpcrjtivc, ikpmrtjelc, ikpmrtjet, iesist,iesistcelc,eclcssjry, prcncr, prcncrjogc,prcncrcelc, prmpmsc, prmpmsjg, rclmkkceh, rclmkkcehjtime, rcqucst, rcquirc, rcquirckcet, suaacst, suaacstime,

urac, vitjg tfjt lgjusc-vcro vcro- ojscnmrk \uodueltivc Kmmh- \trulturc

\uo

:

+ vcro--- + tfjt + suo

?

+ vcro-ojsc nmrk +

\uo + vcro--- + tm + vcro-ojsc nmrk +Z. It is csscetijg tfjt cvcry lfigh -------- tfc sjkc njligitics. (Jes. fjvc0 fjs )

Z. It wjs ikpmrtjet tfjt Djkcs ---- tm Selgc Jrtfur. (Jkcrilje stygc) (Jes. writc0 wrmtc )Z. It wjs ikpmrtjet tfjt Djkcs ---- tm Selgc Jrtfur. (Oritisf stygc) (Jes. wrmtc0 writc )

Z. It is csscetijg tm -------- tfc prmogck. (Jes. smgvc)Z. Amh -------- tfc @iea/Zucce. (Jes. sjvc0 sjvcs ) (nixch pfrjsc)Z. Amh -------- ymu. (Jes. ogcss0 ogcsscs ) (nixch pfrjsc)Z. It is ikpmrtjet tfjt Fcgce -------- prcscet tfjt tikc. (Jes. oc0 is / wjs )Z. Xfc hmltmr suaacstch tfjt sfc -------. (Jes. emt skm`c0 hih/hmcs/sfmugh emt skm`c )Z. \fc rcnusch tfc rcqucst tfjt tfc prcrcquisitc------wjvch. (Jes. oc0 sfmugh oc/wmugh oc/wjs )Z. Mur jhvilc is tfjt tfc lmkpjey ------- ieecw cquipkcet. (Jes. ievcst0 ievcsts/sfmugh ievcst )

-4scetcelc-kmhjg (sfjgg, sfmugh, lje, lmugh, wigg, wmugh, kjy, kiaft, kust, *hjrc,*ecch, wmugh rjtfcr, fjh octtcr, muaft tm, usch tm, amiea tm, jk tm, is tm, jrc tm, wjs tm, wcrc tm, fjvc tm, fjs

tm, fjh tm)- vcro- ojsc nmrk kmhjg + vcro- ojsc nmrk kmhjg + vcro- ojsc nmrk- vcro- nmrk -i) Ymu fjh octtcr ]]]]]] it. ( Jes. hm hmcs / hih / hmec / hmiea ii)Dcrry lmugh ]]]]]] wmmh wcgg. ( Jes. lfmp lfmppch / lfmps / lfmppiea )iii) Qc jrc tm ]]]]]] tfc ue`emwes. ( Jes. gcjre gcjres / gcjrech / gcjreiea )iv)Dcnnrie lmugh ]]]]] lmkpgctch tfc tfcsis pjpcr. ( Jes. fjvc0fjh/fjs/fjviea )v) It wmugh ]]]je ikpmrtjet kjttcr. (Jes. oc0jk/is/jrc/wjs/wcrc/occe/ociea )

-4scetcelc-tm- vcro- ojsc nmrk tm + vcro- ojsc nmrk

tm + vcro- ojsc nmrk- vcro- nmrk -i) Qc jgg sfmugh wmr` sielcrcgy tm ]]]]]]] mur lmuetry. (Jes. hcvcgmp)ii) Cvcryomhy wjets tm ]]]]]]] j ammh fmusc. (Jes. fjvc )iii) Qc wjetch nmr tfc jspjrjaus tm ]]]]]]] lmm`ch. ( Jes. oc)iv) Rmpugjtime lmetrmg is j kust tm ]]]]]] pmvcrty. (Jes. jggcvijtc)v) Iejoigity tm ]]]]]] oirtf tm kjgc lfigh is j ljusc mn vimgcelc tm wmkce. (Jes. aivc)


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Qjet kmrc Sphjtcs


Xcesc ()4

Xcesc Xcesc () tcesc tckpus tcesc tckpus Xcesc- 4 ^cro- tcesc 4

) Rrcscet tcesc (

)

) Rjst tcesc ( )) Nuturc tcesc ( ). Rrcscet tcesc ( )4 ,vcro-prcscettcesc 4 I am tm slfmmg. Fc writcs j gcttcr. Fc hrjws j pilturc.. Rjst tcesc ( )4 ,vcro-pjst tcesc 4 I wcet tm slfmmg. Fc wrmtc j gcttcr ycstcrhjy. Fc hrcw j pilturc..Nuturc tcesc ( )4 ,vcro-nuturc tcesc 4 I sfjgg ouy j pce. I sfjgg am tm Hfj`j. Xfcy wigg pgjy nmmtojgg ctl.tcesc- 4) Iehcnieitc ()) Lmetieumus ( )) Rcrnclt ( ) ) Rcrnclt lmetieumus ( )


60/205

Qjet kmrc Sphjtcs


Xcesc-vcro-vcro-tcesc-

4

Ejkc mn tcesc

Juxigijry ^cro

^cro- prcscet nmrk

Rrcscet iehcnieitc

Rrcscet lmetieumusRrcscet pcrnclt lmetieumus

jk,is,jrcfjvc occe, fjs occe

v:

v: + ieav: + iea

Rjst lmetieumus

Rjst pcrnclt lmetieumus

Qjs, wcrc

Fjh occe

v: + iea

v: + ieaNuturc iehcnieitc

Nuturc lmetieumus

uturc pcrnclt lmetieumus

QiggQigg oc

v:v: + iea

v: + iea

Ejkc mn tcesc Juxigijry cro ^cro- pjst pjrtilipgc nmrkRrcscet pcrnclt

Rjst pcrnclt

Nuturc pcrnclt

Fjvc, fjs

Fjh

Qigg fjvc

v j. k. Jes4 Qc usujggy act up jt > j. k.

_ugc-34 sikpgc scetcelc- kjie vcro iea vcro iea

\trulturc 4- \uodclt + vcro+ modclt+ Rrcscet pjrtilipgc (vcro iea).......

Cxjkpgc4

(j) I fcjrh fik (tm sjy) ]]]] tfis. Jes4 I fcjrh fik sjyiea tfis.(o) I fjvc nieisfch (tm rcjh) ]]]] tfc omm`. Jes4 I fjvc nieisfch rcjhiea tfc omm`.

(l) I sjw dcrry (am) ]]]] up mvcr tfc figg. Jes4 I sjw dcrry amiea up mvcr tfc figg.

(h) I fcjrh tfc airg (siea) ]]]] j smea. Jes4 I fcjrh tfc airg sieaiea j smea.

_ugc->4emw, jt tfis kmkcet, jt tfc kmkcet, Gistce! Gmm`! _iaft emw, tfis scjsme, tfis ycjr,lmetieujggy, pcrpctujggy, nmrcvcr Rcscet lmetieumus mr Rrmarcssivc tfje, jt tfjt kmkcet Rjst lmetieumus mr Rrmarcssivc Xcesc

\trulturc 4- \uodclt + jk, is, jrc + vcro(iea) + modclt+

Cxjkpgc4

(j) Fc (rcjh) ]]]] j emvcg emw. Jes4 Fc is rcjhiea j emvcg emw.

(o) @jrik (am) ]]]] tm lmggcac emw. Jes4 @jrik is amiea tm lmggcac emw.

(l) Ky kmtfcr (lmm`) ]]]] tfce. Jes4 Ky kmtfcr is lmm`iea tfce.

(h) Ky pjrcets (stjy) ]]]] ie Gmehme jt tfis kmkcet.

Jes4 Ky pjrcets jrc stjyiea ie Gmehme jt tfis kmkcet.

(c) I (wmr`) ]]]] jt tfjt kmkcet. Jes4 I jk wmr`iea jt tfjt kmkcet

_ugc-14 Em smmecr, fjrhgy sljrlcgy lmedueltime Rjst pcrnclt tcesc Rjst Iehcnieitc tcesc

\trulturc 4- Em smmecr fjh + \uo+ vcro (


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Cxjkpgc4

(j) Em smmecr fjh fc (scc) ]]]] tfc pmgilc tfje fc (rue) ]]]] jwjy.

Jes4 smmecr fjh fc \cce tfc pmgilc tfje fc rje jwjy.

(o) Em smmecr fjt tfc tcjlfcr (cetcr) ]]]] tfc lgjssrmmk tfje tfc stuhcets (stjeh) ]]]] up.

Jes4 Em smmecr fjt tfc tcjlfcr cetcrch tfc lgjssrmmk tfje tfc stuhcets stmmh up.

(l) Fjrhgy fjh I (rcjlf) ]]]] fmkc wfce it (stjrt) ]]]] rjieiea.

Jes4. Fjrhgy fjh I rcjlfch fmkc wfce it stjrtch rjieiea.(h) \ljrlcgy fjh wc (nieisf) ]]]] mur cjtiea wfce fc (lmkc) ]]]] tm us.

Jes4 \ljrlcgy fjh wc nieisfch mur cjtiea wfce fc ljkc tm us.

(c) Fjrghy fjh I (scc) ]]]] tfc sej`c, wfce I (rue) ]]]] jwjy

Jes4 Fjrhgy fjh I scce tfc sej`c, wfce I rje jwjy

Emtc4, Em smmecr hih --- tfje, sljrlcgy hih ---wfce/ ocnmrc, Fjrhgy hih --- wfce/ ocnmrc Rrcscet iehcnieitc tcesc Em smmecr hih fc cetcr tfc stjtime tfje tfc trjiegcjvcs.

_ugc-64 Fjh octtcr, fjh rjtfcr, wmugh octtcr, wmugh rjtfcr, kust, lje, lmugh, kjy, kiaft, ecch,

hjrc, fjvc tm, fjs tm , usch tm, (jk, is, jrc, tm), jogc tm , jggmwch tm, kj`c, fcgp, gjtc, sclmehjry

juxigijrykmhjg vcro vcro Rrcscet nmrk vcro- scs

\trulturc 4- \uodclt + kmhjg vcro + vcro (:) + modclt+ ctl.

Cxjkpgc4

(j) Ymu fjh octtcr (tm am) ]]]]fmkc. Jes4 Ymu fjh octtcr am fmkc.(o) Ymu wmugh rjtfcr (tm gcjvc) ]]]] fik jgmec. Jes4 Ymu wmugh rjtfcr gcjvc fik jgmec.

(l) Qc kust (mocy) ]]]] mur pjrcets. Jes4 Qc kust mocy mur pjrcets.

(h) I ecch emt (tm am) ]]]]tfcrc. Jes4 I ecch emt am tfcrc.

(c) Fmw (hjrc) ]]]] ymu spcj` witf kc= Jes4 Fmw hjrcymu spcj` witf kc=

_ugc-94 modclt, suodclt jacet , Rjssivc vmilc

\trulturc 4- \uodclt + jk, is, jrc/ fjvc, fjs+ occe, wjs, wcrc, + (v


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_ugc-:24vcro modcltlmkpgckcet acrueh jhkit, jvmih, jpprclijtc, lmesihcr, lmetckpgjtc, hcgjy, hcey, hctcst, hisgi`c, cehurc, cedmy, csljpc,

cxlusc, stmp, njlc, nieisf, kiss, nccg , gi`c, nmraivc, aivc up, ikjaiec, ievmgvc, kcetime, kieh, pmstpmec,

prjltilc, rcsist, suaacst, gi`c.

Cxjkpgc4

(j) I cedmy (tm amssip) ]]] witf ky nricehs. Jes4 I cedmy amssipiea witf ky nricehs.(o) Xfcy hcgjych (tm pjy) ]]] witf ky nricehs. Jes4 Xfcy hcgjych pjyiea witf ky nricehs.

(l) \fc jvmihs (tm kcct) ]]] kc. Jes4 \fc jvmihs kcctiea kc.

(h) I hcey (tm spcj`) ]]] tm fik. Jes4 I hcey spcj`iea tm fik

(c) Ky ormtfcr hisgi`cs (tm amssip) ]]]. Jes4 Ky ormtfcr hisgi`cs amssipiea.

_ugc-::4 jeh tfc vcro siaugjr nmrk tfc vcro pgurjg

Cxjkpgc4(j) Xfc Fcjhkjstcr jeh sclrctjry mn tfc slfmmg (tm fjvc) ]]] tcehcrch fis rcsiaejtime.

Jes4 Xfc Fcjhkjstcr jeh sclrctjry mn tfc slfmmg fjs tcehcrch fis _csiaejtime.

(o) Xfc Kjaistrjtc jeh lmggcltmr (tm oc) ]]] cnnilicet mnnilcr.

Jes4 Xfc Kjaistrjtc jeh lmggcltmr is cnnilicet mnnilcr.

(l) Xfc SEM jeh sclrctjry (siae) ]]] me tfc jacehj.

Jes4 Xfc SEM jeh sclrctjry fjs siaech me tfc jacehj.

(h) Xfc aucst jeh tfc jttcehjet (ljt) ]]] tfcir kcjgs.

Jes4 Xfc aucst jeh tfc jttcehjet fjvc cjtce tfcir kcjgs.(c) Xfc kjejacr jeh kjr`ctiea mnnilcr (oc) ]]] prcscet tfcrc.

Jes4 Xfc kjejacr jeh kjr`ctiea mnnilcr is prcscet tfcrc sjgjry.

_ugc-:?4 Kcjsurckcet mn kmecy, ueity mn histjelc, tikc nmrk sieaugjr vcro Cxjkpgc4

(j) Mec fuehrch hmggjrs (oc) ]]] j gmt mn kmecy nmr j omttgc mn wiec.

Jes4 Mec fuehrch hmggjrs is j gmt mn kmecy nmr j omttgc mn wiec.(o) Xwm fmurs (oc) ]]] j gmea tikc tm wjit nmr j hmltmr.

Jes4 Xwm fmurs is j gmea tikc tm wjit nmr j hmltmr.

(l) 9


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Qjet kmrc Sphjtcs


Jes4 Ninty tfmusjeh hmggjrs is j oia jkmuet.

_ugc-:


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Qjet kmrc Sphjtcs


_ugc-:>4 Xfie`, emtilc, tjstc, nccg, gi`c, gmvc, fmpc, suppmsc, fjtc, wjet, ocgicvc, wisf, ikjaiecvcro Rrcscet Lmetieumus Xces Rrcscet Iehcnieitc XcescCxjkpgc4

(j) Fc (nccg) ]]]octtcr emw. Jes4 Fc nccgs octtcr emw.

(o) Ky ormtfcr (tm gmvc) ]]] tfc lmuetrykce. Jes4 Ky ormtfcr gmvcs tfc lmuetrykce.

(l) Xfcy (tm wjet) ]]] fcgp nrmk kc emw. Jes4 Xfcy wjet fcgp nrmk kc emw.(h) I (tm fmpc) ]]] ymu jrc wcgg emw. Jes4 I fmpcymu jrc wcgg emw.

(c) Fc (tm ocgicvc) ]]] kc. Jes4 Fc ocgicvcs kc.

_ugc-:14 Ljusjtivc vcros (kj`c, act, fjvc, fcgp, gct, ocfmgh, wjtlf, nccg, fcgp) act vcro tm vcro tm pgjie ienieitivc

\trulturc 4- \uo + kj`c, act, fjvc, gct + vcro (:) + modclt+ ctl.

Cxjkpgc4(j) Kmtfcr kj`cs tfc ojoy (tm gjuaf) ]]].Jes4 Kmtfcr kj`cs tfc ojoy gjuaf.

(o) Rgjsc gct kc (tm nieisf) ]]] tfc wmr`. Jes4 Rgcjsc gct kc nieisf tfc wmr`.

(l) Fc kjhc kc (tm `ccp) ]]] stjehiea. Jes4 Fc kjhc kc `ccp stjehiea.

(h) Fc amt kc (tm hm) ]]] it. Jes4 Fc amt kc tm hm it.

(c) I wjtlfch tfc stjr (njgg) ]]]. Jes4 I wjtlfch tfc stjr njgg.

_ugc-:64 Emue ie kugtituhc, armup emue pjir emuevcro pgurjg nmrk

Cxjkpgc4(j) Xfc lmkkittcc (oc) ]]] slfchugch tm kcct jt mec mlgml`.Jes4 Xfc lmkkittcc is slfchugch tm kcct jt mec mlgml`.(o) Xfc dury (tm oc) ]]] amiea tm hclihc jomut tfc kjttcr.

Jes4 Xfc dury is amiea tm hclihc jomut tfc kjttcr.

(l) Xfc lmkkittcc (tm oc) ]]] vimgcetgy me hcojtiea tfc kcrits mn tfc prmpmsch systck.

Jes4 Xfc lmkkittcc jrc vimgcetgy me hcojtiea tfc kcrits mn tfc prmpmsch systck.

(h) Xfc ljggs (tm oc) ]]] jrauiea witf mec jemtfcr.Jes4 Xfc ljggs jrc jrauiea witf mec jemtfcr.

(c) Xfc dury (tm oc) ]]] hivihch ie tfcir mpieimes.

Jes4 Xfc dury wjs hivihch ie tfcir mpieimes.


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Qjet kmrc Sphjtcs


_ugc-:94 Js wcgg js, witf, jllmkpjeich witf, jgmea witf, tmactfcr witf, ie jhhitime tm suodclt suodcltvcro Cxjkpgc4

(j) Oclme js wcgg js \fj`cspcjrc (oc) ]]] hcjh. Jes4 Oclme js wcgg js \fj`cspcjrc wjs hcjh.

(o) Kr Tiggur _jfkje jgmea witf fis njkigy (givc) ]]] ie Ojeagjhcsf.

Jes4 Kr Tiggur _jfkje jgmea witf fis njkigy givcs ie Ojeagjhcsf.(l) I witf ky ormtfcr (oc) ]]] prcscet tfcrc. Jes4 I witf ky ormtfcr wjs prcscet tfcrc.

(h) Xfcy tmactfcr witf kc (tm fcgp) ]]] tfc pmmr. Jes4 Xfcy tmactfcr witf kc fcgp tfc pmmr.

(c) Fmecsty ie jhhitime tm fjrhwmr`iea (tm wie) ]]] tfc rjlc.

Jes4 Fmecsty ie jhhitime tm fjrhwmr`iea wies tfc rjlc.

_ugc-?24 Jhdcltivc tfcJhdcltivcpgurjg lmkkme emue vcro pgurjg

Cxjkpgc4(j) Xfc virtumus (tm oc) ]]] jgwjys fjppy Jes4 Xfc virtumus jrc jgwjys fjppy

(o) Xfc pmmr (tm oc) ]]] omre tm sunncr. Jes4 Xfc pmmr jrc omre tm sunncr.

(l) Xfc pimus (tm oc) ]]] jgwjys ogcssch. Jes4 Xfc pimus jrc jgwjys ogcssch.

(h) Xfc iggitcrjtc (tm fjvc) ]]] occe trcjtch oittcrgy Jes4 Xfc iggitcrjtc fjvc occe trcjtch oittcrgy

(c) Xfc uench (tm oc) ]]] lrcjtiea iehislipgiec Jes4 Xfc uench jrc lrcjtiea iehislipgiec

_ugc-?:4\uodclt, J eukocr mn pgurjg vcrotfc eukocr mnsieaugjr vcro

Cxjkpgc4(j) J eukocr mn pcmpgc (oc) ]]]wjitiea tm scc ymu.

Jes4 J eukocr mn pcmpgc jrc wjitiea tm scc ymu.

(o) Xfc eukocr mn stjrs ie tfc s`y (tm scck) ]]] lmuetgcss.

Jes4 Xfc eukocr mn stjrs ie tfc s`y sccks lmuetgcss.

(l) J gjrac eukocr mn lmuetrics (oc) ]]] tfc kckocrs mn tfc Seitch Ejtimes.

Jes4 J gjrac eukocr mn lmuetrics jrc tfc kckocrs mn tfc Seitch Ejtimes.

(h) Xfc eukocr mn lmkputcr smnt wjrcs (oc) ]]] ielrcjsiea cvcry ycjr.

Jes4 Xfc eukocr mn lmkputcr smnt wjrcs is ielrcjsiea cvcry ycjr.(c) Xfc eukocr mn stuh

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