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The Origin and Structure of the Universe

● What is the Universe made of ?

● What laws govern its evolution ?

● What was the origin of structure ?

● How have present structures arisen ?-- the dimensionality of space-time

-- the standard model of particle physics-- the periodic table/element abundances-- planets, stars, black holes and galaxies-- large-scale and cosmological structure

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Dark Matter and Dark Energy● dominate the current energy density

of the Universe

● are inferred on the basis of

astronomical data alone

● are most likely explained by physicsat extremely high energies

● are tested by purely astronomical!"# or by mixed !$# experiments

W$%&'

H() %**+

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Simulating Cosmic Evolution..

allows theoretical models of !ark $atter

and !ark "nergy to be compared.uantitatively to astronomical observations

W$%&'

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Measurements of lensing..

can constrain the distribution and hence

the nature of !ark $atter can measure global geometry and soconstrain !ark "nergy

for large statistical samples can measure

 and &k#

simulation

linear theory

"!is0(

H() %**+

123$4(-!escartes

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e-3osita

X-ray surveys of clusters..

can identify large samples overmost of the sky and to 56+

can image the structure of nearbyclusters and study their formation

with optical redshifts and (7 datacan measure baryon oscillations

and the growth rate of structure

%'889

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Tye !a Suernovae...

are near-standard candles which showthat cosmic expansion is accelerating

appear to be a one-parameter family

  :U)

have .uite diverse spectra

vary with host galaxy properties may vary with redshift

 Better understanding is needed to reach firm conclusions

;' s *; s

Hamuy etal *;;;

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stars

 black holes

+;

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#amma-ray "ursts..

may be forming stellar mass black

holesare being localised in largenumbers by (W2>)

need better prompt follow-up to

characterise their propertiesneed improved theoreticalunderstanding

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The Element &'undances..

are determined by nuclear physicsoperating in .uiescent and in

exploding starscan act as fossils of the history ofgalaxy formation

are subect to large theoretical and

observational uncertainties0rab @ebula

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(resh minds address fundamental )uestions

&rea & *+#, How many dimensions are there in @ature?

2s the Universe part of a $ultiverse?

&rea C *+# Why is the Universe made of matter ratherthan antimatter?

&rea D *+# What do we learn about the early Universefrom experiments at the AH0?

&rea E *+#/ 0an precise measures of the distribution ofgalaxies and !$ unveil the nature of !$/!"?

&rea ( 0,12MU3 What do observations of galaxies at earlytimes tell us about how galaxies were made?

&rea # *+#4 How are stellar life-cycles and galaxy formation

histories reflected in element abundances?