excavations at utica by the tunisian-british utica project 2013 (e. fentress, f. ghozzi, j. quinn,...

Upload: ben-russell

Post on 11-Oct-2015

236 views

Category:

Documents


0 download

DESCRIPTION

Final report on work by the Tunisian-British Utica Project at the site of Utica in Tunisia in September 2013.

TRANSCRIPT

  • 5/20/2018 Excavations at Utica by the Tunisian-British Utica Project 2013 (E. Fentress, F...

    http:///reader/full/excavations-at-utica-by-the-tunisian-british-utica-project-20

    "#$%&%'()*+ %' ,'($% -. '/0 12*(+(%*345('(+/ ,'($%

    65)70$' 89:;

    "#$%&'()* +(,)-(..

    +&/0%$ 1*/%%$

    2/.(3*$,( 40$,,

    5,6-(7 8$#./,

  • 5/20/2018 Excavations at Utica by the Tunisian-British Utica Project 2013 (E. Fentress, F...

    http:///reader/full/excavations-at-utica-by-the-tunisian-british-utica-project-20

    9

    "#$%&%'()*+ %' ,'($% -. '/0 12*(+(%*345('(+/ '0%(#MV: 7*$)(

    C&-'#( U3-/'&'#M Z-/W/,,(.$&,V K/-$,)*$&,

    =&3$). &,6 '&.(.: &,6 !"#$$% #'(")% G#0)(6

    3$#&.)(-.D ;*(-( &33(&- )/ '( &) #(&.) )7/:

    &,6 3(-*&3. )*-((: 6$GG(-(,) /-6(-. /G

    =/#0C,. &,6 3$#&.)(-.: .0@@(.)$,@ ($)*(-)*&) )*( '0$#6$,@ *&6 )7/ .)/-(M. /- )*(

    =/#/,,&6( /G )*( ./0)* 3/-)$=/ 7&. /G &

    6$GG(-(,) .$%( )*&, )*( $,)(-$/- =/#/,,&6(D

    ;*( )*-(( -/''(- )-(,=*(. )*&) C&-W )*(

    #$,(. /G )*( 7#. /G L0$#6$,@ O &-( ,/) # /G

    )*( .&C( 6&)(D

    O;*( (&)$/, 7&. =&--$(6 /0) 0,6(- )*( .03(->$.$/, /G )*( &0)*/-.: )/@()*(- 7$)* [/0-*\,,( L$#(#: 1&0)&C

    L/,6&6&: K*&*#& ]*$'$: K&-/#$,( 1//6./,: *&6$S& N/0C,$: B/0#(G B&W(): &,6 2/*, B$@C$(-D ;*-/0@*/0) )*$.-(3/-) =/,)(

  • 5/20/2018 Excavations at Utica by the Tunisian-British Utica Project 2013 (E. Fentress, F...

    http:///reader/full/excavations-at-utica-by-the-tunisian-british-utica-project-20

    Q

    5. .*/7, $, 9PO9: )*( 7#. /G L0$#6$,@ 9: 7*$=* $. =#(&-#M 6&)(6 )/ )*( ,$,)* =(,)0-M 5]: &-( '0$#)

    3&-)$#M /, )/3 /G )*( G$## /G )*( ./0)*(-,C/.) )-(,=*D E, =/,)-&.): )*( G$##. /G )*( )7/ ,/-)*(-#M

    -/''(- )-(,=*(. =/,)&$, C&)(-$ /G # 6&)(.: &,6 7(-( />(-#&$, /,#M 'M )/3./$#Y )*(M &33(&- )/ 6&)(

    )/ )*( (&-#M )7(,)$()* =(,)0-MD ]0-$,@ )*( 9POQ .(&./,: C/.) /G )*( G$## /G )*(.( )-(,=*(. 7&.

    -(C/>(6: (($,@ /G )*( '0$#) #&,6.=&3( /G )*( &-(& 3-$/- )/ )*( '0$#6$,@ /G )*( '&.$#$=&D

    "(6 #/@$.)$=#M =*#(,@$,@ )/ -(C/>(D

    E, )*( ./0)*(-,C/.) -/''(- )-(,=*:

    7/-W $, 9PO9 ((# /G )*( -/&6

    .0-G&=(D ;*$. 7# (>$6(,)#M '(#/,@(6 )/ & '0$#6$,@ 3-(a6&)$,@ L0$#6$,@ O &,6 .((C. )/ *&>( '((,

    $,=/-3/-&)(6 $,)/ )*( G/0,6&)$/,. /G )*( #&)(- 7# /G )*( '&.$#$=&D N&6( /G C/-)&-(6 -0''#(: $) *&. &

    3-(.(->(6 )*$=W,(.. /G 9D9Q CD

    ;/ )*( ,/-)*: 7/-W =/,)$,0(6 /, -(C/>$,@ )*( G$## /G )*( ,/-)*(-,C/.) -/''(- )-(,=*D 5 ./,6&@(

    (&)(6 &) )*( (&.) (,6 /G )*$. -(>((6 )7/ =/0-.(. /G G/0,6&)$/, '#/=W.D ;*( #/7(.) /G )*(.(

    =/,.$.)(6 /G #&-@( &.*#&-.: )7/ /G 7*$=* 7(-( (

  • 5/20/2018 Excavations at Utica by the Tunisian-British Utica Project 2013 (E. Fentress, F...

    http:///reader/full/excavations-at-utica-by-the-tunisian-british-utica-project-20

    c

    /)*(- .)-0=)0-(. $. 0,=#(&- '0): &@&$, $) $. .#$@*)#M #/7(- $, (#(>&)$/, )*&, )*( G#//- .0-G&=(D ;*(-( $.

    g0$)( & .0'.)&,)$ 6$GG(-(,=( $, (#(>&)$/,: /G '()7((, PDA &,6 O C: '()7((, # /G )*(.( (&-#M 7#.

    &,6 G#//-. &,6 )*( G#//- #(>(# /G )*( L&.$#$=& /- )*( -/&6 .0-G&=(: '0) )*(-( &-( ,/ .$@,. $, &,M /G )*(

    ($6(,=( G/-

    (( )(--&=$,@ (#.(7*(-( &) R)$=&: $) $. 3/..$'#( )*&) )*$. 7*/#( &-(& 7&. ((#M -(C/6(#(6

    3-$/- )/ )*( =/,.)-0=)$/, /G )*( L&.$#$=&: 7$)* &,M 3-(a(

  • 5/20/2018 Excavations at Utica by the Tunisian-British Utica Project 2013 (E. Fentress, F...

    http:///reader/full/excavations-at-utica-by-the-tunisian-british-utica-project-20

    b

    ;*( $,)(-3-()&)$/, /G )*( -/''(6 .)-0=)0-( $. $, ,/ 7&M =#(&-: ,/- $. $). -(#&)$/,.*$3 )/ )*( 3$(- '&.(

    UhV: )*/0@* )*(M &-( (>$6(,)#M 3&-) /G )*( .&C( #$,(&- .)-0=)0-(D E) $. ,/) $C3/..$'#( )*&) )*$. $. )*(

    ,/-)* 7# /G )*( G/-0C: 7$)* )*( 3$(- '&.( -(3-(.(,)$,@ 3&-) /G &, /3(,$,@ G-/C )*( -/&6D ;*(

    3&>$,@ .)/,(. =#(&-#M &'0))(6 )*( 7#: &. )*(M #$,( 03 7$)* )*( (6@( /G )*( -/''(- )-(,=*D E) $. ,/)

    $C3/..$'#( )*&) )*(-( $. & .(=/,6 -/''(- )-(,=*: =0--(,)#M /'.=0-(6 'M )*( C(6$(> .0-G&=( -(#&)(6

    )/ L0$#6$,@ EF: 7*$=* -(3-(.(,). )*( .)M#/'&)( G/- & 3/-)$=/ 7*$=* 7/0#6 *&>( #$,(6 )*( ,/-)* .$6( /G)*( G/-0CD ;*$. 3/-)$=/ 7/0#6 *&>( '((, 3&>(6 7$)* )*( #$C(.)/,( .#&'. .((, $, .(=)$/,D

    ;*( /,#M /)*(- T/C&, .)-0=)0-( G/0,6 $, )*( )-(,=* 7&. G/-C(6 /G G/0- #&-@( &.*#&- '#/=W.: #&$6 G#&):

    7$)* & =*&,,(# &-/0,6 $). ,/-)*(-, &,6 (&.)(-, (6@(.D E) 7&. -(>((6 $, )*( '/))/C /G &,

    &33&-(,)#M C/6(-, ./,6&@(: 7*$=* 7&. >$.$'#( /, )*( .0-G&=( &. & -/0@*#M .g0&-( 3$) G$##(6 7$)* #&-@(

    .)/,(. U'(#/7 +$@D ?VD ;*( .)-0=)0-( C&M *&>( .033/-)(6 & .)&)0( '&.(D

    *+,"+-#$ .))/0#("%'1 2/"$,"'! 34

    J>(- )*( G/-0C 3&>$,@ & cP =C )*$=W #&M(- /G

    .&,6M -(6 (&-)* &==0C0#&)(6: /,)/ 7*$=*

    L0$#6$,@ EF 7&. =/,.)-0=)(6: S0.) ./0)* /G )*(

    T/C&, 7# &,6 3-(.0C&'#M )/ ./C( ( /G )*( #&)(.) G#//- .0-G&=(:

    -(>((6 & #/7(- G#//-D;*$. 7&. /G '(&)(, (&-)*:

    7$)* & G(7 .C# .)/,(.D J, )*( 7(.) .$6( /G )*(

    -//C 7&. =0) & (#''/5: /- />(,D ;*$. 7&. & -$,@a.*&3(6 .)-0=)0-(: C/.) O C 7$6(: G$##(6 'M

    #&M(-. /G &.* &,6 '0-,(6 (&-)*: 7*$=* 3-/'&'#M

    -(3-(.(,) )*( =/##&3.( /G $). 7#.D E) -&, 0,6(- )*( .(=)$/,: &,6 $) $. )*0. 0,=#(&- */7 #/,@ )*(

    /-$@$, -//C 7&.f &) )*$. 3/$,): )*( /-$@$, 6//- $, )*( ,/-)* 7# 7&. /3(,D 5 .C# */#( $, )*(

    ./0)*(&.) =/-,(- /G )*( -//C: =0) $,)/ & ./-) /G #$))#( -&$.(6 '(,=*: 7&. $,)(-3-()(6 &. & =/,)&$,(- G/-

    & S&-D T//C O $. )*0. =0-$/0.: '($,@ #$))#( />(- & C()-( 7$6(: )*/0@* =#(&-#M G0,=)$/,$,@ G/- =//W$,@D

    ;/ )*( ./0)* /G $): .(3&-&)(6 'M )*( -&)*(- G-&@$#( 7#: 7&. T//C 9D ;*$. 7&. C0=* C/-( 6(.)-/M(6:

    &,6 .((C. )/ *&>( @/,( /0) /G 0.( $, )*( .(=/,6 3*&.( /G T//C OD ;*( 7#. 7(-( >(-M .=-0GG$#M

    =/,.)-0=)(6: 7$)* (&-)* &,6 ./C( .g0&-(6 .)/,(.D ;*( G#//- 7&. /G '(&)(, (&-)*D ;*$. .0-G&=( 7&.

    =/>(-(6 'M & 6(.)-0=)$/, #&M(-: 7*$=* C&M *&>( .(->(6 &. )*( /0).$6( .0-G&=( G/- )*( .(=/,6 3*&.(

    /G L0$#6$,@ EFD

    C(D250 O@ 2$))1,E5)< FG P$%A0 9GJ

  • 5/20/2018 Excavations at Utica by the Tunisian-British Utica Project 2013 (E. Fentress, F...

    http:///reader/full/excavations-at-utica-by-the-tunisian-british-utica-project-20

    ?

    ;/ )*( ./0)* /G )*( '0$#6$,@ 7&. & .0-G&=( 7*$=* .((C. )/ *&>( '((, @(,(- )/ )*( 7*/#( /G )*(

    &-(&D 5) )*( ./0)*(-, (,6 /G )*( )-(,=*: )*$. .0-G&=( 7&. =0) 'M )7/ .C# 7#. -0,,$,@ 3&-#(# )/

    (&=* /)*(-D J,( /G )*(.( -&, &) & .#$@*) &,@#( $,)/ )*( 7(.)(-, .(=)$/,f $) 7&. 3-(.(->(6 &. )7/

    =/0-.(. /G .)/,(. $, $). (&.)(-, (,6: '0) 7&. -/''(6 $, $). 7(.)(-, 3&-): &,6 6$.&33(&-. 0,6(- )*(

    .(=)$/, &. & -/''(- )-(,=*D ;*( .(=/,6 $. & )*$, 7# /G & .$,@#( =/0-.( /G .)/,(.: -0,,$,@ -/0@*#M

    3&-#(# )/ $) &-/0,6 & C()-( &7&M: '0) =0) 'M )*( C/6(-, ./,6&@(G E) $. ,/) =#(&- 7*()*(- )*(.(.)-0=)0-(. -(#&)(6 )/ L0$#6$,@ EF $, &,M 7&MD ;*(-( $. ,/ -( =/,)$,0$)M '()7((, )*(C: '0): &..0C$,@

    & #&-@( 6(@-(( /G 6(.)-0=)$/,: )*(M 6"!7(G/-C )7/ 7$,@. /G )*( .&C( #&-@(: =/0-)M&-6 .)-0=)0-(D

    ;*( .0-G&=( /G )*( 3/..$'#(

    =/0-)M&-6 7&. =0) 'M & >(-M #&-@(

    ,0C'(- /G .$#/.D ;*/.( )/7&-6.

    L0$#6$,@ EF 7(-( .C#(-:

    @(,(-#M '()7((, ?P &,6 AP =C

    7$6(: &,6 /==&.$/,#M '(##a

    .*&3(6D ;*(-( 7(-( ./ )7/

    C&..$>(: '(##a.*&3(6 .$#/. />(- 9C 6((3D ;*( #/7(-: .7(##$,@

    .(=)$/,. /G )*(.( 7(-( G$##(6 7$)*

    .$#)M (&-)* 7$)* C0=* 3/))(-M &,6

    ./C( '/,(: 7*$#( )*( 033(-:

    =M#$,6-$= .(=)$/,. 7(-( '#/=W(6

    7$)* C&..$>( .)/,(.: ./C( )//

    *(&>M )/ -(C/>(D ;*($- G$##. 7(-(

    -$=* $, 3/))(-M: )*/0@* '/,(.

    7(-( -(#&)$>(#M .=&-=(: &,6

    #$C$)(6 )/ =*$=W(, &,6 ./C(

    #&C'D +0-)*(- .$#/. 7(-( G/0,6=#0.)(-(6 &-/0,6 )*( -/''(-

    )-(,=* '(.$6( )*( -/&6: )*/0@*

    )*(.( 7(-( G&- #(.. -$=* $,

    =(-&C$= C&)(-$D 8( C0.)

    $C&@$,( )*(.( .$#/. =#0.)(-(6

    &-/0,6 )*( -0$,. /G )*( T/C&,

    .)-0=)0-( 7*(, $) 7&. .)$##

    .)&,6$,@D

    ;*( 6&)$,@ /G # )*(.( .)-0=)0-(.

    -(C&$,. 0,=(-)&$,D 5 '-$(G &,6 /0)a/Ga.(g0(,=( (&)$/, /G & @-(M: .$#)M #&M(- -0,,$,@ 0,6(-L0$#6$,@ EF: )*/0@*) )/ '( )*( -/''(- )-(,=* /G )*( G/-0C 3/-)$=/: -(>((6 & @#&.. 7($@*) &,6 & =/$,

    /G )*( .$(,)* =(,)0-MD

    J==03&)$/, .((C. )/ *&>( =/,)$,0(6 $,)/ )*( )7(#G)* =(,)0-M: &. 3/))(-M G-/C )*( >(-M #&-@( .$#/. )/

    )*( ./0)* .*/7.D E, /,( /G )*(.(: 7(-( G/0,6 & '-/7,: @-((, &,6 )0-g0/$.( @#&%(6 '/7#: )/@()*(-

    7$)* ]X5,@(#/ "Oi"9 &C3*/-&(D K/&-.(7&-(. $,=#06( .)-&$,(- S&-.: $,=#06$,@ & @#&%(6 >(-.$/,D9;*(

    -/''$,@ /G )*( T/C&, 7#: =&--$(6 /0) ,(

  • 5/20/2018 Excavations at Utica by the Tunisian-British Utica Project 2013 (E. Fentress, F...

    http:///reader/full/excavations-at-utica-by-the-tunisian-british-utica-project-20

    e

    /G )*( .$)(: &. $). G$##. =/>(- )*( #$))#( '0$#6$,@ &,6 )*( 3/))(-M G-/C )*( -/''(- )-(,=* &33(&-. )/ '(

    )*( #&)(.) /, )*( .$)(: &@&$,: 3-/'&'#M 6&)$,@ )/ )*( )7(#G)* =(,)0-MD ;*( /==03&)$/, /G )*( >$##&@(

    )*0. .((C. )/ 6&)( )/ )*( +&)$C$6 3(-$/6: &,6 )/ *&>( '((, -(#&)$>(#M .*/-)a#$>(6D E) 7&. -&)*(-

    ((: */7(>(-: &. /)*(- *0). &-( >$.$'#( )*-/0@*/0) )*( &-(& /G )*( G/-0CD

    C(D250 S@?+A%

  • 5/20/2018 Excavations at Utica by the Tunisian-British Utica Project 2013 (E. Fentress, F...

    http:///reader/full/excavations-at-utica-by-the-tunisian-british-utica-project-20

    A

    D

    >50% ???@ 1/0 _)2+0 )E '/0 T%5D0 `0$2+;

    1(/GG N/-#(M &,6 [$=*/#( B*(#6-$=W

    ;*( C&$, G/=0. /G )*( 9POQ (&)$/,. $, )*( H/0.( /G )*( I&-@( J(=0. 7&. )*( =/,)$,0&)$/, /G )*(7/-W '(@0, $, 9PO9 $, T//C. kEk: kk: kkE: &,6 )*( 7(.) *G /G kkEED +0-)*(- $,>(.)$@&)$/,. 7(-(

    ((-(6 )*( (,)$-( 0,(&)(6 =(,)- 3/-)$/, /G )*( -//CD Z/))(-M G-/C )*$. #&M(- *&.

    '((, 6&)(6 G-/C )*( )*$-6 )/ G$G)* =(,)0-$(. 5]: .0@@(.)$,@ )*&) )*( G$, =/##&3.( &,6 &'&,6/,C(,)

    /G )*$. -//C 3-/'&'#M /==0--(6 ./C()$C( $, )*$. 3(-$/6D

    ;*$. .(&./,: /0- (&)$/,. -(&=*(6 7*&) $. 3-/'&'#M &, (&-#M 3/.)a&'&,6/,C(,) /==03&)$/,.0-G&=(: & )*$, .$#)M @-(M #&M(- /,#M & G(7 =(,)$C()-(. &'/>( 7*&) -(C&$,. /G )*( C/.&$= 3&>(C(,)D

    "&)$/,. 7(-( *)(6 &) )*$. #(>(# $, /-6(- )/ 3-(.(->( )*( 3&>(C(,) 0,)$# $) =&, '( 3-/3(-#M

    (&)(6 &,6 =/,./#$6&)(6 ,((- .C# =/,=(,)-&)$/,. /G G$-(a-(66(,(6 ./$#: &.*: &,6 =*&-=/:

    $,)(-3-()(6 &. .C# G$-(.: 3-/'&'#( (>$6(,=( /G .g0&))(- /==03&)$/, $CC(6$&)(#M G/##/7$,@ )*(

    3-$C&-M &'&,6/,C(,) /G )*$. 3&-) /G )*( */0.(D

    Q;*( (&)$/, 7&. =&--$(6 /0) 0,6(- )*( .03(->$.$/, /G )*( &0)*/-.: )/@()*(- 7$)* 2&,() ]0,W(#'&-@(-:

    ;*/0-&M& 1*/%%$: &/0)*(- 2(,6/0'$: &,6 l/.-& N&,&$D

    C(D250 :9@ ?+A%50% 8G HQTI

  • 5/20/2018 Excavations at Utica by the Tunisian-British Utica Project 2013 (E. Fentress, F...

    http:///reader/full/excavations-at-utica-by-the-tunisian-british-utica-project-20

    d

    J,( /G )*( C/.) $,)(-(.)$,@ G(&)0-(. 0,=/>(-(6 $, T//C kEk 7&. & -/0,6: .)/,( G(&)0-( U_;888a=

    [email protected] OO &,6 O9VD E). =(,)- =/C3/,(,) $. & -(=)&,@0#&- &.*#&- '#/=W: 7$)* .C#(-: -/0@* '#/=W.

    &--&,@(6 $, & =$-=0#&- G&.*$/, &-/0,6 $) 0.$,@ & C06 C/-)&- )/ =-(&)( & #&-@( =$-=0#&- 3#&)G/-C: =D OD9

    C $, 6$&C()(- &,6 =0--(,)#M .((, )/ '( =$6(,=( /G )-&,.$(,) /==03&)$/, 60-$,@ =/##&3.( /- -/''$,@ (>(,).D ;*( 6(3/.$)

    3-/60=(6 C0#)$3#( =/$,. 7*$=* 7(-( -/0@*#M 6&)(6 )/ )*( G/0-)* =(,)0-M 5]Db ;*$. 6&)( 7/0#6 ./

    &==/-6 7(## 7$)* )*( 6&)$,@ /G )*( =(-&C$= C&)(-$ G/0,6 $, )*( 6(3/.$)D

    :%%68 ;; #', ;;3

    5) )*( (,6 /G )*( 9PO9 .(&./,: 7( '(#$(>(6 )*&) 7( *&6 $6(,)$G$(6 )*( #/=&)$/, /G )*( 6$>$6$,@ 7#

    '()7((, T//C. kk &,6 kkED 5G)(- ($6$,@ 7#D

    E, &66$)$/,: $). #/=&)$/, =/$,=$6(6 7$)* & )-(,=* -0,,$,@ /,@ )*( .&C( #$,(D J, (&)$/, /G

    )-(,=* */7(>(-: 7( G/0,6 )*(-( 7&. ,/ (>$6(,=( G/- &,M )M3( /G 7# G/0,6&)$/, '(M/,6 )*&) G$-.)

    '#/=W (

  • 5/20/2018 Excavations at Utica by the Tunisian-British Utica Project 2013 (E. Fentress, F...

    http:///reader/full/excavations-at-utica-by-the-tunisian-british-utica-project-20

    OP

    C(D250 :8@ M))$.$/, '()7((, T//C. kk &,6 kkE 7&. &=)0#M #/=&)(6 7&.

    )*( 6$.=/>(-M /G & )*$, 7# /G 3$.m /- C06'-$=W =/,.)-0=)$/,: c;:\Sa= -0,,$,@ (&.)a7(.) &=-/.. )*(

    G0## 7$6)* /G T//C kk 7$)* ,/ &33&-(,) '-(&WD ;*( 7#: PDO9 C )*$=W: 7&. G&=(6 7$)* 3#&.)(- &,6 $).

    C&(6 *($@*) &'/>( 3&>(C(,) #(>(# $. =D PDbP CD ]0( )/ )*( G-&@$#$)M /G )*( 7#: & =D

    PD9P C '&0#W 7&. #(G) /, ($)*(- .$6(: ./ )*( -(#&)$/,.*$3 /G )*( 7# )/ )*( 3&>(C(,) #(>(#. $. ,/)

    =0--(,)#M W,/7,D

    H&>$,@ ,/7 (&)(6 ,(&-#M )/ 3&>(C(,) #(>(# /, ($)*(- .$6( /G c;:\Sa $, T//C. kk &,6 kkE: $)

    .((C. #$W(#M )*&) )*$. 3$.m 7# -(3-(.(,). )*( #/=&)$/, /G )*( 6$>$.$/, '()7((, )*( )7/ -//C.D

    H/7(>(-: 7*()*(- )*$. =/,.)-0=)$/, 7&. )*( /-$@$, G/-C /G 6$>$6(- '()7((, )*( )7/ -//C.

    -(C&$,. )/ '( .((,D K/,.$6(-$,@ )*( -&)*(- '0#WM .)/,( =/,.)-0=)$/, /G )*( 7#. $, )*( -(.) /G )*(

    */0.(: 7( C$@*) .3(=0#&)( )*&) )*$. =/C3&-&)$>(#M G#$C.M 7# 7&. & #&)(- &66$)$/,: 6$>$6$,@ 7*&) 7&.

    /-$@$,#M & #&-@(- -//C $,)/ )7/ U7*$=* =/0#6 3/..$'#M *&>( $,>/#>(6 -(a3&>$,@ /,( /- '/)* /G )*(

    -//C.: .$,=( )*( )7/ -//C. *&>( 6$GG(-(,) 3&>$,@VD

    ;*( .(g0(,=( /G (>(,). $, T//C kk ,/-)* /G c;:\Sa $. G&$-#M .)-&$@*)G/-7&-6D ;*( (&-#$(.) =/,)((-(6 'M )*-(( .0==(..$>( #&M(-. /G =#&M(M: 3#&.)(-a-$=* G$##. 7*$=*

    -(3-(.(,) )*( 6(=&M /G )*( */0.(: 7$)* /==&.$/, .C#(- n60C3.X '()7((, &,6 & .C# G$-( 3$): $,

    )*( ./0)*7(.) =/-,(-D ;*( #&)(.) /G )*(.( G$##. *&6 & .$@,$G$=&,) ,0C'(- /G .)/,( &,6 C&-'#(

    G-&@C(,).: 7*$=* C$@*) .0@@(.) $) 7&. &../=$&)(6 7$)* & 3(-$/6 /G -/''$,@ /G )*( */0.(D

    5 .$C$#&-#M .)-&$@*)G/-7&-6 .(g0(,=( /G G$##. 7&. /'.(->(6 $, )*( ,&--/7 &-(& '()7((, )*( ./0)* .$6(

    /G 3$.m 7# c;:\Sa&,6 )*( ,/-)* (6@( /G )-(,=* ;:JSD 5. $, T//C kk: )*( .(g0(,=( /G =/,)(( '((, & .)-&$@*)G/-7&-6 &==0C0#&)$/, /G .0==(..$>( #&M(-. /G =/##&3.(6

  • 5/20/2018 Excavations at Utica by the Tunisian-British Utica Project 2013 (E. Fentress, F...

    http:///reader/full/excavations-at-utica-by-the-tunisian-british-utica-project-20

    OO

    3$.m: =*&-&=)(-$.(6 'M )*($- =#&M(M =/C3/.$)$/, &,6 G-(g0(,) $,=#0.$/,. /G 3#&.)(-D ;*(.( 7(-(

    6(3/.$)(6 />(- & .$#)M 3/.)a&'&,6/,C(,) #&M(- 7*$=* .$). />(- )*( -(C,&,). &,6 '(66$,@ /G )*( .#&)(

    )$#( 3&>(C(,) /G T//C kkE &,6 -(C&$,. 0,(&)(6 $, 9POQD

    ;*( C/.) $,)(-(.)$,@ G(&)0-( /G )*$. -//C 7&. .$#/ ;8;8G/0,6 /, )*( (&.) .$6( /G )*( -//CD ;*( .$#/

    7&. =0) )*-/0@* )*( 3&>(C(,) /G )*( -//C: )*( ,(&),(.. /G 7*$=* .0@@(.). )*&) $) 7&. 6/,( 7$)*./C( =&-( &,6 g0$)M )//#.D 5 .(-$(. /G 6(3/.$). 7(-( (&)(6 G-/C )*( .$#/: $,=#06$,@ )*(

    &-)$=0#&)(6 .W(#()/, /G & #&-@( 6/@D

    :%%6 ;;33 =#', ;;333 > ;;3;?

    5. $, )*( /)*(- -//C.: 7( *)(6 (&)$/,. $, )*( 7(.) *G /G T//C kkEE &) & =#&M(Ma.$#)M #&M(-

    7*$=* $. $,)(-3-()(6 &. & 3/.)a&'&,6/,C(,) )-&C3#(: S0.) &'/>( )*( C&-'#( 3&>(C(,)D 5'/>( )*$.

    7&. & .(-$(. />(-#&33$,@ #&M(-. /G 6(.)-0=)$/, &,6 =/##&3.(: .(>(- /G 7*$=* *&6 G-&@C(,). /G

    3&$,)(6 7# 3#&.)(- $, & >&-$()M /G =/#/0-.D K0))$,@ )*-/0@* /,( /G )*( 033(- #&M(-. 7&. &,/)*(- .$#/:

    ;:\OD ;*( .$#/ '/))/C(6 /0) /, )*( C&-'#( 3&>(C(,) /G )*( -//C &,6 $). (&.) .$6( 7&. 6(G$,(6 'M &

    )0C'#(6 &.*#&- '#/=WD ;*$. &.*#&- '#/=W 7&. /,( /G )*-(( 7*$=* 7(-( G/0,6 )/ '( (C(-@$,@ G-/C )*(

    (&.) #$C$) /G (&)$/,. $, T//C kkEED ;*($- -(#&)$>(#M -(@0#&- .3&=$,@ *&. 3-/C3)(6 .3(=0#&)$/, )*&))*(M G(## G-/C &, %0/8 #@5")#'/6 7# G0-)*(- (&.) &,6 )0C'#(6 7(.)7&-6.D "&)$/, /G )*(

    (&.)(-, *G /G T//C kkEE $, 9POc 7$## */3(G0##M '( &'#( )/ .*(6 G0-)*(- #$@*) /, )*( C&))(-D

    E,>(.)$@&)$/,. $,)/ )*( -(C&$,$,@ 0,(&)(6 &-(& /G )*$. 3&-) /G )*( */0.( 7(-( '(@0, )/7&-6. )*(

    (,6 /G )*$. .(&./, $, )*( (&.) *G /G T//C kkEE: T//C kkEEE: &,6 T//C kkEkD J,#M )*( 033(-C/.)

    #&M(-. /G )/3./$# &,6 G$## 7(-( (&)(6 )*$. .(&./,: '0) )*(M *&>( '(@0, )/ ($)$(. $, T//C Ek: & #&-@(

    -//C $, )*( ,/-)*7(.) =/-,(- /G)*( */0.(: C&$,#M =/,.$.)(6 /G

    =#(&,$,@ &,6 )*( -(=/-6$,@ /G $).

    7#. $, /-6(- )/ '())(- 0,6(-.)&,6

    $). 3*&.$,@D 5 )*$=W #&M(- /G ./$#

    *&6 '0$#) 03 />(- )*( G#//- .0-G&=(

    ;:J\ .$,=( $) 7&. #&.) (

  • 5/20/2018 Excavations at Utica by the Tunisian-British Utica Project 2013 (E. Fentress, F...

    http:///reader/full/excavations-at-utica-by-the-tunisian-british-utica-project-20

    O9

    5) #(&.) )*-(( C&S/- C/6$G$=&)$/,. 7(-( C&6( )/ )*( -//C &) ./C( )$C( 60-$,@ $). *$.)/-M: )*/0@*

    )*( .(g0(,=( &,6 )$C$,@ /G )*(.( (>(,). $. ,/) (,)$-(#M =#(&- 60( )/ )*( (&-#$(- (&)$/,.D +$-.)#M:

    )*( )7/ 6//-7&M. S0.) C(,)$/,(6 7(-( G$##(6 $, 7$)* #&-@( &.*#&- '#/=W. U&,6 $, )*( =&.( /G )*(

    (&.)(-, 6//-7&M: .)&=W(6 =(-&C$= )$#(. )/ G$## $, )*( @&3.VD ;*( '#/=W. 7(-( 3#&=(6 6$-(=)#M /, )/3 /G

    )*( C&-'#( )*-(.*/#6. 7*$=* &-( .)$## >$.$'#( '(,(&)* )*(CD ;*( )*$-6 C&S/- C/6$G$=&)$/, 7&. )*(

    &66$)$/, /G & 7#: )*( 30-3/.( /G 7*$=* $. =/C3#()(#M 0,W,/7,: 7*$=* 3&-#(#(6 )*( ,/-)* 7# /G)*( -//C #(&>$,@ & @&3 /G &33-/(C(,) *&6 6$.&33(&-(6D

    ;*( .3&=( '()7((, )*( )7/ ,/-)* 7#. -(C&$,. G$##(6 7$)* ./$#Y $) C&M '( $,.)-0=)$>( )/ (&)( &

    .(=)$/, $, )*( */3(. /G G$,6$,@ .(=0-( =/,)(&)$/, '(@&, /, )*( 9Q-6

    /G B(3)(C'(- &,6 G$,$.*(6 )*(

    c)*

    /G J=)/'(-D?

    ;*( /'S(=) 7&.)*( =/,.(->&)$/, /G .(>(-

    C/.&$=. $, T//C. FEE: kkEF &,6

    kkF: )/@()*(- 7$)* &,

    $,)-/60=)$/, G/- )*( >/#0,)((-.

    )/ )*( )(=*,$g0(. /G C/.&$=

    =/,.(->&)$/,D ;*-(( -(=/-6.

    7(-( =/C3/.(6 G/- (&=* C/.&$=f

    /,( G/- )*( $6(,)$G$=&)$/,: &

    .(=/,6 G/- 3-(>$/0.

    $,)(->(,)$/,.: &,6 & )*$-6 G/- )*(

    .)&)( /G =/,.(->&)$/,D ;*(C/.&$=. 7(-( 7&.*(6 7$)* 7&)(-

    &,6 '-0.*(. )/ -(C/>( C$=-/a

    /-@&,$.C.: 3-$,=$3#M @&( &,6

    #$=*(,.D

    ;*( C/.&$= $, T//C kkF *&6

    ,0C(-/0. .C# #&=0,&(: 7*$=*

    7(-( =#(&,(6 7$)* 7&)(- &,6

    7$)* .=(#. )/ -(C/>( -//).D

    ;*(M 7(-( )*(, G$##(6 7$)* &

    C(6$0C C/-)&-Y 7*(-( 3/..$'#(: )(..(-&( 7(-( -(3#&=(6 7$)* & G$,(

    C/-)&-D 5G)(- ./C( 6$.=0..$/,: 7( 6(=$6(6 )/ 0.( & C/-)&- 7$)*/0)

    *M6-&0#$= #$C(: )/ C$C$= )*( C/-)&- /G &,)$g0$)M &,6 )/ '( &'#( )/

    7/-W C/-( .#/7#M: &. )*( C/-)&- -(C&$,. 0.&'#( G/- )7/ 6&M.D 5G)(-

    )*( (,6 /G )*( .(&./,: H&C&6$ B$##$,$ &,6 H(6$ L/0S(C&& =/C3#()(6

    )*( -(.)/-&)$/, /G )*( =/--$6/-. kkEF &,6 FEED ;*(.( 7(-( )*(, .3-&M(6

    7$)* *(-'$=$6( &,6 =/>(-(6 7$)* @(/)(

  • 5/20/2018 Excavations at Utica by the Tunisian-British Utica Project 2013 (E. Fentress, F...

    http:///reader/full/excavations-at-utica-by-the-tunisian-british-utica-project-20

    OQ

    >50% ?Q@ [)( 7*$=* .&,6M &,6 =#&M G$##. .((C )/

    -(3-(.(,) 3/.)a&'&,6/,C(,) .$#)$,@D

    ;*(-( $. ,/ $,6(3(,6(,) (>$6(,=( )/ 6&)( )*( =$.)(-, '(M/,6 $). )M3$=#M Z0,$= .*&3(: )*/0@* .0=*

    =$.)(-,. 3-/'&'#M =/,)$,0(6 )/ '( '0$#) 60-$,@ )*( (&-#M 3(-$/6 /G T/C&, T(30'#$=&, [/-)* 5G-$=&Y $,

    &,M =&.(: )*( G&=) )*&) )*( #/7(.) G$## =/,)&$,(6 T/C&, C&)(-$: $,=#06$,@ >&0#)$,@ )0'(.: .0@@(.).

    )*&) )*( =$.)(-, =/,)$,0(6 $, 0.( 0,)$# 7(## $,)/ )*( T/C&, 3(-$/6: 3-/'&'#M 60-$,@ )*( .0'.(g0(,)

    3*&.(U.VD

    e

    "&)$/, 7&. =&--$(6 /0) 0,6(- )*( .03(->$.$/, /G )*( &0)*/-: )/@()*(- 7$)* 8&6$ L/0@*(6$-: K/-$.&,6(+(,7$=W: T/'(-)& +(--$))/: [($#& I&S$#$: *&6$S& N/0C,$: "67&-6 Z(>(#(-: "-$=& T/7&,: BW&,6(- B/0..$: &,6

    1&'-$(##( ;*$'/0)/)D

  • 5/20/2018 Excavations at Utica by the Tunisian-British Utica Project 2013 (E. Fentress, F...

    http:///reader/full/excavations-at-utica-by-the-tunisian-british-utica-project-20

    Oc

    E-$*/ ;

    ;*( ,((- )*( 7# 3#&.)(- -(3-(.(,)$,@ )*( 6(C/#$)$/, /G )*( Z*&.( 9 '0$#6$,@ $, $). ./0)*(-, 3&-):

    -(C,&,). /G & C/.&$=: 7*$)( 7$)* '#0( @(/C()-$= 6(.$@,.: G-&C(6 'M 3&-). /G )7/ 3$.m 7#. 7$)*

    )*($- 3#&.)(- $,,(- G&=(. )-&=(&'#(: 7(-( 3-(.(->(6D ;*(.( .)-0=)0-(. &-( '&6#M 3-(.(->(6 '0) &33(&-

    )/ '( 3&-) /G & T/C&, */0.( /, )*( .&C( $@,C(,) &. )*( Z*&.( O =$.)(-, &,6 )*( Z*&.( 9 '0$#6$,@

    U+$@D ObVD ;/ )*( ./0)*7(.): & 3#&.)(-a#$,(6 =*&,,(# &,6 .=&,) )-&=(. /G G0-)*(- 6(C/#$.*(6 7#.

    3-/'&'#M @/ 7$)* )*$. 3*&.(Y )*(M &-( # =&33(6 'M )*( .&C( )*$=W 3$.m 6(C/#$)$/, 6(3/.$): 7*$=*

    =/,)&$,. 3/))(-M /G )*( #&)( .(=/,6 )*-/0@* )/ #&)( )*$-6 /- (>(, (&-#M G/0-)* =(,)0-M 5]D

    A+5#6") F"$'8

    L(=&0.( )*( 3$.m 6(C/#$)$/,

    6(3/.$) /G Z*&.( Q *&6 '((,

    *(&>$#M )-0,=&)(6 'M (-/.$/, $, $).

    ,/-)*(-, 3&-): ,/ .)-&)$@-&3*$=

    =/,)$,0$)M =/0#6 '( =/,G$6(,)#M/'.(->(6 '()7((, $) &,6 )*(

    >&-$/0. =(-&C$= W$#,. $, )*( ,/-)*

    3&-) /G )*( )-(,=*D [(>(-)*(#(..:

    7( )*$,W $) 3/..$'#( )*&) )*( G$-.)

    W$#,. '(#/,@(6 )/ )*( .&C( 3*&.(

    &. )*( */0.(: .$,=( )*( 3-/60=)$/,

    60C3 &33(&-. )/ '( .((6 'M )*(

    .&C( 3$.m 6(C/#$)$/, 6(3/.$)D

    ^$#,. _O988a &,6 _O9\:a &-( ,/)

    (&-#$(- )*&, Z*&.( 9 &,6 &-(3-/'&'#M #&)(- )*&, $)Y W$#, _O9J9a

    $. =(-)&$,#M #&)(- )*&, Z*&.( 9D

    ^$#,. _O988a&,6 _O9\:a 7(-( .C# &,6 .0'a=$-=0#&-: &,6 '/)* 7(-( G-&C(6 7$)*$, )*( G//)$,@. /G )*(

    7#. /G Z*&.( 9D ^$#, _O988a 7&. ,(&-#M =$-=0#&-: &,6 $). 7#. '0$#) /G 0,G$-(6 =#&M '-$=W. G$-(6 "' 8"(/:

    7$)* & =(,)- =$-=0#&- 3$##&- .033/-) U+$@D OeVD ^$#, _O9\:a 'M =/,)-&.) 7&. .#$@*)#M (#/,@&)(6 ./ )*&) $)

    7&. C/.) )(&-a6-/3 .*&3(6 $, 3#&,: 7$)* $). .$6(. =/,.)-0=)(6 /G #&-@( )$#(. /G 0,G$-(6 =#&M .() /,

    (6@(: 7*$=* 7(-( .0'.(g0(,)#M G$-(6 "' 8"(/D [/ =(,)- 3$##&- .0->$>(6D ;*( G$## /G '/)* W$#,. =/,)&$,(6

    =/&-.(7&-(. /G #/= 3-/60=)$/, &,6 7&.)(-. 7*$=* C&M *&>( '((, C&6( $, )*( >$=$,$)M: )*/0@*

    ,/) $, )*( W$#,. )*(M &=)0#M G$##(6D ;*( #&)(.) G$,(7&-(. G-/C )*( G$## /G )*(.( W$#,. 7(-( 5TB 5 H&M(.

    A G/-C.: .0@@(.)$,@ & 6&)( G-/C )*( #&)( G$-.) )/ .(=/,6 *G /G )*( .(=/,6 =(,)0-M 5] G/- )*( G$##$,@ /G

    )*(.( W$#,. &,6 )*( (,6 /G Z*&.( cD

    C(D250 :\@ h(A* cO988a= E5)< FG P$%A0 9GJ FI

  • 5/20/2018 Excavations at Utica by the Tunisian-British Utica Project 2013 (E. Fentress, F...

    http:///reader/full/excavations-at-utica-by-the-tunisian-british-utica-project-20

    Ob

    C(D250 :N@ 6)''05. E)5(-(6 'M & #&M(- /G (-/6(6 3$.m

    =/##&3.( G-/C )*( 6(C/#$.*(6 Z*&.( Q '0$#6$,@. G0-)*(- ./0)*D

  • 5/20/2018 Excavations at Utica by the Tunisian-British Utica Project 2013 (E. Fentress, F...

    http:///reader/full/excavations-at-utica-by-the-tunisian-british-utica-project-20

    O?

    E-$*/ J > &$)K

    C(D250 :S@ >50% ?Q= '%*K cO9\9a %*B '055%$0 L%AA cO99Ja= E5)< bG H>FI

    J>(- )*( 6(.)-0=)$/, /G Z*&.( Q: &,6 &@&$, /, )*( .&C( $@,C(,): )/7&-6. )*( ./0)* /G )*( )-(,=*

    7&. =/,.)-0=)(6 & )&,W _O9\9a: QDOb < 9DeP C: 7$)* )*( G#//- $, %0/8 @"!$"'/6&,6 )*( 7#. '0$#) $,

    C/-)&-(6 -0''#( =/,=-()(: &,6 #$,(6 7$)* %0/8 8"!'"'/6 =/>(-(6 $, 7*$)( 3#&.)(- U+$@D OdVD 5 #(&6

    3$3( #(&>(. )*( )&,W )*-/0@* )*( 7(.) 7# ,(&- )*( ./0)*7(.) =/-,(-: & G(7 =(,)$C()-(. &'/>( )*(

    G#//-Y )*(-( $. & =(-&C$= 6-&$, 3$3( &) G#//- #(>(# $, )*( ,/-)* 7# &) )*( ,/-)*7(.) =/-,(-D L/)* 3$3(.

    &-( &../=$&)(6 7$)* (( G/-C(6 & 3-/3(-)M

    '/0,6&-M: &,6 =(-)&$,#M .(->(. )/ )(--&=( )*( .$)( &. )*( @-/0,6 -$.(. .)((3#M )/ )*( ./0)* &'/>( $)D

    N&)(-$ G-/C )*( =/,.)-0=)$/, G$## /G 7#. &../=$&)(6 7$)* )*( )&,W .0@@(.). &, (&-#M T/C&, 6&)( p

    G-&@C(,). /G E;B &,6 ]-(..(# 9ac &C3*/-&(D ;*( 30-3/.( /G )*( )&,W $. 0,=#(&-Y $) $. 3/..$'#( )*&) $)

    .(->(6 G/- )*( 3-(3&-&)$/, &,6 3066#$,@ /G =#&M: '0) $G /0- -(&6$,@ /G )*( G-&@$#( &,6 3//-#M 3-(.(->(6

    .)-&)$@-&3*M U7*$=*: )-0,=&)(6 'M (-/.$/,: $. ,/) &M. =/,)$,0/0. '()7((, )*( 6$GG(-(,) 3&-). /G

    )*( )-(,=*V $. =/--(=): )*$. )&,W .*/0#6 '(#/,@ )/ & #&)(- 3*&.( )*&, )*( W$#,. &=)0#M (&)(6

    7$)*$, )*( )-(,=*D

    ;*( )&,W 7&. G$##(6 7$)* 3-(6/C$,&,)#M .&,6M 6(3/.$).: )*( #/7(.) ./ =/,)&$,$,@ )7/ #$C(.)/,(

    =/#0C, 6-0C.D

    E-$*/ L

    ;/ )*( ,/-)*7(.) /G )*( Z*&.( c )&,W: )*( (

  • 5/20/2018 Excavations at Utica by the Tunisian-British Utica Project 2013 (E. Fentress, F...

    http:///reader/full/excavations-at-utica-by-the-tunisian-british-utica-project-20

    Oe

    C(D250 89@ > 50% ?Q= '/0 A(FI

    ;*( W$#, $).(#G *&6 0,6(-@/,( &) #(&.) )7/ 3*&.(. /G -(3&$-: &))(.)(6 'M -(3&$-. )/ &,6 -(#$,$,@. /G )*(

    7#.: '(G/-( $). 6/C(6 -//G (>(,)0#M =/##&3.(6 p #&-@( .(=)$/,. /G )*( =/##&3.(6 '-$=W. /G )*(

    033(- 7#. &,6 6/C( 7(-( G/0,6 $, )*( .(g0(,=( /G G$##.D ;*( G#//- &33(&-(6 )/ *&>( '((, =0) $,)/

    )*( #/= .0'./$#: &,6 7&. '#&=W(,(6 &,6 =/>(-(6 7$)* )*( -(C&$,. /G #$C( G-/C G$-$,@.D ;*( )/)

    *($@*) /G )*( W$#, /-$@$,#M (

  • 5/20/2018 Excavations at Utica by the Tunisian-British Utica Project 2013 (E. Fentress, F...

    http:///reader/full/excavations-at-utica-by-the-tunisian-british-utica-project-20

    OA

    ,/)*$,@ #&)(- )*&, )*( C$6i#&)( G$-.) =(,)0-M 5]D 5 =$)M )*( .$%( /G R)$=& 7/0#6 *&>( *&6 &

    =/,.$6(-&'#( &,6 =/,)$,0/0. 6(C&,6 G/- #$C( $, '0$#6$,@ &=)$>$)$(. '/)* 30'#$= &,6 3-$>&)(: &,6 )*(

    )/3/@-&3*$= &,6 7$,6 =/,6$)$/,. *(-( /, )*( /0).W$-). /G )*( =$)M 7(-( 7(## .0$)(6 G/- )*( 3#&=(C(,)

    /G W$#,.D

    N/-( @(,(-#M: 7( .((C )/ *&>( G/0,6 =#(&- $,6$=&)$/,. /G )*( =*-/,/#/@M /G )*( /==03&)$/, /G )*(.)$( $, T/C&, )$C(.D ;*(-( .((C. )/ '( .0'.)&,)$ =/,)$,0$)M $, 3#&, &,6 /==03&)$/, G-/C )*( Z0,$=

    3(-$/6f # /G )*( Z0,$= 7#. $, )*( G/-0C &-(& &-( $@,(6 /, &, /-$(,)&)$/, >(-M .$C$#&- )/ )*&) /G

    )*( T/C&, '0$#6$,@.: 7*$#( 5-(& EF .*/7. )*( -(0.( /G & 3-/'&'#M Z0,$= =$.)(-, 'M .0'.(g0(,)

    '0$#6$,@.: )*/0@* )*( 6(.)$,&)$/, /G )*( &-(& .((C. )/ *&>( =*&,@(6 )/7&-6. 3/))(-M

    C&,0G&=)0-(D ;*( )-0,=&)$/, &,6 )(--&=$,@ /G )*( 3-(>$/0. .)-0=)0-(. .((, $, )*( &-(& /G )*( L&.$#$=&

    &,6 G/-0C )//W 3#&=( #&)(-: 3/..$'#M: '&.(6 /, )*( &-=*$)(=)0- (#(C(,).: 60-$,@ )*( B(>(-&, 3(-$/6D

    5#)*/0@* )*( L&.$#$=& 7&. /G ./C( C&@,$G$=(,=(: 'M )*( (,6 /G )*( =(,)0-M )*(-( &-( =#(&- .$@,. /G

    6(@(,(-&)$/, $, )*( 0.( /G )*( ,(&-'M '0$#6$,@.: 3&-)$=0#&-#M $, )*( (.)&'#$.*C(,) /G & C$## $, &

    -(=(3)$/, -//C /G )*( H/0.( /G )*( I&-@( J(=0.D LM )*( G/0-)* =(,)0-M )*$. '0$#6$,@ 7&. &'&,6/,(6

    &,6 -/''(6: 7*$#( $, )*( (,)$-( &-(& )*( #&)(.) .*(-6. &-( 5TB G/-C H&M(. ?e: 5] c9bacebD

    5'&,6/,C(,) /G 5-(& EF: /, )*( /0).W$-). /G )*( )/7,: C&M *&>( /==0--(6 (>(, (&-#$(-: &. & .*(-6 /G

    5TB G/-C H&M(. bP $. )*( #&)(.) /, )*( .$)(D ;*$. (&-#M &'&,6/,C(,) /G & 3/-) )/7, )*&) &33&-(,)#M

    G#/0-$.*(6 $,)/ )*( T/C&, 3(-$/6 C0.) '( '&.(6 /, )*( .$#)$,@ /G $). *&-'/0-: 7*$=* 7/-W 0,6(-7&M

    'M 2(&,aZ*$#$33( 1/$-&,: H&W$C 5'$=*/0 &,6 /)*(-. 7$## =#&-$GMD

    ;*(-( $. )*0. & .0'.)&,)$ *$&)0. '()7((, )*( T/C&, )/7, &,6 )*( G$-.) /==03&)$/, 'M & .C#

    >$##&@( /G /,( /- )7/a-//C(6 */0.(.: ,/7 6&)(6 )/ )*( )(,)* =(,)0-MD ;*(.( /==03$(6 C0=* /G )*(

    &-(& /G )*( G/-0C &,6 )*( ,(&-'M '0$#6$,@. p -(C&$,. /G )*(.( &-( >$.$'#( ,(&- 5-(& EE: )/ )*( (&.):

    7*$#( )*( >&). (&)(6 $, 9POP )/ )*( 7(.) /G )*( L&.$#$=& .((C )/ *&>( '((, /==03$(6 60-$,@ )*$.

    3(-$/6D ;*( =$-=0C.)&,=(. /G )*( G/0,6&)$/, /G )*( #$))#( .())#(C(,): =#0.)(-(6 &-/0,6 )*( C&..$>(

    -0$,. /G )*( '&.$#$=& &,6 G/-0C 7#: &-( 0,=#(&-: '0) $) .((C. )/ *&>( .0->$>(6 $,)/ )*( )7(#G)*=(,)0-MD ;*( #&.) &=)$>$)M -(=/-6(6 $. )*( -/''$,@ /G )*( G/-0C 7#: & =/,.$6(-&'#( (,)(-3-$.( @$>(,

    )*( 6(3)* /G $). G/0,6&)$/,.D E) C&M '( )*&) )*(.( =/,.$.)(6 /G )*( >(-M #&-@( #$C(.)/,( '#/=W. )*&)

    7(-( G/0,6 .($,@ )*( /3(,$,@. /G )*( #&)(.) =$.)(-,.D ;*($- -(.(C'#&,=( )/ )*( '#/=W. G/0,6 $, )*(

    &33&-(,) Z0,$= G/-)$G$=&)$/,. ./0)* /G 5-(& EE .0@@(.) )*&) )*(M 6(-$>(6 /-$@$,#M G-/C )*(.(: 7*$=*

    *&6 '((, -(0.(6 $, )*( T/C&, G/0,6&)$/,: 7*$#( .$C$#&- '#/=W. .((, /, )*( .$)( /G L/-S (# 1*/0#:

    ./C( 9 WC G-/C R)$=&: C&M .0@@(.) )*( 6(.)$,&)$/,: ,/) /,#M /G )*( '0$#6$,@ C&)(-$.: '0) ./ /G

    )*( $,*&'$)&,). /G )*( .C# .())#(C(,) &) R)$=&D