excavation. excavation 1excavation activity involves use of manual and mechanical means and...
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EXCAVATIONEXCAVATION
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ExcavationExcavation activity involves use of manual
and mechanical means and interaction of both. Hence, safety aspect to plan involvement and inter action of the same:
Individual ExcavationDeep ExcavationExcavation of TrenchesCannal Excavation
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Topic that will be dealt with
Hazards of ExcavationRemedial measuresInspectionsEmergency Response
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Collapse of shoring
Falling loads
Excavation hazards
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Slip & fall of workmen
Underground utilities
…..Excavation hazards
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Vehicular traffic
Adjacent structures
…..Excavation hazards
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Access / Egress
Mobile equipment.
…..Excavation hazards
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Cave-in / Soil collapse
Improper shoring.
…..Excavation hazards
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Excavation HazardsTo sum it up …….
• Cave -in / Soil Collapse•Utilities•Hazardous atmospheres•Adjacent structures•Falling loads•Access/Egress•Vehicle traffic•Mobile equipment
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Before going down, check & sides are properly shored.
Inspect for proper shoring
Remedial measures
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When working inside trench, location of safe exit to be ascertained.
If you notice any shift in position,stop and investigate.
…..Remedial measures
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Use a proper means of access to cross a trench
Barricade the opening
…..Remedial measures
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Proper shoring / Benching
During excavation ladder shallbe provided for access / egress.
…..Remedial measures
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Use Gumboot while workinginside a trench
…..Remedial measures
Usage of stop blocks to prevent vehicle fall inside a trench
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So what should be done prior to Excavation
Check for…..
Soil type & Ground condition
Ground / Surface Water / Water table
Under ground / Overhead utilities
Adjacent buildings
Dynamic (Traffic) load
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Preventing Soil Collapse• Soil Classification determines construction
of protective system:
Sloping or benchingShoring
•Timber / Aluminum shoring•Sheet piling
Placing shield between the side of the excavation & the work area.Underpinning
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Water Accumulation
• Ground water
• Surface water
• Water table
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Soil classification
• Type A - Cohesive soils– Clay, Sandy clay, silty clay, clay loam
• Type B - Cohesionless soils– Silt, Sandy loam, silt loam
• Type C - Water is freely seeping– Gravel, sand,
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Types of Soil
• Loose soil like black cotton and sandy soil
• Stiff soil like murrum
• Rock Excavation
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ANGLE OF REPOSE
Minimum angle of inclination for free standing soil face for stability
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Simple Sloping -Type A Soil
Unsupported Vertically-Sided Lower Portion <12 ft
Unsupported Vertically-Sided Lower Portion <8 ft
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Simple Sloping -Type A Soil
Supported or Shielded Vertically-Sided Lower Portion
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Simple Sloping
• Type A - 3/4:1 530
• Type B - 1:1 450
• Type C - 1½ :1 340
Greater than 20 feet deep shall be designed
by a registered professional engineer.
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Benching
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Preventing Soil Collapse
SLOPE / SHORING
Above 5 ft. depth.
1M3 SOIL WEIGHS APP. 1.3 MT
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Timber Shoring Installations
Refer to Design Engr.
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UtilitiesUnderground Above ground
PERMIT SYSTEM
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Hazardous Atmospheres
• Oxygen• CO
• H2S
• Petroleum• Other toxics
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Access / Egress
– Ladders - @ every
30mts.
– Ramps
– Stairs cut on earth
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STACKING OF MATERIAL ETC.
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Other parameters……..
BARRICATION FENCINGILLUMINATION
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Mobile Equipment
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Vehicle Traffic
»Traffic Control»Traffic Safety Vests
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Adjacent Structures
• Ensure structure stability– Shoring– Bracing– Evaluation by
Professional
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Excavation Inspections
• Daily Inspections by Competent Person – Start of shift, as needed, following
rainstorms or other hazard-increasing event
• Possible cave-ins• Protective system failure• Water accumulation• Hazardous atmospheres
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Excavation Rescue
• Initial Size-up – Type of incident?
• Cave-in, flooding, medical, fire, spill
– Injuries?• Number and type
– Missing personnel?– Chemical (or sewage)
exposures?– Safety of excavation for
rescuers?
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Excavation Rescue
• Notify:– Field personnel– SSC = Emergency Coordinator– Fire Department– Police Department– Emergency Medical Services
(EMS)/Hospital
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Excavation Rescue
• Stabilize cave-in• Control flooding• Hazardous
Atmospheres?– Ventilate– SCBA– Safety harness and
line– Basket stretcher
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Excavation Rescue
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DON’T ROLL THE DICE!!!
Excavation Rescues
• The best rescue is the one you never have to make!– Practice proper procedures
• Make sure everything is safe before anybody goes in!
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ACCIDENT SUMMARY
Accident Type : Cave-inWeather Conditions : Cloudy and DryType of Operation : ExcavationWas the worksite Inspected Regularly : YesTraining and Education Provided : NoAge & Sex : 32-MaleExperience at this Type of Work : 9 MonthsTime on Project : 2 Weeks
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BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF ACCIDENTWorkmen were laying sewer pipe in a trench 15 feet deep. The sides of the trench, 4 feetwide at the bottom and 15 feet wide at the top, were not shored or protected. Soil in thelower portion of the trench was mostly sand and gravel and the upper portion was clay andloam. The trench was not protected from vibration caused by heavy vehicle traffic on the
road nearby. To leave the trench, employees had to exit by climbing over the backfill. Asthey attempted to leave the trench, there was a small cave-in covering one employee to hisankles. When the other employee went to his co-worker's aid another cave-in occurredcovering him to his waist. The first employee died of a rupture of the right ventricle of hisheart at the scene of the cave-in. The other employee suffered a hip injury.