Examples of Ruminant’s:Cow

Sheep, Goat.

Digestion In a Ruminant, monogastric

Nutrition

1. Ingestion2. Digestion3. Absorption4. Assimilation5. Egestion

Ingestion

The physical intake of food into the mouth

Lips & Tongue

DigestionThe physical &

chemical break down of food, physically by the teeth & mechanical action of the stomach & chemically by enzymes.

Digestion occurs in the mouth, the stomach & the small intestine

Digestion in the MouthCows & sheep move

their jaws in round circular grinding action.

Salivary Glands- produce saliva to break down starch to maltose

100 Litres/Day saliva Cattle

DENTAL FORMULAs

Cow & Sheep I(0/4), C (0/0), P (3/3), M (3/3)

PIG I(3/3), C (1/1), P (4/4), M (3/3)

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Chemical Digestion in the mouth

S a liva ry A m yla se

S ta rchT o o B ig

M a lta se

M a lto seS till T o o B ig

G lu co seS m all E no u gh

D ig e s tion in th e M ou th

DigestionMouthOesophagus/Food

pipe- PERISALYSIS is the muscular wave like action that moves food along the alimentary canal.

Ruminants Stomach 4 Compartments1. Rumen2. Reticulum3. Omasum4. Abomasum

Draw this

THE RUMENLargest CompartmentContains Millions of Micro–

organisms to break down cellulose

The bacteria in the rumen release enzymes which break down the cellulose, they also make protein.

Make vitamin KAmino Acids are madeSymbiotic Relationship.

Both benefit from existing

THE RETICULUMHoney CombedChew the cud-

repeated regurgitation & chewing of the contents of the rumen. Returns to mouth

Collects Pebbles, etc that were accidentally swallowed

MasticationCud is reswallowed and

enters the omasum

The OMASUMSpherical BookPresses & squeezes

the food which helps the physical digestion of food.

Water is reabsorbed & the solid part is passed into the abomasum

ABOMASUMTrue StomachGastric juiceHCL- kills bacteriaDigestive enzymes –Pepsinogen breaks -

proteins to peptidesRennin- digests milk

protein- important in calves

Mucus to prevent self digestion

The Small IntestineDuodenum, Jejunum ileum, The semi –digested food now

leaves the stomach by the pyloric sphincter muscle into the small intestine –the duodenum.

Bile & pancreatic juice is added here

Liver secretes Bile (ph8) breaks down fat & neutralizes the acid from the stomach

Pancreatic juice – amylase, lipase (fats to fatty acids, trypsin (proteins to peptides)

Intestinal juices (final digestion – sucrase, lactase (glucose and galactose, maltase (maltose –glucose)

Absorption Small intestine has villiThese increase the surface

area for absorption.Rich supply of blood vesselsLacteal – capillaries of the

lymphatic system Fatty acids are absorbed

into lacteals- reconvert into lipids

Glucose, amino acids, vitamins, salts water are absorbed into the capillaries in the villi

Large IntestineColon reabsorbs

waterDiarrhoeaConstipationCaecumAppendixColonRectumAnus

EgestionRemoval of wasteRemoves

unabsorbed material

Stored in rectum Eliminated as

FaecesDefecation

through the anus

The Liver-Its Functions1. Makes RBC’s2. Regulates body

Temperature3. Produces bile4. Detoxifies the body5. Deamination6. Stores vitamins7. Controls lipid levels

by sending excess lipids to adipose tissue as storage

8. Controls blood sugar levels

Monogastric Stomach

In humans and pigs cellulose is called Roughage!Cannot be digested

Diet of Monogastric v Ruminant

Monogastric • Non-roughageBalanced ration –

high protein, vitamin A, D & minerals (iron)

Wide variety of materials in ration to make up concentrated ration

RuminantRoughageGrazed out doors-

grass- high quality grass =complete food

Less variety of materials in ration

Calf Digestive System

Must be fed colostrum-defenceAt birth, the calf's digestion system is not yet

developed. Of the four compartments, only the abomasum

functions The calf is therefore dependent on milk as a nutrient source. From its third week, the calf should be fed solid feed, i.e. concentrates, hay and silage. The calf should also have access to clean water 24 hours a day.

As soon as the calf is eating regularly, the milk ration can gradually be reduced. If the milk ration is reduced slowly, and solid feeds are fed together with clean water, the calf will steadily develop into a ruminant.

Feeding Calves to Develop Stomach

Calf Digestion V Adult DigestionMilkColostrumHay pencilsMore proteinRationBacteria for rumenMineralsVitamins

OOGrass, hay/silageLess prpteinCelluloseHigh quality/high MineralsNo vitamins

Digestive Tract of Chicken

•Mouth/Beak •gather and break down feed (no teeth

•Oesophagus •tube from mouth to stomach that is open at the mouth end

•Crop •Stores Food and moistening

•Proventriculus •Secretes Digestive Juices

•(HCI and gastric juices); enzymatic

Gizzard muscular stomach; mechanical breakdown (grinds

food). Contains gravel, grit which along with the muscles grinds up food.

Small Intestine enzymatic digestion and absorption Functions of the small intestine: digestion of proteins,

carbohydrates, and fats; absorption of the end products of digestion

Enzymes in the small intestine

Large Intestine – bacterial activity – water absorption – waste storage – 25-30 eliminations a day due to high

metabolism.

Digestion in a horseHerbivoresHind gut fermentersMonogastricSo is the rabbit... (Coprophagy)To digest cellulose..They have long intestines and micro

organisms in their hind gut.Large intestine and appendix is very

important to digest celluloseThey use micro organisms in their caecum

to ferment and digest cellulose

Layout on his backOpen digestive cavityBy making cutsDisplay

Dissection of a RABBIT