examine the impact of geographic phenomenon on the indian subcontinent. trace the history of india...
TRANSCRIPT
Brief History of Modern India
From Colony to Independence
to Partition
Learning Targets
• Examine the impact of geographic phenomenon on the Indian subcontinent.
• Trace the history of India from ancient times to modern times
• Analyze the impact of imperialism on India
• Identify reasons why native Indian’s were unhappy with British rule.
The Geography of India
• Located on the subcontinent of India – A large landmass that juts out of Asia– Situated just south of the Himalayan &
Hindu Kush Mountains– Located in between the Indus River and
the Ganges River– Climate dominated by monsoons• Strong, often violent winds that change
direction with the seasons
India’s Monsoons• India’s
winters are hot and dry: winds blow from the northeast with very little moisture
India’s Monsoons• India’s summer sees
winds blowing from the southwest
• The summer is dominated by torrential rainstorms often causing violent landslides; however are welcomed by farmers and to provide electricity
India
• These factors kept the culture of the Indus River very isolated from the rest of Asia
Hindu Kush
MountainsHim
alay
an
Mou
ntain
s
Indu
s Riv
er
Ganges River
Ancient India
• The Indus River Valley grew into a thriving civilization by 2500 BCE.
• The Dravidians lived in the south and were eventually eclipsed by the Aryans migrating from the northeast.
• India initially was consolidated under the Gupta Dynasty – Other powerful dynasties included the
Magadha, Kosla, Kuru and Gandhara Dynasties
Dravidians
Aryans
Muslims Invade India
• In the 10th century a Muslim rulers from Turkey & Afghanistan began invading and by the 12th century, had established the Delhi Sultanate (Sultan = tsar, emperor, king)– 5 Dynasties that ruled India as a kingdom
• The Delhi Sultanate was absorbed by the Mughal Empire which ruled the land for over 300 years (1526–1857).– Led to an "Indo-Muslim" fusion of cultures
Delhi Sultanate
Mughal Dynasty
Europeans Arrive
• Europeans Arrive Europeans began arriving in India in 1500’s – they were hoping to make money from the lucrative spice trade
1498 – European Arrival (Portugal)
Vasco da Gama of Portugal
16th c. – Portuguese Empire at maximum extent
1500-1700s – Dutch, French, British Follow
1700s – Mughal Empire Declines & British eclipse
French
Seven Years’ War: British defeat French(Here we know it as the French & Indian
War!)
British East India Company
• A company that was founded by way of a charter from the monarch of Britain for pursuing trade with the East Indies, but ended up trading mostly with the Indian subcontinent, present-day Pakistan, and parts of Iran
1600 – British East India Company
Cotton
Silk
Tea
British East India Company
• During the 1700’s and 1800’s the East India Company slowly took control of India
• As the Mughal Empire grew weak, the East India Company grew in economic and political strength and began to build its own military force
• The military force mainly consisted of sepoys , Indian soldiers, led by British commanders
Sepoys
The British
• The British wanted many of the raw materials India produced – cotton, indigo, jute (burlap), spices, sugar, and tea
• These material were shipped to Britain for use in British factories – finished products were then shipped around the world to British colonies
• Advantages of the British invasion – railroads, education, hospitals, common language,
• Disadvantages– low wages, few rights, no say in government
The Sepoy Rebellion
• The strength of British control angered many of the Indians
• 1857 the sepoy troops rebelled • The British suppressed the rebellion and
abolished the British East India Company• India officially became a British colony In
1877• Queen Victoria took the title Empress of
India…India becomes known as the British Raj– Raj = means "royalty" or "kingdom" in Sanskrit
and Hindu languages
Anti-British Protests
• Indians never really accepted British rule• In the late 1800’s Indian nationalists
created the Indian National Congress • Rather than demand independence, the
Congress asked for equal treatment and representation in government – The British refused – National Congress’s goals slowly changed
from seeking reform to demanding independence
World War I: 1914-1919
• Britain promises India self-rule if they help fight in the war– 1.25 million Indians
served with British military
• When war ends, Britain made a few reforms but refused to grant India self-government
After World War I
• High casualty rates, increasing inflation compounded by heavy taxation, the deadly 1918 flu pandemic, and the disruption of trade during the war escalated human suffering in India
• Result: Revival of Independence Movement
Amritsar Massacre
• Amritsar was a city in Punjab (Indian state) where protests and gatherings were making the British increasingly nervous
• 1919, British general (Reginald Dyer) banned public meetings in the city of Amritsar
• Many people ignored the order and gathered in a public garden called Jallianwala Bagh for the Sikh Festival "Baisakhi fair” & to protest British rule
Amritsar
Amritsar Massacre
• Dyer arrived with British troops• Giving no word of warning, ordered
50 soldiers to fire into the gathering• In 10 to 15 minutes 1,650 rounds of
ammunition were unloaded into the screaming, terrified crowd
• Dyer then marched away, leaving 379 dead and over 1,500 wounded
Brigadier General Reginald Dyer, the Butcher of Amritsar
• Dyer—without warning the crowd to disperse—blocked the main exits. He explained later that this act "was not to disperse the meeting but to punish the Indians for disobedience.” Dyer ordered his troops to begin shooting toward the densest sections of the crowd. Firing continued for approximately ten minutes. Cease-fire was ordered only when ammunition supplies were almost exhausted, after approximately 1,650 rounds were spent
Entrance to the public garden, Jallianwala Bagh
Passageway to the public garden, Jallianwala Bagh
Memorial monument to those lost in the massacre
Bullet Marks still left from April 13, 1919
Martyr's Well
Martyr's Well
The Impact of Amritsar
• The Amritsar Massacre stirred nationalist feelings across India and had a profound effect on many Indians
• After the Amritsar Massacre many became convinced that India should accept nothing less than full independence.
Homework
• Please read the biography of Mahatmas Gandhi for tomorrow’s class.
Indian Independence & Mohandas Gandhi
You must be the
change you wish to see
in the world.
Reading
Learning Targets
• Trace the biography of Gandhi and his role in India’s independence movement
• Define and apply the concepts of civil disobedience and passive resistance
• Analyze statements from Gandhi’s Hind Swaraj to better understand the ideas of non-violent protest.
• Explain the concept of “partition” in relationship to the creation of modern India and Pakistan.
Review• What British company essentially took
complete control of India by the early 19th century?
• After the Sepoy Rebellion in 1857, what did British Queen Victoria do? What did India become called after her declaration?
• What were some of the reasons native Indians were unhappy with British rule?
• What happened at Amritsar in 1919? What impact did this event have on the native Indian population?
What Do The Following Images Have in Common?
Commonalities?
• What do these images have in common?
• Why do these forms of protest work?• What do the people in the images
have in common with the people of India in the early 20th century?
Who Was Gandhi?
• Mahatmas Gandhi was the primary leader of India's independence movement
• Spent 20 years opposing discriminatory legislation against Indians
• Pioneer of Satyagraha, or resistance through mass, non-violent civil disobedience
Gandhi & Nonviolence
• The Amritsar Massacre had a profound effect on Mohandas Gandhi
• Became convinced that nothing but full independence from Great Britain was an acceptable resolution
• Gandhi began organizing his first campaign of mass civil disobedience against Britain's oppressive rule.
Gandhi as a man in his 60s fighting for Indian
Independence
Gandhi as a young lawyer fighting for the rights of black South
Africans
Gandhi’s Tactics
• Gandhi emerges as spiritual leader for Indian Independence
• A. Civil Disobedience - refusing to obey unjust laws and purposely breaking them
• B. Passive Resistance - Non-violent protests using two major aspects: – Satyagraha = “soul force”, meaning
opponents must be weaned from error by patience and compassion
– Ahimsa = “Love for all”…even your enemies
Satyagraha
• The goal of Satyagraha is to resolve the conflict with an opponent without inflicting physical or emotional injury to them, and with willingness to suffer physical or emotional injury to oneself. – No violence ever– No fear ever– Examples?
Ahimsa
• Literally means compassion• Inspired by the premise that all living
beings have the spark of the divine spiritual energy; therefore, to hurt another being is to hurt oneself.– To harm another will have karmic effects– Karma = what you put out in the world
will come back to you
Gandhi & Protest
• Boycotts British goods – especially textiles
• He encouraged homespun clothing and wore a dhoti, simple white garment traditionally worn by villagers.
• Goes on hunger strikes in prison and calls for the stoppage of any violent protests. – Jailed 11 times for writing anti-British
articles, organizing marches and rallies, and organizing boycotts
Leading By Example
• Each of you will be given a excerpts from Gandhi’s book, The Hind Swaraj.
• You will work with a partner, and read through the excerpts,
• Afterward, you will complete the “Interpreting Primary Sources” handout by rewriting Gandhi’s ideas of civil disobedience and passive resistance.
Leading By Example
Let’s Discuss
!
The Salt March
• British law claimed that the British had sole right to produce and sell salt in India
• Gandhi wrote to the British governor (Viceroy) in India stating his intent to break the law
• With 78 followers he marched 240 miles to the sea.
• By the time he reached the sea, thousands of people had joined the march
The Salt March
• Gandhi and others harvested salt from the sea and were arrested
• Reporters around the world reported the incident.
• The event embarrassed the British government who prided themselves on their democratic traditions.
April 5, 1930
Gandhi raised a lump of salty mud and declared, "With this, I am shaking the foundations of the British Empire.” He then boiled it in seawater, producing illegal salt. He implored his thousands of followers to likewise begin
making salt along the seashore, "wherever it is convenient" and to instruct villagers in making illegal,
but necessary, salt
Why Salt?!?
1. The salt tax was a deeply symbolic choice, since salt was used by nearly everyone in India, to replace the salt lost by sweating in India's tropical climate
2. An item of daily use could resonate more with all classes of citizens
3. He also reasoned that it would build unity between Hindus and Muslims by fighting a wrong that touched them equally
Independence
• After WWII – Britain realized it could no longer keep control of South Asia, and in particular India
• But a whole other set of issues arose between India’s Hindus and Muslims, which we’ll discuss tomorrow!
Mahatma Gandhi: An Un-peaceful End
Before You leave…
• Explain the basic idea(s) of non-violent protest. –Place your response on the slip provided.–Make sure your name is on it and turn it in!
independence & Partition
• After WWII – Britain realized it could no longer keep control of South Asia
• This developed into a new set of problems –– the mistrust and hostility between
India’s Muslim population and Hindu population
– Neither group trusted the other – the Hindus greatly outnumbered the Muslims and the Muslims feared Hindu rule
Independence & Partition
• In 1947, the Indian subcontinent won its independence from Great Britain, creating the world’s largest democracy with over one billion people.
• However, Muslim League leader Muhammad Ali Jinnah argued that Muslims should have their own state.
independence & Partition
• In 1947 India was divided into 2 nations:–Land with a Hindu majority became
India –Land with a Muslim majority
became Pakistan in the west
• Burma (Myanmar) and Ceylon (Sri Lanka) became independent the following year.
Problem???
• The border between the two states was drawn hastily, using outdated census reports and maps.
• At the epicenter of the Indian-Pakistan conflict is the Jammu-Kashmir state, which, in 1947, had a predominantly Muslim population but was officially signed over to India – Three wars have been fought over this
region.
Jammu-Kashmir
Arbitrary borders divided states – Punjab was divided between Pakistan & India
Great Migration
• Due to this Hindu-Muslim split, a Great Migration occurred where Hindus in Pakistan and Muslims in India left their homes in an attempt to go where they felt accepted. – 9 million Hindus left Pakistan and 6 million
Muslims left India.
• Unfortunately, this led to horrendous violence and riots that killed millions of people.
Independent India
• Jawaharal Nehru was India’s first Prime Minister. – Introduced a Western-style,
secular government based on universal suffrage, religious freedom, social equality and abolition of the caste system.
– Indian economy successfully combined government-run industry with private enterprise
India & Pakistan Today
• Relations between Pakistan and India remain unstable.– Both nations want to control the Jammu
and Kashmir regions near the Pakistan-India border.
• Tensions continued to increase after both India and Pakistan tested nuclear weapons in 1998.
BRIC Countries
• A grouping acronym that refers to the countries of Brazil, Russia, India, and China: BRIC
• All deemed to be at a similar stage of newly advanced economic development– Symbol of the shift in global economic
power away from the developed G7 • France, Germany, Italy, Japan, United
Kingdom, USA, & Canada
BRIC Countries
• It is estimated that BRIC economies will overtake G7 economies by 2027
• They account for more than a quarter of the world's land area and more than 40% of the world's population
The ten largest economies in the world in 2050, measured in GDP (billions USD), according to Goldman Sachs
Ten Largest Economies…
Categories Brazil Russia India China USA
Area 5 1 7 3 4
Population 5 9 2 1 3
Population Growth
107 221 90 156 118
Labor Force 5 7 2 1 3
GDP Growth Rate 115 87 13 6 159
Human Development Index*
73 65 119 89 4
Exports 22 9 19 1 2
Imports 20 17 10 2 1
External Debt 25 22 27 18 1
Electricity Consumption
10 5 3 1 2
Mobile Phones 5 4 2 1 3
Internet Users 5 7 4 1 2
India’s Economy
• From 1947-1991, India’s economy was a mix of socialism and capitalism– Relied heavily on government
intervention in the economy– Relied on replacing foreign imports with
domestic production– Result: shortages and inefficiency and
corruption within government
• 1991-present: free-market economy with a focus on international trade
India’s GDP