Animal KingdomCharacteristics of all living things vs animalsAdaptations for obtaining food

carnivorescavengers

herbivoreomnivore

detritivores/saprophytePhysical adaptations to avoid predators

outer coveringsizemimicrycamouflage – also adaptations for predators

Behavioral adaptationschemical releasespeedtraveling in groups

Classification of animals1. invertebrates vs vertebrates

97% invertebrates2. symmetry

radialbilateralasymmetrical

Organ systems - general

Phylum Poriferaspongessimplest animals

eukaryoticmulticellular

loose arrangement of cells – no tissuesasymmetricalsessilefilter-feed on planktonostia = tiny pores leading to channels throughout body of spongeosculum = large opening at top of spongechoanocyte = collar cells (line channels)

2 purposes:1. create a current into sponge with their flagella2. trap food particles on sticky collar

amoebocytes = cells that move food around to other cells within the body spicules – silica structures produced to give shape to organism

unique to each spongereproduction

asexual = mitosissexual

sponge:

Phylum Cnidaria – includes sea anemones. hydras, jellyfish, and corals2 body forms:

polyp – vase-like; sessilemedusa – bell-shaped; free swimming

radial symmetry2 tissue layers – evolutionary step

musclesnerves

digestive cavity with one openingfood in & waste out

tentacles have nematocysts = stinging cellsbarbs are unique to each species

reproductionasexualsexual

Nematocysts = stinging cells of cnidarians

Corals: reefs are built as one generation of corals secretes their hard skeletons on those of earlier generations

Important to ocean ecosystems:provide shelter to diversity of ocean animalsprovide shelter to economically valuable species – oysters, shellfish,…provide protection for beaches and shorelines from wave actionused in medical research – bioprospectingprovide clues to locations of geological value – oilbioindicators of the oceans – sensitive to changes in environment

Phylum Platyhelminthes – flatworms and roundwormsbilateral symmetrythree tissue layers primitive organs/organ systems

digestivecirculatorymuscularnervous

FlatwormsA. Planaria – free swimming/living

eyespotone opening (mouth & anus)freshwater organism

cilia for movementherbivoreasexual reproduction – split in half & regeneratesexual reproduction = hermaphrodite

planaria marine flatworm

B. Flukes - parasiticrequire more than one host smallreproduce sexuallycauses Schistomiasis

blood disorder spread by contact with water that contains the parasitesoccurs in underdeveloped countriespotentially fatal to humans from liver, kidney or bladder

failures or cancers

fluke

C. Tapeworms – parasiticcomplex life cycle

bladder worm stageas adult: releases segments, each with fertilized eggs

absorbs food from its host

Roundworms or Nematodescommon to all environmentsfree swimming/living2 body openings – first group to have true digestive systemreproduce sexuallycan be beneficial – destroy pests and improve soil conditionscan be harmful – disease-causing agent

Phyllum Molluscasecond largest phylumfresh & salt water environmentsland environments toobilateral symmetrysoft body enclosed by mantle which may secrete outer shell

body cavity between body and mantle = coelombody cavity contains gills – adaptation for oxygen absorption or filter

feedingopen circulatory system – heart pumps blood to open spaces and to organswell developed head & sensory organs

classified by type of shell and muscular foot ( -pod)Class Gastropoda ( stomach – foot)

snails & slugstentacles with eyestongue with radula foot secretes mucus to reduce friction

live in moist environments for mucusClass Bivalvia (hinged shells)

clams, oysters, & scallopssiphon – special tube used for movement and burrowing

expels water forcibly Class Cephalopoda ( head – foot)

octopus, squidmost complexwell developed nervous systemfirst closed circulatory systemfoot divided into tentacles with suction cupsadaptations for swimming

streamlinedsiphonink

Value of Mollusksfood for fish, humansincomedecorationshelter for other organismsbioindicators

Harmful Effectsdamage plants – slugs, snails & propertyhost of parasites – snails

Phylum Annelida – segmented wormsEarthworms, leechesbilateral symmetrycoelom with organsfound in all moist environmentssetae = bristle like structures on outside of each segment for locomotiondigestive system

organisms swallow soil, absorb nutrients from soil, excrete wastewaste = castings; important – natural fertilizer

closed circulatory systemaortic arches with arteries and veins

respiratory systemgas exchange through the skin

nervous systemsmall brain with nerve in each segment of bodynegative phototaxic – moves away from light

reproduction

hermaphrodite = both male and female organs in organism

leechesno setaeuse suckers to attach to other organisms

use anesthetic to numb organism as they latch oncut organism for blood

used in medicineholisticchemicals dialate blood vessels

marine wormsburrow in ocean floor or structuresfree swimming

mounds made by marine roundwormsvalue of annelids

aerate soil by constant burrowingreturn nutrients to soilleeches in medicine

Phylum Arthropoda – “jointed feet”segmented bodies with exoskeletonbilateral symmetrytwo body openingsopen circulatory systemnervous sytemadapted to every environment

Class Insecta – largest class on Earthonly invertebrates that can flythree body segments – head; thorax; abdomen

head = antennae; compound eyes; mouththorax = legs & wingsabdomen = reproductive structures

body systems:circulatory; respiratory; excretory; digestiveblood contains hemoglobin as in humansrespiration through spiracles = openings to the outside through exoskeleton

3 pairs of legs = 3 x 2 = 6 legsmetamorphosis = series of changes in body form

2 types:incomplete = egg, nymph, adultcomplete = egg, larvae, pupa, adult

Class Chilopoda = “many feet”centipedes & millipedeshunt for prey or eat decayed material (saprophyte)millipede – 2 sets of legs (4) per segmentcentipede – 1 set of legs per segment

Class Arachnida = spiders; scorpions; ticks2 body segments

cephalothorax & abdomen4 pairs of legs = 4 x 2 = 8 legsadapted with venom glands to paralyze prey; can be deadly (brown recluse)ticks = parasiticadaptations for digestion

enzymes that are injected into preyrespiration through book lungs – see below (looks like stack of books)

Brown Recluse

Class Crustracea = crabs, lobsters, shrimp1 or 2 pairs of antennae5 pairs of legs

first pair for catching preyrest for motion

5 pairs of swimmerets – for movement & reproductionexoskeleton (not a shell)

Value of arthropodspart of food chainshelp agriculture with pollinationsome agricultural products – honeysome medicinal advantages

bee’s sting/venom is used to treat arthritisHarmful effects

destroy property, food, & clothinglocust, insects on crops, moths

Phylum Echinoderma – sea stars, sea urchins, sand dollars, sea cucumbersmostly oceansspiny epidermisradial symmetry with some bilateral symmetrydo not have head or brain

nervous systemdigestive system with mouth(underside)

unique to this group -water vascular systemnetwork of water-filled canals with thousands of tube feet that end in suction cupscontrolled by changes in water pressure within the systemhelps them to move, capture prey, exchange gases

Sea starsat least 5 armscan regenerate for repair

Sea urchinsglobe-shaped covered with spines(ends have toxins)

Sea urchinSand dollars

5 pointed pattern on surfacecovered in silk/hair-like spines

Sea cucumbersbody – leathery coveringrows of tube feetdetritivore/saprophytewhen threatened - they expel internal organs; regenerate later

Brittle Starsfragile, slender arms with spines for protection

Value of echinodermssaprophyte and recycle mattersome are used in medicinecontrol populations of the seasea urchin – gourmet delicacy

Closest to vertebratesembryos develop much like vertebrate embryos do

Phylum Amphibiansfrom Greek word "Amphibios" which means double life.  Three major groups:

  1. Anurans - frogs and toads 2. Urodeles - salamanders 3. Gymnophians - legless amphibians

  lanceletsEctothermic Tetrapods Cryptic - difficult to detect even though may be abundant

Skin - moist and thin  permeable - can allow the transfer of oxygen and carbon   dioxide for respiration;

can also uptake environmental  pollutantsTongue - sticky saliva on long tongueHead - bulging eyes and nostrils are on top to allow frogs and toads to see and breathe

While the rest of their body is underwater  Tympanic membrane - behind eyes on either side of head

Creates loud distinctive croaking sound; used for hearing and courting; used to equalize pressure during swimming

Hibernation - inactivity during cold weatherEstivation - inactivity during hot, dry conditionsThree chambered heart:

 2 atrias and 1 ventricle  Reproduction - depends on water

 eggs do not have protective, waterproof shell  eggs are fertilized externally by male

 adaptations for protection of eggs  eggs in gelatin are laid on leaf

 leaf hangs over body of water tadpoles hatch and drop into water

Metamorphosis - developmental changes in organisms as it goes through life cycle stages  tadpoles are much like fish; have fins and gillsFrogs and toads

a. frogs smooth, moist skinlonger hind legs

b. toadsdrier and bumpy skinshorter hind legs

Importancea. Bioindicator species – reflect health of ecosystemb. Insect predatorsc. Part of food chaind. Toxins used by natives in dartse. Research on regeneration ability