2009-05-15 AP Biology Semester Test Review

Multiple ChoiceIdentify the letter of the choice that best completes the statement or answers the question.

____ 1. Which of the following is a characteristic of all viruses?a. a nucleic acid genomeb. a protein capsidc. a viral enveloped. A and B onlye. A, B, and C

____ 2. RNA viruses appear to have higher rates of mutation becausea. RNA nucleotides are more unstable than DNA nucleotides.b. replication of their genomes does not involve the proofreading steps of DNA replication.c. RNA viruses replicate faster.d. RNA viruses can incorporate a variety of nonstandard bases.e. RNA viruses are more sensitive to mutagens.

____ 3. What are prions?a. misfolded versions of normal brain proteinb. tiny molecules of RNA that infect plantsc. viral DNA that has had to attach itself to the host genomed. viruses that invade bacteriae. a mobile segment of DNA

Use the following answers for the following questions. The answers may be used once, more than once, or not at all.

A. transductionB. transpositionC. translationD. transformationE. conjugation

____ 4. DNA is transferred from one bacterium to another by a virus.a. Ab. Bc. Cd. De. E

____ 5. A group of F+ bacteria is mixed with a group of F– bacteria. After several days, all of the bacteria are F+.a. Ab. Bc. Cd. De. E

____ 6. What does bacterial mating involve?a. exchange of egg and spermb. formation of a cytoplasmic bridge for the transfer of "male" DNAc. sex pili that draw the cells together so that mRNA can be inserted

d. integration of male and female DNA into a cytoplasmic bridgee. binary fission of a bacterial cell

For the following questions, match the terms below with the appropriate phrase or description below. Each term can be used once, more than once, or not at all.

A. operonB. inducerC. promoterD. repressorE. corepressor

____ 7. A lack of this nonprotein molecule would result in the inability of the cell to "turn off" genes.a. Ab. Bc. Cd. De. E

____ 8. Transcription of the structural genes in an inducible operona. occurs all the time.b. starts when the pathway's substrate is present.c. starts when the pathway's product is present.d. stops when the pathway's product is present.e. does not produce enzymes.

____ 9. How does active CAP induce expression of the genes of the lactose operon?a. It terminates production of repressor molecules.b. It degrades the substrate allolactose.c. It stimulates splicing of the encoded genes.d. It stimulates the binding of RNA polymerase to the promoter.e. It binds steroid hormones and controls translation.

____ 10. What was the prevailing notion prior to the time of Lyell and Darwin?a. Earth is 6,000 years old, and populations are unchanging.b. Earth is 6,000 years old, and populations gradually change.c. Earth is millions of years old, and populations rapidly change.d. Earth is millions of years old, and populations are unchanging.e. Earth is millions of years old, and populations gradually change.

____ 11. "Improving the intelligence of an adult through education will result in that adult's descendants being born with a greater native intelligence." This statement is an example ofa. Darwinism.b. Lamarckism.c. uniformitarianism.d. scala naturae.e. Malthusianism.

____ 12. Darwin had initially expected the living plants of temperate South America to resemble those of temperate Europe, but he was surprised to find that they more closely resembled the plants of tropical South America. The biological explanation for this observation is most properly associated with the field ofa. meteorology.b. embryology.c. vertebrate anatomy.d. bioengineering.

e. biogeography.____ 13. Who was the naturalist who synthesized a concept of natural selection independently of Darwin?

a. Charles Lyellb. Gregor Mendelc. Alfred Wallaced. John Henslowe. Thomas Malthus

____ 14. To observe natural selection's effects on a population, what must be true?a. One must observe more than one generation of the population.b. The population must contain genetic variation.c. Members of the population must increase or decrease the use of some portion of their

anatomy.d. A and C onlye. A and B only

____ 15. Which of the following must exist in a population before natural selection can act upon that population?a. genetic variation among individualsb. variation among individuals caused by environmental factorsc. sexual reproductiond. A and C onlye. A, B, and C

____ 16. Which of the following is the best example of humans undergoing evolution, understood as “descent with modification”?a. reduction in the amount and coarseness of body hair over millenniab. reduction in number of hairs on the head of a balding personc. increased pigment production by the skin of a person who is exposed to increased UV

radiation levelsd. increase in weight over an individual’s lifetimee. widening of the pupils of the eyes when one encounters dimly lit conditions

The graph below depicts four possible patterns for the abundance of 3TC-resistant HIV within an infected human over time.

____ 17. If 3TC resistance is costly for HIV, then which plot (I-IV) best represents the response of a strain of 3TC-resistant HIV over time, if 3TC administration begins at the time indicated by the arrow?

a. Ib. IIc. IIId. IV

____ 18. Structures as different as human arms, bat wings, and dolphin flippers contain many of the same bones, these bones having developed from the same embryonic tissues. How do biologists interpret these similarities?a. by identifying the bones as being homologousb. by the principle of convergent evolutionc. by proposing that humans, bats, and dolphins share a common ancestord. A and C onlye. A, B, and C

____ 19. Human intestines are held in place by membranes called mesenteries. In bipedal humans, it would be logical for these mesenteries to be attached to the rib cage. Instead, they are attached to the backbone, as they are in quadrupedal mammals. Because of this arrangement, human mesenteries have a tendency to tear more often than mesenteries in other mammals, as frequently observed among truck drivers and jackhammer operators. The same evolutionary modification that causes increased susceptibility to torn mesenteries is responsible fora. tonsillitis.b. appendicitis.c. back and knee problems.d. susceptibility to HIV infection.e. vision problems associated with advanced age.

____ 20. Which of the following pieces of evidence most strongly supports the common origin of all life on Earth?a. All organisms require energy.b. All organisms use essentially the same genetic code.c. All organisms reproduce.d. All organisms show heritable variation.e. All organisms have undergone evolution.

____ 21. Logically, which of these should cast the most doubt on the relationships depicted by an evolutionary tree?a. None of the organisms depicted by the tree provided DNA samples for analysis.b. Some of the organisms depicted by the tree had lived in different habitats.c. The skeletal remains of the organisms depicted by the tree were incomplete (i.e., some

bones were missing).d. Transitional fossils had not been found.e. DNA sequence evidence fully disagreed with morphological evidence.

____ 22. Ichthyosaurs were aquatic dinosaurs. Fossils show us that they had dorsal fins and tails just as fish do, even though their closest relatives were terrestrial reptiles that had neither dorsal fins nor aquatic tails. The dorsal fins and tails of ichthyosaurs and fish area. homologous.b. examples of convergent evolution.c. adaptations to a common environment.d. A and C onlye. B and C only

____ 23. It has been observed that organisms on islands are different from, but closely related to, similar forms found on the nearest continent. This is taken as evidence thata. island forms and mainland forms descended from common ancestors.b. common environments are inhabited by the same organisms.c. the islands were originally part of the continent.d. the island forms and mainland forms are converging.e. island forms and mainland forms have identical gene pools.

____ 24. The theory of evolution is most accurately described asa. an educated guess about how species originate.b. one possible explanation, among several scientific alternatives, about how species have

come into existence.c. an opinion that some scientists hold about how living things change over time.d. an overarching explanation, supported by much evidence, for how populations change

over time.e. an idea about how acquired characteristics are passed on to subsequent generations.

The following questions refer to structures found in a gram-positive prokaryotic cell. Answers (A-E) may be used once, more than once or not at all.

A. endosporeB. sex pilusC. flagellumD. cell wallE. capsule

____ 25. composed almost entirely of peptidoglycana. Ab. Bc. Cd. De. E

____ 26. Not present in all bacteria, this structure enables those that possess it to germinate after exposure to harsh conditions, such as boiling.a. Ab. Bc. Cd. De. E

Match the numbered terms below to the following descriptions. Choose all appropriate terms, but only appropriate terms.1. autotroph2. heterotroph3. phototroph4. chemotroph

____ 27. a prokaryote that obtains both energy and carbon as it decomposes dead organismsa. 1 onlyb. 4 onlyc. 1 and 3d. 2 and 4e. 1, 3, and 4

____ 28. an organism that obtains both carbon and energy by ingesting preya. 1 onlyb. 4 onlyc. 1 and 3d. 2 and 4

e. 1, 3, and 4____ 29. Mitochondria are descendants of alpha proteobacteria. They are, however, no longer able to lead independent

lives because most genes originally present on their chromosome are now located in the nuclear genome. What phenomenon most directly accounts for the movement of these genes?a. horizontal gene transferb. binary fissionc. conjugationd. meiosise. plasmolysis

____ 30. What do the archaea used in primary sewage treatment and the archaea that help cattle digest cellulose have in common?a. They produce methane as a waste product.b. They live only at extremely low pH levels.c. They are nitrogen fixers.d. They possess both photosystems I and II.e. They require extremely high temperatures for reproduction.

____ 31. What two features do mycoplasmas and nanoarchaeotes have in common, despite belonging to different domains? They1. lack peptidoglycan.2. lack nucleoid regions.3. have relatively small genomes.4. lack plasma membranes.5. are bacteria.

a. 1 and 2b. 1 and 3c. 2 and 3d. 2 and 4e. 3 and 5

____ 32. What is the primary ecological role of prokaryotes?a. parasitizing eukaryotes, thus causing diseasesb. breaking down organic matterc. metabolizing materials in extreme environmentsd. adding methane to the atmospheree. serving as primary producers in terrestrial environments

____ 33. Biologists have discovered the kingdom Protista to be paraphyletic. Which of the following statements is true, and consistent with this conclusion?a. Various combinations of prokaryotic ancestors gave rise to different lineages of protists.b. Animals, plants, and fungi arose from different protistan ancestors.c. Multicellularity has evolved only once among the protists.d. Chloroplasts among various protists are similar to those found in prokaryotes.e. The protists arose from a common ancestor that was a parabasalid.

____ 34. When a protist possesses two flagella, both are generally used for propulsion. Assuming that a flagellum containing a crystalline rod cannot undulate back and forth, and assuming that two undulatory flagella can produce more effective locomotion than can a single flagellum, which of these organisms should have the least effective locomotion?a. golden algaeb. dinoflagellatesc. euglenidsd. Chlamydomonas

e. oomycetes

____ 35. Which of the following statements concerning protists is false?a. All protists are eukaryotic organisms; many are unicellular or colonial.b. The organism that causes malaria is transmitted to humans by the bite of the tsetse fly.c. All apicomplexans are parasitic.d. Cellular slime molds have an amoeboid stage that may be followed by a stage during

which spores are produced.e. The euglenozoans that are functionally mixotrophic contain chloroplasts.

____ 36. Concerning diatoms' potential use as drug-delivery systems, which anatomical feature would seem to be most important?a. their ability to withstand immense pressureb. the chemical composition of their cell wallsc. the porous nature of their cell wallsd. the chemical composition of their food-storage materiale. the nuclear envelope

Choose the organism from the list below that best fits each of the following descriptions.A. euglenozoansB. ChlamydomonasC. dinoflagellatesD. stramenopilesE. diplomonads

____ 37. possess more than two identical, functional flagellaa. Ab. Bc. Cd. De. E

____ 38. have one normal and one crystalline-rod-containing flagelluma. Ab. Bc. Cd. De. E

Choose the nutritional mode that is primarily employed by each of the protists listed below.A. autotrophicB. mixotrophicC. heterotrophic (by absorption)D. heterotrophic (by ingestion)

____ 39. phagocytic euglenids that possess functional chloroplastsa. Ab. Bc. Cd. De. E

You are given five test tubes, each containing an unknown protist, and your task is to read the description below and match these five protists to the correct test tube.

A. ParameciumB. Navicula (diatom)C. Pfiesteria (dinoflagellate)D. EntamoebaE. Plasmodium

In test tube 1, you observe an organism feeding. Your sketch of the organism looks very similar to the figure below. When light, especially red and blue light, is shone on the tubes, oxygen bubbles accumulate on the inside of test tubes 2 and 3. Chemical analysis of test tube 3 indicates the presence of substantial amounts of silica. Chemical analysis of test tube 2 indicates the presence of a chemical that is toxic to fish and humans. Microscopic analysis of organisms in tubes 2, 4, and 5 reveals the presence of permanent, membrane-bounded sacs just under the plasma membrane. Microscopic analysis of organisms in tube 4 reveals the presence of an apicoplast in each. Microscopic analysis of the contents in tube 5 reveals the presence of one large nucleus and several small nuclei in each organism.

____ 40. Test tube 2 containsa. Ab. Bc. Cd. De. E

____ 41. Test tube 4 containsa. Ab. Bc. Cd. De. E

____ 42. Test tube 5 containsa. Ab. Bc. Cd. De. E

____ 43. Test tube 3 containsa. Ab. Bc. Cd. D

e. E____ 44. Which kind of plant tissue should lack phragmoplasts?

a. bryophyte tissues of the gametophyte generationb. diploid tissues of charophyceansc. spore-producing tissues of all land plantsd. tissues performing nuclear division without intervening cytokinesese. the meristematic tissues of fern gametophytes

____ 45. A number of characteristics are very similar between charophyceans and members of the kingdom Plantae. Of the following, which characteristic does not provide evidence for a close evolutionary relationship between these two groups?a. alternation of generationsb. chloroplast structurec. cell plate formation during cytokinesisd. sperm cell structuree. ribosomal RNA nucleotide sequences

Choose the adaptation below that best meets each particular challenge for life on land. Choices may be used once, more than once, or not at all.

A. nonflagellated spermB. tracheids and phloemC. secondary compoundsD. cuticleE. alternation of generations

____ 46. protection from predatorsa. Ab. Bc. Cd. De. E

____ 47. Which of the following is a true statement about plant reproduction?a. "Embryophytes" are small because they are in an early developmental stage.b. Both male and female bryophytes produce gametangia.c. Gametangia protect gametes from excess water.d. Eggs and sperm of bryophytes swim toward one another.e. Bryophytes are limited to asexual reproduction.

____ 48. The leaflike appendages of moss gametophytes may be one- to two-cell-layers thick. Consequently, which of these is least likely to be found associated with such appendages?a. cuticleb. rosette cellulose-synthesizing complexesc. stomatad. peroxisomese. phenolics

____ 49. Beginning with the germination of a moss spore, what is the sequence of structures that develop after germination?1. embryo2. gametes3. sporophyte4. protonema

5. gametophore

a. 4, 1, 3, 5, 2b. 4, 3, 5, 2, 1c. 4, 5, 2, 1, 3d. 3, 4, 5, 2, 1e. 3, 1, 4, 5, 2

____ 50. The sori of ferns are both homologous and analogous to which structures?a. spores of bryophytesb. capsules of moss sporophytesc. gametangia of hornwort gametophytesd. protonemata of moss gametophytese. cones (strobili) of gymnosperm sporophytes

Use the description below to answer the following questions.

A biology student hiking in a northern forest happens upon an erect, 15-cm-tall plant that bears a pinecone-like structure at its tallest point. When disturbed, the cone emits a cloud of brownish dust. A pocket magnifying glass reveals the dust to be composed of tiny spheres with a high oil content.

____ 51. Besides oil, what other chemical should be detected in substantial amounts upon chemical analysis of these small spheres?a. sporopolleninsb. phenolicsc. waxesd. ligninse. terpenes

____ 52. A dissection of the interior of the stem should reveala. lignified vascular tissues.b. cuticle.c. gametangia.d. that it is composed of only a single, long cell.e. a relatively high proportion of dead, water-filled cells.

____ 53. If one were building a large, log structure during the Carboniferous period, which plant type(s) would be suitable sources of logs?a. ferns and epiphytesb. horsetails and bryophytesc. lycophytes and bryophytesd. horsetails and lycophytese. hornworts and gymnosperms

____ 54. Working from deep geologic strata toward shallow geologic strata, what is the sequence in which fossils of these groups should make their first appearance?1. charophyceans2. single-celled green algae3. hornworts4. plants with a dominant sporophyte

a. 1, 3, 2, 4b. 3, 1, 2, 4c. 2, 1, 3, 4

d. 3, 2, 4, 1e. 2, 4, 1, 3

____ 55. Seeds commonly provide for each of the following excepta. a choice of germination location.b. dispersal.c. dormancy.d. a nutrient supply for the embryo.e. desiccation resistance.

The following questions refer to the generalized life cycle for land plants shown in the figure below. Each number within a circle or square represents a specific plant or plant part, and each number over an arrow represents either meiosis, mitosis, or fertilization.

____ 56. Which number represents an embryo?a. 1b. 3c. 7d. 9e. 11

____ 57. Which number represents a megaspore mother cell?a. 1b. 3c. 5d. 7e. 11

____ 58. The embryo sac of an angiosperm flower is best represented by which number?a. 1b. 3c. 7d. 9e. 11

____ 59. In terms of alternation of generations, the pollen grains of seed-producing plants are most similar to aa. moss sporophyte.b. moss gametophyte bearing both male and female gametangia.c. fern sporophyte.d. hermaphroditic fern gametophyte.

e. fern gametophyte that will bear only antheridia.____ 60. Which of the following statements is false?

a. A female pine cone is a short stem with spore-bearing appendages.b. A male pine cone is a short stem with spore-bearing appendages.c. A flower is a short stem with spore-bearing appendages.d. A strobilus is a short stem with spore-bearing appendages.e. A mature fruit is a short stem with spore-bearing appendages.

____ 61. All of the following are sporophyte structures excepta. immature ovules.b. pollen tubes.c. ovaries.d. stamens.e. sepals.

____ 62. Which of the following statements is not true of monocots?a. They are currently thought to be polyphyletic.b. The veins of their leaves are parallel to each other.c. They, along with the eudicots and basal angiosperms, are currently placed in the phylum

Anthophyta.d. They possess a single cotyledon.e. All of the statements are true.

____ 63. A hypothetical angiosperm opens its flowers only at night. The flowers are brown and emit a putrid odor. The pollinator is most likely to be which organism?a. nectar-eating hummingbirdb. nectar-eating beec. pollen-eating mothd. fruit-eating bate. detritivorous (scavenging) animal

____ 64. How have fruits contributed to the success of angiosperms?a. by nourishing the plants that make themb. by facilitating dispersal of seedsc. by attracting insects to the pollen insided. by producing sperm and eggs inside a protective coate. by producing triploid cells via double fertilization

____ 65. In flowering plants, meiosis occurs specifically in thea. spore mother cells.b. gametophytes.c. endosperm.d. gametes.e. embryos.

In onions (Allium), cells of the sporophyte have 16 chromosomes within each nucleus. Match the number of chromosomes present in each of the onion tissues listed below.

A. 4B. 8C. 16D. 24E. 32

____ 66. How many chromosomes should be in a generative cell nucleus?a. Ab. Bc. Cd. De. E

____ 67. If the "mostly male" hypothesis for the origin of flowers is correct, then the development of which gymnosperm structure below should be controlled by genes most similar to those that control the development of bisexual flowers?a. microsporangiumb. megasporangiumc. ovuled. scale of ovulate (ovule-bearing) pine conee. embryo

____ 68. The hydrolytic digestion of which of the following should produce the monomer, an aminated molecule of -glucose?a. insect exoskeletonb. plant cell wallsc. fungal cell wallsd. A and C onlye. A, B and C

____ 69. Which of the following is not a characteristic of hyphate fungi (fungi featuring hyphae)?a. They acquire their nutrients by absorption.b. Their body plan is a netlike mass of filaments called a mycelium.c. Their cell walls consist mainly of cellulose microfibrils.d. They may be saprobes, parasites, or mutualistic symbionts.e. The nuclei of the mycelia are typically haploid.

____ 70. The functional significance of porous septa in certain fungal hyphae is most similar to that represented by the ____ of certain animal cells, and by the ____ of certain plant cells.a. desmosomes; tonoplastsb. gap junctions; plasmodesmatac. tight junctions; plastidsd. centrioles; plastidse. flagella; central vacuoles

____ 71. What is the primary role of a mushroom's underground mycelium?a. absorbing nutrientsb. anchoringc. sexual reproductiond. asexual reproductione. protection

____ 72. The vegetative (nutritionally active) bodies of most fungi area. composed of hyphae.b. referred to as a mycelium.c. usually underground.d. A and B onlye. A, B, and C

____ 73. Which of the following cannot be assigned to any one kind of morphology (that is, unicellular or hyphate) or to any one fungal taxon?a. yeasts

b. ascomycetesc. club fungid. bread moldse. ergot fungi

Match the phyla below with the descriptions that follow. Each term may be used once, more than once, or not at all.

A. ZygomycotaB. AscomycotaC. BasidiomycotaD. GlomeromycotaE. Chytridiomycota

____ 74. This phylum formerly included the members of the new phylum Glomeromycota, and may also contain the Microsporidia.a. Ab. Bc. Cd. De. E

____ 75. This phylum contains the mushrooms, shelf fungi, and puffballs.a. Ab. Bc. Cd. De. E

____ 76. How are mushrooms and toadstools classified?a. basidiomycetesb. ascomycetesc. deuteromycetesd. zygomycetese. chytrids

____ 77. In what structures do both Penicillium and Aspergillus produce asexual spores?a. ascib. antheridiac. rhizoidsd. gametangiae. conidiophores

____ 78. The terms below all refer to symbiotic relationships that involve fungi excepta. pathogens.b. mycoses.c. spore production.d. lichens.e. mycorrhizae.

____ 79. Sexual reproduction has never been observed among the fungi that produce the blue-green marbling of blue cheeses. What is true of these fungi and others that do not have a sexual stage?a. They are currently classified among the deuteromycetes.b. They do not form heterokaryons.c. Their spores are produced by mitosis.

d. Only A and B are correct.e. A, B, and C are correct.

____ 80. A sponge's skeletal materials (spicules, spongin) are manufactured by thea. pore cells.b. epidermal cells.c. choanocytes.d. zygotes.e. amoebocytes.

____ 81. Which of these factors, when used to label the horizontal axis of the graph in the figure below, would account most directly for the shape of the plot?

a. spongin concentration (gm/unit volume)b. rate of cribrostatin synthesis (molecules/ unit time)c. number of amoebocytes per sponged. number of spicules per spongee. number of choanocytes per sponge

____ 82. In terms of food capture, which sponge cell is most similar to the cnidocyte?a. amoebocyteb. choanocytec. gameted. epidermal celle. pore cell

____ 83. Corals are most closely related to which group?a. jelliesb. freshwater hydrasc. sea anemonesd. spongese. barnacles

____ 84. Generally, members of which flatworm class are nonparasitic?a. Turbellariab. Trematodac. Cestodad. Monogenea

e. A, C, and D____ 85. Which molluscan class includes chitons?

a. Polyplacophorab. Bivalviac. Cephalopodad. Gastropodae. both C and D

____ 86. While snorkeling, a student observes an active marine animal that has a series of muscular tentacles bearing suckers associated with its head. Segmentation is not observed, but a pair of large, well-developed eyes is evident. The student is observing an animal belonging to which class?a. Gastropodab. Cephalopodac. Polyplacophorad. Polychaetae. Bivalvia

____ 87. Which of the following is not found in annelids?a. a hydrostatic skeletonb. segmentationc. a digestive system with separate mouth and anusd. a closed circulatory systeme. a cuticle made of chitin

Match the descriptions to the correct annelid class(es) from the list below. Each choice may be used once, more than once, or not at all.

A. OligochaetaB. PolychaetaC. HirudineaD. two of the aboveE. all of the above

____ 88. have parapodiaa. Ab. Bc. Cd. De. E

____ 89. name indicates the relative number of bristles its members havea. Ab. Bc. Cd. De. E

____ 90. An arthropod has all the following characteristics excepta. protostome development.b. bilateral symmetry.c. a pseudocoelom.d. three embryonic germ layers.e. an open circulatory system.

Match the descriptions with the correct echinoderm class from the list below. Each choice may be used once, more than once, or not at all.

A. class Crinoidea (sea lilies and feather stars)B. class Asteroidea (sea stars)C. class Ophiuroidea (brittle stars)D. class Echinoidea (sea urchins and sand dollars)E. class Holothuroidea (sea cucumbers)

____ 91. They have distinct central disks and long, flexible arms.a. Ab. Bc. Cd. De. E

For the following questions, match the descriptions with the correct phylum below. Each choice may be used once, more than once, or not at all.

A. CnidariaB. AnnelidaC. MolluscaD. ArthropodaE. Echinodermata

____ 92. protostomes that have a closed circulatory system and obvious segmentationa. Ab. Bc. Cd. De. E

Use the answers below to answer the following questions. Each answer may be used once, more than once, or not at all.

A. parenchymaB. collenchymaC. sclerenchymaD. tracheidsE. sieve cells

____ 93. cells with unevenly thickened primary walls that support still-elongating parts of the planta. Ab. Bc. Cd. De. E

____ 94. A student examining leaf cross sections under a microscope finds many loosely packed cells with relatively thin cell walls. The cells have numerous chloroplasts. What type of cells are these?

a. parenchymab. xylemc. endodermisd. collenchymae. sclerenchyma

____ 95. Gas exchange, necessary for photosynthesis, can occur most easily in which leaf tissue?a. epidermisb. palisade mesophyllc. spongy mesophylld. vascular tissuee. bundle sheath

The following question is based on parts of a growing primary root.I. root capII. zone of elongationIII. zone of cell divisionIV. zone of cell maturationV. apical meristem

____ 96. Which of the following is the correct sequence from the growing tips of the root upward?a. I, II, V, III, IVb. III, V, I, II, IVc. II, IV, I, V, IIId. IV, II, III, I, Ve. I, V, III, II, IV

____ 97. Which of the following is incorrectly paired with its structure and function?a. sclerenchyma-supporting cells with thick secondary wallsb. periderm-protective coat of woody stems and rootsc. pericycle-waterproof ring of cells surrounding the central stele in rootsd. mesophyll-parenchyma cells functioning in photosynthesis in leavese. ground meristem-primary meristem that produces the ground tissue system

The following questions are based on the drawing of root or stem cross sections shown in the figure below.

____ 98. A plant that is at least three years old is represented bya. I only.b. II only.c. III only.d. IV only.e. both I and III.

____ 99. A leaf primordium is initiated as a small mound of tissue on the flank of a dome-shaped shoot apical meristem. The earliest physical evidence of the site of a newly forming leaf primordium would bea. development of chloroplasts in a surface cell of the shoot apical meristem.b. cell division in the shoot apical meristem with the newly forming walls perpendicular to

the surface of the meristem.c. pre-prophase bands parallel to the surface of the meristem in subsurface cells of the shoot

apical meristem.d. elongation of epidermal cells perpendicular to the surface of the shoot apical meristem.e. formation of stomata in the epidermal layer of the shoot apical meristem.

____ 100. A short branch was cut into three segments as shown in the figure below to root some cuttings. Roots will form at which position(s)?

a. A onlyb. A and Bc. A, B, and Cd. A, C, and Ee. A, B, C, D, and E

____ 101. If you were able to walk into an opening cut into the center of a large redwood tree, when you exit from the middle of the trunk (stem) outward, you would cross, in order,a. the annual rings, phloem, and bark.b. the newest xylem, oldest phloem, and periderm.c. the vascular cambium, oldest xylem, and newest xylem.d. the secondary xylem, secondary phloem, and vascular cambium.

e. the summer wood, bark, and phloem.____ 102. Additional vascular tissue produced as secondary growth in a root originates from which cells?

a. vascular cambiumb. apical meristemc. endodermisd. phloeme. xylem

____ 103. While studying the plant Arabidopsis, a botanist finds that an RNA probe produces colored spots in the sepals of the plant. From this information, what information can be inferred?a. The differently colored plants will attract different pollinating insects.b. The RNA probe is transported only to certain tissues.c. The colored regions were caused by mutations that occurred in the sepals.d. The RNA probe is specific to a gene active in sepals.e. More research needs to be done on the sepals of Arabidopsis.

____ 104. "Totipotency" is a term used to describe the ability of a cell to give rise to a complete new organism. In plants, this means thata. plant development is not under genetic control.b. the cells of shoots and the cells of roots have different genes.c. cell differentiation depends largely on the control of gene expression.d. a cell's environment has no effect on its differentiation.e. sexual reproduction is not necessary in plants.

____ 105. Which of the following is not a shared characteristic of all chordates?a. pharyngeal cleftsb. post-anal tailc. notochordd. dorsal, hollow nerve corde. four-chambered heart

____ 106. A team of researchers has developed a poison that has proven effective against lamprey larvae in freshwater cultures. The poison is ingested and causes paralysis by detaching myomeres from the skeletal elements. The team wants to test the poison's effectiveness in streams feeding Lake Michigan, but one critic worries about potential effects on lancelets, which are similar to lampreys in many ways. Why is this concern misplaced?a. A chemical poisonous to lampreys could not also be toxic to organisms as ancestral as

lancelets.b. Lamprey larvae and lancelets have very different feeding mechanisms.c. Lancelets do not have myomeres.d. Lancelets live only in salt-water environments.e. Lancelets and lamprey larvae eat different kinds of food.

____ 107. The lamprey species whose larvae live in freshwater streams, but whose adults live most of their lives in seawater, are similar in this respect to certain species ofa. chondrichthyans.b. actinopterygians.c. lungfishes.d. coelacanths.e. hagfishes.

____ 108. When did dinosaurs and pterosaurs become extinct?a. Cretaceous "crisis"b. Permian extinctionsc. Devonian "disaster"d. Phanerozoic eon

e. Hadean eon____ 109. Which of the following are the only extant animals that descended directly from dinosaurs?

a. lizardsb. crocodilesc. snakesd. birdse. mammals

____ 110. Which of these would a paleontologist be most likely to do in order to determine whether a fossil represents a reptile or a mammal?a. Look for the presence of milk-producing glands.b. Look for the mammalian characteristics of a four-chambered heart and a diaphragm.c. Because mammals are eutherians, look for evidence of a placenta.d. Use molecular analysis to look for the protein keratin.e. Examine the teeth.

Match the taxonomic terms below with the descriptions that follow. Options may be used once, more than once, or not at all.

A) H. heidelbergensisB) H. erectusC) H. ergasterD) H. habilisE) H. sapiens

____ 111. the first of these species to have been adapted for long-distance bipedalisma. Ab. Bc. Cd. De. E

____ 112. the first of these species to show a trend toward reduced sexual dimorphisma. Ab. Bc. Cd. De. E

____ 113. the species that demonstrates symbolic thought, art, and full-blown languagea. Ab. Bc. Cd. De. E

Match the taxonomic terms below with the descriptions that follow. Each option may be used once, more than once, or not at all.

A) hominoidsB) HomoC) anthropoidsD) hominids

E) primates

____ 114. Which is the most inclusive (most general) group, all of whose members have foramina magna centrally positioned in the base of the cranium?a. Ab. Bc. Cd. De. E

____ 115. Which is the most inclusive (most general) group, all of whose members have fingernails instead of claws?a. Ab. Bc. Cd. De. E

____ 116. Which of the following is not a function of the plasma membrane proton pump?a. hydrolyzes ATPb. produces a proton gradientc. generates a membrane potentiald. equalizes the charge on each side of a membranee. stores potential energy on one side of a membrane

____ 117. Which of the following has an effect on water potential ( ) in plants?a. air pressureb. water-attracting matricesc. dissolved solutesd. A and C onlye. A, B, and C

____ 118. One is most likely to see guttation in small plants when thea. transpiration rates are high.b. root pressure exceeds transpiration pull.c. preceding evening was hot, windy, and dry.d. water potential in the stele of the root is high.e. roots are not absorbing minerals from the soil.

____ 119. What is the main force by which most of the water within xylem vessels moves toward the top of a tree?a. active transport of ions into the steleb. atmospheric pressure on rootsc. evaporation of water through stomad. the force of root pressuree. osmosis in the root

____ 120. Transpiration in plants requires all of the following excepta. adhesion of water molecules to cellulose.b. cohesion between water molecules.c. evaporation of water molecules.d. active transport through xylem cells.e. transport through tracheids.

____ 121. Water rises in plants primarily by the cohesion-tension model. Which of the following is not true about this model?a. Water loss (transpiration) is the driving force for water movement.b. The "tension" of this model represents the excitability of the xylem cells.

c. Cohesion represents the tendency for water molecules to stick together by hydrogen bonds.

d. The physical forces in the capillary-sized xylem cells make it easier to overcome gravity.e. The water potential of the air is more negative than the xylem.

____ 122. Guard cells do which of the following?a. protect the endodermisb. accumulate K+ and close the stomatac. contain chloroplasts that import K+ directly into the cellsd. guard against mineral loss through the stomatae. help balance the photosynthesis-transpiration compromise

____ 123. Photosynthesis begins to decline when leaves wilt becausea. flaccid cells are incapable of photosynthesis.b. CO2 accumulates in the leaves and inhibits photosynthesis.c. there is insufficient water for photolysis during light reactions.d. stomata close, preventing CO2 entry into the leaf.e. the chlorophyll of flaccid cells cannot absorb light.

____ 124. The opening of stomata is thought to involvea. an increase in the osmotic concentration of the guard cells.b. a decrease in the osmotic concentration of the stoma.c. active transport of water out of the guard cells.d. decreased turgor pressure in guard cells.e. movement of K+ from guard cells.

____ 125. As a biologist, it is your job to look for plants that have evolved structures with a selective advantage in dry, hot conditions. Which of the following adaptations would be least likely to meet your objective?a. CAM plants that grow rapidlyb. small, thick leaves with stomata on the lower surfacec. a thick cuticle on fleshy leavesd. large, fleshy stems with the ability to carry out photosynthesise. plants that do not produce abscisic acid and have a short, thick tap root

____ 126. Which of the following is a correct statement about sugar movement in phloem?a. Diffusion can account for the observed rates of transport.b. Movement can occur both upward and downward in the plant.c. Sugar is translocated from sinks to sources.d. Only phloem cells with nuclei can perform sugar movement.e. Sugar transport does not require energy.

____ 127. Regardless of their size, the one thing that is common to all animals isa. an external body surface that is dry.b. a basic body plan that resembles a two-layered sac.c. the use of homeostatic mechanisms to control their internal environment.d. the use of positive and negative feedback cycles to regulate body water content.e. having cells surrounded by an aqueous medium.

____ 128. Which of the following is a problem faced by animals as they increase in size?a. decreasing surface-to-volume ratiob. reproducing in aqueous environmentsc. the tendency for larger bodies to be more variable in metabolic rated. A and B onlye. A, B, and C

____ 129. Why must multicellular organisms keep their cells awash in an "internal pond"?a. Negative feedback will only operate in interstitial fluids.

b. Cells need an aqueous medium for the exchange of nutrients, gases, and wastes.c. Cells of multicellular organisms tend to lose water because of osmosis.d. Cells of multicellular organisms tend to accumulate wastes, a consequence of diffusion.e. This phenomenon occurs only in aquatic organisms because terrestrial organisms have

adapted to life in dry environments.____ 130. What do fibroblasts secrete?

a. fatsb. chondroitin sulfatec. interstitial fluidsd. calcium phosphate for bonee. proteins for connective fibers

____ 131. Which of the following characteristics of blood best explains its classification as connective tissue?a. Its cells are widely dispersed and surrounded by a fluid.b. It contains more than one type of cell.c. It is contained in vessels that "connect" different parts of an organism's body.d. Its cells can move from place to place.e. It is found within all the organs of the body.

____ 132. What holds bones together at joints?a. cartilageb. Haversian systemsc. loose connective tissued. tendonse. ligaments

____ 133. Which choice offers the best time to measure basal metabolic rate?a. at rest prior to the first meal of the dayb. at rest just after the first meal of the dayc. immediately after having eaten a sugar-free meald. one hour after having drinking a diet sodae. one hour after exercising for 30 minutes

____ 134. Which of the following is an important distinction between the measurement of basal metabolic rate (BMR) and standard metabolic rate (SMR)?a. An animal must be fasting for the measurement of SMR.b. BMRs are performed only on ectothermic animals.c. An organism must be actively exercising for the measurement of BMR.d. SMRs must be determined at a specific temperature.e. The BMR for a particular animal is usually lower than that animal's SMR.

____ 135. Which common event most closely resembles negative feedback?a. The water shuts off when the float rises in the tank of a toilet.b. The chlorine level of a swimming pool decreases when the chlorinator is turned off.c. The flame size on a gas stove changes when the gas is turned off.d. There is a continual buildup of moisture in a basement with a dehumidifier running.e. There is a decrease in water pressure when the faucet is slowly turned off.

____ 136. Which of the following is the best example of an effector's response in negative feedback?a. an increase in body temperature resulting from shiveringb. an increase in body temperature resulting from exercisec. an increase in body temperature resulting from exposure to the sund. an increase in body temperature resulting from fevere. a decrease in body temperature resulting from shock

____ 137. How does positive feedback differ from negative feedback?

a. Positive feedback benefits the organism, whereas negative feedback is detrimental.b. In positive feedback, the effector's response is in the same direction as the initiating

stimulus rather than opposite to it.c. In positive feedback, the effector increases some parameter (such as temperature), whereas

in negative feedback it decreases.d. Positive feedback systems have effectors, whereas negative feedback systems utilize

receptors.e. Positive feedback systems have control centers that are lacking in negative feedback

systems.____ 138. Consider a husband and wife sharing a bed, with each one having an electric blanket. Their controls become

switched. When the husband feels cold, he turns up the control. This warms up his spouse, who turns down her control. This chills the husband, who turns up his control even more. The process continues. For both the wife and the husband, this would be an example ofa. negative feedback.b. positive feedback.c. homeostasis.d. regulated change.e. integrated control.

____ 139. Most terrestrial animals dissipate excess heat bya. countercurrent exchange.b. acclimation.c. vasoconstriction.d. hibernation.e. evaporation.

____ 140. Where is the thermostat of vertebrates located?a. medulla oblongatab. thyroid glandc. hypothalamusd. subcutaneous layer of the skine. liver

Use the figure below to answer the following questions

____ 141. The temperature difference between arterial blood and venous blood near the goose's bodya. is minimized by countercurrent exchange.b. is maximized because the blood has run through very cold feet.c. is minimized by dilation of the capillaries in the feet of the goose, allowing heat to be lost.d. is more than the difference between the venous blood near the body and the venous blood

at the feet.e. allows the goose to lose maximum heat to the environment.

____ 142. What part of the sperm first contacts the egg plasma membrane?a. the vitelline membraneb. the cortical granulesc. the acrosomal membraned. the actin proteinse. the fertilization membrane

____ 143. As cleavage continues during frog development, the number of blastomeresa. increases as the size of the blastomeres decreases.b. increases as the size of the blastomeres increases.c. decreases as the size of the blastomeres increases.d. decreases as the size of the blastomeres decreases.e. increases as the size of the blastomeres stays the same.

____ 144. How does the vegetal pole differ from the animal pole of a zygote?a. The vegetal pole has a higher concentration of yolk.b. The blastomeres originate only in the vegetal pole.c. The posterior end of the embryo forms at the vegetal pole.d. The vegetal pole cells undergo mitosis but not cytokinesis.e. The polar bodies bud from this region.

____ 145. Which developmental sequence is correct?

a. cleavage, blastula, gastrula, morulab. cleavage, gastrula, morula, blastulac. cleavage, morula, blastula, gastrulad. gastrula, morula, blastula, cleavagee. morula, cleavage, gastrula, blastula

____ 146. The drawing in the figure below is from what stage of amphibian development?

a. blastulab. neural stagec. early gastrulad. late gastrulae. gray crescent stage

Use the information below to answer the following question.

In a study of the development of frog embryos, several early gastrulas were stained with vital dyes. The locations of the dyes after gastrulation were noted. The results are shown in the following table.

Tissue StainBrain redNotochord yellowLiver greenLens of the eye blueLining of the digestive tract purple

____ 147. Which of the following helps direct the formation of the primitive streak but contributes no cells to the embryo?a. endodermb. mesodermc. ectodermd. neural creste. hypoblast

____ 148. What does the development of all vertebrates require?a. a large supply of yolkb. an aqueous environmentc. extraembryonic membranesd. an amnione. a primitive streak

____ 149. Changes in the shape of a cell usually involve a reorganization of the

a. nucleus.b. cytoskeleton.c. extracellular matrix.d. transport proteins.e. none of the above

____ 150. Which statement about cell adhesion molecules (CAMs) is false?a. They are glycoproteins.b. They bind to CAMs on other cells.c. They are all produced by the same gene.d. They contribute to cell migration.e. They contribute to stable tissue structure.

2009-05-15 AP Biology Semester Test ReviewAnswer Section

MULTIPLE CHOICE

1. ANS: D TOP: Concept 18.12. ANS: B TOP: Concept 18.23. ANS: A TOP: Concept 18.24. ANS: A TOP: Concept 18.35. ANS: E TOP: Concept 18.36. ANS: B TOP: Concept 18.37. ANS: E TOP: Concept 18.48. ANS: B TOP: Concept 18.49. ANS: D TOP: Concept 18.4

10. ANS: A TOP: Concept 22.111. ANS: B TOP: Concept 22.112. ANS: E TOP: Concept 22.213. ANS: C TOP: Concept 22.214. ANS: E TOP: Concept 22.215. ANS: D TOP: Concept 22.216. ANS: A TOP: Concept 22.317. ANS: C TOP: Concept 22.318. ANS: D TOP: Concept 22.319. ANS: C TOP: Concept 22.320. ANS: B TOP: Concept 22.321. ANS: E TOP: Concept 22.322. ANS: E TOP: Concept 22.323. ANS: A TOP: Concept 22.324. ANS: D TOP: Concept 22.325. ANS: D TOP: Concept 27.126. ANS: A TOP: Concept 27.127. ANS: D TOP: Concept 27.228. ANS: D TOP: Concept 27.229. ANS: A TOP: Concept 27.230. ANS: A TOP: Concept 27.331. ANS: B TOP: Concept 27.332. ANS: B TOP: Concept 27.433. ANS: A TOP: Concept 28.134. ANS: C TOP: Concept 28.335. ANS: B TOP: Concept 28.436. ANS: C TOP: Concept 28.537. ANS: E TOP: Concept 28.238. ANS: A TOP: Concept 28.339. ANS: B TOP: Concept 28.140. ANS: C TOP: Concept 28.441. ANS: E TOP: Concept 28.4

42. ANS: A TOP: Concept 28.443. ANS: B TOP: Concept 28.544. ANS: D TOP: Concept 29.145. ANS: A TOP: Concept 29.146. ANS: C TOP: Concept 29.247. ANS: B TOP: Concept 29.348. ANS: C TOP: Concept 29.349. ANS: C TOP: Concept 29.350. ANS: E TOP: Concept 29.451. ANS: A TOP: Concept 29.452. ANS: A TOP: Concept 29.453. ANS: D TOP: Concept 29.454. ANS: C TOP: Concept 29.1, Concept 29.455. ANS: A TOP: Concept 30.156. ANS: E TOP: Concept 30.157. ANS: B TOP: Concept 30.158. ANS: C TOP: Concept 30.359. ANS: E TOP: Concept 30.160. ANS: E TOP: Concept 30.2, Concept 30.361. ANS: B TOP: Concept 30.362. ANS: A TOP: Concept 30.363. ANS: E TOP: Concept 30.364. ANS: B TOP: Concept 30.365. ANS: A TOP: Concept 30.366. ANS: B TOP: Concept 30.367. ANS: A TOP: Concept 30.368. ANS: D TOP: Concept 31.169. ANS: C TOP: Concept 31.170. ANS: B TOP: Concept 31.171. ANS: A TOP: Concept 31.172. ANS: E TOP: Concept 31.173. ANS: A TOP: Concept 31.274. ANS: A TOP: Concept 31.475. ANS: C TOP: Concept 31.476. ANS: A TOP: Concept 31.477. ANS: E TOP: Concept 31.478. ANS: C TOP: Concept 31.579. ANS: E TOP: Concept 31.580. ANS: E TOP: Concept 33.181. ANS: E TOP: Concept 33.182. ANS: B TOP: Concept 33.1, Concept 33.283. ANS: C TOP: Concept 33.284. ANS: A TOP: Concept 33.385. ANS: A TOP: Concept 33.486. ANS: B TOP: Concept 33.487. ANS: E TOP: Concept 33.5

88. ANS: B TOP: Concept 33.589. ANS: D TOP: Concept 33.590. ANS: C TOP: Concept 33.791. ANS: C TOP: Concept 33.892. ANS: B TOP: Concept 33.593. ANS: B TOP: Concept 35.194. ANS: A TOP: Concept 35.195. ANS: C TOP: Concept 35.396. ANS: E TOP: Concept 35.397. ANS: C TOP: Concept 35.398. ANS: D TOP: Concept 35.399. ANS: C TOP: Concept 35.3

100. ANS: D TOP: Concept 35.3101. ANS: A TOP: Concept 35.4102. ANS: A TOP: Concept 35.4103. ANS: D TOP: Concept 35.5104. ANS: C TOP: Concept 35.5105. ANS: E TOP: Concept 34.1106. ANS: D TOP: Concept 34.3107. ANS: B TOP: Concept 34.4108. ANS: A TOP: Concept 34.6109. ANS: D TOP: Concept 34.6110. ANS: E TOP: Concept 34.7111. ANS: C TOP: Concept 34.8112. ANS: C TOP: Concept 34.8113. ANS: E TOP: Concept 34.8114. ANS: D TOP: Concept 34.8115. ANS: E TOP: Concept 34.8116. ANS: D TOP: Concept 36.1117. ANS: E TOP: Concept 36.1118. ANS: B TOP: Concept 36.2119. ANS: C TOP: Concept 36.3120. ANS: D TOP: Concept 36.3121. ANS: B TOP: Concept 36.3122. ANS: E TOP: Concept 36.4123. ANS: D TOP: Concept 36.4124. ANS: A TOP: Concept 36.4125. ANS: E TOP: Concept 36.4126. ANS: B TOP: Concept 36.5127. ANS: E TOP: Concept 40.1128. ANS: A TOP: Concept 40.1129. ANS: B TOP: Concept 40.1130. ANS: E TOP: Concept 40.2131. ANS: A TOP: Concept 40.2132. ANS: E TOP: Concept 40.2133. ANS: A TOP: Concept 40.3

134. ANS: D TOP: Concept 40.3135. ANS: A TOP: Concept 40.4136. ANS: A TOP: Concept 40.4137. ANS: B TOP: Concept 40.4138. ANS: B TOP: Concept 40.4139. ANS: E TOP: Concept 40.5140. ANS: C TOP: Concept 40.5141. ANS: A TOP: Concept 40.5142. ANS: C TOP: Concept 47.1143. ANS: A TOP: Concept 47.1144. ANS: A TOP: Concept 47.1145. ANS: C TOP: Concept 47.1146. ANS: B TOP: Concept 47.1147. ANS: E TOP: Concept 47.1148. ANS: B TOP: Concept 47.1149. ANS: B TOP: Concept 47.2150. ANS: C TOP: Concept 47.2