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Exam

Name___________________________________

MULTIPLE CHOICE. Choose the one alternative that best completes the statement or answers the question.

1) Which scientist is credited with coining the term "cell" from the Latin cellulae? 1)A) Robert HookeB) Matthias SchleidenC) Antonie van LeeuwenhoekD) Robert BrownE) Theodor Schwann

Answer: AExplanation: A)

B)C)D)E)

2) Cell biology emerged from which of the following fields of biology? 2)A) geneticsB) biochemistryC) cytologyD) all of the aboveE) none of the above

Answer: DExplanation: A)

B)C)D)E)

3) A scientist is examining motile protozoa. He wishes to determine their direction of movement.Which of the following microscopic techniques is least likely to be used to view these cells?

3)

A) phase-contrast microscopyB) fluorescence microscopyC) light microscopyD) electron microscopyE) differential interference contrast microscopy


B)C)D)E)

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4) Which of the following is NOT a tenet of the cell theory? 4)A) The cell is the basic unit of structure for all organisms.B) All cells arise from preexisting cells.C) All organisms consist of one or more cells.D) All cells have a membrane bound nucleus.E) none of the above


B)C)D)E)

5) You wish to obtain a pure mitochondria sample from lysed cells. The best way to obtain thissample would be

5)

A) polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis.B) chromatography.C) agarose gel electrophoresis.D) centrifugation.E) both A and C.


B)C)D)E)

6) In 1665, ________ used a microscope that he had built to examine thin slices of ________. Whileexamining this material, he observed tiny compartments that he called cellulae.

6)

A) Robert Brown; plant materialB) Robert Hooke; corkC) Antonie van Leeuwenhoek; sperm cellsD) Rudolf Virchow; collagenE) Theodor Schwann; animal tissue

Answer: BExplanation: A)

B)C)D)E)

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7) The steps of the "scientific method," in the correct order, are 7)A) collect data, interpret results, test the hypothesis, make observations, and design experiments.B) collect data, interpret results, test the hypothesis, design experiments, make observations, and

draw conclusions.C) design experiments, draw conclusions, collect data, interpret results, make observations, and

test the hypothesis.D) make observations, formulate the hypothesis, design experiments, collect data, interpret

results, and draw conclusions.E) none of the above


B)C)D)E)

8) A microtome is used to 8)A) dissect cellular organelles.B) slice thin sections of specimens.C) focus short wavelengths of light.D) view microscopic organisms.E) manipulate tiny objects.


B)C)D)E)

9) Which of the following is NOT true of brightfield microscopy? 9)A) White light is utilized.B) Specimens usually must be fixed.C) Phase-contrast microscopy is a variant of brightfield microscopy.D) Specimens are always viewed without being stained.E) Light passes through the object being examined.


B)C)D)E)

3


10) Gregor Mendel was most influential in which field of biology? 10)A) chromatographyB) cytologyC) geneticsD) bacterial transformationE) biochemistry

Answer: CExplanation: A)

B)C)D)E)

11) Of the following specialized procedures, which may be used with the electron microscope? 11)A) scanning electron microscopyB) freeze fracturingC) shadowing with goldD) negative stainingE) all of the above

Answer: EExplanation: A)

B)C)D)E)

12) Which of the following is closest to a micrometer in size? 12)A) the width of a strand of DNAB) a typical bacterial cellC) the length of a plant cellD) the size of a ribosomeE) the length of a chicken egg


B)C)D)E)

13) The classic work of Wöhler (1828) that united the fields of biology and chemistry was based on the 13)A) identification of nucleotide bases.B) production of urea in the laboratory.C) discovery of ATP.D) discovery of yeast ferments.E) analysis of gene segregation.


B)C)D)E)

4


14) All of the following biochemical techniques have allowed us to understand cell structure andfunction EXCEPT

14)

A) ultracentrifugation.B) mass spectrometry.C) electrophoresis.D) light microscopy.E) chromatography.


B)C)D)E)

15) Which of the following can ONLY be viewed by electron microscopy? 15)A) frog eggsB) bacteriaC) virusesD) mitochondriaE) nuclei


B)C)D)E)

16) Which laws were formulated by Mendel? 16)A) heredityB) diffusionC) thermodynamicsD) ideal gas lawsE) gravity


B)C)D)E)

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17) The outcome of the joining of cytology and biochemistry yielded a better understanding of the cellby

17)

A) identification of cellular biochemical pathways.B) identification of cellular structures.C) demonstration of bioinformatics.D) both A and B.E) both B and C.


B)C)D)E)

18) Which type of microscopy enhances and amplifies slight changes in the phase of transmitted light? 18)A) differential interference contrast microscopyB) fluorescence microscopyC) digital video microscopyD) phase-contrast microscopyE) both A and D


B)C)D)E)

19) Once a scientific theory becomes a law, it 19)A) cannot be changed.B) becomes static.C) is subject to modification.D) is irrefutable.E) cannot be challenged.


B)C)D)E)

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20) Melvin Calvin and his colleagues used which of the following to deduce the steps in the CalvinCycle?

20)

A) Drosophila melanogasterB) radioisotopesC) negative stainingD) ultracentrifugationE) electron microscopy


B)C)D)E)

21) Jacques Monod and François Jacob deduced the mechanism responsible for the regulation ofbacterial gene expression. They are, therefore, responsible for launching the era of

21)

A) biochemistry.B) light microscopy.C) radioisotopes.D) the scientific method.E) molecular genetics.


B)C)D)E)

22) Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) is especially suited to 22)A) creating a sense of depth.B) observe living specimens.C) examine internal cellular structure.D) both A and C.E) choices A, B, and C.


B)C)D)E)

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23) Which organelle is round and derives its name from the Latin word for "kernel"? 23)A) mitochondrionB) nucleusC) Golgi complexD) chloroplastE) lysosome


B)C)D)E)

24) When scientists use the scientific method, they use terms to indicate their degree of certainty.Which of the following terms conveys the least degree of certainty?

24)

A) theoryB) lawC) hypothesisD) both hypothesis and theoryE) both theory and law


B)C)D)E)

25) Which of the following is smallest? 25)A) a mitochondrionB) a bacteriumC) a virusD) a ribosomeE) a protein


B)C)D)E)

26) Which of the following is true of a nanometer? 26)A) A nanometer is one millionth of a meter.B) A nanometer is about the size of a common bacterial cell.C) The nanometer is the most common measurement used in measuring whole cells.D) A nanometer is equivalent to 10 Angstoms (Å).E) none of the above


B)C)D)E)

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27) The Latin phrase omnis cellula e cellula refers to a cellular principle. Which of the followingstatements is the best translation of this phrase?

27)

A) Tissues are composed of similar cells.B) The cell is the basic unit of structure.C) Organs are composed of tissues and cells.D) All cells arise only from preexisting cells.E) Cells generally are found in clusters.


B)C)D)E)

28) Which of the following is true of fluorescence microscopy? 28)A) Fluorescence microscopy is best at viewing rounded, thicker specimens.B) Fluorescent light is emitted throughout the specimen being viewed.C) Fluorescence microscopy is able to overcome problems with confocal scanning microscopy.D) Fluorescence microscopy presents images in three dimensions.E) Fluorescence microscopy is used to view dead specimens only.


B)C)D)E)

29) The limit of resolution can best be defined as 29)A) the magnification power of a microscope.B) the distance that an object must be moved to be distinguished from its background.C) the solvent that must be available to remix a solution.D) the distance that two objects must be apart to be distinguished as separate objects.E) the inverse of the wavelength of light; it is greatest for black light.


B)C)D)E)

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30) The scientific work that established DNA, rather than protein, as the molecule of heredity iscredited to

30)

A) Monod and Jacob.B) Watson and Crick.C) Correns, von Tschermak, and de Vries.D) Avery, MacLeod, and McCarty.E) Beadle and Tatum.


B)C)D)E)

31) Which type of microscopy has the greatest resolving power? 31)A) phase-contrastB) digital videoC) electronD) fluorescenceE) confocal scanning


B)C)D)E)

32) 1 mm = ________ nm 32)A) 1/1000B) 10C) 1/1,000,000D) 1,000,000E) 1000


B)C)D)E)

SHORT ANSWER. Write the word or phrase that best completes each statement or answers the question.

33) To be useful to scientists, a hypothesis must be ________. In other words, the hypothesismust be able to be confirmed or discredited.

33)

Answer: testableExplanation:

34) A(n) ________ is an instrument used to separate subcellular structures andmacromolecules on the basis of size, shape, and density. ________ developed thisinstrument in Sweden during the period 1925-1930.

34)

Answer: ultracentrifuge; Theodor SvedbergExplanation:

10


35) Because of the low penetration power of electrons, samples for transmission electronmicroscopy must be extremely thin. A(n) ________ is able to cut sections as thin as 20 nm.

35)

Answer: ultramicrotomeExplanation:

36) In 1880, Walther Flemming identified ________, threadlike bodies seen in dividing cells. 36)Answer: chromosomesExplanation:

37) ________ synthesized urea in the laboratory from inorganic starting materials. Much ofwhat is now called ________ dates from this discovery.

37)

Answer: ¨Friedrich Wohler; biochemistryExplanation:

38) Around 1914, ________ determined that DNA was an important component in ________ byusing a staining technique that is still in use today.

38)

Answer: Robert Feulgen; chromosomesExplanation:

39) Glycolysis is also called the ________ pathway after the scientists who did most of thework to define it.

39)

Answer: Embden-MeyerhofExplanation:

40) The total protein content of the cell is called the ________. 40)Answer: proteomeExplanation:

41) The ________ was developed in the late 1920s by Theodore Svedberg. He originally usedit to determine the sedimentation rate of proteins.

41)

Answer: ultracentrifugeExplanation:

42) ________ is the ability to distinguish two objects that are close together as separate. Whenusing a light microscope, this ability is determined by ________.

42)

Answer: Resolution; lambda or wavelengthExplanation:

43) A scientific ________ must be so thoroughly confirmed that virtually no doubt remainsabout its accuracy.

43)

Answer: lawExplanation:

44) Melvin Calvin used ________, a specific ________, to deduce the Calvin cycle ofphotosynthesis.

44)

Answer: 14-C; radioisotopeExplanation:

11


45) ________ is a biochemical technique that allows one to separate biological molecules basedon size, shape, and/or affinity for specific molecules or functional groups.

45)

Answer: ChromatographyExplanation:

MATCHING. Choose the item in column 2 that best matches each item in column 1.

Match each scientist or group of scientists on the left with the appropriate statement to the right.

46) Friedrich WöhlerAnswer: B

A) oral bacteria

B) urea

46)

Match the type of microscopy with the appropriate characteristic.

47) FluorescenceAnswer: A

A) shows specific molecules 47)


48) George Beadle and Edward TatumAnswer: B

A) transcription

B) "one gene-one enzyme"

48)


49) BrightfieldAnswer: A

A) light passes directly through specimen 49)


50) Gregor MendelAnswer: D

51) Thomas Hunt MorganAnswer: A

A) fruit fly

B) Calvin cycle

C) dog saliva

D) hereditary factors

50)

51)


52) Phase-contrastAnswer: A

A) amplifies variations in density 52)


53) Louis PasteurAnswer: A

A) "ferments" of yeast 53)

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54) Transmission electron microscopyAnswer: A

A) detects electrons passing through aspecimen

54)


55) Matthias SchleidenAnswer: A

A) embryonic plant

B) embryonic bacteria

55)


56) Scanning electron microscopyAnswer: A

A) detects electrons deflected from the surfaceof the specimen

56)


57) Oswald Avery, Colin MacLeod, andMaclyn McCartyAnswer: A

58) James Watson and Francis CrickAnswer: D

A) transformation

B) transfer RNA

C) translation

D) DNA double helix

57)

58)


59) ConfocalAnswer: A

A) uses a laser to view a single plane of aspecimen

59)


60) Walter SuttonAnswer: A

A) chromosome theory of heredity

B) pollen grain

60)

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ESSAY. Write your answer in the space provided or on a separate sheet of paper.

61) Scientific discoveries have had great impact in human history. The people who make these discoveries and thecircumstances that surround these discoveries are very important to our understanding of science. Can youidentify the individuals as they might have described themselves?

a. I am a seventeenth century shopkeeper from Holland. My hobby involves hand-polishing glass to makelenses, some of which can magnify almost 300-fold. I was the first to observe living cells and am known as the"Father of Microbiology."b. I was the Curator of Instruments for the Royal Society of London in 1665. I developed a crude microscopethat could magnify around 30-fold. I examined plant material and observed many small chambers that I calledcellulae.c. At the University of California, Berkeley, I worked with radioisotopes. In the late 1940s and early 1950s, Iused carbon-14 to identify the most common pathway for photosynthetic carbon metabolism.d. We worked out the double helix model of DNA structure in 1953. We later received the Nobel Prize for thiswork.e. I am a nineteenth century German chemist. By synthesizing an organic molecule from inorganiccomponents, I dispelled the idea that biological processes were exempt from the laws of chemistry.f. My colleague and I worked with bacterial viruses. We were able to demonstrate that DNA and not proteinwas the genetic material of the cell.g. I am a Swedish scientist. I developed the ultracentrifuge to determine sedimentation rates of proteins. Theultracentrifuge was later used to isolate subcellular fractions.Answer: a. Antonie van Leeuwenhoek

b. Robert Hookec. Melvin Calvind. James Watson and Francis Cricke. Friedrich Wohlerf. Alfred Hershey and Martha Chaseg. Theodor Svedberg

62) A number of different types of microscopy exist. Each type of microscopy has advantages and disadvantages.Can you identify the microscope that would be most advantageous for the situation below?

a. A cell biologist wishes to visualize the ribosomes of a cell.b. A bacteriologist wishes to examine the motility of a bacterium.c. An immunologist wishes to determine if a lymphocyte possesses a certain surface protein.d. A virologist is trying to determine the three-dimensional shape of a virus.e. A pathologist is trying to examine the cytoplasm of a cell for changes that result from viral infection.Answer: (Answers may vary.)

a. Electron microscopy, preferably transmission electron microscopy, should be used.b. Phase contrast or differential-interference-contrast would be most helpful.c. Fluorescence microscopy is often used.d. Scanning electron microscopy should be used.e. Transmission electron microscopy will enable the pathologist to visualize the interior.

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63) The following paragraph describes the activities of hypothetical scientists. After reading this paragraph, list thesteps to the scientific method and list the activities that correspond to the steps of the scientific method.

A rancher noticed that several grazing animals had become sick after grazing in a new area. The rancherasked a team of scientists to analyze this problem. They visited the area and found that the food available to theanimals was similar to the food they had been eating. The water supply in the area was adequate but waslimited to a single spring. Some of the scientists felt that the water might be contaminated with a pathogen.Therefore, they collected water samples from the spring in the new area and compared them with watersamples taken from previous grazing sites. The scientists noticed that water from the new area was cloudierthan water obtained from other areas. Culturing this water revealed that a pathogenic strain of bacteria waspresent. This bacterial strain was found to be identical to a strain obtained from sick animals. This strain wasnot present in healthy animals. They concluded that a contaminated water supply in the new area wasresponsible for the problem and instructed the rancher to avoid the water supply. The disease was not found inthe rancher's livestock again.Answer: (Please note that answers may vary.)

Observation. The rancher and the scientists made initial observations regarding the food and water thatthe livestock consumed.Hypothesis. The water supply was contaminated with a pathogen.Experimentation. Water was collected, examined, and cultured.Collect data. The turbidity of the water was examined. The cultures were positive for a pathogenic strainof bacterium.Interpret results. The data was compared to other water samples. The cultures were compared to thoseobtained from livestock.Draw conclusion. The water was contaminated and responsible for the outbreak.

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Answer KeyTestname: C1

1) A2) D3) D4) D5) D6) B7) D8) B9) D

10) C11) E12) B13) B14) D15) C16) A17) D18) E19) C20) B21) E22) A23) B24) C25) E26) D27) D28) B29) D30) D31) C32) D33) testable34) ultracentrifuge; Theodor Svedberg35) ultramicrotome36) chromosomes37) ¨Friedrich Wohler; biochemistry38) Robert Feulgen; chromosomes39) Embden-Meyerhof40) proteome41) ultracentrifuge42) Resolution; lambda or wavelength43) law44) 14-C; radioisotope45) Chromatography46) B47) A48) B49) A50) D

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Answer KeyTestname: C1

51) A52) A53) A54) A55) A56) A57) A58) D59) A60) A61) a. Antonie van Leeuwenhoek

b. Robert Hookec. Melvin Calvind. James Watson and Francis Cricke. Friedrich Wohlerf. Alfred Hershey and Martha Chaseg. Theodor Svedberg

62) (Answers may vary.)a. Electron microscopy, preferably transmission electron microscopy, should be used.b. Phase contrast or differential-interference-contrast would be most helpful.c. Fluorescence microscopy is often used.d. Scanning electron microscopy should be used.e. Transmission electron microscopy will enable the pathologist to visualize the interior.

63) (Please note that answers may vary.)Observation. The rancher and the scientists made initial observations regarding the food and water that the livestockconsumed.Hypothesis. The water supply was contaminated with a pathogen.Experimentation. Water was collected, examined, and cultured.Collect data. The turbidity of the water was examined. The cultures were positive for a pathogenic strain of bacterium.Interpret results. The data was compared to other water samples. The cultures were compared to those obtained fromlivestock.Draw conclusion. The water was contaminated and responsible for the outbreak.

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