exam #3 w 4/7 in class (bring cheat sheet) before exam #3: the nervous system, movement, and the...

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Exam #3 W 4/7 in class (bring cheat sheet) before Exam #3: the nervous system, movement, and the immune system

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Neurons: signals move through neurons electrically and between neurons chemically

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Page 1: Exam #3 W 4/7 in class (bring cheat sheet) before Exam #3: the nervous system, movement, and the immune system

Exam #3 W 4/7 in class (bring cheat sheet)

before Exam #3: the nervous system, movement, and the immune system

Page 2: Exam #3 W 4/7 in class (bring cheat sheet) before Exam #3: the nervous system, movement, and the immune system

Fig 45.3Neurons: cells specialized fortransmitting signals

Page 3: Exam #3 W 4/7 in class (bring cheat sheet) before Exam #3: the nervous system, movement, and the immune system

Neurons: signals move through neurons electrically and between neurons chemically

Page 4: Exam #3 W 4/7 in class (bring cheat sheet) before Exam #3: the nervous system, movement, and the immune system

Fig 45.11

the Na+/K+ pump reestablishes the resting state

Page 5: Exam #3 W 4/7 in class (bring cheat sheet) before Exam #3: the nervous system, movement, and the immune system

Depolarization of one part of the membrane opens Na+ channels further along so the signal travels from one end to the other

Fig 48.11

Page 6: Exam #3 W 4/7 in class (bring cheat sheet) before Exam #3: the nervous system, movement, and the immune system

Neurons: signals move through neurons electrically and between neurons chemically

Page 7: Exam #3 W 4/7 in class (bring cheat sheet) before Exam #3: the nervous system, movement, and the immune system

Neurotransmitters can be excitatory or inhibitory

(+)

(–)

(–)

(+)

(+/–)

(–)

tbl 48.1

Page 8: Exam #3 W 4/7 in class (bring cheat sheet) before Exam #3: the nervous system, movement, and the immune system

Fig 48.15

At the end of the neuron, neurotransmitters are released signaling the next neuron to depolarize

Page 9: Exam #3 W 4/7 in class (bring cheat sheet) before Exam #3: the nervous system, movement, and the immune system

electrical electricalat synapse chemical

At the synapse the electrical signal is converted to a chemical signal

Page 10: Exam #3 W 4/7 in class (bring cheat sheet) before Exam #3: the nervous system, movement, and the immune system

Fig 48.14

Neurons are commonly connected to many other neurons, and the effect of the different incoming signals determines what the neuron will do.

Page 11: Exam #3 W 4/7 in class (bring cheat sheet) before Exam #3: the nervous system, movement, and the immune system

Fig 48.16

Neurons are commonly connected to many other neurons, and the effect of the different incoming signals determines what the neuron will do.

Page 12: Exam #3 W 4/7 in class (bring cheat sheet) before Exam #3: the nervous system, movement, and the immune system

Incoming signals move through neurons. Only signals above the threshold are transmitted along the neuron.

Page 13: Exam #3 W 4/7 in class (bring cheat sheet) before Exam #3: the nervous system, movement, and the immune system

Fig 48.12

Sensory and motor neurons are often myelinated

Page 14: Exam #3 W 4/7 in class (bring cheat sheet) before Exam #3: the nervous system, movement, and the immune system

Fig 48.13

Myelination allows faster movement of the action potential

Page 15: Exam #3 W 4/7 in class (bring cheat sheet) before Exam #3: the nervous system, movement, and the immune system

Fig 48.3

Nerves allow us to perceive the environment while the brain integrates the incoming signals to determine an appropriate response.

Response

Page 16: Exam #3 W 4/7 in class (bring cheat sheet) before Exam #3: the nervous system, movement, and the immune system

Nervous System Signaling

Stimulus

Transduction Transmission

Response

Integration

Page 17: Exam #3 W 4/7 in class (bring cheat sheet) before Exam #3: the nervous system, movement, and the immune system

Fig 50.2

This stretch sensitive neuron transduces different signals depending on the amplitude of the stimulus

Page 18: Exam #3 W 4/7 in class (bring cheat sheet) before Exam #3: the nervous system, movement, and the immune system

Smells are detected by receptor neurons in our nose. Each receptor is sensitive to a different chemical

Fig 50.15

Page 19: Exam #3 W 4/7 in class (bring cheat sheet) before Exam #3: the nervous system, movement, and the immune system

Fig 50.18

Light is detected in the eye by receptors on the retina

Page 20: Exam #3 W 4/7 in class (bring cheat sheet) before Exam #3: the nervous system, movement, and the immune system

Fig 50.19

Some vision problems arise from misshapen eyeballs too long

too short

Page 21: Exam #3 W 4/7 in class (bring cheat sheet) before Exam #3: the nervous system, movement, and the immune system

AAL 42.10

Page 22: Exam #3 W 4/7 in class (bring cheat sheet) before Exam #3: the nervous system, movement, and the immune system

Light receptor neurons of the eye:Rods detect black and whiteCones detect colors…one type of cone for each color - red, blue, and green

Page 23: Exam #3 W 4/7 in class (bring cheat sheet) before Exam #3: the nervous system, movement, and the immune system

Fig 50.22

Inhibitoryneuro-transmitter

No light

Membrane depolarized

No Signal

Page 24: Exam #3 W 4/7 in class (bring cheat sheet) before Exam #3: the nervous system, movement, and the immune system

Fig 50.22Polar Membrane

light

Noinhibitoryneuro-transmitter

Signal sent

Page 25: Exam #3 W 4/7 in class (bring cheat sheet) before Exam #3: the nervous system, movement, and the immune system

Fig 50.23

Vertebrate retina structure

Page 26: Exam #3 W 4/7 in class (bring cheat sheet) before Exam #3: the nervous system, movement, and the immune system

Fig 49.4

The brain and the central nervous system integrate the various incoming signals

Page 27: Exam #3 W 4/7 in class (bring cheat sheet) before Exam #3: the nervous system, movement, and the immune system

Fig 48.3

Nerves allow us to perceive the environment while the brain integrates the incoming signals to determine an appropriate response.

Response

Responses can be release of hormones, change in cell activity, or muscle contraction

Page 28: Exam #3 W 4/7 in class (bring cheat sheet) before Exam #3: the nervous system, movement, and the immune system

Muscles allow movement

Page 29: Exam #3 W 4/7 in class (bring cheat sheet) before Exam #3: the nervous system, movement, and the immune system

An earthworm: without something to push against, muscles are not much use.

Page 30: Exam #3 W 4/7 in class (bring cheat sheet) before Exam #3: the nervous system, movement, and the immune system

The skeleton, made of bones, gives support

Fig 50.34

Page 31: Exam #3 W 4/7 in class (bring cheat sheet) before Exam #3: the nervous system, movement, and the immune system

Bones (connective tissue) are alive

Page 32: Exam #3 W 4/7 in class (bring cheat sheet) before Exam #3: the nervous system, movement, and the immune system

Connections between bones and muscles

Page 33: Exam #3 W 4/7 in class (bring cheat sheet) before Exam #3: the nervous system, movement, and the immune system

Fig 50.32

Muscles can only contract. Therefore, two muscles are needed for each range of motion.

Page 34: Exam #3 W 4/7 in class (bring cheat sheet) before Exam #3: the nervous system, movement, and the immune system

2 nerve signals for every movement:excitatory and inhibitory

Fig 50.32

Page 35: Exam #3 W 4/7 in class (bring cheat sheet) before Exam #3: the nervous system, movement, and the immune system

How do muscles contract?

Page 36: Exam #3 W 4/7 in class (bring cheat sheet) before Exam #3: the nervous system, movement, and the immune system

You should watch these animations about neurons:

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YwN9aCobCy8

http://www.blackwellpublishing.com/matthews/actionp.html

http://www.blackwellpublishing.com/matthews/nmj.html

And this muscle contraction animation:

http://www.blackwellpublishing.com/matthews/myosin.html