Exam 1 - Lessons 1-9

Review Slides

Study Note

These slides are provided here to help you identify the key topics covered in the lectures. They will assist you in understanding the material but should not be your only review source.

Of equal importance are the slides leading up to these summaries. Study these preliminary slides will help you understand the context and importance of the “Buzzword” summary slides.

Another valuable review source is the study guide questions for each lesson. Some of the exam questions will come from these.

I wish you all the best of success!

Lesson 1

The Character of War

Definitions of War

war, n ., – organized, socially sanctioned armed violence employed by opposing groups against one another, normally for political, social or economic purposes.

John F. GuilmartinOhio State University

This will be our working definition

Definitions

Strategy

“Matching ends to means”

A plan to match resources to objectives

[basic definition]

Instruments of National Power

All the means that are available for employment in the pursuit of national objectives.

DoD

Instruments of National Power

Examples:

• Resolve (will)

• Information

• Military

• Economic

• Diplomatic

Instruments of National Power

Examples:

• Diplomatic

• Information

• Military

• Economic

• Resolve (will)

Levels of War

FM 3-0

Levels of War

Strategic: grand plan for war

Operational: getting the forces to the point of battle

Tactical: actually fighting the battle

Things You Need to Remember

Characteristics of “war”

Instruments of national power

Levels of war

Lesson 2

Begin With The End in Mind:Operation Desert Shield

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• The United States should not commit forces to combat overseas unless the particular engagement or occasion is deemed vital to our national interest or that of our allies . . . .

• If we decide it is necessary to put combat troops into a given situation, we should do so wholeheartedly and with the clear intention of winning . . . .

• If we do decide to commit forces to combat overseas, we should have clearly defined political and military objectives . . . .

• The relationship between our objectives and the forces we have committed -- their size, composition, and disposition -- must be continually reassessed and adjusted if necessary . . . .

• Before the United States commits combat forces abroad, there must be some reasonable assurance we will have the support of the American people and their elected representatives in Congress . . . .

• The commitment of US forces to combat should be a last resort.

Weinberger Doctrine

Reasons for Invasion

• Iraqi heavily indebted to Saudi Arabia & Kuwait as a result of Iran-Iraq War

• Kuwait’s disregard for OPEC oil production quotas severely impacted Iraqi economy

• Iraq did not accept Kuwaiti independence

• Iraq resented the restrictions on access to the sea imposed by Kuwaiti control of the mouth of the Euphrates River

• Iraq alleged Kuwait was drilling into its oil fields

Video

Guiding Principles of U.S. Policy

• The immediate, complete and unconditional withdrawal of of all Iraqi forces from Kuwait

National Security Directive 45US Policy in Response to the Iraqi Invasion of KuwaitAugust 20, 1990 15

• The restoration of Kuwait’s legitimate government to replace the puppet regime installed by Iraq

• A commitment to the security and stability of the Persian Gulf

• The protection of the lives of American citizens abroad

Operation Desert Shield

General Schwarzkopf’s

• Deploy fighting forces to defend Saudi Arabia?

16

With limited mobility resources, do you first:

• Deploy logistics infrastructure to prepare for a bigger fight?

or

dilemma:decision:

Deploy forces to defend Saudi Arabia

… and very aggressively!

Timeline of Events

• Iraq invades Kuwait, Aug. 2, 1990

• Operation Desert Shield begins, Aug. 7

• Operation Desert Storm air war phase begins, 3 a.m., Jan. 17, 1991 (Jan. 16, 7 p.m. EST)

• First call-up of Selected Reservists to active duty for 90 days, by executive order, Aug. 22

• NSD 54, Responding to Iraqi Aggression in the Gulf, authorized the use of military force, Jan. 15

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Lesson 3

Begin With The End in Mind:Operation Desert Storm

18

Timeline of Events

• President Bush authorizes the call-up of up to 1 million National Guardsmen and Reservist for up to two years, Jan. 18.

• DoD announces deployment of Europe-based Patriot missiles and crews to Israel, Jan. 19.

• Patriot missile first successful intercept of Scud claimed over Dhahran, Saudi Arabia, Jan. 17.

• Iraq creates massive oil slick in gulf, Jan. 25.

• Iraqis ignite estimate 700 oil wells in Kuwait, Feb. 23. • Allied ground assault begins, 4 a.m., Feb 24

(Feb. 23, 8 p.m. Eastern time).

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Controversy

Why did we not go on to Baghdad?

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Lesson 4

The Emergence of Total War

21

Total War

French Revolutionary Wars 1792-1802

Total war: one in which the whole population and all the resources of the combatants are committed to complete victory

22

• Levée en Masse - 1793

• “Nation in arms”

Total War

… and thus become legitimate military targets ...

Total war: one in which the whole population and all the resources of the combatants are committed to complete victory

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U.S. Civil War• Sheridan’s Shenandoah Valley Campaign - 1864-65

• Atlanta - 1864

• Sherman’s Georgia Campaign - 1864

1861-1865

Total War

… and thus become legitimate military targets ...

Total war: one in which the whole population and all the resources of the combatants are committed to complete victory

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… and the laws of warfare are ignored.

20th Century Wars• Aerial Bombardment • Submarine Warfare

• WMD

Total War

… and thus become legitimate military targets ...

Total war: one in which the whole population and all the resources of the combatants are committed to complete victory

Hugh BichenoOxford Companion to Military History 25

… and the laws of warfare are ignored.

Military Revolutions Late 19th Century

Land Warfare Revolution

All the significant weapons of World War I were in place:

• Breech loading rifled artillery

• Machine gun

• Full power rifle• All big-gun battleship

• Submarine

Naval Revolution

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Lesson 5

World War I:The Lights Go Out Across Europe

Causes of WW I

Nationalism

Militarism

Interlocking Alliances

28

Alliances

1839: Treaty of London (Britain guaranteed Belgian neutrality)1879: Dual Alliance (Germany & Austria-Hungary)1882: Triple Alliance (Germany, Austria-Hungary, Italy)

1894: Dual Entente (France, Russia)1904: Entente Cordiale (France, Britain)1907: Triple Entente (France, Britain, Russia) 29

• secret pact

Alliances of 1914

Triple Alliance

Germany, Austria-Hungary, Italy

Triple Entente

France, Britain, Russia

• Italy did not go to war in 1914

• Germany - Austria-Hungary Central Powers

• Became core of the Allied Powers 30

Major PowerStrategic Goals

France Revanche (revenge)

Germany “Place in the sun”

Austro-Hungary Expand into Balkans

Russia Re-establish itself after 1905 defeat

Expand into Balkans

Great Britain Maintain European balance of power

Natural Frontiers

31

The Plans

German Schlieffen Plan (1905)

Designed to avoid a two-front war

"When you march into France, let the last manon the right brush the Channel with his sleeve"

German Field Marshal Alfred von Schlieffen

Bold envelopment through Belgium

Assumptions:

• Britain would not support Belgium

• Belgium would not resist

• Quick, decisive victory (short war)

• Russia would be slow to mobilize • six weeks or more

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The Plans

German Schlieffen Plan (1905)

Modified by von Moltke the Younger

“Keep the right strong”

Alleged to be von Schlieffen’s dying words, 1913

German “Schlieffen Plan” (1906)

• Did not enter Holland

• Withheld 10 divisions in East Prussia

German army understrength in 1914

• Plan required 100 divisions

• Only 80 divisions available

“Keep the right strong”

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The Dominoes Fall

June 28 - Assassination in Sarajevo

July 23 - Austria sent ultimatum to Serbia

July 25 - Serbia accepted all but one condition

July 28 - Austria-Hungary declared war upon Serbia.

July 29 - The Russian army mobilized.

Aug 1 - Germany declared war on Russia.

Aug 3 - Germany declared war on France.

Aug 4 - Germany declared war on and invaded Belgium.

Aug 4 - Britain declared war upon Germany.

Aug 6 - Austria declared war on Russia.

Aug 12 - France and Britain declared war on Austria.

• Austrian Archduke Franz Ferdinand by Serb Nationalist

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Why Did the German Plan Fail?

Communications

Belgian resistance

Logistics

Op Tempo (fatigue)

Fog of War

No naval involvement in plan

Faulty assumptions

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Lesson 6

WW I: Tactics Technology & Attrition

Western Front

What caused the stalemate?

Machine gun

Heavy artillery

Inability to Innovate

Firepower

Outmoded Tactics

Breaking the Stalemate

What attempts were made to break the impasse?

Technology

• Poison gas

• Tank

• Light Machine Gun

Poison Gas

First used by the Germans (Ypres, April 1915)

• Initially chlorine gas

• Later mustard, phosgene

• Violated Geneva Conventions of 1899 and 1907

Total War: A war that is unrestricted in terms of the weapons used, the territory or combatants involved, or the objectives pursued, especially one in which the laws of war are disregarded.

US Military Dictionary

Tanks

First significant use at Cambrai (November 1917)

400+ tanks

Breakthrough achieved

but …

No exploitation !

Breaking the Stalemate

What attempts were made to break the impasse?

Technology

Tactics

• Strumtruppen (Stormtroopers)

Breaking the Stalemate

What attempts were made to break the impasse?

Technology

Strategy• Dardanelles Campaign ( Gallipoli )

Tactics

• Maritime Blockade

• Strategic Distraction

( both sides ) *

( Germany ) *

* Future Lessons

Lesson 7

WW I: 1916 – Attrition Warfare

The War in 1916

Battle of VerdunFeb - Dec 1916

• German attempt to force French capitulation by inflicting massive casualties *

• Targeted key position French could/would not surrender (Verdun)

* Controversial interpretation

• French generals had all but abandoned Verdun

• Preferred to defend in plains to west

• Politicians said “Hold at all cost!”

(Attrition Warfare)

Battle of Verdun21 February - 18 December 1916

Significance

German losses were more telling • Fighting two-front war

• Fighting alone on Western Front

Germany realized unrestricted submarine warfare might be the only hope for ending the war

The Battle of Verdun exhausted our forces like a wound that never heals.

Field Marshall Paul von Hindenburg

Germany’s Dilemma

Hindenburg realized Germany could not win the war

German chancellor, Bethmann, appointed Hindenburg in hope the field marshal would back peace

• Advocated unrestricted submarine warfare as only hope

Bethmann feared this would bring US into war

Hindenburg advocated strong defense

• Hoped to wear down, knock out one of the Allied Powers

Prestige of Hindenburg prevailed over chancellor

Von Hindenberg’s Strategy

Germany needed to drive Britain from the war to have any chance against France

Proposed to initiate unrestricted submarine warfare against Britain to starve population, weaken military

Realized this risked bringing US into the war

Gambled that Britain could be defeated (6-12 months) before US intervention would become effective

Built, then withdraw to strong defensive positions (Hindenberg Line) to hold along Western Front until sub blockade become effective

Review of the War

August 3, 1914 Germany invades Belgium; war begins

“Miracle of the Marne”; German invasion haltedSept 5-10, 1914

October 1914 Race to the Sea ends; Stalemate on Western Front

1915 Sea blockades established around UK and Germany

Feb 1915-Jan 1916 Dardanelles Campaign (Gallipoli)

Beginning of 1916 Germans accept futility of breakthrough on Western Front, adopt attrition strategy against French at Verdun

1

Lesson 8

WW I: 1917 Desperation & Anticipation -America Enters The War

The VictimsRMS Lusitania

May 7, 1915

Compared with daily casualty figures at the Front, the Lusitania fatalities were tiny. But world reaction to what had occurred off the Irish coast Friday 7 May 1915 was enormous.

Diane PrestonLusitania: An Epic Tragedy

Lost: 1,198 of 1,959 souls on board

Including 128 Americans, 49 children

Zimmerman Telegram

Sent by German Foreign Secretary, Arthur Zimmerman

• To Embassy in Washington, January 16, 1917

Ambassador forwarded to Embassy in Mexico

British intercepted message, passed to US

Publication of message enflamed US!

Timetable to War

May 7, 1915

Mar 15, 1916

Dec 1916

Jan 22, 1917

Feb 1, 1917

Feb 3, 1917

Feb 24, 1917

Lusitania sunk

Army Reorganization Act

Wilson begins peace initiative

Wilson calls for peace without victory

Germany resumes unrestricted sub warfare

US breaks relations with German

Zimmerman Telegram revealed

Wilson asks for war declarationApr 2, 1917

Grand Strategy 101

Why did Great Britain go to war in 1914?

Maintain European balance of power(Lesson 5)

1917: Britain, France on the ropes

Russia in revolution, almost out of the war

Germany poised to knock Britain out of the war w/ subs

US chose to pursue British objective: maintain balanceWhat should the US do?

Why Did The US Enter the War?

Unrestricted Submarine Warfare

The Zimmerman Telegram

Make the World Safe for Democracy

American “Non-Neutrality”

American Frustration

Protect US Economic Interests

Maintain European Balance of Power

Propaganda

Committee for Public Information

(Creel Commission)

Goal: To create "a passionate belief in the justice of America's cause that would weld the American people into one white hot mass instinct with fraternity, devotion, courage and deathless determination."

Public InformationBuilding Support

George Creel, 1920

Wilson’s 14 PointsJanuary 8, 1918

A statement of U.S. war objectives

… the first by any of the warring powers

Wilson’s 14 PointsJanuary 8, 1918

I. Open covenants of peace, openly arrived at II. Absolute freedom of navigation upon the seas III. Establishment of an equality of trade conditions IV. National armaments will be reduced V. Impartial adjustment of all colonial claims VI. Evacuation of all Russian territory VII. Belgium must be evacuated and restored VIII. All French territory should be freed and the invaded portions restored IX. Readjustment of the frontiers of ItalyX. Peoples of Austria-Hungary should be accorded opportunity of

autonomous development XI. Rumania, Serbia, and Montenegro are restoredXII. Turkish portions of Ottoman Empire should be assured sovereignty XIII. An independent Polish state should be erected XIV. A general association of nations must be formed

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Lesson 8

World War I: End of the War,Seeds of the Next

59

Treaty of Brest-LitovskMarch 3, 1918

Ended war between Russia & Central Powers

Russia ceded large territory to GermanyMost significant:

One million German troops

released to Western Front

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Western Front 1917-1918

German Spring Offensive March 21 - July 18, 1918Ludendorff Offensive or Kaiserschlacht

Spring Offensive

~500,000 US troops in France by March 1918

… and increasing by 300,000/month

Last ditch effort by Germany

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Western Front 1917-1918

Final Allied Offensive Aug-Nov 1918

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Armistice

Armistice signed at Compiègne – November 11, 1918

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Seeds of the Next War

Versailles Treaty

Influences on World War II

Lessons of World War I

Great Depression

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Treaty of Versailles

Extremely harsh conditions

• Significant territorial concessions

• Huge reparations

• Severe limitations on military

• German admission of responsibility for war

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What Would Weinberger Do?

How would US decision to enter World War I have stood up against the test of the Weinberger Doctrine?

Vital to our national interest?

Clear intent to win?

Clearly defined political & military objectives?

Objectives, forces committed continuously reassessed?

Support of the American people?

Last resort?

World War I: Chronology

Phases of World War I

1914 - Maneuver and Frustration

1915 - Search for New Solutions

1916 - Attrition

1917 - Desperation and Anticipation

1918 - Dénouement

Review of the War

August 3, 1914 Germany invades Belgium; war begins

“Miracle of the Marne”; German invasion haltedSept 5-10, 1914

October 1914 Race to the Sea ends; Stalemate on Western Front

1915 Sea blockades established around UK and Germany

Feb 1915-Jan 1916 Dardanelles Campaign (Gallipoli)

1916 Germans accept futility of breakthrough on Western Front, adopt attrition strategy against French at Verdun

1

Review of the War

Battle of Verdun (German Offensive)Feb - Dec 1916

Battle of the Somme (Allied Offensive)Jul - Nov 1916

German decision for unrestricted sub warfare1 Feb 1917

Germans withdraw to Hindenburg LineMar 1917

US declares war on Germany6 April 1917

Zimmerman Telegram revealed24 Feb 1917

2

Review of the War

First American troops arrive in FranceJune 1917

Germans Spring Offensive

3 Mar 1918 Treaty of Brest-Litovsk (Russia out of the war)

21 Mar - 18 Jul 1918

Armistice11 Nov 1918

Allies’ Hundred Days Offensive8 Aug - 11 Nov 1918

3

28 Jun 1919 Treaty of Versailles signed

Interwar Revolutions1920’s – ’30’s

Perfected concepts introduced in WW I• Mechanized warfare

• Aerial warfare

• Carrier aviation

• Amphibious warfare

• Radio-based command & control

Proliferation of new organizations• Armored divisions,

• Carrier battle groups

• Strategic bombardment wings

End