ex.12 flagellates

8/3/2019 Ex.12 Flagellates

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/ex12-flagellates 1/49

Submitted by:Group 6

MT 3B



The flagellates belong to the Magistophoraand possess more than one flagellum

Cytosome helps in the identification of thespecies

They can swim

inhabit the reproductive tract, alimentarycanal, tissue sites and also the blood stream,

lymph vessels and cerebrospinal canal



Intestinal tract◦ Giardia lamblia

◦ Dientamoeba fragilis

◦ Chilomastix mesnili

◦ Trichomonas hominis◦ Retortamonas intestinalis and

◦ Enteromonas hominis



Enumerate common flagellates that infecthuman

Examine their distingushing characteristicsunder the microscope

Describe the pathology caused by theseflagellates

Illustrate their life cycle



Materials ◦ Prepared slides

◦ Microscope

Procedure ◦ Examine thoroughly the prepared slides under

the microscope



more common in warm climates thantemporal climates

most common flagellate of the intestinaltract, causing Giardiasis

Humans are the only important reservoir of the infection

The infection is most common in parts of the

world where sanitation is at its lowest.



Giardiasis is an infection of the upper smallbowel, which may cause diarrhoea.Only Giardia spreads disease.



flattened pear shaped 15mm long, 9mm wide and 3m m thick

When stained, the trophozoite is seen to have

2 nuclei, 2 slender median rods (axostyles),and 8 flagella arising from the anterior end

described as looking like tennis racketswithout the handle

“Old man with eyeglasses”



The movement is tumbling leaf motility usingtheir 4 pairs of flagella for locomotion.

attach to the surface of the jejunal orduodenal mucosa by their disc-like suckers

multiply in the gut by binary fission



8 - 12 m m in length ellipsoid in shape

contain 4 nuclei

Longitudinal fibrils consisting of the remainsof axonemes and parabasal bodies

Cysts may appear to shrink from the cellwall.

The cysts are infective as soon as they arepassed



amoeba-flagellate with a cosmopolitandistribution



relatively small, varying from 3 - 22 m m indiameter

only trophozoite stage

in a permanently stained preparation, one,two or rarely three nuclei can be seen

The nuclear chromatin is usually fragmentedinto three to five granules



no peripheral chromatin on the nuclearmembrane

cytoplasm is usually vacuolated and maycontain ingested debris as well as some largeuniform granules

cytoplasm can also appear uniform and cleanwith a few inclusions

live in the lumen of the caecum and uppercolon



non-pathogenic although it has beenassociated with diarrhoeic stools

It is the most commonly found flagellate nextto G. lamblia and D. fragilis

Found in a wide host range including non-human primates, cats, dogs and variousrodents.



Does not have a cystic stage. 5-15m m in length by 7-10m m in width

Pyriform shape

Has an axostyle which runs from the nucleusdown the centre of the body and extendsfrom the end of the body



Possess an undulating membrane whichextends the entire length of the body andprojects from the body like a free flagellum

The characteristic number of flagella is five

single nucleus at the anterior end

Trichomonads swim with a characteristicwobbly movement, which makes them

unmistakable during diagnosis.



Found more frequently in warm climates Non-pathogenic although the trophozoite

has been associated with diarrheic stool

Largest flagellate found in man with anincidence of 1-10% being in the largeintestine.



pear shaped 6-20m m inlength

Has 1 large nucleus with asmall karyosome

3 flagella that extend fromthe nucleus at the anteriorend of the parasite

distinct oral groove orcytosome can be seen near

the nucleus with its sidesbeing supported by twofilaments

known to move in adirectional manner.



6-9 mm, they have a largesingle nucleus with a largekaryosome

prominent side knob giving it acharacteristic lemon shape

The cytosome is evident with acurved shepherds crook fibril

characteristically coiledfilament which when stained isdarker in colour.



small flagellate and is rarely encountered inman. It is found in both warm and temperateclimates and is considered to be non-pathogenic.



oval and 4-10m m inlength

4 flagella, 3 anterior

flagella and one adheres tothe body ending in a tail,producing a jerkyrotational movement

one nucleus with a largekaryosome that is evidentin a stained preparation.



oval and range between 6-8m m in length have up to 4 nuclei with a bipolar tendency



small flagellate and is rarely encountered Found in both warm and temperate climates

and is considered to be non-pathogenic



small, measuring between 4and 9mm

movement is jerky androtational

has 2 anterior flagella prominent cytosome that

can be seen in an unstainedpreparation.

It has a relatively largenucleus at the anterior endwith a small compactkaryosome.



small and pear shaped

They range in sizebetween 4-7mm with 1

large nucleus frequentlynear the centre

The fibril arrangementfrom the nucleus is

suggestive of a bird’sbeak



minute, actively motile, fusiform protozoa flattened from side to side. The long, sinous body has a tapering anterior

and a blunt posterior end

consists of 5-9 striated parallel microtubules in acytoplasmic sheath projects from the anteriorend after passing along the margin of theundulating membrane, a way fold of the periplaston the convex border of the trypanosome

A large oval nucleus, which as a centralkaryosome, is situated toward the middle of thebody

Near the posterior end there is kinetoplast,consisting of a compact array of DNA fibrils inthe mitochondrial matrix.



1. Trypanosoma brucei gambiense andTrypanosoma brucei rhodesiense cause African Trypanosomiasis in

humans. The disease is alsoknown as sleeping sickness. Theparasites are closely related andbelong to the Trypanosoma bruceigroup, or complex. T. bruceibelongs to the salivarian group of trypanosomes which develop mid

gut in the vector and transmissionis by inoculation when the vectorfeeds. The vector is the Tse-Tsefly.



2. Trypanosoma cruzi causes American

trypanosomiasis, orChagas disease (Carlos

Chagas 1907). T. cruzibelongs to the stercorariangroup of trypanosomeswhich develop in thehindgut of the vector and

transmission is by faecalcontamination after thevector bites. The vector isthe Reduvid bug.



haemoflagellates i.e. actively motileflagellated parasites that live in the blood andlymph.

The single flagellum arises from the

Kinetoplast which is situated posterior to thenucleus. TRYPOMASTIGOTE - The flagellate in humans

with the kinetoplast positioned posterior to

the nucleus AMASTIGOTE - on flagellate form found in

tissue cells and this intracellular form



African trypanosomiasis is a wasting disease which is usuallyfatal unless treated. In the early stages of the disease there is a high irregular fever

with shivering, sweating and an increased pulse rate. The lymphglands near the bite often become swollen, gambiense theglands at the back of the neck and rhodesiense usually theglands under the jaw are affected. Enlarged spleen oedema of

the eyelids, face and sleeplessness are features as the diseaseprogresses.

In the late stages of the disease the trypanosomes invade theCNS giving symptoms of meningoencephalitis, mental dullness,apathy, excessive sleeping and incontinence. The CSF usuallycontains mononuclear cells and a few trypanosomes may bedetected. CSF protein is raised. If untreated, coma develops andfinally death. Such signs are more commonly seen withgambiense than in rhodesiense in which patients often diebefore these symptoms develop fully.



Many people infected with T. cruzi remain asymptomatic andfree from Chagas disease or experience only an acute infectionwithout progressing to the chronic stage.Multiplication of T.cruzi at the site of infection can produce an inflamed swelling(chagoma) - persists for weeks. If in the eye then the conjunctivabecomes inflamed (Romana's sign). In the acute stage of infection trypomastigotes can be found in the blood.

Symptoms may pass unnoticed, there may be fever, malaiseincreased pulse rate and enlargement of lymph glands, liver andpossibly spleen. Blood films often resemble glandular fever. Theacute form is most often seen in young children and occasionallycan cause serious damage to the heart and other complicationsleading to death.Chronic manifestations include signs of cardiacmuscle damage with a weak and irregular heartbeat, oedema and

heart enlargement leading to heart failure. About 10% of personsinfected with T. cruzi develop chronic Chagas cardiopathy.



flagellates that occur as intracellular amastigotesin vertebrate hosts and as flagellatepromastigotes in invertebrate hosts and incultures

small, oval, intracellular organism, 2-5 u x 1-3 u found within phagocytic vacuoles of

macrophages and other mononuclearphagocytes. In this form the most conspicuous

basophilic staining structures are the nucleusand a rod-shaped kinetoplast.



Leishmania 's promastigote form (found inthe vector) is similar to the amastigote, butpossesses a prominent flagella.

The surface membrane has binding site

molecules such as glycoproteins, and manosereceptors have also been detected

Leishmania' s amastigote form (found in thecells of the vertebrate host) is spherical and iscontained within a parasitophorus vacuolewithin a macrophage.



prominent nucleus and kinetoplast, and thevacuolated cytoplasm contains lysosomes. Theouter membrane has a polysaccharidecomponent but there is no surface coat.

Once inside the host cell, able to protect itself from powerful host immunities by using severalunique defense mechanisms, including its rapidcell division.

heterotophic organism whose prominent flagella

may allow it to puncture host cells, allowing thepromastigote to consume nutrients and obtainenergy from the cell sap.



Leishmania donovani -normally infects mainlymacrophages of internal organs,particularly the spleenand liver - Visceralleishmaniasis



Leishmania major -normally infectsmainly macrophages inthe skin - Cutaneousleishmaniasis



Leishmaniabraziliensis - infectsmacrophages mainlyaround nose andmouth - Mucocutaneousleishmaniasis



Q: What is the reservoir host of B. coli?

A: Balantidium coli is cosmopolitan parasitic – opportunistic pathogen that can be foundthroughout the world. Pigs are its reservoirhosts and humans become infected throughdirect or indirect contact with the pigs.



Q: Compare the pathology caused by B. coli and E. histolytica.

A: The lesions produced by E. histolytica are primarily intestinaland secondarily extra intestinal. The intestinal lesions areconfined to the large intestine. The most frequent primary sitesare the cecal and sigmoidrectal regions where the colonic flow isslow. Less frequently, the site is the ascending colon, rectum,sigmoid or appendix. Extra intestinal invasion may occur inpatients with clinical dysentery or those with mild or latentinfections.

In Balantidium coli, the mucosa and the sub mucosa of the largeintestine are invaded and destroyed by multiplying organisms.All degrees of severity from simple catarrhal hyperemia to

marked ulceration occur. Histologic sections show hemorrhageareas, round cell infiltration, abscess, necrotic ulcers andinvading parasites, the predominating reaction beingmononuclear unless secondary bacterial invasion is present.



Q: Give laboratory methods employed forBalantidium coli identification.



Flagellate Hyperpigmentation due to Bleomycin◦ Flagellate hyperpigmentation is a well-documented cutaneouscomplication following bleomycin sulfate therapy. The rate of incidencemay be as high as 20%.

◦ Bleomycin is a glycopeptide antibiotic derived from Streptomyces verticillus . In low doses, the antineoplastic properties are achieved byinhibition of mitosis. At higher concentrations, bleomycin is cytostatic by

blocking DNA uptake of thymidine in the S-phase of the cell cycle. It isdegraded by a specific hydrolase found in various normal tissues,including liver. Hydrolase activity is low in skin and lung, perhapscontributing to the serious toxicity at those sites. Bleomycin is commonlyused for chemical pleurodesis, the treatment of cutaneous warts, and thetreatment of a variety of cancers.



Basic Clinical Parasitology by Franklin Neva andHarold Brown http://www.soton.ac.uk/~ceb/Diagnosis/Vol3.ht

m http://www.btinternet.com/~ukneqas.parasitolog

yscheme/Blood_Scheme/Teaching_Information/Trypanosomes/trypanosomes.html http://www.abstractphilly.org/?p=400 http://sama-sd.org/sama-e-clinic/image-

16/answer

http://www.soton.ac.uk/~ceb/Diagnosis/Vol3.htm


http://www.btinternet.com/~ukneqas.parasitologyscheme/Blood_Scheme/Teaching_Information/Trypanosomes/trypanosomes.html




http://www.abstractphilly.org/?p=400


http://sama-sd.org/sama-e-clinic/image-16/answer



















ex.12 flagellates

Documents