ex. 11 & 13
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Ex. 11 & 13. The Appendicular Skeleton, Articulations and Movement. Important figures & quiz knowledge. All figures and tables are important to know & understand Don’t forget: next week is the practical exam Practical review: Friday, 10/2 SC 115 2-5 PM - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
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Ex. 11 & 13
The Appendicular Skeleton, Articulations
and Movement
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Important figures & quiz knowledge
• All figures and tables are important to know & understand
• Don’t forget: next week is the practical exam– Practical review:• Friday, 10/2• SC 115• 2-5 PM• 3 classes overlapping (I will be going back and forth)
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Appendicular skeleton: 126 bones• 64 bones in upper limbs and pectoral girdle
– Shoulder girdle functional aspects• Attachment of the upper limbs to the axial skeleton• Attachment points for many trunk and neck muscles
– Clavicle/ collarbone – sternal end attaches to sternal manubrium. (Figure 11.2, p147)– Acromial end - articulates with scapula & holds arm away from the top of the thorax
– Scapulae/ shoulder blades – have no directs attachment to the axial skeleton but is loosely held in place by the trunk muscles. (Figure 11.2, p147)• Spine - deltoid muscle attachment• Acromion process – connects with the clavicle• Coracoid process – serves as attachment point for some of the upper limb muscles• Glenoid cavity – a shallow socket that receives the head of the arm bone – humerus
– The Arm• Humerus – long bone. (Figure 11.3, p148)
– Head – fits into the shallow glenoid cavity of the scapula– Greater and lesser tubercles - attachemnt for biceps muscles
– The Forearm (Figure 11.4, page 149)• Radius - lateral bone of the forearm • Ulna - medial bone of the forearm
– Radial notch – articulates with the head of the radius– The Hand – manus (Figure 11.5, page 150)
• Three groups of bones: – Carpus – wrist. 8 carpal bones– Metacarpals – palm: numbered 1 to 5 from the thumb. – Phalanges – fingers: numbered 1 to 5 from the thumb
» 14 bones» Each finger contains three phalanges except for the thumb which has only two
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Appendicular skeleton: 126 bones• 62 bones in lower limbs and pelvic girdle
– The Pelvic (Hip) Girdle (Figure 11.6, pages 151-2)• Formed by two coxal bones (2 fused bones)
– Bones are heavy and massive, and attach securely to the axial skeleton– Sockets for the heads of the femurs (thigh bones) are deep and heavily reinforced by ligaments to ensure a stable, strong attachment– Ability to bear weight is more important than mobility and flexibility– Combined weight of the upper body rests on the pelvis– Each coxal bone is a result of the fusion of three bones:
» Ilium – large flaring bone» Ischium – “sit – down” bone» Pubis - anterior poertion of the coxal bone» All three bones fuse at the deep hemispherical socket – acetabulum, which receives the head of the thigh bone
• Comparison of the Male and Female Pelves (Table 11.1, page 153)– Bones of males: usually larger, heavier, and have more prominent bone markings– Female pelvis reflects modifications for childbearing
» Wider, shallower, lighter, and rounder– The Leg (Figure 11.8, page 155)
• Tibia - larger & medial bone• Fibula - parallel to the tibia
– The Foot (Figure 11.9, page 156)• 7 tarsal bones, 5 metatarsals (instep), 14 phalanges (toes)
– Body weight is concentrated on two largest tarsals– Calcaneus - heel bone– Talus – b/n tibia and calcaneus
• Each toe has three phalanges except the great toe, which has two• The Arches• The foot has two important functions: weight bearing and propulsion. These functions require a high degree of stability
and flexibility– The foot has three arches
» Medial longitudinal arch is the highest and most important of the three arches. It is composed of the calcaneus, talus, navicular, cuneiforms, and the first three metatarsals
» Lateral longitudinal arch is lower and flatter than the medial arch. It is composed of the calcaneus, cuboid, and the fourth and fifth metatarsal
» Transverse arch is composed of the cuneiforms, the cuboid, and the five metatarsal bases– Arches are maintained by the shapes of the bones as well as by ligaments and tendons
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Articulations• Articulations – joints, bone – bone contact– Function:• Hold bones together• Allow flexibility so that body movements can occur
– Functional classification (based on amount of movement) (p. 170, Fig 13.1)• Synarthroses – immovable joints, ex.: sutures in the axial
skeleton• Amphiarthroses – slightly movable joints, ex.: vertebral
disc, in the axial skeleton• Diarthroses – freely movable joints, ex.: synovial joints in
the limbs
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Structural classifications (based connective tissue type
• Fibrous joint – joined by fibrous c.t., little or no movement– Suture – edges of bone interlock (ex.: skull)– Syndesmoses – bones connected by short ligaments (ex.:
between distal ends of tibia and fibula)• Cartilaginous joint – articulating bone ends joined by
cartilage plate or pad, slightly movable– Symphysis – fibrocartilage (ex.: pubic symphysis)– Synchondrosis – hyaline cartilage (ex.: epiphyseal plate)
• Synovial joint – joined by joint cavity containing synovial fluid, freely movable (p. 171, Fig 13.2)
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Subclassifications of synovial joints• Based on # of axes, joint shape, & allowable motion type• Classification of synovial joints by shape of joint, and type of motion allowed (p.172; 13.3):
– Plane/gliding joint: the wrist• Bone surfaces slide across each other, allowing a wide range of movements
– Hinge joint: elbow and ankles• Allow for flexion and extension
– Pivot joint: the skull on its spinal axis• Movement is limited to rotation
– Condyloid/ Ellipsoid joint: structurally similar to a ball and socket joint but without rotation– Saddle joint: the thumb
• Bone surfaces are concave, allowing movement in all direction but only limited rotation– Ball and Socket joint: the rounded head of one bone fits into a socket-like cavity of another, such as the hip
and shoulder joints• Allow free rotation
• Classification of synovial joints by the number of axes– Nonaxial joint - movement tends to be linear rather than angular
• Joint surfaces flat and glide over one another instead of around– ex.: carpal bones
– Uniaxial joint - movement in one plane around one axis• Move like a door hinge• ex.: elbow joint and interphalangeal joints of hand and foot• Pivot joint - bone pivots around another bone
– ex.: radius pivots around stationary ulnar, also atlantoaxial joint C1 (atlas) pivots around stationary C2(axis) on the odontoid process– Biaxial joint - motion occurs in two different axis in two planes
• Condyloid (ellipsoidal) –metacarpophalangeal joints of fingers or toes• Saddle – carpometacarpal joints at thumb
– Triaxial/ multiaxial joint - motion in all three axes• ex.: ball and socket - hip and shoulder• More motion than any other type of joint
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Movements of synovial joints• Flexion
– Sagittal plane– Decreases joint angle & distance betw. articulated bones
• Extension– Opp. flexion– Increases joint angle & distance betw. bones
• Abduction– Frontal plane– Movement of limb away from midline or median plane
• Adduction– Opp. abduction– Movement toward midline or median plane
• Rotation– Movement of bone around its own logitudinal axis w/o lateral or medial displacement
• Circumduction: combination of previously listed movements (except rotation)• Pronation: movement of palm from anterior or superior position to a posterior or inferior
position• Supination: opp. of pronation• Inversion: medial turning of sole of foot• Eversion: opp. of inversion• Dorsiflextion: movement of ankle joint dorsally• Plantar flexion: movement of ankle joint ventrally