evolving spatial economy of asia-pacific and growth strategy · 2015-07-14 · rieti world klems...

50
Masahisa Fujita RIETI/Konan University/Kyoto University RIETI World KLEMS Symposium “Growth Strategy after the World Financial Crisis” 2014 May 20, JP Tower & Conference, Tokyo

Upload: others

Post on 11-Jul-2020

0 views

Category:

Documents


0 download

TRANSCRIPT

Page 1: Evolving Spatial Economy of Asia-Pacific and Growth Strategy · 2015-07-14 · RIETI World KLEMS Symposium “Growth Strategy after the World Financial Crisis ” 2014 ... IMF World

Masahisa FujitaRIETI/Konan University/Kyoto University

RIETI World KLEMS Symposium“Growth Strategy after the World Financial Crisis”

2014 May 20, JP Tower & Conference, Tokyo

Page 2: Evolving Spatial Economy of Asia-Pacific and Growth Strategy · 2015-07-14 · RIETI World KLEMS Symposium “Growth Strategy after the World Financial Crisis ” 2014 ... IMF World

1. Introduction: The Three Priority Viewpoints of RIETI

In the face of rapid globalization, technological changes, and decreasing and aging population,

i. how to incorporate the growth of the world economy?

ii. how to develop new growth areas?

iii. how to create new economic and social systems for sustainable growth? 

i ii  iii enhancing the productivity and vitality of the Japanese economy and society in the long‐run

Supporting the “Third Arrow” of “Abenomics” in the long‐run

2

Page 3: Evolving Spatial Economy of Asia-Pacific and Growth Strategy · 2015-07-14 · RIETI World KLEMS Symposium “Growth Strategy after the World Financial Crisis ” 2014 ... IMF World

2. The evolution of the global economy in the recent past: from the viewpoint of spatial economics

Rapid Progress in ICT and Transport Technologytogether with the promotion of free trade through WTO・FTAs・EPAs

Local Agglomerationof 

production  consumption R&D

Globalization of production・trade・investment

and finance

A Complex, Networked WorldEfficient and growth‐enhancing under normal conditions

butVulnerable to major local disasters / shocks

dense networks

3

Page 4: Evolving Spatial Economy of Asia-Pacific and Growth Strategy · 2015-07-14 · RIETI World KLEMS Symposium “Growth Strategy after the World Financial Crisis ” 2014 ... IMF World

World GDP and Trade

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

16

0

10

20

30

40

50

601970

1972

1974

1976

1978

1980

1982

1984

1986

1988

1990

1992

1994

1996

1998

2000

2002

2004

2006

2008

2010

2012

World GDPWorld Trade (Right scale)

Source: UN National Accounts Statistics Database and WTO Time Series on International Trade

(2005 price trillion dollar) 

GDP annual growth rate Trade annual growth rate 1970‐2000: 3.2% 1970‐2000:  5.6%2000‐2008: 3.0% 2000‐2008:  6.5%2008‐2009: ‐2.0% 2008‐2009: ‐5.1%2009‐2012: 3.9%  2009‐2012:  8.8% 

GDP Trade

4

Page 5: Evolving Spatial Economy of Asia-Pacific and Growth Strategy · 2015-07-14 · RIETI World KLEMS Symposium “Growth Strategy after the World Financial Crisis ” 2014 ... IMF World

ICT revolutionTT developmentWTO / FTAs / EPAs

major reductionin

“transport costs”

more even distributionof

economic activity on earth ?

common sense

the prediction of spatial economic theory

only when transport costsbecome sufficiently low

majoragglomeration

“concentrateddispersion”

further reductionin

“transport costs”

utilizingscale economies

(home‐market effects)

Impact of Decreasing “Transport Costs”

5

Page 6: Evolving Spatial Economy of Asia-Pacific and Growth Strategy · 2015-07-14 · RIETI World KLEMS Symposium “Growth Strategy after the World Financial Crisis ” 2014 ... IMF World

Source: the Earth at night 2012, NASA Earth Observatory/NOAA NGDC  (http://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/Features/NightLights/)6

Page 7: Evolving Spatial Economy of Asia-Pacific and Growth Strategy · 2015-07-14 · RIETI World KLEMS Symposium “Growth Strategy after the World Financial Crisis ” 2014 ... IMF World

GDP shares in the world total:East Asia, EU, NAFTA 

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

80%

90%

0%

5%

10%

15%

20%

25%

30%

35%

40%

45%

50%1980

1982

1984

1986

1988

1990

1992

1994

1996

1998

2000

2002

2004

2006

2008

2010

2012

NAFTA

EU

East Asia

Three polars total (right scale)

Source: IMF World Economic Outlook database October 2013By courtesy of Professor Nobuaki Hamaguchi

7

East Asia = ASEAN‐10 plus China, South Korea, Japan, Taiwan and Hong Kong

Page 8: Evolving Spatial Economy of Asia-Pacific and Growth Strategy · 2015-07-14 · RIETI World KLEMS Symposium “Growth Strategy after the World Financial Crisis ” 2014 ... IMF World

GDP shares within East Asia

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

80%1980

1982

1984

1986

1988

1990

1992

1994

1996

1998

2000

2002

2004

2006

2008

2010

2012

Japan

the Rest

China

China

Japan

the Rest

Source: IMF World Economic Outlook database October 2013By courtesy of Professor Nobuaki Hamaguchi 8

Page 9: Evolving Spatial Economy of Asia-Pacific and Growth Strategy · 2015-07-14 · RIETI World KLEMS Symposium “Growth Strategy after the World Financial Crisis ” 2014 ... IMF World

Income divergence / convergence in East Asia

0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1

1.2

1.4

1.61950

1953

1956

1959

1962

1965

1968

1971

1974

1977

1980

1983

1986

1989

1992

1995

1998

2001

2004

2007

2010

(Source) Penn World Table Version 8.0  By courtesy of Professor Nobuaki Hamaguchi

GDP per capita at 2005 price US$, Japan=1

Singapore

Hong Kong

Japan=1

TaiwanKorea

MalaysiaThailand

China

Lao PDRVietnam

Philippines

Phase 1 Phase 2 Phase 3

9

Page 10: Evolving Spatial Economy of Asia-Pacific and Growth Strategy · 2015-07-14 · RIETI World KLEMS Symposium “Growth Strategy after the World Financial Crisis ” 2014 ... IMF World

Share of intra‐regional trade in each region

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%1980

1982

1984

1986

1988

1990

1992

1994

1996

1998

2000

2002

2004

2006

2008

2010

2012

EU27

EU15

NAFTA

East Asia

North‐East AsiaASEAN

Source: RIETI‐TID By courtesy of Professor Nobuaki Hamaguchi 10

Page 11: Evolving Spatial Economy of Asia-Pacific and Growth Strategy · 2015-07-14 · RIETI World KLEMS Symposium “Growth Strategy after the World Financial Crisis ” 2014 ... IMF World

Consumption Goods

Intermediate Goods

Asia

USA USAAsia

International Trade Structure (2006)

Source: 2008 White Paper on International Economy and Trade

3. Is Asia still the World Factory?

11

Page 12: Evolving Spatial Economy of Asia-Pacific and Growth Strategy · 2015-07-14 · RIETI World KLEMS Symposium “Growth Strategy after the World Financial Crisis ” 2014 ... IMF World

Trade between the US and East Asia

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

800

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

2000

2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

2012

2013

(billion US dollars)

Figure 1.  The Value of US Exports to China and East Asia and China’s and East Asia’s Exports to the US.Source: US Census Bureau.Note: East Asia includes China, Japan, Indonesia, Malaysia, the Philippines, Singapore, South Korea, Taiwan, and Thailand.(Figure made by Dr. Willem Thorbecke at RIETI)

East Asia’s Exports to the US

China’s Exports to the US

US Exports to East Asia

US Exports to China

12

Page 13: Evolving Spatial Economy of Asia-Pacific and Growth Strategy · 2015-07-14 · RIETI World KLEMS Symposium “Growth Strategy after the World Financial Crisis ” 2014 ... IMF World

US Trade Deficit

0

100

200

300

400

500

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

2000

2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

2012

2013

(billion US dollars)

Trade Deficit with East Asia

Trade Deficit with China

Trade Deficit withnon‐East Asian Countries

Figure 2. US Trade Deficit with China, East Asia, and non‐East Asian Countries.Source: US Census Bureau.Note: East Asia includes China, Japan, Indonesia, Malaysia, the Philippines, Singapore, South Korea, Taiwan, and Thailand.(Figure made by Dr. Willem Thorbecke at RIETI) 13

Page 14: Evolving Spatial Economy of Asia-Pacific and Growth Strategy · 2015-07-14 · RIETI World KLEMS Symposium “Growth Strategy after the World Financial Crisis ” 2014 ... IMF World

Sendai

Bangkok

Tohoku

East Asia today: the World Factory based on supply chain networks centered around 

dozens of major cities and industrial agglomerations

14

Page 15: Evolving Spatial Economy of Asia-Pacific and Growth Strategy · 2015-07-14 · RIETI World KLEMS Symposium “Growth Strategy after the World Financial Crisis ” 2014 ... IMF World

Agglomeration through snowball effectsExample: auto/electric machinery industry

auto / electric machinery

cars/appliancesDomestic

Overseas

labor capital

key partsmaterials

Domestic

Overseas

Key factors for agglomeration: scale economies and low transport‐cost

partsmaterials

set makers

suppliers of parts and materials

15

Page 16: Evolving Spatial Economy of Asia-Pacific and Growth Strategy · 2015-07-14 · RIETI World KLEMS Symposium “Growth Strategy after the World Financial Crisis ” 2014 ... IMF World

World parts and components trade shares by region 

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

80%

90%

100%19

80

1982

1984

1986

1988

1990

1992

1994

1996

1998

2000

2002

2004

2006

2008

2010

2012

Source: RIETI‐TID          ROW: Rest of the World         By courtesy of Prof. Nobuaki Hamaguchi

IntraRegionalto the ROW

IntraRegional

to the ROW

IntraRegional

to the ROW

NAFTA

EU

EastAsia

16

Page 17: Evolving Spatial Economy of Asia-Pacific and Growth Strategy · 2015-07-14 · RIETI World KLEMS Symposium “Growth Strategy after the World Financial Crisis ” 2014 ... IMF World

0

5,000,000

10,000,000

15,000,000

20,000,000

25,000,000

2000

2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

2012

2013

Source: OICA

Automobile production by area (All types)

4. Auto Industry: global supply chain and its vulnerability

Europe

China

South America

NAFTAJapan + Korea

ASEANSouth Asia

17

Page 18: Evolving Spatial Economy of Asia-Pacific and Growth Strategy · 2015-07-14 · RIETI World KLEMS Symposium “Growth Strategy after the World Financial Crisis ” 2014 ... IMF World

Automobile production in ASEAN

0

500,000

1,000,000

1,500,000

2,000,000

2,500,000

1997

1998

1999

2000

2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

2012

2013

Source: OICA

Thailand

Indonesia

Malaysia

PhilippinesVietnam

18

Page 19: Evolving Spatial Economy of Asia-Pacific and Growth Strategy · 2015-07-14 · RIETI World KLEMS Symposium “Growth Strategy after the World Financial Crisis ” 2014 ... IMF World

Automobile industry (together with supporting industries) production of a car ← assembling 20,000~30,000 parts

scale economies in production low transport costs

each key part produced at only one (or a few) locationsin Japan (or East Asia)

multilayered complex supply chain networksfrom procurement of parts to delivery of finished 

productsthrough just‐in‐time procurement policy

Quite efficient under normal conditionsbut

Quite vulnerable to major disasters

Quite efficient under normal conditionsbut

Quite vulnerable to major disasters

minimizing inventory stocks

19

Page 20: Evolving Spatial Economy of Asia-Pacific and Growth Strategy · 2015-07-14 · RIETI World KLEMS Symposium “Growth Strategy after the World Financial Crisis ” 2014 ... IMF World

日経ビジネス2010・10・18号

Agglomeration of auto and supporting industries in Japan

Oversea production : 16 million cars(using key parts from Japan)

domesticsalesDomestic production 

per year10 million cars exports

: about half

: about half

Tohoku

Tokai

Kyushu

20

Page 21: Evolving Spatial Economy of Asia-Pacific and Growth Strategy · 2015-07-14 · RIETI World KLEMS Symposium “Growth Strategy after the World Financial Crisis ” 2014 ... IMF World

Supply chain of automobile parts in ASEAN countries

Source: IDE‐JETRO and WTO 2011, Trade Patterns and Global Value Chains in East Asia: From Trade in Goods to Trade in Tasks21

Page 22: Evolving Spatial Economy of Asia-Pacific and Growth Strategy · 2015-07-14 · RIETI World KLEMS Symposium “Growth Strategy after the World Financial Crisis ” 2014 ... IMF World

2008 2009 2010 2011

TohokuJapan

Lehman Shocks Quakes and Tsunami

Index of Automobile production in Tohoku and in Japan(synchronized impacts)

Source: R. Wakasugi, RIETI Symposium on Great East Japan Earthquakes, 2011.11.0722

Page 23: Evolving Spatial Economy of Asia-Pacific and Growth Strategy · 2015-07-14 · RIETI World KLEMS Symposium “Growth Strategy after the World Financial Crisis ” 2014 ... IMF World

The Global Impact of the Japanese Quake and Thailand’s Flood

‐57.3

‐60.1

‐39.0‐25.2

‐67.6

‐85.0

‐27.6

‐100.0

‐80.0

‐60.0

‐40.0

‐20.0

0.0

20.0

40.0

60.0Janu

ary

February

March

April

May

June July

August

Septem

ber

Octob

er

Novem

ber

Decembe

r

Japan Guangdong‐China Thailand USA

Source: JAMA, Statistic Bureau of Guangdong  Province, TAIA, Federal Reserve BoardBy courtesy of  Professor Nobuaki Hamaguchi

‐85.7

2011, Japan, Guangdong (China), Thailand, and the USAutomobile production (y‐o‐y % change)

Japanese Quake

Thailand’s Flood

23

Page 24: Evolving Spatial Economy of Asia-Pacific and Growth Strategy · 2015-07-14 · RIETI World KLEMS Symposium “Growth Strategy after the World Financial Crisis ” 2014 ... IMF World

‐25

‐68‐85

‐25 ‐23

30

‐8

74

23

0.7

‐57‐40

‐100

‐80

‐60

‐40

‐20

0

20

40

60

80

100Janu

ar

February

March

April

May

June July

August

Septem

ber

Octob

er

Novem

ber

Decembe

r

Thailand Malaysia Indonesia Philippines

Source: TAIA, AAM, GAIKINDO, AAP    By courtesy of Professor Nobuaki Hamaguchi

Japanese QuakeThailand’s Flood

2011, ASEAN automobile production (y‐o‐y % change) 

24

Page 25: Evolving Spatial Economy of Asia-Pacific and Growth Strategy · 2015-07-14 · RIETI World KLEMS Symposium “Growth Strategy after the World Financial Crisis ” 2014 ... IMF World

Impact of natural disasters and international conflicts on automobile sales in China

60

40

20

100

0

‐20

‐40

‐60

%

80

Toyota

Nissan

Honda

2011/2 5 8 11 12/2 5 9 11 13/1~2 54

East Japan Earthquake

(11/3)Thai Flood(11/9~)

Senkaku Conflict(12/8~)

Source: The Nikkei, 10 October 2012 and 5 June 2013 (two diagrams combined by the author) 25

Page 26: Evolving Spatial Economy of Asia-Pacific and Growth Strategy · 2015-07-14 · RIETI World KLEMS Symposium “Growth Strategy after the World Financial Crisis ” 2014 ... IMF World

No place in the world would be risk‐free!

International cooperation for mainstreaming the global resilience of supply chains

Possible large‐scale disruption of supply chainsfrom any major disaster:

QuakeTsunamiFloodTyphoon / Hurricane・・・

Natural disastersNatural disastersAir / Water pollutionEpidemicsFinancial / Monetary shocksTerrorismPolitical conflictsMilitary conflicts / WarGlobal warming・・・

Social disastersSocial disasters

Secondary disastersTransport disruptions, Nuclear Power plant accident, Demand/Supply disruptions …

26

Page 27: Evolving Spatial Economy of Asia-Pacific and Growth Strategy · 2015-07-14 · RIETI World KLEMS Symposium “Growth Strategy after the World Financial Crisis ” 2014 ... IMF World

Asia30%

North America26%

Europe29%

LAC8%

ME∙NA4%

SSA2% the Rest

1%

5. The Asian Century?: Prospects and TasksThe Scenario of the Asian Century (ADB, ASIA 2050)

Global Population: 7.1 billionAsian Population  : 3.9 billion (55%)

9.2 billion4.8 billion (52%) 

Global GDP: $70 trillionAsian GDP  : $21 trillion (30%)

$335 trillion$174 trillion (52%)

marketFX rate

4.2% / year

5.8% / year

Asia52%

North America16%

Europe18%

LAC6%

ME∙NA3%

SSA2% the Rest

1%

2012 2050

27

Page 28: Evolving Spatial Economy of Asia-Pacific and Growth Strategy · 2015-07-14 · RIETI World KLEMS Symposium “Growth Strategy after the World Financial Crisis ” 2014 ... IMF World

In order to realize the expected Asian Century

Asia as the World Factory today

a World Center ofAdvanced Production 

networksHigh Quality Markets

Innovation networks+ +

I. Rebuilding more resilient and inclusive Supply‐Chain‐Networks, and

II. Strengthening the Brain‐Power‐Network for the future Asia

International     Cooperation

based on the extensive supply chains utilizing huge wage‐disparity

28

Page 29: Evolving Spatial Economy of Asia-Pacific and Growth Strategy · 2015-07-14 · RIETI World KLEMS Symposium “Growth Strategy after the World Financial Crisis ” 2014 ... IMF World

globalization ofthe world economy

Development ofBrain Power Society

The major reorganization ofglobal economic・political・social systems

Revolutionary development in ICTand Transport Technology

Development of the Brain Power Society since the late 20th century

6. Developing the brain‐power‐network in Asia

29

Page 30: Evolving Spatial Economy of Asia-Pacific and Growth Strategy · 2015-07-14 · RIETI World KLEMS Symposium “Growth Strategy after the World Financial Crisis ” 2014 ... IMF World

Number of papersmost cited (top 1%)

Number of papers

Number of patentapplicationsGovernment R&Dexpenditure

Private Sector R&D

NIKKEI ASIAN REVIEWMarch 20, 2014

30

Eruptionof

Innovation

Page 31: Evolving Spatial Economy of Asia-Pacific and Growth Strategy · 2015-07-14 · RIETI World KLEMS Symposium “Growth Strategy after the World Financial Crisis ” 2014 ... IMF World

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

501981

1982

1983

1984

1985

1986

1987

1988

1989

1990

1991

1992

1993

1994

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

2000

2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

trillion yen 

US

China

Germany

UK

Japan

FranceS. Korea

47.4

18.919.8

17.1

0.8

6.0

16.9

R&D expenditure by country (OECD PPP)

31

Page 32: Evolving Spatial Economy of Asia-Pacific and Growth Strategy · 2015-07-14 · RIETI World KLEMS Symposium “Growth Strategy after the World Financial Crisis ” 2014 ... IMF World

US

China

France

Germany

Japan

UK

S. Korea

Data source: National Institute of Science and Technology PolicyDiagram made by Dr. Isamu Yamauchi at RIETI

Number of patent applications by nationality

0

100

200

300

400

500

60019

81

1982

1983

1984

1985

1986

1987

1988

1989

1990

1991

1992

1993

1994

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

2000

2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

2012

(thousand)

32

Page 33: Evolving Spatial Economy of Asia-Pacific and Growth Strategy · 2015-07-14 · RIETI World KLEMS Symposium “Growth Strategy after the World Financial Crisis ” 2014 ... IMF World

Germany

US

China

UK

JapanFrance

S. Korea

Data source: National Institute of Science and Technology PolicyDiagram made by Dr. Isamu Yamauchi at RIETI

Number of papers cited frequently (top 10%)

0

10,000

20,000

30,000

40,000

50,000

60,000

1981

1982

1983

1984

1985

1986

1987

1988

1989

1990

1991

1992

1993

1994

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

2000

2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

33

Page 34: Evolving Spatial Economy of Asia-Pacific and Growth Strategy · 2015-07-14 · RIETI World KLEMS Symposium “Growth Strategy after the World Financial Crisis ” 2014 ... IMF World

The fundamental resources in the Brain Power Society

Individual Brain Power 

Diversity in people・brainsin the society

Diversity in cultures among different regions

Synergy through heterogeneouspeople・brains

Synergy through heterogeneouscultures

Importance of International Cooperation throughdiversity and culture in the Brain Power Society

34

Page 35: Evolving Spatial Economy of Asia-Pacific and Growth Strategy · 2015-07-14 · RIETI World KLEMS Symposium “Growth Strategy after the World Financial Crisis ” 2014 ... IMF World

for resolving this     fundamental problem

close cooperation ofheterogeneous K‐workers

antinomy

in the short‐run in the long‐runthroughclose communicationssynergy

Common knowledgediversitysynergy

(e.g. “nominication” in Japan)

Promote active interactions among diverse regions and countries 35

Page 36: Evolving Spatial Economy of Asia-Pacific and Growth Strategy · 2015-07-14 · RIETI World KLEMS Symposium “Growth Strategy after the World Financial Crisis ” 2014 ... IMF World

Diversity and creativity: National Institute for Materials Science (NIMS)

Figure 1: share of foreign researchers at NIMS

Share of fo

reign reseache

rs (%

)

2001 2011

• Among high‐ranking papers at NIMS in termsof citations, the number of papers written byauthor(s) including foreign researcher(s)

among top‐10 papers: 8among top‐31 papers: 24

SOURCE: Ariga and Urao, “Productivity enhancement of a researchinstitute through the contribution of foreign researchers,”Science & Technology Trends No.127, 2012, 1•2, Ministryof Education and Science

Table 2. World ranking in terms of citations in materials science

36

Table 1. The number of foreign researchers in public  researchinstitutes in Tsukuba (2011, March)

(NIMS)

Page 37: Evolving Spatial Economy of Asia-Pacific and Growth Strategy · 2015-07-14 · RIETI World KLEMS Symposium “Growth Strategy after the World Financial Crisis ” 2014 ... IMF World

The Map of international research cooperation in Solar Cellsthe number of papers and international coauthorship (published between 1945 and 2009)

Ranking in the numberof papers

Source:I. Sakata, H. Sasaki, H. Nakamura and Y. Kajikawa "Maps of international research collaboration in clean energy"Journal of Energy and Power Engineering 7 (2013)

1st: US, 2nd: Japan, 3rd: Germany, 4th: China, 5th: India, 6th: France, 7th: England, 8th: South Korea, 9th: Spain, 10th: Italy(but, weak research cooperation in Asia)

37

Page 38: Evolving Spatial Economy of Asia-Pacific and Growth Strategy · 2015-07-14 · RIETI World KLEMS Symposium “Growth Strategy after the World Financial Crisis ” 2014 ... IMF World

7. The Growth Strategy for Implementing the “Third Arrow”

Making the economy grow while the population decreases Enhancing the TFP of economy

I. “Silver” is beautifulII. “Small and creative” is beautifulIII. “Open and connected” is beautiful

38

But, how? : Innovation everywhere involving everyone!

Advancing the bold new strategy reflecting new valuessuch as:

Page 39: Evolving Spatial Economy of Asia-Pacific and Growth Strategy · 2015-07-14 · RIETI World KLEMS Symposium “Growth Strategy after the World Financial Crisis ” 2014 ... IMF World

23%→40%Japan

11→37Korea13→37

Hong Kong9→33

Thailand9→32

Singapore

7→29Vietnam

14→26Canada

8→28

China

5→21Cambodia

5→21Malaysia

6→24Mexico5→21

Bangladesh

13→24

US

4→16Laos

5→18Myanmar

5→16

India

5→17Indonesia

4→12Philippines

Flying Geese of Aging Society in Asia‐Pacificthe population share (%) of aged people over 65: year 2010 → year 2060

Source: UN World Population Prospects, The 2012 RevisionSource for Japanese data: National Census of Japan, National Institute of Population and Social Security Research, “Population Projections for Japan (2012 revision)”

Let Japan be a leader of 

the innovative silver society

Page 40: Evolving Spatial Economy of Asia-Pacific and Growth Strategy · 2015-07-14 · RIETI World KLEMS Symposium “Growth Strategy after the World Financial Crisis ” 2014 ... IMF World

Who are the aged? Why fix the dividing line at 65?

The average life expectancy in Japanactual estimate

Data source: Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare     Diagram: Cabinet Office, Government Of Japan “Report on Aging Society, 2014” 

Ultimate Goal: Create a new society where everyone can happily work/enjoy in good health until the end.

40

Page 41: Evolving Spatial Economy of Asia-Pacific and Growth Strategy · 2015-07-14 · RIETI World KLEMS Symposium “Growth Strategy after the World Financial Crisis ” 2014 ... IMF World

The Silver is beautiful:Big customers for new products / industries

• housing  goods  services  entertainments tailored for the aged

• medical / nursing services• medical / nursing equipments• friendly and helpful robots• lifetime education• all kind of resorts / retirement villages••

Big customers for new products / industries• housing  goods  services  entertainments tailored for the 

aged• medical / nursing services• medical / nursing equipments• friendly and helpful robots• lifetime education• all kind of resorts / retirement villages••

Big resources• human resources for

workers / managers, skills / knowledge,innovation / creation / ventures

• financial resources

Big resources• human resources for

workers / managers, skills / knowledge,innovation / creation / ventures

• financial resources

Senior Citizen

Younger generations

Creating the best matching

Creating the most innovative silver society through international cooperation 41

Page 42: Evolving Spatial Economy of Asia-Pacific and Growth Strategy · 2015-07-14 · RIETI World KLEMS Symposium “Growth Strategy after the World Financial Crisis ” 2014 ... IMF World

Increasing share of consumption expenditure by 

senior households

American labor force participation rate: aged 62‐74

42

Source: Nikkei Shimbun, May12, 2014 Source: The Economist, April 26, 2014

Page 43: Evolving Spatial Economy of Asia-Pacific and Growth Strategy · 2015-07-14 · RIETI World KLEMS Symposium “Growth Strategy after the World Financial Crisis ” 2014 ... IMF World

43

Irodori Project in Action (with All Smiles): Kamikatsu, Tokushima

Page 44: Evolving Spatial Economy of Asia-Pacific and Growth Strategy · 2015-07-14 · RIETI World KLEMS Symposium “Growth Strategy after the World Financial Crisis ” 2014 ... IMF World

44

Products of Irodori Project: Tsumamono for Japanese Dishes

Page 45: Evolving Spatial Economy of Asia-Pacific and Growth Strategy · 2015-07-14 · RIETI World KLEMS Symposium “Growth Strategy after the World Financial Crisis ” 2014 ... IMF World

Irodori (Color) Project in Kamikatsu Village, Tokushima

• Initiated in 1986 by Mr. Yokoishi (then 24 years old) of JA and four senior ladies

• Now 150 members (all farmers)average age: 67 (mostly females), the oldest: 94

• Average revenue per member: 1.7 million yen

45

Kamikatsu village today

• Irodori project + four similar projects (the third‐sector)• population: 2092 (U‐turn + I‐turn: 6.3%)• aged people over 65: 47% (the highest in Tokushima)• only two persons are bedridden• per capita medical expenditure (National Health Insurance): 

260 thousand yen (vs. 460 thousand yen at the village with the second highest ratio of elderly)

Page 46: Evolving Spatial Economy of Asia-Pacific and Growth Strategy · 2015-07-14 · RIETI World KLEMS Symposium “Growth Strategy after the World Financial Crisis ” 2014 ... IMF World

1817

1415

11 11

9

7 7

3 3

8

4 4

23 3 3

4

6

43

5

89

12

15

1819 19

0th

5th

10th

15th

20th

rank

Source:OECD Factbook 2010: Economic, Environmental and Social Statistics,and http://www.esri.cao.go.jp/jp/sna/h20-kaku/percapita.pdf

rank Country 20081 Luxemburg 117,967

2 Norway 94,763

3 Switzerland 64,885

4 Denmark 62,054

5 Ireland 59,944

6 Netherlands 53,094

7 Iceland 52,568

8 Sweden 51,954

9 Finland 50,931

10 Austria 49,527

11 Australia 48,049

12 United States 47,186

13 Belgium 47,151

14 Canada 44,950

15 France 44,550

16 Germany 44,519

17 United Kingdom 43,237

18 Italy 38,455

19 Japan 38,371

20 Spain 34,971

Ranking of Japanese per capita GDP in OECD“Small and Creative” is beautiful.

46

Page 47: Evolving Spatial Economy of Asia-Pacific and Growth Strategy · 2015-07-14 · RIETI World KLEMS Symposium “Growth Strategy after the World Financial Crisis ” 2014 ... IMF World

The top 10 countries in the OECD in terms of per capita GDP (2008)

1. All small countries located in the northern part of Europe2. The total population of the 10 countries: 63 million (about ½ of Japan)

The average population: 6.3 million (vs. 5.5 million in Hokkaido)To achieve economic growth in a Brain Power Society, population size is not essential.

3. Most countries are already in the advanced “silver society”. (the share of people over 65 in 2010: Sweden 18%, Denmark 17%, Switzerland 17%, Finland 17%,…)

4. Each is an independent country, having its own language and culture, with  a unique set of economic  social  educational policies.

5. Each spends a high proportion of GDP on education (Denmark 7.8%, Sweden 6.7%, Norway 6.7%, Finland 5.9%, vs. Japan 3.4%, in 2007)

6. Each is highly globalized with high GDP ratios of exports, out‐FDI and in‐FDI, and with a high proportion of immigrants

7. Most multi‐national firms are concentrated on knowledge‐intensive activities (e.g. HQ‐management, R&D, design) with high profit‐ratios, while all workers in each country get relatively high wages, (cf: Grossman and Ross‐Hansberg, 2008, AER 98)

8. The ten countries together form a Brain Power Society, rich in diversity47

Page 48: Evolving Spatial Economy of Asia-Pacific and Growth Strategy · 2015-07-14 · RIETI World KLEMS Symposium “Growth Strategy after the World Financial Crisis ” 2014 ... IMF World

Let Japan be a union of semi‐independent shining regions

TokyoTokyo

A

D

C

B

We Love Hokkaido

We Love Japan

We Love the World

We Love Kansai

We Love Japan

We Love the World

48

Page 49: Evolving Spatial Economy of Asia-Pacific and Growth Strategy · 2015-07-14 · RIETI World KLEMS Symposium “Growth Strategy after the World Financial Crisis ” 2014 ... IMF World

“Open and connected” is beautifulPromoting the Regional Integration of Asia‐PacificEurope

RCEP

FTAPP

TPP

NAFTA

China Korea Japan

ASEAN

49

Page 50: Evolving Spatial Economy of Asia-Pacific and Growth Strategy · 2015-07-14 · RIETI World KLEMS Symposium “Growth Strategy after the World Financial Crisis ” 2014 ... IMF World

Connect or Perish: International coauthorship

50Source: Nikkei Shimbun, May 12, 2014